CA1117806A - Combined dry-wet milling process for refining wheat - Google Patents
Combined dry-wet milling process for refining wheatInfo
- Publication number
- CA1117806A CA1117806A CA000325110A CA325110A CA1117806A CA 1117806 A CA1117806 A CA 1117806A CA 000325110 A CA000325110 A CA 000325110A CA 325110 A CA325110 A CA 325110A CA 1117806 A CA1117806 A CA 1117806A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- fraction
- endosperm
- wet
- particles
- wheat
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08B—POLYSACCHARIDES; DERIVATIVES THEREOF
- C08B30/00—Preparation of starch, degraded or non-chemically modified starch, amylose, or amylopectin
- C08B30/04—Extraction or purification
- C08B30/042—Extraction or purification from cereals or grains
- C08B30/046—Extraction or purification from cereals or grains from wheat
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
- Y02P60/80—Food processing, e.g. use of renewable energies or variable speed drives in handling, conveying or stacking
- Y02P60/87—Re-use of by-products of food processing for fodder production
Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
There is disclosed a continuous process for refi-ning whole grain wheat to obtain a prime wheat starch frac-tion and an animal feed product, the process comprising dry milling wheat kernels to provide an endosperm fraction, a germ fraction, a fiber (bran) fraction and a cleanings frac-tion, wet milling the endosperm fraction to provide a mill starch slurry, removing fine fiber tailings from the mill starch slurry, separating the slurry into a starch-rich frac-tion and protein-rich fraction, concentrating the protein-rich fraction, directly combining the fiber (bran), cleanings, fine fiber tailings and protein-rich concentrate, and the germ fraction to provide a wet animal feed product, and dry-ing the feed product.
There is disclosed a continuous process for refi-ning whole grain wheat to obtain a prime wheat starch frac-tion and an animal feed product, the process comprising dry milling wheat kernels to provide an endosperm fraction, a germ fraction, a fiber (bran) fraction and a cleanings frac-tion, wet milling the endosperm fraction to provide a mill starch slurry, removing fine fiber tailings from the mill starch slurry, separating the slurry into a starch-rich frac-tion and protein-rich fraction, concentrating the protein-rich fraction, directly combining the fiber (bran), cleanings, fine fiber tailings and protein-rich concentrate, and the germ fraction to provide a wet animal feed product, and dry-ing the feed product.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to a proce~s for the rei-ning of wheat based on the combined use of dry milling and wet milling procedures, and using a unique wet milling se-quence, to obtain high quality wheat starch and an animal - feed.
A wheat kernel c~nsists of three major components:
(i) a fibrous outer layer or wheat bran, (ii) germ, and (iii) X ~g I , 1~
, . ..
1 endosperm. The endosperm contains two important i~gredients,
This invention relates to a proce~s for the rei-ning of wheat based on the combined use of dry milling and wet milling procedures, and using a unique wet milling se-quence, to obtain high quality wheat starch and an animal - feed.
A wheat kernel c~nsists of three major components:
(i) a fibrous outer layer or wheat bran, (ii) germ, and (iii) X ~g I , 1~
, . ..
1 endosperm. The endosperm contains two important i~gredients,
2 wheat starch and wheat gluten. Wheat starch has a wide variet~
3 of applications, including its use as a constituent in ad-
4 hesives and in paper making, as a food thickener, and as a
5 - source of dextrose sugar and other ~ood sweeteners. Wheat
6 gluten, in its naturally occurring "vital" form, can be ad-
7 mixed with water to orm a cohesive, pliable mass which is
8 useul in the preparation of bakery goods
9 .' , . ..
- A variety o~ ~ethods for refining whole wheat are 11 known In the more conventional processes, which are based 12 on the use of dry milling techniques, the bran and germ are 13 separated from the endosperm while in the dry state, and the endosperm is dry ground into ~ine par~ic7es 7 i e., wheat rlour.
The wheat flour is then refined further to obtain wneat st2rch 16 and wheat gluten. Co~m~rGially, the separation o starch and 17 wheat g?uten from flour is commonly effected by fQrmin~ the 18 ~lour into a dough o-r batter, mechanically consolidating the 19 gluten into solid masses and washing away the starch. Typic-ally, the germ and bran are discarded as undesirable by-?rod-21 ucts, ~2 23 -- More recently, wheat refining processes b2sed on tn~¦
24 use of wet milling techniques have been proposed In g2neral, ~S whoie wheat kernels are soaked in water to soften, or "te~pe."
~6 the wheat kernel, the soaked kernel is ~illed to split the 27 outer layer 2nd to remove at least the bran, and the result-28 ing endosperm or endosperm and ge-r~ is treatea ~urthe~ to 29 obtain a baking dough or sepa.ated into 2 starch ract~on and a ~rotein (gluten) fraction. See, e.g., Rodger et al, ~ ( , ,, 1 U.S. 3,851,085, ~alle et al, U.S. 3,g58,016, Durst, U.S.
2 3,78~,861 and RaQ et al, U.S. 3,790,553, U.S. 3,979,375 and - 3 U.S. 3,~91,613.
4 , ~ In German O~fenlegungsschrift 2,642,628, there is 6 disclosed a process in which wheat is dry milled to separate 7 endosperm fractions from the kernel, the endosperm is dis-8 persed in water, and the aqueous dispersion is separated by 9 centrifuging into a starch~rich fraction and a gluten-rich fraction. -11 . ' , ' , 12 OBJ~CTS OF T~E INV~NTION
14 It is an object of this invention to provide a com-bined dry-wet wheat refining process which makes efficient 16 use of all of the major co~stituents of whole wheat in the 17 formation of end product~. --19 It i~ a further object of this in~ention to provide a new w~t milling procedure for wheat endosperm which ~ac~
21 tates the separation of wheat starch in hi gh yield. -2~ - It is another object of this invention to provide -24 a unique wet milling sequence which enables ~he use of rela-~ively s'nort steepin~ times.
27 These objects are realized by the wheat refinin~
28 process de~cri~ed below.
3~J /
Il _ 3 _ 111 ~ 8 CPC-6 . ' 1 ~ D~SCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
2 . . ~ . .
3 According to this invention in its broadest aspec~s, 4 there is provided a wheat refining process, comprising:
5 .
6 (A~ dry milling whole grain wheat to -provide - 8 . (a) an endosperm fraction, --g ~b) a germ fraction, (c) a fiber (bran) fraction, and 11 (d) a cleanings fraction; .
12 (B) wet milling the single endosperm 13 fraction of (A~ (a) by sequentially 14 (i) steeping the endosperm raction, . 15 ~ii) separating the larger wet endo-16 sperm particles from the smaller wet ndo-17 sperm particles, =. .
I8 (iiir milling the larger wet endo-lg- sperm particles to reduce their particle si: ze, . -21 (iv) recombining the sm~l ler w~t ~2 endospe~n particles OL (ii) and ~iii) -into a s;ngle raction, and 24 (v) steeping the endosperm fract;on again to provide a mill starch slurry;
26 - (C~ separating fine fiber tailings f~om 27 the T~ill starch slurry of (E) (v);
2g I (D~ sepârat~ g tne deEibered mill starc'n 29 I sl-~;r,y of (C) into a starcl~-rich fra c tion and 30 l ¦ a p tein-ric- frection, . - 4 -.. . . , 1.
(E) concentrating the protein-rich fraction of (D);
(F) directly combining each of the fiber (bran) fraction, the cleanings fraction and the germ fraction of (A), the fine fiber tailings fraction of (C) and the protein-rich concentrate of (E) to provide a wet animal feed pro-duct; and (G) drying the wet feed product of (F) to obtain a final animal feed product.
The term "dry milling" is used herein to mean milling the ~hole wheat kernelin substantially the dry state, without presoaking the grain, to separate the kernel into its major constituents, e.g., fiber (bran), germ and endosperm, as well as wheat cleanings in minor proportions.
By way of illustration, the process of this inven-tion is carried out as follows:
Dry whole wheat kernels are first cleaned to remove chaff and other external vegetable matter. The cleanings are used in the preparation of the animal feed product. The cleaned wheat kernels are then mechanically treated to sepa-rate an endosperm fraction, a fiber (bran) fraction and a germ fraction. The means used for separation are not criti-cal, and conventional techniques can be employed. As an ex-ample, mention is made of the dry milling procedures disclosed in German Offenlegungsschrift 2,642,628. In this pro-~ 8~1~
1 cedure, wheat kernels are passed ~hrough a mill subd~v~ded I into several groups of passes, each of which includes at 3 ¦ least one pair of rollers and si~ting installation such 41 as a plansifter, and the wheat endosperm is separated ~rom 5 ¦ the wheat germ and fiber (bran).
7 ¦ The endosperm fraction from thP dry milling step 8 ¦ is then subjected to a wet milling procedure. In this pro-; 9 ¦ cedure, the particles of the endosperm fraction are first
- A variety o~ ~ethods for refining whole wheat are 11 known In the more conventional processes, which are based 12 on the use of dry milling techniques, the bran and germ are 13 separated from the endosperm while in the dry state, and the endosperm is dry ground into ~ine par~ic7es 7 i e., wheat rlour.
The wheat flour is then refined further to obtain wneat st2rch 16 and wheat gluten. Co~m~rGially, the separation o starch and 17 wheat g?uten from flour is commonly effected by fQrmin~ the 18 ~lour into a dough o-r batter, mechanically consolidating the 19 gluten into solid masses and washing away the starch. Typic-ally, the germ and bran are discarded as undesirable by-?rod-21 ucts, ~2 23 -- More recently, wheat refining processes b2sed on tn~¦
24 use of wet milling techniques have been proposed In g2neral, ~S whoie wheat kernels are soaked in water to soften, or "te~pe."
~6 the wheat kernel, the soaked kernel is ~illed to split the 27 outer layer 2nd to remove at least the bran, and the result-28 ing endosperm or endosperm and ge-r~ is treatea ~urthe~ to 29 obtain a baking dough or sepa.ated into 2 starch ract~on and a ~rotein (gluten) fraction. See, e.g., Rodger et al, ~ ( , ,, 1 U.S. 3,851,085, ~alle et al, U.S. 3,g58,016, Durst, U.S.
2 3,78~,861 and RaQ et al, U.S. 3,790,553, U.S. 3,979,375 and - 3 U.S. 3,~91,613.
4 , ~ In German O~fenlegungsschrift 2,642,628, there is 6 disclosed a process in which wheat is dry milled to separate 7 endosperm fractions from the kernel, the endosperm is dis-8 persed in water, and the aqueous dispersion is separated by 9 centrifuging into a starch~rich fraction and a gluten-rich fraction. -11 . ' , ' , 12 OBJ~CTS OF T~E INV~NTION
14 It is an object of this invention to provide a com-bined dry-wet wheat refining process which makes efficient 16 use of all of the major co~stituents of whole wheat in the 17 formation of end product~. --19 It i~ a further object of this in~ention to provide a new w~t milling procedure for wheat endosperm which ~ac~
21 tates the separation of wheat starch in hi gh yield. -2~ - It is another object of this invention to provide -24 a unique wet milling sequence which enables ~he use of rela-~ively s'nort steepin~ times.
27 These objects are realized by the wheat refinin~
28 process de~cri~ed below.
3~J /
Il _ 3 _ 111 ~ 8 CPC-6 . ' 1 ~ D~SCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
2 . . ~ . .
3 According to this invention in its broadest aspec~s, 4 there is provided a wheat refining process, comprising:
5 .
6 (A~ dry milling whole grain wheat to -provide - 8 . (a) an endosperm fraction, --g ~b) a germ fraction, (c) a fiber (bran) fraction, and 11 (d) a cleanings fraction; .
12 (B) wet milling the single endosperm 13 fraction of (A~ (a) by sequentially 14 (i) steeping the endosperm raction, . 15 ~ii) separating the larger wet endo-16 sperm particles from the smaller wet ndo-17 sperm particles, =. .
I8 (iiir milling the larger wet endo-lg- sperm particles to reduce their particle si: ze, . -21 (iv) recombining the sm~l ler w~t ~2 endospe~n particles OL (ii) and ~iii) -into a s;ngle raction, and 24 (v) steeping the endosperm fract;on again to provide a mill starch slurry;
26 - (C~ separating fine fiber tailings f~om 27 the T~ill starch slurry of (E) (v);
2g I (D~ sepârat~ g tne deEibered mill starc'n 29 I sl-~;r,y of (C) into a starcl~-rich fra c tion and 30 l ¦ a p tein-ric- frection, . - 4 -.. . . , 1.
(E) concentrating the protein-rich fraction of (D);
(F) directly combining each of the fiber (bran) fraction, the cleanings fraction and the germ fraction of (A), the fine fiber tailings fraction of (C) and the protein-rich concentrate of (E) to provide a wet animal feed pro-duct; and (G) drying the wet feed product of (F) to obtain a final animal feed product.
The term "dry milling" is used herein to mean milling the ~hole wheat kernelin substantially the dry state, without presoaking the grain, to separate the kernel into its major constituents, e.g., fiber (bran), germ and endosperm, as well as wheat cleanings in minor proportions.
By way of illustration, the process of this inven-tion is carried out as follows:
Dry whole wheat kernels are first cleaned to remove chaff and other external vegetable matter. The cleanings are used in the preparation of the animal feed product. The cleaned wheat kernels are then mechanically treated to sepa-rate an endosperm fraction, a fiber (bran) fraction and a germ fraction. The means used for separation are not criti-cal, and conventional techniques can be employed. As an ex-ample, mention is made of the dry milling procedures disclosed in German Offenlegungsschrift 2,642,628. In this pro-~ 8~1~
1 cedure, wheat kernels are passed ~hrough a mill subd~v~ded I into several groups of passes, each of which includes at 3 ¦ least one pair of rollers and si~ting installation such 41 as a plansifter, and the wheat endosperm is separated ~rom 5 ¦ the wheat germ and fiber (bran).
7 ¦ The endosperm fraction from thP dry milling step 8 ¦ is then subjected to a wet milling procedure. In this pro-; 9 ¦ cedure, the particles of the endosperm fraction are first
10 ¦ steeped, then the larger soaked particles are separated ; 11 from the smaller soaked endosperm particles, selectively mill-~; 12 ed while still in the wet state to reduce their particle si~e 13 and recombined with the smaller, unmilled 2ndosperm particl~s.
14 The combined particles are then subjected to a second steeping .
step. The residence time of the particles in ~ach of the two 1~ steeping steps can vàry. In general, however, the total 17 residence time of the endosperm particles in the two steeping 18 steps combined is pr~ferably in the range of from about 2 to 19 about 6 hours.
2~
21 Preferably, the firs~ steeping step is ~onducted for ~2 a period of about one-half hour. The steeping medium in whic~
23 . the endosperm particles are soaked comprises an aqueous solu-24 tion of an a~id, e.g., sulfurous, or a base, e.g., sodium hydroxide. If sulfurous acid is used, an initial concentra-26 tion of fro~.about 2,000 to about 4,000 ppm of S2 in wate.
27 is preferred. If an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide is ~8 used, ~he solutlon is p-2f2rably adjusted to a~ init al p~ i 29 of from about 10 to about 11.5. It is to be utlderstood t~t as the endosperm particles remain in the s~eeping mediu~, the l 1~
l sulfur dioxide concentration or pH may undergo change. Acc~rd-2 ingly, additional amounts of acid or base ma~ be added to 3 adjust the steeping medium to the desired value during eitner 4 of ~he two steeping steps. After the fi-rst steeping step is completed, the endosperm particles preferably possess a 6 water content of from about 25 to about 35% by ~7eight, wet ! 7 solids basis. -8 . - -9 The steeped endosperm particles are then passed .through a sieve or screen of suitable pore size such that the
14 The combined particles are then subjected to a second steeping .
step. The residence time of the particles in ~ach of the two 1~ steeping steps can vàry. In general, however, the total 17 residence time of the endosperm particles in the two steeping 18 steps combined is pr~ferably in the range of from about 2 to 19 about 6 hours.
2~
21 Preferably, the firs~ steeping step is ~onducted for ~2 a period of about one-half hour. The steeping medium in whic~
23 . the endosperm particles are soaked comprises an aqueous solu-24 tion of an a~id, e.g., sulfurous, or a base, e.g., sodium hydroxide. If sulfurous acid is used, an initial concentra-26 tion of fro~.about 2,000 to about 4,000 ppm of S2 in wate.
27 is preferred. If an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide is ~8 used, ~he solutlon is p-2f2rably adjusted to a~ init al p~ i 29 of from about 10 to about 11.5. It is to be utlderstood t~t as the endosperm particles remain in the s~eeping mediu~, the l 1~
l sulfur dioxide concentration or pH may undergo change. Acc~rd-2 ingly, additional amounts of acid or base ma~ be added to 3 adjust the steeping medium to the desired value during eitner 4 of ~he two steeping steps. After the fi-rst steeping step is completed, the endosperm particles preferably possess a 6 water content of from about 25 to about 35% by ~7eight, wet ! 7 solids basis. -8 . - -9 The steeped endosperm particles are then passed .through a sieve or screen of suitable pore size such that the
11 larger particles, e.g., more ~han abou~ 5~-75 microns in dia-
12 meter, are retained on the screen and the smaller partirles~
13 e.g., about 50-75 microns or less, pass.through together with
14 most of the process (steep) water, Xhe larger particl2s are collected and milled while wet, preerably with an impact mill, 16 to reduce their part~icle size to abouL that of the smaller 17 particles, e.~,, 50-75 microns or ~ess.
1~ _ -19 The milled particles are recombined with t~e sm~ller particles ~d process ~7ater9 which have been bypassed arour,d 21 the mi~, and t~e composite is next subjected ~o tne second 22 steep~ng step, It is advantageous to employ.e~e~ated tempera-23 turesJ e.g., about 90 to 130F., for both steeping steps and :24 to maintain the endosperm p~rticles in suspension in the pro- .
cess water by suitable means, such as by agitation or recir-26 culation of the process water. This completes the wet.mill-27 ing portion of the process. A mill starch slurry of endo-~ spexm ~articles in proces~ (steep) ~Jater, nox~ally hav~ng a . .specific gra~ity of from about 7 to abo~t 9 Baume, is thus 30 l ¦ obtaine .
~f~7~
The mill starch slurry from the wet milling step is then treated to separate and recover any fine bran fibers which may still remain. This is done conveniently by passing the slurry through a sieve or screening device having a pore size of about 37 to 53 microns. The clean-up tailings which are retained on the screen, comprising a wet mixture of pre-dominantly fine wheatfiber and a minor proportion of endosperm agglomerates, are used as a component in the animal feed product.
The filtrate from the sieve, still in the form of a mill starch slurry, is then treated to separate and recover wheat starch. To this end, any conventional means can be employed. Suitable separation systems include an all-DorrClone*
system, such as disclosed in United States Patent No. 4~144,087;
systems comprising centrifuges for starch separation and hydro-clones for starch washing; and systems comprising centrifuges for both starch separation and washing. Preferably, the separation system comprises two or more hydroclones connected in a multi-s~age countercurrent arrangement, e.g., the afore-mentioned all-DorrClone system.
The hydroclone, or liquid cyclone, is a cone-shaped tubular device into which the mill starch slurry is forced under pressure. The size of the tangential inlet orifice is selected to produce a rotational velocity of the feed material sufficient to result in a separation of the particles according to differences in particle size and settling rates. Thus, a hea~ier, starch-rich fraction, comprised primarily...............
* Trade mark ~ ;
..,i, 7i~
of "A" starch, is collected as an underflow stream, and a lighter, protein-rich fraction, comprised predominantly of non-vital wheat gluten and à minor amount of "B" starch, is collected as an overflow stream. The starch-rich fraction can be dri~d to yield a prime, high qaulity wheat starch product.
The terms "A sta~ch" and "B starch" are recognized in the art to roughly distinguish between two types of wheat starch granules which differ according to particle size and settling rate. "B" starch has virtually the same settling rate as wheat gluten and is thus not readily separated from the latter using conventional equipmentO "A" starch, on the other hand, differs sufficiently from wheat gluten in settling rate such that these two constituents can be sepa-rated without the need for special equipment or separation techniques.
The protein-rich fraction is collected, concentra-ted, preferably in a centrifuge, and then combined with the dry milled bran fiber fraction, cleanings fraction and germ fraction and, in addition, the wet fine fiber clean-up tailings, to form a wet animal feed product. The wet feed product is ultimately dried~ in a heated enclosure to produce the final feed product.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram showing a complete process according to this invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram of a preferred procedure for carryingoutthe wet milling step of the process CPC-6 1~1'7~ ~
1 . FIG. 3 is a flow diagra~ sho~ing~ in ~etail, the 2 wet milling and fine fiber separating steps of the p~ocess 4 FIG. 4 is a flow diagram showing, in detaiI, the S wheat starch separating, protein fraction concentrating and 6 animal feed production step.
7 . .
8 DESCRIPTION OF rHE SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS
9 . - .
lQ - The process of this invention is ~urthe~ illustratea ll by the ollowin~ detailed description, ~7ith reference to the 12 accompanying drawings.
~3 ~ -14 With reference t.o FIG, 1, dry, uncleaned.whole ~iheat is conveyed to a dry milling station.where it s screened ~ ¦
16 remove large and small pieces of chaf and other admixed 17 vegetable matter,and is further processed to separate the 18 fiber ~bran~ and wheat ~erm from the endosperm. The dry mill-19 ed endosperm is wet milled to form a mill starch slu~ry, from which fine wheat fiber tailings are then separated, and th~
21 deiibered mill starch slurry is therea~ter trea~ed to provide 22 a protein-rich fraction and a separate starch-rich ~"A" starch') 23 fraction, The prote-n-rich fraction, containing wheat gluten 24 and "B" starch, is then concentrated. The cleanir.gs. fiber 5bran) and wheat germ from the dry milling step, the wet fine ¦
26 fîber ta-lings and the wet protein-rich concentrate are all 27 combined and ~ried to form a final animal feea product.
~1 WiLh rcfe.enc~ to F"~G, 2, in the ~et r~illing step the en~losperl~ fraction from the ~ry m~lling step is~ in li -10- l . ~ ~ l CP~-6 1 sequence, steeped, the larger soaked endosperm particles-are 2 separated and milled while still wet to reduce the particle 3 size, the milled endosperm particles are combined with the 4 unmilled endosperm particles, and the combined endosperm fraction is steeped again to ~orm a mill starch slurry.
7 Because of the small size of the wheat germ7 a clean separation of the germ from the endosperm is not always 9 possible. Cons~quently, t~le endosperm fraction may include some wheat germ, in minor ~roportions. This presents no 11 difficulty, however, since the presence of wheat germ-will 12 not interfere with the subsequent wet processing of the endo-13 sperm fraction.
With reerence to FI~. 3, the endosperm frac~ion 16 lrom the dry milling step is measured from scale meter 2, 17 into steep tank 4, where_~he dry endosperm particles are 18 mixed with wa~r an~ an acid, e.g., sulfur dioxide gas, or 19 caustic, e.g., sodium hydroxide. Preferably, a weight ratio of process water to endosperm solids in the range o~ from 21 about 5:1 t~ about 6:1 is used. An amount of sulur d~oxide, 22 ~r sodiu~ hydroxide, suficient to provide an ini~ial sulfur 23 diox~de concentration of from about 2,000 to about 4,000 par~s 24 per million (ppm), based on the water phase~ or in the case of sodium hydroxide, an init~al pH cf f~om about 10 to about 11 5, 26 is added. During this first steeping step, t~e process water 27 is preerably maintained 2t an elevated temperature above 28 I room teI~per~u-;e, e.g., rrom about 90 ,o abOUL 130F., esp_c ~9 i~ y pxeferably about 115F, Vigorous agitation is applied to keep the irlsoluDle wheat solids in suspension during steep-I-,~ ;
CP~-6 1 ing In gene~al, about one-half hour of steeping time is 2 sufficient, but slightly longer retentio-Q times can be used, 3 e.g., about 1-2 hours.
After the first steeping step is completed, the 6 soaked endosperm particles are pumped from steep tank 4, 7 through centrifugal p~ddle screen 8, e.g., Indiana Canning 8 Machine Co., Model No. 77, or equivalent, preferably having 9 a pore size of about 50 to 75 microns. Filtrate stream 10, comprising process water and undersize particles, i.e., 11 about 50-75 microns or less, passes through while oversize 12 particles 12, i.e., greater than about 50-75 microns, are :13 retained on the screen. Oversiæe particles 12, collected 14 from screen 8, are milled in impact mill 14, e.. g, a 40-inch ~ntoleter impact mill, preferably operated at speeds of 16 about 3100 revolutions pex minute (rpm), to reduce their 17 par~icle size to no grea~er than about 50-75 microns.
19 Filtrate strea~ 10, which bypasses around imp~ct ~.ill 14 along with the major portion o~ the process water, 21 2nd i~pact ~ill discharge stream l6, axe both co~bined and 22 sent to steep tanks 18, 20 and 22 for the second s ~eeping 23 step of the wet milling procedure. Steep tanks 18, 20 and 24 22 are preferably equipped wit~ agitators and connected in Z5 series ~y overflow. The endosperm particles are maintainea 26 --ir. ~uspen~i~n in the process water, ;n the steep tanX, us;ng 27 agitation, for a period of about 4 hours. As in the case ~8 ~. the first steeping step, the temPerature is maintainad n 2g ¦ the range ~rom a~out 9C to about ~3Q~C, Thls can be do~e conven ently by recirculating the process ~ater thr~ugh hea~
I . I
I
` ~ -1 excnangers. If necessa~y, suitable amounts of sulfur dioxide, 2 . or sodium hydroxide, can be added to adjust the SO2 concen-3 tration or pH to the desired value.
After the second steeping step is completed, the 6 endosperm fraction, in the form of a mill starch slurry of 7 endosperm ~articles and process water, 24, is removed from the steep tanks and passed through fine $iber separating ~. znd clean-up screen 26~ for the removal of fine bran iber tailin~s. A screen pore size of fro~ about 37 to about 53 11 . microns is preferred. Wet fine fiber clean-up tailings 78, .
1~ are collected for inclusion in the animal feed.product. The-13 remaining endosperm particl~s, still in the form of 2 mill 14 starch slurry, 30, pass through screen 26 and are collected in mill starch hold tank 32.
17 Wit~ reference to FIG. 4, the ~ill starch slurry 18 frsm mill starch tank 32,~'~aving a specifi-c.gravity of from 19 about 7~to about 9 Baume, is pumped through pump 34 into hydxoclon.e separating system 36, Hydroclone system 36 pre-21 ferably co~p~ises a plurality, 2 . g,, from about 10 ~o about 14, stages of 10-millimeter internal diameter DorrClone*un.ts, 23 manufactured by the Dorr-Oliver Co. The mill starch slurry is 24 first directed through hydroclon~ st ge 3~. Cverflow 40, fro~
nydroclone stage 3~, ~Jhich comprises a protein-rich stream con-26 taining a major proportion of non-vital wheat gluten ~nd a 27 minor proportion of "Bl' starch, is pu~ped th-ough h~droclone 28 unit 42. The overflo~.~T rrom nydro~lone unit 42, comDriSing ~1 2g ¦ still further protein-enr ched sLre2m, is collected for con-3Q centrating.
* Tra~e mark 1 ¦ Underflow 44 from ~ydroclone st~ge ~8, comDr~sing 2 ¦ an "A" starch-enriched stream is directed through Lhe re~ainde~
¦ o~ the hydroclone units in hydroclone system 36J in turn, 4 I ~hereby an increasingly "A" starch-enriched underflow is 5 ¦ obtained from each fur~her unit in succession. Ultimately, 6 ¦ starch-rich fraction 46, comprising prime "A" wheat starch, 7 ¦ is collected. Fresh process water, which is fed c~unt~r-8 ¦ currently back through hydroclone system 36, represents the 9 ¦ only fresh water input to the entire process.
10 I . " ' '''.
11 1 With further reference to ~I~. 4, the protein-rich 12¦ overflow from hydroclone ~nit 42) is sent to concentrating 13 ¦ station 48, comprising a MERCO*BH-30 centri~uge, or equivalent.
14 ¦ Under~low 50, comprising a wet ?rotein-rich concentrate, is
1~ _ -19 The milled particles are recombined with t~e sm~ller particles ~d process ~7ater9 which have been bypassed arour,d 21 the mi~, and t~e composite is next subjected ~o tne second 22 steep~ng step, It is advantageous to employ.e~e~ated tempera-23 turesJ e.g., about 90 to 130F., for both steeping steps and :24 to maintain the endosperm p~rticles in suspension in the pro- .
cess water by suitable means, such as by agitation or recir-26 culation of the process water. This completes the wet.mill-27 ing portion of the process. A mill starch slurry of endo-~ spexm ~articles in proces~ (steep) ~Jater, nox~ally hav~ng a . .specific gra~ity of from about 7 to abo~t 9 Baume, is thus 30 l ¦ obtaine .
~f~7~
The mill starch slurry from the wet milling step is then treated to separate and recover any fine bran fibers which may still remain. This is done conveniently by passing the slurry through a sieve or screening device having a pore size of about 37 to 53 microns. The clean-up tailings which are retained on the screen, comprising a wet mixture of pre-dominantly fine wheatfiber and a minor proportion of endosperm agglomerates, are used as a component in the animal feed product.
The filtrate from the sieve, still in the form of a mill starch slurry, is then treated to separate and recover wheat starch. To this end, any conventional means can be employed. Suitable separation systems include an all-DorrClone*
system, such as disclosed in United States Patent No. 4~144,087;
systems comprising centrifuges for starch separation and hydro-clones for starch washing; and systems comprising centrifuges for both starch separation and washing. Preferably, the separation system comprises two or more hydroclones connected in a multi-s~age countercurrent arrangement, e.g., the afore-mentioned all-DorrClone system.
The hydroclone, or liquid cyclone, is a cone-shaped tubular device into which the mill starch slurry is forced under pressure. The size of the tangential inlet orifice is selected to produce a rotational velocity of the feed material sufficient to result in a separation of the particles according to differences in particle size and settling rates. Thus, a hea~ier, starch-rich fraction, comprised primarily...............
* Trade mark ~ ;
..,i, 7i~
of "A" starch, is collected as an underflow stream, and a lighter, protein-rich fraction, comprised predominantly of non-vital wheat gluten and à minor amount of "B" starch, is collected as an overflow stream. The starch-rich fraction can be dri~d to yield a prime, high qaulity wheat starch product.
The terms "A sta~ch" and "B starch" are recognized in the art to roughly distinguish between two types of wheat starch granules which differ according to particle size and settling rate. "B" starch has virtually the same settling rate as wheat gluten and is thus not readily separated from the latter using conventional equipmentO "A" starch, on the other hand, differs sufficiently from wheat gluten in settling rate such that these two constituents can be sepa-rated without the need for special equipment or separation techniques.
The protein-rich fraction is collected, concentra-ted, preferably in a centrifuge, and then combined with the dry milled bran fiber fraction, cleanings fraction and germ fraction and, in addition, the wet fine fiber clean-up tailings, to form a wet animal feed product. The wet feed product is ultimately dried~ in a heated enclosure to produce the final feed product.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram showing a complete process according to this invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram of a preferred procedure for carryingoutthe wet milling step of the process CPC-6 1~1'7~ ~
1 . FIG. 3 is a flow diagra~ sho~ing~ in ~etail, the 2 wet milling and fine fiber separating steps of the p~ocess 4 FIG. 4 is a flow diagram showing, in detaiI, the S wheat starch separating, protein fraction concentrating and 6 animal feed production step.
7 . .
8 DESCRIPTION OF rHE SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS
9 . - .
lQ - The process of this invention is ~urthe~ illustratea ll by the ollowin~ detailed description, ~7ith reference to the 12 accompanying drawings.
~3 ~ -14 With reference t.o FIG, 1, dry, uncleaned.whole ~iheat is conveyed to a dry milling station.where it s screened ~ ¦
16 remove large and small pieces of chaf and other admixed 17 vegetable matter,and is further processed to separate the 18 fiber ~bran~ and wheat ~erm from the endosperm. The dry mill-19 ed endosperm is wet milled to form a mill starch slu~ry, from which fine wheat fiber tailings are then separated, and th~
21 deiibered mill starch slurry is therea~ter trea~ed to provide 22 a protein-rich fraction and a separate starch-rich ~"A" starch') 23 fraction, The prote-n-rich fraction, containing wheat gluten 24 and "B" starch, is then concentrated. The cleanir.gs. fiber 5bran) and wheat germ from the dry milling step, the wet fine ¦
26 fîber ta-lings and the wet protein-rich concentrate are all 27 combined and ~ried to form a final animal feea product.
~1 WiLh rcfe.enc~ to F"~G, 2, in the ~et r~illing step the en~losperl~ fraction from the ~ry m~lling step is~ in li -10- l . ~ ~ l CP~-6 1 sequence, steeped, the larger soaked endosperm particles-are 2 separated and milled while still wet to reduce the particle 3 size, the milled endosperm particles are combined with the 4 unmilled endosperm particles, and the combined endosperm fraction is steeped again to ~orm a mill starch slurry.
7 Because of the small size of the wheat germ7 a clean separation of the germ from the endosperm is not always 9 possible. Cons~quently, t~le endosperm fraction may include some wheat germ, in minor ~roportions. This presents no 11 difficulty, however, since the presence of wheat germ-will 12 not interfere with the subsequent wet processing of the endo-13 sperm fraction.
With reerence to FI~. 3, the endosperm frac~ion 16 lrom the dry milling step is measured from scale meter 2, 17 into steep tank 4, where_~he dry endosperm particles are 18 mixed with wa~r an~ an acid, e.g., sulfur dioxide gas, or 19 caustic, e.g., sodium hydroxide. Preferably, a weight ratio of process water to endosperm solids in the range o~ from 21 about 5:1 t~ about 6:1 is used. An amount of sulur d~oxide, 22 ~r sodiu~ hydroxide, suficient to provide an ini~ial sulfur 23 diox~de concentration of from about 2,000 to about 4,000 par~s 24 per million (ppm), based on the water phase~ or in the case of sodium hydroxide, an init~al pH cf f~om about 10 to about 11 5, 26 is added. During this first steeping step, t~e process water 27 is preerably maintained 2t an elevated temperature above 28 I room teI~per~u-;e, e.g., rrom about 90 ,o abOUL 130F., esp_c ~9 i~ y pxeferably about 115F, Vigorous agitation is applied to keep the irlsoluDle wheat solids in suspension during steep-I-,~ ;
CP~-6 1 ing In gene~al, about one-half hour of steeping time is 2 sufficient, but slightly longer retentio-Q times can be used, 3 e.g., about 1-2 hours.
After the first steeping step is completed, the 6 soaked endosperm particles are pumped from steep tank 4, 7 through centrifugal p~ddle screen 8, e.g., Indiana Canning 8 Machine Co., Model No. 77, or equivalent, preferably having 9 a pore size of about 50 to 75 microns. Filtrate stream 10, comprising process water and undersize particles, i.e., 11 about 50-75 microns or less, passes through while oversize 12 particles 12, i.e., greater than about 50-75 microns, are :13 retained on the screen. Oversiæe particles 12, collected 14 from screen 8, are milled in impact mill 14, e.. g, a 40-inch ~ntoleter impact mill, preferably operated at speeds of 16 about 3100 revolutions pex minute (rpm), to reduce their 17 par~icle size to no grea~er than about 50-75 microns.
19 Filtrate strea~ 10, which bypasses around imp~ct ~.ill 14 along with the major portion o~ the process water, 21 2nd i~pact ~ill discharge stream l6, axe both co~bined and 22 sent to steep tanks 18, 20 and 22 for the second s ~eeping 23 step of the wet milling procedure. Steep tanks 18, 20 and 24 22 are preferably equipped wit~ agitators and connected in Z5 series ~y overflow. The endosperm particles are maintainea 26 --ir. ~uspen~i~n in the process water, ;n the steep tanX, us;ng 27 agitation, for a period of about 4 hours. As in the case ~8 ~. the first steeping step, the temPerature is maintainad n 2g ¦ the range ~rom a~out 9C to about ~3Q~C, Thls can be do~e conven ently by recirculating the process ~ater thr~ugh hea~
I . I
I
` ~ -1 excnangers. If necessa~y, suitable amounts of sulfur dioxide, 2 . or sodium hydroxide, can be added to adjust the SO2 concen-3 tration or pH to the desired value.
After the second steeping step is completed, the 6 endosperm fraction, in the form of a mill starch slurry of 7 endosperm ~articles and process water, 24, is removed from the steep tanks and passed through fine $iber separating ~. znd clean-up screen 26~ for the removal of fine bran iber tailin~s. A screen pore size of fro~ about 37 to about 53 11 . microns is preferred. Wet fine fiber clean-up tailings 78, .
1~ are collected for inclusion in the animal feed.product. The-13 remaining endosperm particl~s, still in the form of 2 mill 14 starch slurry, 30, pass through screen 26 and are collected in mill starch hold tank 32.
17 Wit~ reference to FIG. 4, the ~ill starch slurry 18 frsm mill starch tank 32,~'~aving a specifi-c.gravity of from 19 about 7~to about 9 Baume, is pumped through pump 34 into hydxoclon.e separating system 36, Hydroclone system 36 pre-21 ferably co~p~ises a plurality, 2 . g,, from about 10 ~o about 14, stages of 10-millimeter internal diameter DorrClone*un.ts, 23 manufactured by the Dorr-Oliver Co. The mill starch slurry is 24 first directed through hydroclon~ st ge 3~. Cverflow 40, fro~
nydroclone stage 3~, ~Jhich comprises a protein-rich stream con-26 taining a major proportion of non-vital wheat gluten ~nd a 27 minor proportion of "Bl' starch, is pu~ped th-ough h~droclone 28 unit 42. The overflo~.~T rrom nydro~lone unit 42, comDriSing ~1 2g ¦ still further protein-enr ched sLre2m, is collected for con-3Q centrating.
* Tra~e mark 1 ¦ Underflow 44 from ~ydroclone st~ge ~8, comDr~sing 2 ¦ an "A" starch-enriched stream is directed through Lhe re~ainde~
¦ o~ the hydroclone units in hydroclone system 36J in turn, 4 I ~hereby an increasingly "A" starch-enriched underflow is 5 ¦ obtained from each fur~her unit in succession. Ultimately, 6 ¦ starch-rich fraction 46, comprising prime "A" wheat starch, 7 ¦ is collected. Fresh process water, which is fed c~unt~r-8 ¦ currently back through hydroclone system 36, represents the 9 ¦ only fresh water input to the entire process.
10 I . " ' '''.
11 1 With further reference to ~I~. 4, the protein-rich 12¦ overflow from hydroclone ~nit 42) is sent to concentrating 13 ¦ station 48, comprising a MERCO*BH-30 centri~uge, or equivalent.
14 ¦ Under~low 50, comprising a wet ?rotein-rich concentrate, is
15 ¦ sent to animal feed dryer 52, where it is co~bi~ed with the 15 ¦ ~heat cleanings, fiber (bran), germ and flne fiber tailings 17¦ fractions previously collected during the process. Overflow 1~¦ 54, comprising used ~rocess water containing ~ minor amoun~
1~ ¦ or wheat insolubles, is recycled back to the process 20 ¦ for further use in steeping.
22 ¦ The end products of the process as j~st described, 23 are a prime T"heat starch fraction and a high protei~ anima~
24 ~eed product.
26 Because the process is con-inuous ~nstead of b~tch-27 ~ise, inventories within tke system are lo-.~ and the entire 28 ¦ operation can be qu;ckly sLart~d o-~ S~o?p~ ~t any po~n~
~9 . .
The process o~ this in~ention is rurther illustrate~
* Trade mark CP~-6 1 1 ¦ in the following examples.
¦ EXAMPLE l 4 I .
One~hundred and two pounds of uncleaned dry wheat 6 kernels, containing from about 12 to about 14V/o by weight of ! 7 innate moisture, ~re passed through a sieve 'naving a poré size 8 of about 1/4 inch round holes, and over a 12 mesh wire screen, 9 and substantially all of the chaff and other vegetable ma~ter ~0 in extexnal admix~ure with the kernels aré ~eparated. The - 11 cleaned wheat kernels are then dry milled to provide an 12 endospenm fraction, a wheat germ fraction and a f~ber (b~an) 13 fraction. -A ~otal of 18 pounds o~ fiber (br~ and wheat
1~ ¦ or wheat insolubles, is recycled back to the process 20 ¦ for further use in steeping.
22 ¦ The end products of the process as j~st described, 23 are a prime T"heat starch fraction and a high protei~ anima~
24 ~eed product.
26 Because the process is con-inuous ~nstead of b~tch-27 ~ise, inventories within tke system are lo-.~ and the entire 28 ¦ operation can be qu;ckly sLart~d o-~ S~o?p~ ~t any po~n~
~9 . .
The process o~ this in~ention is rurther illustrate~
* Trade mark CP~-6 1 1 ¦ in the following examples.
¦ EXAMPLE l 4 I .
One~hundred and two pounds of uncleaned dry wheat 6 kernels, containing from about 12 to about 14V/o by weight of ! 7 innate moisture, ~re passed through a sieve 'naving a poré size 8 of about 1/4 inch round holes, and over a 12 mesh wire screen, 9 and substantially all of the chaff and other vegetable ma~ter ~0 in extexnal admix~ure with the kernels aré ~eparated. The - 11 cleaned wheat kernels are then dry milled to provide an 12 endospenm fraction, a wheat germ fraction and a f~ber (b~an) 13 fraction. -A ~otal of 18 pounds o~ fiber (br~ and wheat
16 ger~, combined, and ~2 pounds of endosperm are thus obt~i~ed.
17 The endosperm fraction has the following composition: -
18 _ -
19 D~Y SUBSTANC~ PERCENT BY W~.IGHT . . ~ . .. _ S~arch 79 2~ Protein 11 22 Fat 23 Fiber (Bran~ 0.5 24 Other 9.1 27 The dry milled endosperm fraction is immersed in a 2~ t~k o~ aqueous sulfurous 2cid, havinG a conc--ntra~io.~ cr about 2, ooa ppm of sulfur dio,iide, a~ a te~.perature OI about 115F,, ~7itn ~Jigorous agi~tion for a period o one-hal~ hour.l . I
A ratio of sulfurous acid to endosperm solids of about 0.017:1, by weight, is used. After one-half hour, the soa-ked wheat kernels and process water are pumped from the tank through a screen, Model No. 77, Indiana Canning Machine Co., having a pore size of about 50 microns. The larger endo-sperm particles, greater than about 50 microns, are retained on the screen. The retained particles are collected and milled on an Entoleter* impact mill, having an internal diameter of about 40 inches, operated at a speed of 3100 rpm, and the particle siæe of the endosperm particles is thus reduced to about 50 microns or less. The milled particles are recombined with the filtrate from khe screen, which com-prises sub-50-micron particles and process water bypassed around the mill. The recombined endosperm fraction and process water are placed in a second steep tank, where the mixture is maintained at a temperature of about 115F., for about four hours, using vigorous agitation.
A suspension of insoluble wheat endosperm parti-cles, comprising a mill starch slurry having a specific gravity of 8 Beaume, is recovered from the second steep tank and passed through a Starcossa centrifugal screen, equip-ped with a cloth having a pore size of about 53 microns. Fine wheat fiber tailings and a minor proportion of endosperm ag-glomerates are retained on the sieve and collected, while the remainder of the slurry passes through. The portion of the mill starch slurry which has passed through the centri-fuge screen is direct~d through a series of 11 DorrClone*
hydroclone units, 10-mm internal diameter, available from Dorr-Oliver Co., and connected in countercurrent arrangement.
A protein-rich over- .........................................
* Trade Marks ~, I
1¦ flow stream, which contains non~vital w~eat gluten and "B~i 2 ¦ sta~ch, and a starch-rich underflow strea-.n, wnic~ contains 31 prime "A" starch, are taken off frorn the ~ydroclone system.
41 The protein-rich strearn is concentrated in a ~ERCO*BH-30 5 ¦ centrifuge and a protein-rich concentrate is obtained.
61 .` , ~ . - .
7 ¦ The protein-rich concentrate from the BH-30 centri-8 fuge, still in the wet state, ls combined with the dry milled ~ wheat cleanings ~raction, the dry milled wheat germ frac~ion~
the dry milled fiber (bran) fraction and the wet fine fiber 11 clean-up tailings collected from the Starcossa~cen.rifugal 12 screen, to form a wet animal feed product. The wet feed 13 product is dried in an oven at 250F. for about 4 hours, form-14 ing a Linal animal feed product, .
16 A yield o~53 pounds of prime l'A" wheat starch~
17 or 52D/~ by weig~t, and 49 pounds of animal ~eed, or 48% by 18 ~eight is obtained. ~ ~ ~
lg Other modifications and variatio~s of the process 21 of this invention will suggest themselves from the above 22 descxipt~on. It is to be unders~ood, therefore, that changes 23 may be made in the embodiments shown without departing ~rOrQ
24 the scope of ~he invention as defined in the apperded claims.
26 * Trade marks 29 I / .
30 I ; .
~.~71 . . , , I
A ratio of sulfurous acid to endosperm solids of about 0.017:1, by weight, is used. After one-half hour, the soa-ked wheat kernels and process water are pumped from the tank through a screen, Model No. 77, Indiana Canning Machine Co., having a pore size of about 50 microns. The larger endo-sperm particles, greater than about 50 microns, are retained on the screen. The retained particles are collected and milled on an Entoleter* impact mill, having an internal diameter of about 40 inches, operated at a speed of 3100 rpm, and the particle siæe of the endosperm particles is thus reduced to about 50 microns or less. The milled particles are recombined with the filtrate from khe screen, which com-prises sub-50-micron particles and process water bypassed around the mill. The recombined endosperm fraction and process water are placed in a second steep tank, where the mixture is maintained at a temperature of about 115F., for about four hours, using vigorous agitation.
A suspension of insoluble wheat endosperm parti-cles, comprising a mill starch slurry having a specific gravity of 8 Beaume, is recovered from the second steep tank and passed through a Starcossa centrifugal screen, equip-ped with a cloth having a pore size of about 53 microns. Fine wheat fiber tailings and a minor proportion of endosperm ag-glomerates are retained on the sieve and collected, while the remainder of the slurry passes through. The portion of the mill starch slurry which has passed through the centri-fuge screen is direct~d through a series of 11 DorrClone*
hydroclone units, 10-mm internal diameter, available from Dorr-Oliver Co., and connected in countercurrent arrangement.
A protein-rich over- .........................................
* Trade Marks ~, I
1¦ flow stream, which contains non~vital w~eat gluten and "B~i 2 ¦ sta~ch, and a starch-rich underflow strea-.n, wnic~ contains 31 prime "A" starch, are taken off frorn the ~ydroclone system.
41 The protein-rich strearn is concentrated in a ~ERCO*BH-30 5 ¦ centrifuge and a protein-rich concentrate is obtained.
61 .` , ~ . - .
7 ¦ The protein-rich concentrate from the BH-30 centri-8 fuge, still in the wet state, ls combined with the dry milled ~ wheat cleanings ~raction, the dry milled wheat germ frac~ion~
the dry milled fiber (bran) fraction and the wet fine fiber 11 clean-up tailings collected from the Starcossa~cen.rifugal 12 screen, to form a wet animal feed product. The wet feed 13 product is dried in an oven at 250F. for about 4 hours, form-14 ing a Linal animal feed product, .
16 A yield o~53 pounds of prime l'A" wheat starch~
17 or 52D/~ by weig~t, and 49 pounds of animal ~eed, or 48% by 18 ~eight is obtained. ~ ~ ~
lg Other modifications and variatio~s of the process 21 of this invention will suggest themselves from the above 22 descxipt~on. It is to be unders~ood, therefore, that changes 23 may be made in the embodiments shown without departing ~rOrQ
24 the scope of ~he invention as defined in the apperded claims.
26 * Trade marks 29 I / .
30 I ; .
~.~71 . . , , I
Claims (12)
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. A continuous wheat refining process, which comprises:
(A) dry milling whole grain wheat to provide (a) an endosperm fraction, (b) a germ fraction, (c) a fiber (bran) fraction, and (d) a cleanings fraction;
(B) wet milling the single endosperm fraction of (A)(a) by sequentially (i) steeping the endosperm fraction, (ii) separating the larger wet endo-sperm particles from the smaller wet endo-sperm particles, (iii) milling the larger wet endo-sperm particles to reduce their particle size, (iv) recombining the wet endosperm particles of (ii) and (iii) into a single fraction, and (v) steeping the endosperm fraction again to provide a mill starch slurry;
(C) separating fine fiber tailings from the mill starch slurry of (B)(v);
(D) separating the defibered mill starch slurry of (C) into a starch-rich fraction and a protein-rich fraction;
(E) concentrating the protein-rich fraction of (D);
(F) directly combining each of the fiber (bran) fraction, the cleanings fraction and the germ fraction of (A), the fine fiber tailings fraction of (C) and the protein-rich concentrate of (E) to provide a wet animal feed product; and (G) drying the wet feed product of (F) to obtain a final animal feed product.
(A) dry milling whole grain wheat to provide (a) an endosperm fraction, (b) a germ fraction, (c) a fiber (bran) fraction, and (d) a cleanings fraction;
(B) wet milling the single endosperm fraction of (A)(a) by sequentially (i) steeping the endosperm fraction, (ii) separating the larger wet endo-sperm particles from the smaller wet endo-sperm particles, (iii) milling the larger wet endo-sperm particles to reduce their particle size, (iv) recombining the wet endosperm particles of (ii) and (iii) into a single fraction, and (v) steeping the endosperm fraction again to provide a mill starch slurry;
(C) separating fine fiber tailings from the mill starch slurry of (B)(v);
(D) separating the defibered mill starch slurry of (C) into a starch-rich fraction and a protein-rich fraction;
(E) concentrating the protein-rich fraction of (D);
(F) directly combining each of the fiber (bran) fraction, the cleanings fraction and the germ fraction of (A), the fine fiber tailings fraction of (C) and the protein-rich concentrate of (E) to provide a wet animal feed product; and (G) drying the wet feed product of (F) to obtain a final animal feed product.
2. The process of Claim 1 wherein in wet milling step (B), the initial weight ratio of the process (steep) water to the endosperm particles is in the range of from about 5:1 to about 6:1.
3. The process of Claim 1 wherein the first steep-ing step (B)(i) and the second steeping step (B)(v) are con-ducted in an aqueous medium at an acid or alkaline pH.
4. The process of Claim 3 wherein the steeping medium is acidic.
5. The process of Claim 4 wherein the steeping medium comprises a solution of sulfur dioxide in water.
6. The process of Claim 3 wherein the steeping medium is alkaline.
7. The process of Claim 6 wherein the steeping medium comprises a solution of sodium hydroxide in water.
8. The process of Claim 1 wherein the total residence time of the endosperm particles in steeping steps (B)(i) and (B)(v) is in the range of from about 2 to about 6 hours.
9. The process of Claim 1 wherein in milling step (B)(iii) endosperm particles having a size of greater than about 50 to about 75 microns are reduced in size to about 50 to about 75 microns or less.
10. The process of Claim 1 wherein step (D) is conducted by passing the mill starch slurry through a plurality of hydroclones.
11. The process of Claim 10 wherein the mill starch slurry has a specific gravity of from about 7° to about 9° Baum?.
12. A continuous wheat refining process, which comprises:
(A) dry milling whole grain wheat to provide (a) an endosperm fraction, (b) a germ fraction, (c) a fiber (bran) fraction, and (d) a cleanings fraction;
(B) wet milling the single endosperm fraction of (A)(a) by sequentially (i) steeping the endosperm-fraction in a solution of sulfur dioxide in water, the initial weight ratio of the process (steep) water to the endosperm particles being in the range of from about 5:1 to about 6:1, (ii) separating the wet endo-sperm particles having a size of greater than about 50 microns from the smaller wet endosperm particles, (iii) impact milling the wet endosperm particles having a size of greater than about 50 microns to reduce their particle size to about 50 microns or less, (iv) recombining the wet endo-sperm particles of (ii) and (iii) into single fraction, and (v) steeping the endosperm fraction again in a solution of sulfur dioxide in water to provide a mill starch slurry, the total residence time of steep-ing steps (i) and (v) combined being in the range from about 2 to about 6 hours;
(C) separating fine fiber tailings from the mill starch slurry of (B)(v);
(D) passing the defibered mill starch slurry of (C), having a specific gravity of from about 7° to about 9° Baume, through a plurality of hydroclones to provide an under-flow stream comprising a starch-rich fraction and an overflow stream comprising a protein-rich fraction;
(E) concentrating the protein-rich fraction of (D);
(F) directly combining each of the fiber (bran) fraction, the cleanings fraction and the germ fraction of (A), the fine fiber tailings fraction of (C) and the protein-rich concentrate of (E) to provide a wet animal feed product; and (G) drying the wet feed product of (F) to obtain a final feed product.
(A) dry milling whole grain wheat to provide (a) an endosperm fraction, (b) a germ fraction, (c) a fiber (bran) fraction, and (d) a cleanings fraction;
(B) wet milling the single endosperm fraction of (A)(a) by sequentially (i) steeping the endosperm-fraction in a solution of sulfur dioxide in water, the initial weight ratio of the process (steep) water to the endosperm particles being in the range of from about 5:1 to about 6:1, (ii) separating the wet endo-sperm particles having a size of greater than about 50 microns from the smaller wet endosperm particles, (iii) impact milling the wet endosperm particles having a size of greater than about 50 microns to reduce their particle size to about 50 microns or less, (iv) recombining the wet endo-sperm particles of (ii) and (iii) into single fraction, and (v) steeping the endosperm fraction again in a solution of sulfur dioxide in water to provide a mill starch slurry, the total residence time of steep-ing steps (i) and (v) combined being in the range from about 2 to about 6 hours;
(C) separating fine fiber tailings from the mill starch slurry of (B)(v);
(D) passing the defibered mill starch slurry of (C), having a specific gravity of from about 7° to about 9° Baume, through a plurality of hydroclones to provide an under-flow stream comprising a starch-rich fraction and an overflow stream comprising a protein-rich fraction;
(E) concentrating the protein-rich fraction of (D);
(F) directly combining each of the fiber (bran) fraction, the cleanings fraction and the germ fraction of (A), the fine fiber tailings fraction of (C) and the protein-rich concentrate of (E) to provide a wet animal feed product; and (G) drying the wet feed product of (F) to obtain a final feed product.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US904,953 | 1978-05-11 | ||
| US05/904,953 US4171384A (en) | 1978-05-11 | 1978-05-11 | Combined dry-wet milling process for refining wheat |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1117806A true CA1117806A (en) | 1982-02-09 |
Family
ID=25420036
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000325110A Expired CA1117806A (en) | 1978-05-11 | 1979-04-06 | Combined dry-wet milling process for refining wheat |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4171384A (en) |
| JP (1) | JPS559795A (en) |
| KR (1) | KR830000556B1 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU522202B2 (en) |
| BE (1) | BE876125A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1117806A (en) |
| IN (1) | IN149685B (en) |
| MX (1) | MX5612E (en) |
Families Citing this family (31)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4486451A (en) * | 1981-01-02 | 1984-12-04 | Ogilvie Mills Ltd. | Animal feed supplement |
| US4859485A (en) * | 1981-01-02 | 1989-08-22 | John Labatt Limited | Animal feed supplement prepared from wet corn bran and corn steep liquor |
| JPH0141198Y2 (en) * | 1984-12-06 | 1989-12-06 | ||
| BE1002740A6 (en) * | 1989-01-09 | 1991-05-21 | Amylum | METHOD FOR SEPARATION OF STARCH FROM rESIDUES OF STARCH MANUFACTURE AND THUS OBTAINED STARCH. |
| AU701727B3 (en) * | 1998-10-14 | 1999-02-04 | Research Foundation Institute Pty Limited, The | Improved process for producing a feed pellet from grain |
| FR2805438B1 (en) * | 2000-02-25 | 2002-06-07 | Paris Grands Moulins | FOOD OR NON-FOOD PRODUCT BASED ON WHEAT EXTRACTS |
| US6372281B1 (en) | 2000-02-25 | 2002-04-16 | General Mills, Inc. | Process of milling hard white wheat and products thereof |
| US20030092149A1 (en) * | 2000-06-30 | 2003-05-15 | Olsen Hans Sejr | Process for washing a starch slurry, using an aqueous solution with an acidic protease activity |
| US7709033B2 (en) * | 2001-02-26 | 2010-05-04 | Biovelop International B.V. | Process for the fractionation of cereal brans |
| SE526999C2 (en) * | 2001-02-26 | 2005-12-06 | Biovelop Internat Bv | Process for extracting cell wall components and less accessible cereal clay proteins substantially free of soluble compounds |
| US8053010B2 (en) * | 2001-12-04 | 2011-11-08 | General Mills, Inc. | Bran and bran containing products of improved flavor and methods of preparation |
| EP2060587A1 (en) * | 2007-11-16 | 2009-05-20 | Gösta Larssons Mekaniska Verkstad AB | Sieve cone |
| US20090186136A1 (en) * | 2008-01-18 | 2009-07-23 | Saponin Inc. | Process for seed and grain fractionation and recovery of bio-products |
| CN102057052A (en) * | 2008-04-14 | 2011-05-11 | 巴斯夫欧洲公司 | Method for manufacturing an aqueous glucose solution |
| US20110020523A1 (en) * | 2008-07-15 | 2011-01-27 | Pepsico, Inc. | Method for Preparing a Low Viscosity Whole Grain Flour Slurry Via Mechanical Treatment |
| US9622500B2 (en) | 2008-11-04 | 2017-04-18 | The Quaker Oats Company | Food products prepared with soluble whole grain oat flour |
| US10689678B2 (en) | 2008-11-04 | 2020-06-23 | The Quaker Oats Company | Method and composition comprising hydrolyzed starch |
| US9510614B2 (en) | 2008-11-04 | 2016-12-06 | The Quaker Oats Company | Food products prepared with soluble whole grain oat flour |
| US9504272B2 (en) | 2008-11-04 | 2016-11-29 | The Quaker Oats Company | Method of processing oats to achieve oats with an increased avenanthramide content |
| US8151482B2 (en) | 2008-11-25 | 2012-04-10 | William H Moss | Two-stage static dryer for converting organic waste to solid fuel |
| US9011947B2 (en) | 2009-06-14 | 2015-04-21 | The Quaker Oats Company | Method of preparing highly dispersible whole grain flour with an increased avenanthramide content |
| TW201608992A (en) * | 2009-06-14 | 2016-03-16 | 桂格麥片公司 | Method of preparing highly dispersible whole grain flour |
| ES2567315T3 (en) | 2011-03-21 | 2016-04-21 | Pepsico, Inc. | Preparation procedure of acid-rich whole grain LPB beverages |
| SG193604A1 (en) * | 2011-03-24 | 2013-10-30 | Nestec Sa | Method for providing a whole grain cereal based extract |
| BR112014002956A8 (en) | 2011-07-12 | 2022-09-06 | Pepsico Inc | METHOD OF PREPARING A MILK DRINK CONTAINING OATS |
| DE102011055065A1 (en) | 2011-11-04 | 2013-05-08 | Karl John | Producing animal feed from wheat, comprises e.g. grinding wheat grains into wholemeal, separating wholemeal into bran and whole wheat flour, and separating wholemeal flour into starch fraction and a fraction low in strength by a wet process |
| US11172695B2 (en) | 2016-03-22 | 2021-11-16 | The Quaker Oats Company | Method, apparatus, and product providing hydrolyzed starch and fiber |
| US20170275662A1 (en) | 2016-03-22 | 2017-09-28 | The Quaker Oats Company | Method and Apparatus for Controlled Hydrolysis |
| CN108864245A (en) * | 2017-05-16 | 2018-11-23 | 罗盖特公司 | Method for extracting protein, starch and fiber from buckwheat |
| CN107350094B (en) * | 2017-08-07 | 2023-05-30 | 云南昆船机械制造有限公司 | Self-rotational flow tailing desliming equipment and method |
| CN112619741B (en) * | 2020-12-07 | 2022-06-03 | 安徽金皖泰面粉有限公司 | Deep processing method of high-fiber low-sugar health flour |
Family Cites Families (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2455981A (en) * | 1944-08-21 | 1948-12-14 | Robert J Dimler | Alkali process for wheat starch production |
| US3851085A (en) * | 1971-06-18 | 1974-11-26 | Pillsbury Co | Hydroprocessing of wheat |
| US3788861A (en) * | 1971-06-18 | 1974-01-29 | Pillsbury Co | Hydromilling of wheat |
| US3909288A (en) * | 1973-11-05 | 1975-09-30 | American Maize Prod Co | Process for recovery of starch and corn oil from corn |
| US3857987A (en) * | 1973-12-26 | 1974-12-31 | Staley Mfg Co A E | Wet milling of coarse ground wheat and other cereal grains |
| US3979375A (en) * | 1974-05-07 | 1976-09-07 | Far-Mar-Co., Inc. | Fractionation of the whole wheat kernel by pin milling |
| US4042414A (en) * | 1974-09-17 | 1977-08-16 | Research Corporation | Processing of starch |
| CH620708A5 (en) * | 1975-09-23 | 1980-12-15 | Buehler Ag Geb | |
| US4125528A (en) * | 1977-09-09 | 1978-11-14 | Far-Mar-Co, Inc. | Method for fractionating the whole wheat kernel by centrifugal means |
-
1978
- 1978-05-11 US US05/904,953 patent/US4171384A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1979
- 1979-04-06 CA CA000325110A patent/CA1117806A/en not_active Expired
- 1979-04-06 IN IN344/CAL/79A patent/IN149685B/en unknown
- 1979-04-19 AU AU46163/79A patent/AU522202B2/en not_active Expired
- 1979-05-07 KR KR1019790001442A patent/KR830000556B1/en active
- 1979-05-09 MX MX797964U patent/MX5612E/en unknown
- 1979-05-09 BE BE2/57779A patent/BE876125A/en unknown
- 1979-05-11 JP JP5717279A patent/JPS559795A/en active Granted
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| BE876125A (en) | 1979-09-03 |
| US4171384A (en) | 1979-10-16 |
| AU4616379A (en) | 1979-11-15 |
| MX5612E (en) | 1983-11-08 |
| JPS559795A (en) | 1980-01-23 |
| KR830000556B1 (en) | 1983-03-12 |
| AU522202B2 (en) | 1982-05-20 |
| JPS627814B2 (en) | 1987-02-19 |
| IN149685B (en) | 1982-03-13 |
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| Date | Code | Title | Description |
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| MKEX | Expiry |