CA1250961A - Conductive polymer devices having leads with reduced resistance to bending - Google Patents
Conductive polymer devices having leads with reduced resistance to bendingInfo
- Publication number
- CA1250961A CA1250961A CA000504001A CA504001A CA1250961A CA 1250961 A CA1250961 A CA 1250961A CA 000504001 A CA000504001 A CA 000504001A CA 504001 A CA504001 A CA 504001A CA 1250961 A CA1250961 A CA 1250961A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- ptc element
- electrodes
- ptc
- expansion
- axis
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B3/00—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/10—Heater elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor
- H05B3/12—Heater elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material
- H05B3/14—Heater elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material the material being non-metallic
- H05B3/146—Conductive polymers, e.g. polyethylene, thermoplastics
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01C—RESISTORS
- H01C1/00—Details
- H01C1/01—Mounting; Supporting
- H01C1/016—Mounting; Supporting with compensation for resistor expansion or contraction
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01C—RESISTORS
- H01C1/00—Details
- H01C1/14—Terminals or tapping points or electrodes specially adapted for resistors; Arrangements of terminals or tapping points or electrodes on resistors
- H01C1/1406—Terminals or electrodes formed on resistive elements having positive temperature coefficient
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01C—RESISTORS
- H01C7/00—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material
- H01C7/02—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material having positive temperature coefficient
- H01C7/027—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material having positive temperature coefficient consisting of conducting or semi-conducting material dispersed in a non-conductive organic material
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
- H05K3/00—Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits
- H05K3/30—Assembling printed circuits with electric components, e.g. with resistor
- H05K3/306—Lead-in-hole components, e.g. affixing or retention before soldering, spacing means
- H05K3/308—Adaptations of leads
Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE INVENTION
Circuit protection devices which contain PTC
conductive polymer elements and which are used in situations in which the device is mounted onto, or itself comprises, a rigid wall which is spaced apart from the PTC element and through which the electrodes pass. The behavior of the device can be adversely affected if the electrodes, which are prevented from moving by the rigid wall, prevent the PTC element from expanding to the extent necessary to provide the desired PTC effect. The invention includes the use of specially designed electrodes or any other novel means which lessens the danger that the PTC element, when it is tripped, is prevented from expanding to the extent necessary for effective operation. In a typical device, each of the electrodes comprises a stranded wire portion adjacent the PTC element and a solid wire portion remote from the PTC element.
Circuit protection devices which contain PTC
conductive polymer elements and which are used in situations in which the device is mounted onto, or itself comprises, a rigid wall which is spaced apart from the PTC element and through which the electrodes pass. The behavior of the device can be adversely affected if the electrodes, which are prevented from moving by the rigid wall, prevent the PTC element from expanding to the extent necessary to provide the desired PTC effect. The invention includes the use of specially designed electrodes or any other novel means which lessens the danger that the PTC element, when it is tripped, is prevented from expanding to the extent necessary for effective operation. In a typical device, each of the electrodes comprises a stranded wire portion adjacent the PTC element and a solid wire portion remote from the PTC element.
Description
Description Conductive Polymer ~evices This invention relates to circuit protection devices comprising a PTC element composed of a conductive polymer element.
Documents describing conducti~e polymer com-positions and devices comprising them include U.S.
Patents Nos. 2,952,761, 2,978,665, 3,243,753, 3,351,882, 3,571,777, 3,757,086, 3,793,716, 3,823,217, 3,858,144, 3,861,029, 3,950,604, 4,017,715, 4,072,848, 4,085,286, 4,117,312, 4,177,376, 4,177,446, 4,188,276, 4,237,441, 4,242,573, 4,246,468, 4,250,400, 4,252,692, 4,255,698, 4,271,350, 4,272,471, 4,304,987, 4,309,596, 4,309,597, 4,314,230, 4,314,231, 4,315,237, 4,317,027, 4,318,881, 4,327,351, 4,330,704, 4,334,351, 4,352,083, ~0 4,361,799, 4,388,607, 4,398,084, 4,413,301, 4,425,397, ~,426,339, 4,426,633, 4,427,877, 4,435,639, 4,429,21~, 4,442,139, 4,459,473, 4,481,498, 4,476,450, 4,502,929;
4,514,620, 4,517,449, and 4,534,889; J. Applied Polymer Science 19, 813-815 (1975), Klason and Kubat; Polymer Engineering and Science 18, 649-653 (1978), Narkis et al; and commonly assigned U.S. Serial Nos. 601,424 now abandoned, published as German OLS No. 1,634,999;
732,792 (Van Konynenburg et al), now abandoned, published as German OLS No. 2,746,602; 798,154 (Horsma et al), now abandoned, published as German OLS No.
~5~
Documents describing conducti~e polymer com-positions and devices comprising them include U.S.
Patents Nos. 2,952,761, 2,978,665, 3,243,753, 3,351,882, 3,571,777, 3,757,086, 3,793,716, 3,823,217, 3,858,144, 3,861,029, 3,950,604, 4,017,715, 4,072,848, 4,085,286, 4,117,312, 4,177,376, 4,177,446, 4,188,276, 4,237,441, 4,242,573, 4,246,468, 4,250,400, 4,252,692, 4,255,698, 4,271,350, 4,272,471, 4,304,987, 4,309,596, 4,309,597, 4,314,230, 4,314,231, 4,315,237, 4,317,027, 4,318,881, 4,327,351, 4,330,704, 4,334,351, 4,352,083, ~0 4,361,799, 4,388,607, 4,398,084, 4,413,301, 4,425,397, ~,426,339, 4,426,633, 4,427,877, 4,435,639, 4,429,21~, 4,442,139, 4,459,473, 4,481,498, 4,476,450, 4,502,929;
4,514,620, 4,517,449, and 4,534,889; J. Applied Polymer Science 19, 813-815 (1975), Klason and Kubat; Polymer Engineering and Science 18, 649-653 (1978), Narkis et al; and commonly assigned U.S. Serial Nos. 601,424 now abandoned, published as German OLS No. 1,634,999;
732,792 (Van Konynenburg et al), now abandoned, published as German OLS No. 2,746,602; 798,154 (Horsma et al), now abandoned, published as German OLS No.
~5~
2,821,799; 141,984 (Gotcher et al), now abandoned, published as European ~pplication No. 38,718; 141,988 tFouts et al), now abandoned, published as European Application No. 38,718, 141,989 (Evans), published as European Application No. 38,713, 141,991 (Fouts et al), published as European Application No. 38,714, 150,909 (Sopory), published as UK Application No.
2,076,106A, 250,491 (Jacobs et al) published as European Application No. 63,440, 300,709 and 423,589 (Van Konynenburg et al), published jointly as European Application No. 74,281, 369,309 (Midgley et al), published as European Application No. 92,406, 486,633 (Wasley), published as European Application No.
123,540, 606,033 ~Leary et al), published as European Application No. 119,807, 599,047 and 599,048 (Masia at al), published jointly as European Application No. 133,748, 524,482 (Tomlinson et al), published as European Application No. 134,145, 552,649 (Jensen et al), published as European Application No. 144,187, 573,099 (Batliwalla et al) published as U.K. Patent No.
1,470,502, 904,736 (Penneck et al), published as UK
Patent No. 1,470,503, and commonly assigned Canadian Patent Application Nos. 490,552.1 (Batliwalla et al), 490,551 tBatliwalla et al), 494,477 (Frank), 498,570 (Leary et al), 499,442 (Hauptly et al), 504,006 (Au et al), 504,008 (Ratell), and 504,009 (Ratell).
Particularly useful devices comprising PTC con-ductive polymers are circuit protection devices.
Such devices have a rPlatively low resistance under the normal operating conditions of the circuit, but are "tripped", i.e., converted into a high resistance state, when a fault condition, e.g., excessive current or temperature, occurs. When the device is tripped by excessive current, the current passing through the PTC element causes it to selE-heat to its switching temperature, Ts, at which it is in a high resistance state. The increase in resistance is accompanied by an expansion of the PTC
element along an axis of expansion. Such devices, and PTC conductive polymer compositions for use in them, are described for example in U.S. Patents Nos.
4,237,411, 4,238,812; 4,255,698; 4,315,237;
4,317,027; 4,329,726; 4,352,083; 4,413,301;
4,450,496; 4,475,138; and 4,481,498 and in copending, commonly assigned US Application Serial ~0 Nos. 141,989 (MPO715) published as `European Application No. 38,713, 524,482 (MPO751) published as European Application No. 134,145 and 628,945 (MPO906) published as European Application No. 158,410, and in the commonly assigned Canadian patent applications filed contemporaneously with this application, by Ratell, Serial No. 504,008, by Ratell, Serial No. 504,009, and by Au et al, Serial No. 504,006.
~5~
We have been working on the use of circuit pro-tection devices containing PTC conductive polymer elements in situations in which the device is mounted onto, or itself comprises, a rigid wall S which is spaced apart from -the PTC element and through which the electrodes pass. In our work, we have discovered that the behavior of the device can be adversely affected if the electrodes, which are prevented from moving by the rigid wall, prevent the -~ PTC element from expanding to the extent necessary to provide the desired PTC effect. These adverse effects, in extreme cases, can cause the PTC element to shatter explosively when subjected to conditions which, if the electrodes axe not restrained by the rigid wall, will cause the device to trip in a controlled and predetermined way. The danger of encountering such adverse effects appears to increase as the distance between the PTC element and the rigid wall decreases (which is often highly desirable so that the device occupies as little space as possible) and as the voltage applied to the device increases. In its broadest aspect, this invention includes any novel means which lessens the danger that the PTC element, when it is tripped, is prevented from expanding to the extent necessary for effective operation by rest~aining foxces exerted on it by the electrodes. The most convenient method of ensuring that excessive restraining forces are not applied to the PTC element through the electrodes is by selection of suitable electrodes, bearing in mind that the electrodes must not only be sufficiently flexible to avoid restraining the PTC element~ but must in some cases have end portions (remote from the PTC element) which meet end use requirements such as termination to a circuit board or other phy-sical and/or electrical connection device, as wellas having the required current-carrying and heat-dissipating characteristics. Another expedient for achieving the desired result is the use of a wall (through which the electrodes pass) which will accommodate the expansive forces of the PTC element.
The invention is illustrated in the accom-panying drawing, in which Figure l is a cross-section through a device of the invention in which round leads have been ren-dered more flexibLe by deforming them into a doubled dimpled configuration which introduces areas o~
reduced section moduli;
~5~
Figure 2 is a cross-section on line 2-2 of Figure l;
Figure 3 is a cross-section through another device of the invention in which the round electro-des are rendered more flexible by providing them with an S shaped configuration;
Figure 4 is a cross-section through another device of the invention in which the round electro-des are rendered more flexible by having both a loopad and dimpled configuration;
Figure 5 is a cross-section through another device of the invention in which each of the electrodes comprises a stranded wire portion adja-cent the PTC element and a solid wire portion remote from the PTC element;
Figure 6 is a cross-section on line 6-6 of Figure 5;
Figures 7 and 8 illustrate the determination of the bending resistance of the inner and outer por-tions of an electrode; and Figure 9 is a circuit diagram for a circuit of the invention.
2,076,106A, 250,491 (Jacobs et al) published as European Application No. 63,440, 300,709 and 423,589 (Van Konynenburg et al), published jointly as European Application No. 74,281, 369,309 (Midgley et al), published as European Application No. 92,406, 486,633 (Wasley), published as European Application No.
123,540, 606,033 ~Leary et al), published as European Application No. 119,807, 599,047 and 599,048 (Masia at al), published jointly as European Application No. 133,748, 524,482 (Tomlinson et al), published as European Application No. 134,145, 552,649 (Jensen et al), published as European Application No. 144,187, 573,099 (Batliwalla et al) published as U.K. Patent No.
1,470,502, 904,736 (Penneck et al), published as UK
Patent No. 1,470,503, and commonly assigned Canadian Patent Application Nos. 490,552.1 (Batliwalla et al), 490,551 tBatliwalla et al), 494,477 (Frank), 498,570 (Leary et al), 499,442 (Hauptly et al), 504,006 (Au et al), 504,008 (Ratell), and 504,009 (Ratell).
Particularly useful devices comprising PTC con-ductive polymers are circuit protection devices.
Such devices have a rPlatively low resistance under the normal operating conditions of the circuit, but are "tripped", i.e., converted into a high resistance state, when a fault condition, e.g., excessive current or temperature, occurs. When the device is tripped by excessive current, the current passing through the PTC element causes it to selE-heat to its switching temperature, Ts, at which it is in a high resistance state. The increase in resistance is accompanied by an expansion of the PTC
element along an axis of expansion. Such devices, and PTC conductive polymer compositions for use in them, are described for example in U.S. Patents Nos.
4,237,411, 4,238,812; 4,255,698; 4,315,237;
4,317,027; 4,329,726; 4,352,083; 4,413,301;
4,450,496; 4,475,138; and 4,481,498 and in copending, commonly assigned US Application Serial ~0 Nos. 141,989 (MPO715) published as `European Application No. 38,713, 524,482 (MPO751) published as European Application No. 134,145 and 628,945 (MPO906) published as European Application No. 158,410, and in the commonly assigned Canadian patent applications filed contemporaneously with this application, by Ratell, Serial No. 504,008, by Ratell, Serial No. 504,009, and by Au et al, Serial No. 504,006.
~5~
We have been working on the use of circuit pro-tection devices containing PTC conductive polymer elements in situations in which the device is mounted onto, or itself comprises, a rigid wall S which is spaced apart from -the PTC element and through which the electrodes pass. In our work, we have discovered that the behavior of the device can be adversely affected if the electrodes, which are prevented from moving by the rigid wall, prevent the -~ PTC element from expanding to the extent necessary to provide the desired PTC effect. These adverse effects, in extreme cases, can cause the PTC element to shatter explosively when subjected to conditions which, if the electrodes axe not restrained by the rigid wall, will cause the device to trip in a controlled and predetermined way. The danger of encountering such adverse effects appears to increase as the distance between the PTC element and the rigid wall decreases (which is often highly desirable so that the device occupies as little space as possible) and as the voltage applied to the device increases. In its broadest aspect, this invention includes any novel means which lessens the danger that the PTC element, when it is tripped, is prevented from expanding to the extent necessary for effective operation by rest~aining foxces exerted on it by the electrodes. The most convenient method of ensuring that excessive restraining forces are not applied to the PTC element through the electrodes is by selection of suitable electrodes, bearing in mind that the electrodes must not only be sufficiently flexible to avoid restraining the PTC element~ but must in some cases have end portions (remote from the PTC element) which meet end use requirements such as termination to a circuit board or other phy-sical and/or electrical connection device, as wellas having the required current-carrying and heat-dissipating characteristics. Another expedient for achieving the desired result is the use of a wall (through which the electrodes pass) which will accommodate the expansive forces of the PTC element.
The invention is illustrated in the accom-panying drawing, in which Figure l is a cross-section through a device of the invention in which round leads have been ren-dered more flexibLe by deforming them into a doubled dimpled configuration which introduces areas o~
reduced section moduli;
~5~
Figure 2 is a cross-section on line 2-2 of Figure l;
Figure 3 is a cross-section through another device of the invention in which the round electro-des are rendered more flexible by providing them with an S shaped configuration;
Figure 4 is a cross-section through another device of the invention in which the round electro-des are rendered more flexible by having both a loopad and dimpled configuration;
Figure 5 is a cross-section through another device of the invention in which each of the electrodes comprises a stranded wire portion adja-cent the PTC element and a solid wire portion remote from the PTC element;
Figure 6 is a cross-section on line 6-6 of Figure 5;
Figures 7 and 8 illustrate the determination of the bending resistance of the inner and outer por-tions of an electrode; and Figure 9 is a circuit diagram for a circuit of the invention.
3~ As noted above, the objects of the present invention are preferably achieved throug'n the use of ~5~
-suitable electrodes, and the invention will chiefly be described by reference to this embodiment of the invention. Thus in a preferred aspect, this inven-tion provides A circuit protection device which comprises (1) a PTC element composed of a conductive polymer composition which exhibits PTC
behavior and which comprises a polymeric component and, dispersed in the pGlymeric component, a particulate conductive filler and (2) two electrodes which are electrically con-nected to the PTC element and which are connectable to a source of electrical power to cause current to pass through the PTC
element and thus to cause the PTC element ~0 to self-heat to a switching temperature Ts and to expand along an axis of expan sion, thus generating expansion forces which are transmitted to the electrodes;
at least one of said electrodes comprising (a) a first portion which is in physical con-tact with the PTC element either directly, or indirectly through an element composed of a conductive polymer, ~L~5~
.
(b) a second inner portion which is not in con-tact with the PTC element, and (c) a third outer portion which is not in con-tact with the PTC element;
the inner portion lying between the first por-tion and the outer portion, and having a resistance to bending, parallel to the axis of expansion of the PTC element, which is less than the resistance to bending, parallel to the axis of expansion of the PTC element, of the outer portion.
In this preferred embodiment of the inventior., the inner portion has a lower resistance to bending than the outer portion, when subjected to forces parallel to the axis of expansion of the PTC ele-ment. The inner portion has a resistance to bending which is preferably less than 0.9, particularly less than 0.75, for example, less than 0.5, times the resistance to bending of the outer portion. The term "resistance to bending" is used herein to mean the quantity F, where F is the force required to move one end of the portion a distance of 2 mils, in a direction parallel to the axis of expansion of the PTC element, the portion being elastically deformed and the other end of the portion being maintained in a fixed position, and d is the distance between a ~s~
~irst line which is parallel to the axis of expan-sion and which passes through one end of the portion and a second line which is parallel to the axis of expansion and which passes through the other end of the portion.
The two electrodes are generally made of metal and are preferably substantially identical. The first portions of the electrodes are preferably in direct physical contact with the PTC element, but can be separated therefrom by a layer of another conductive material, e.g., a ZTC conductive polymer. The first portions of the electrodes can be of any configuration, e.g., planar sheet electro-des which are contacted by the PTC element on only one surface, or columnar electrodes which are surrounded by the PTC element, particularly round wires or thin metal strips.
In one embodiment each of the electrodes is -7 composed of a single piece of solid metal which is shaped at one or more sections along its length to provide the second portion of greater flexibility.
Especially because of heat dissipation requirements, such electrodes pre~erably have a substantially constant cross-sectional area. The electrodes are preferably substantially straight and parallel to each other, and especially in that case the second portion is preferably provided by one or more sec-tions in which the cross-sectional dimension parallel to the axis of expansion of the PTC element is less than O.S, preferably less than 0.8, e.g., less than 0.75, particularly less than 0.5, times the average cross-sectional dimension of the inner portion parallel to the axis of expansion of the PTC
element. Alternatively or additionally, the second portion of greater flexibility can be provided by a substantially curved configuration, e.g. an S shape.
In another embodiment, each of the electrodes comprises first and inner portions which are in the form of a single piece of stranded metal wire, and an outer portion which is a solid wire and which is secured to, e.g. welded to, the second portion. The advantage of this embodiment is that the outer por-tion can be selected for its desired properties forconnection to other electrical devices, for which stranded metal wires are often unsatisfactory.
~ The greater flexibility of the inner portion of the electrodes is especially useful in devices which comprise a rigid wall, e.g. the base of an enclosure which encloses one or more PTC elements, which is spaced apart from the PTC element and which contains ~5 two exit ports through each o~ which passes one of the electrodes. The second, inner portion lies bet-ween the wall and the PTC element, and the third, outer portion lies outside the wall.
The devices of the invention are particularly valuable in circuits which operate at relatively ~5~3r; ~
high voltages, e.gO 200 volts AC or higher, par-ticulary at least 350 volts AC, especially at least 500 volts AC, e~g. 600 volts AC, or which under nor-mal conditions operate at a lower voltage, e.g. 20 to 60 volts ~C, but which may be exposed to much higher voltages, e.g. as described above, during a fault. Thus the present invention has been found to be very valuable in PTC devices for use as secondary protection against voltage spi~es and current tran-0 sients in subscriber loop interface circuits intelecommunication systems.
Referring now to the drawings, Figures 1 through 6 shows a means of providing flexibility to the inner portion of the electrodes. In particular, Figures 1 and 2 provide cross-sections through a device 10 of the invention. The device 10 includes a PTC element 12 composed of a conductive polymer composition which exhibits PTC behavior, and two electrodes 14 and 16 which are electrically con-nected to the PTC element. Each of the two electro-des 14 and 16 has a first portion 18 which is in physical contact with the PTC element, a second inner portion 20 which is no~ in contact with the ~5 PTC element, and a third outer portion 22 which is not in contact with the PTC element. Also shown is a rigid wall 24 which is spaced apart from the PTC
element and which contains two exit ports through each of which passes one of the electrodes. The 3~ axis of expansion of the element 12 is along a line 5~
24. The inner portions 20 of the electrodes are round and have been rendered more flexible by deforming them into a double dimpled configura-tion, thus introducing areas of reduced section modull.
Figure 3 is similiar to Figures 1 and 2 and shows the inner portions 20 of the electrodes formed in an S shape. Figure 4 also is similiar to Figures l and 2 and shows the inner portion 20 of the electrodes formed in a looped and dimpled con-iguration.
Figures 5 and 6 show an alternative embodiment wherein the inner portions 20 of the electrodes comprise a stranded portion 28 welded to a solid portion 30. Note that the method of attachment i.e.
welding, can affect the flexibility of the inner portions 20.
2~ Figures 7 and 8 illustrate determination of the bending resistance of the inner and outer portions of the electrodes.
One end of a test electrode is fixed. A normal ~5 force F is applied to the test electrode at a point P which is some distance d from the fixed end of the test electrode. Sufficient force F is applied such that a predetermined amount o lateral de1ection y o point P is obtained. F and D are measured and the value of F divided by D is determined. This i5 ~'~S~
the description of the generic test. To test an electrode of the invention (Figure 7), the second portion of the electrode is subjected to the generic test and its value of Fl divided by Dl is deter-mined. Then, the third portion of the electrode (Figure 8) is subjected to the generic test and its value of F2 divided by D2 is determinedO Finally, Fl divided by Dl is compared to F2 divided by D2, and Fl divided by Dl is less than F2 divided by D2.
Referring now to Figure 9, this shows a circuit of the invention comprising a power supply 32, a circuit protection device 10 and an electrical load 34 in series therewith.
-suitable electrodes, and the invention will chiefly be described by reference to this embodiment of the invention. Thus in a preferred aspect, this inven-tion provides A circuit protection device which comprises (1) a PTC element composed of a conductive polymer composition which exhibits PTC
behavior and which comprises a polymeric component and, dispersed in the pGlymeric component, a particulate conductive filler and (2) two electrodes which are electrically con-nected to the PTC element and which are connectable to a source of electrical power to cause current to pass through the PTC
element and thus to cause the PTC element ~0 to self-heat to a switching temperature Ts and to expand along an axis of expan sion, thus generating expansion forces which are transmitted to the electrodes;
at least one of said electrodes comprising (a) a first portion which is in physical con-tact with the PTC element either directly, or indirectly through an element composed of a conductive polymer, ~L~5~
.
(b) a second inner portion which is not in con-tact with the PTC element, and (c) a third outer portion which is not in con-tact with the PTC element;
the inner portion lying between the first por-tion and the outer portion, and having a resistance to bending, parallel to the axis of expansion of the PTC element, which is less than the resistance to bending, parallel to the axis of expansion of the PTC element, of the outer portion.
In this preferred embodiment of the inventior., the inner portion has a lower resistance to bending than the outer portion, when subjected to forces parallel to the axis of expansion of the PTC ele-ment. The inner portion has a resistance to bending which is preferably less than 0.9, particularly less than 0.75, for example, less than 0.5, times the resistance to bending of the outer portion. The term "resistance to bending" is used herein to mean the quantity F, where F is the force required to move one end of the portion a distance of 2 mils, in a direction parallel to the axis of expansion of the PTC element, the portion being elastically deformed and the other end of the portion being maintained in a fixed position, and d is the distance between a ~s~
~irst line which is parallel to the axis of expan-sion and which passes through one end of the portion and a second line which is parallel to the axis of expansion and which passes through the other end of the portion.
The two electrodes are generally made of metal and are preferably substantially identical. The first portions of the electrodes are preferably in direct physical contact with the PTC element, but can be separated therefrom by a layer of another conductive material, e.g., a ZTC conductive polymer. The first portions of the electrodes can be of any configuration, e.g., planar sheet electro-des which are contacted by the PTC element on only one surface, or columnar electrodes which are surrounded by the PTC element, particularly round wires or thin metal strips.
In one embodiment each of the electrodes is -7 composed of a single piece of solid metal which is shaped at one or more sections along its length to provide the second portion of greater flexibility.
Especially because of heat dissipation requirements, such electrodes pre~erably have a substantially constant cross-sectional area. The electrodes are preferably substantially straight and parallel to each other, and especially in that case the second portion is preferably provided by one or more sec-tions in which the cross-sectional dimension parallel to the axis of expansion of the PTC element is less than O.S, preferably less than 0.8, e.g., less than 0.75, particularly less than 0.5, times the average cross-sectional dimension of the inner portion parallel to the axis of expansion of the PTC
element. Alternatively or additionally, the second portion of greater flexibility can be provided by a substantially curved configuration, e.g. an S shape.
In another embodiment, each of the electrodes comprises first and inner portions which are in the form of a single piece of stranded metal wire, and an outer portion which is a solid wire and which is secured to, e.g. welded to, the second portion. The advantage of this embodiment is that the outer por-tion can be selected for its desired properties forconnection to other electrical devices, for which stranded metal wires are often unsatisfactory.
~ The greater flexibility of the inner portion of the electrodes is especially useful in devices which comprise a rigid wall, e.g. the base of an enclosure which encloses one or more PTC elements, which is spaced apart from the PTC element and which contains ~5 two exit ports through each o~ which passes one of the electrodes. The second, inner portion lies bet-ween the wall and the PTC element, and the third, outer portion lies outside the wall.
The devices of the invention are particularly valuable in circuits which operate at relatively ~5~3r; ~
high voltages, e.gO 200 volts AC or higher, par-ticulary at least 350 volts AC, especially at least 500 volts AC, e~g. 600 volts AC, or which under nor-mal conditions operate at a lower voltage, e.g. 20 to 60 volts ~C, but which may be exposed to much higher voltages, e.g. as described above, during a fault. Thus the present invention has been found to be very valuable in PTC devices for use as secondary protection against voltage spi~es and current tran-0 sients in subscriber loop interface circuits intelecommunication systems.
Referring now to the drawings, Figures 1 through 6 shows a means of providing flexibility to the inner portion of the electrodes. In particular, Figures 1 and 2 provide cross-sections through a device 10 of the invention. The device 10 includes a PTC element 12 composed of a conductive polymer composition which exhibits PTC behavior, and two electrodes 14 and 16 which are electrically con-nected to the PTC element. Each of the two electro-des 14 and 16 has a first portion 18 which is in physical contact with the PTC element, a second inner portion 20 which is no~ in contact with the ~5 PTC element, and a third outer portion 22 which is not in contact with the PTC element. Also shown is a rigid wall 24 which is spaced apart from the PTC
element and which contains two exit ports through each of which passes one of the electrodes. The 3~ axis of expansion of the element 12 is along a line 5~
24. The inner portions 20 of the electrodes are round and have been rendered more flexible by deforming them into a double dimpled configura-tion, thus introducing areas of reduced section modull.
Figure 3 is similiar to Figures 1 and 2 and shows the inner portions 20 of the electrodes formed in an S shape. Figure 4 also is similiar to Figures l and 2 and shows the inner portion 20 of the electrodes formed in a looped and dimpled con-iguration.
Figures 5 and 6 show an alternative embodiment wherein the inner portions 20 of the electrodes comprise a stranded portion 28 welded to a solid portion 30. Note that the method of attachment i.e.
welding, can affect the flexibility of the inner portions 20.
2~ Figures 7 and 8 illustrate determination of the bending resistance of the inner and outer portions of the electrodes.
One end of a test electrode is fixed. A normal ~5 force F is applied to the test electrode at a point P which is some distance d from the fixed end of the test electrode. Sufficient force F is applied such that a predetermined amount o lateral de1ection y o point P is obtained. F and D are measured and the value of F divided by D is determined. This i5 ~'~S~
the description of the generic test. To test an electrode of the invention (Figure 7), the second portion of the electrode is subjected to the generic test and its value of Fl divided by Dl is deter-mined. Then, the third portion of the electrode (Figure 8) is subjected to the generic test and its value of F2 divided by D2 is determinedO Finally, Fl divided by Dl is compared to F2 divided by D2, and Fl divided by Dl is less than F2 divided by D2.
Referring now to Figure 9, this shows a circuit of the invention comprising a power supply 32, a circuit protection device 10 and an electrical load 34 in series therewith.
Claims (10)
1. A circuit protection device which comprises (1) a PTC element composed of a conductive polymer composition which exhibits PTC
behavior and which comprises a polymeric component and, dispersed in the polymeric component, a particulate conductive filler;
and (2) two electrodes which are electrically con-nected to the PTC element and which are connectable to a source of electrical power to cause current to pass through the PTC
element and thus to cause the PTC element to self-heat to a switching temperature Ts and to expand along an axis of expan-sion, thus generating expansion forces which are transmitted to the electrodes;
at least one of said electrodes comprising (a) a first portion which is in physical con-tact with the PTC element either directly, or indirectly through an element composed of a conductive polymer, (b) a second inner portion which is not in con-tact with the PTC element, and (c) a third outer portion which is not in con-tact with the PTC element;
the inner portion lying between the first por-tion and the outer portion, and having a resistance to bending, parallel to the axis of expansion of the PTC element, which is less than the resistance to bending, parallel to the axis of expansion of the PTC element, of the outer portion.
behavior and which comprises a polymeric component and, dispersed in the polymeric component, a particulate conductive filler;
and (2) two electrodes which are electrically con-nected to the PTC element and which are connectable to a source of electrical power to cause current to pass through the PTC
element and thus to cause the PTC element to self-heat to a switching temperature Ts and to expand along an axis of expan-sion, thus generating expansion forces which are transmitted to the electrodes;
at least one of said electrodes comprising (a) a first portion which is in physical con-tact with the PTC element either directly, or indirectly through an element composed of a conductive polymer, (b) a second inner portion which is not in con-tact with the PTC element, and (c) a third outer portion which is not in con-tact with the PTC element;
the inner portion lying between the first por-tion and the outer portion, and having a resistance to bending, parallel to the axis of expansion of the PTC element, which is less than the resistance to bending, parallel to the axis of expansion of the PTC element, of the outer portion.
2. A device according to Claim 1 wherein the inner portion has a resistance to bending which is less than 0.75 times the resistance to bending of the outer portion.
3. A device according to Claim 1 wherein the first portions of the electrodes are parallel to each other, are columnar in shape, and are surrounded by the PTC element.
4. A device according to Claims 1 or 2 wherein the electrodes are substantially identical and the first portions thereof are in physical contact with the PTC element.
5. A device according to Claim 1 wherein each of the electrodes is a single piece of solid metal.
6. A device according to Claim 5 wherein each of the electrodes has a cross-sectional area which is the same throughout its length, and an inner portion which contains at least one section in which the cross-sectional dimension parallel to the axis of expansion of the PTC element is less than 0.8 times the average cross-sectional dimension of the inner portion parallel to the axis of expansion of the PTC
element.
element.
7. A device according to Claim 1, 2 or 3 wherein each of the electrodes comprises first and inner portions which are in the form of a single piece of stranded metal wire, and an outer portion which is a solid wire.
8. A device according to Claim 1, 2 or 3 which comprises a rigid wall which is spaced apart from the PTC element and which contains two exit ports through each of which passes one of the electrodes, and wherein in each of the electrodes, the inner portion lies between the wall and the PTC element and the outer portion lies on the other side of the wall, remote from the PTC element.
9. An electrical circuit which comprises a) a power source having a voltage V which is at least 20 volts DC;
b) an electrical load; and c) a circuit protection device which comprises (1) a PTC element composed of a conductive polymer composition which exhibits PTC
behavior and which comprises a polymeric component and, dispersed in the polymeric component, a particulate conductive filler;
and (2) two electrodes which are electrically con-nected to the PTC element and which are connected in series to the load and the power source to cause current to pass through the load and the PTC element and thus to cause the PTC element to self heat to a switching temperature Ts and to expand along an axis of expansion, thus generating expansion forces which are transmitted to the electrodes;
at least one of said electrodes comprising (a) a first portion which is in physical con-tact with the PTC element either directly, or indirectly through an element composed of a conductive polymer, (b) a second inner portion which is not in con-tact with the PTC element, and (c) a third outer portion which is not in con-tact with the PTC element;
the inner portion lying between the first por-tion and the outer portion, and having a resistance to bending, parallel to the axis of expansion of the PTC element, which is less than the resistance to bending, parallel to the axis of expansion of the PTC element, of the outer portion.
b) an electrical load; and c) a circuit protection device which comprises (1) a PTC element composed of a conductive polymer composition which exhibits PTC
behavior and which comprises a polymeric component and, dispersed in the polymeric component, a particulate conductive filler;
and (2) two electrodes which are electrically con-nected to the PTC element and which are connected in series to the load and the power source to cause current to pass through the load and the PTC element and thus to cause the PTC element to self heat to a switching temperature Ts and to expand along an axis of expansion, thus generating expansion forces which are transmitted to the electrodes;
at least one of said electrodes comprising (a) a first portion which is in physical con-tact with the PTC element either directly, or indirectly through an element composed of a conductive polymer, (b) a second inner portion which is not in con-tact with the PTC element, and (c) a third outer portion which is not in con-tact with the PTC element;
the inner portion lying between the first por-tion and the outer portion, and having a resistance to bending, parallel to the axis of expansion of the PTC element, which is less than the resistance to bending, parallel to the axis of expansion of the PTC element, of the outer portion.
10. An electrical circuit according to claim 9, which is liable to faults at voltages greater than 200 volts AC.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US06/711,790 US4685025A (en) | 1985-03-14 | 1985-03-14 | Conductive polymer circuit protection devices having improved electrodes |
US711,790 | 1985-03-14 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CA1250961A true CA1250961A (en) | 1989-03-07 |
Family
ID=24859548
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CA000504001A Expired CA1250961A (en) | 1985-03-14 | 1986-03-13 | Conductive polymer devices having leads with reduced resistance to bending |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US4685025A (en) |
EP (1) | EP0201171B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2534986B2 (en) |
KR (1) | KR940007046B1 (en) |
AT (1) | ATE77895T1 (en) |
CA (1) | CA1250961A (en) |
DE (1) | DE3685849T2 (en) |
Families Citing this family (100)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4884163A (en) * | 1985-03-14 | 1989-11-28 | Raychem Corporation | Conductive polymer devices |
US4801783A (en) * | 1987-06-08 | 1989-01-31 | Raychem Corporation | Connectors |
US4831354A (en) * | 1987-12-03 | 1989-05-16 | Therm-O-Disc, Incorporated | Polymer type PTC assembly |
US5122775A (en) * | 1990-02-14 | 1992-06-16 | Raychem Corporation | Connection device for resistive elements |
US5247277A (en) * | 1990-02-14 | 1993-09-21 | Raychem Corporation | Electrical devices |
US5117089A (en) * | 1990-04-02 | 1992-05-26 | Emerson Electric Co. | Structural support for hermetic terminal assembly heater apparatus |
US5303115A (en) * | 1992-01-27 | 1994-04-12 | Raychem Corporation | PTC circuit protection device comprising mechanical stress riser |
US5378407A (en) * | 1992-06-05 | 1995-01-03 | Raychem Corporation | Conductive polymer composition |
DE4228297A1 (en) * | 1992-08-26 | 1994-03-03 | Siemens Ag | Changeable high current resistor, especially for use as a protective element in power switching technology, and switching using the high current resistor |
KR100362771B1 (en) | 1993-08-23 | 2003-02-05 | 타이코 일렉트로닉스 코포레이션 | PTC device in wiring harness |
US6375867B1 (en) | 1993-11-29 | 2002-04-23 | Eaton Corporation | Process for making a positive temperature coefficient conductive polymer from a thermosetting epoxy resin and conductive fillers |
US5545679A (en) * | 1993-11-29 | 1996-08-13 | Eaton Corporation | Positive temperature coefficient conductive polymer made from thermosetting polyester resin and conductive fillers |
CA2220343A1 (en) * | 1995-05-10 | 1996-11-14 | Philip C. Shaw, Jr. | Ptc circuit protection device and manufacturing process for same |
US5663702A (en) * | 1995-06-07 | 1997-09-02 | Littelfuse, Inc. | PTC electrical device having fuse link in series and metallized ceramic electrodes |
US5691689A (en) * | 1995-08-11 | 1997-11-25 | Eaton Corporation | Electrical circuit protection devices comprising PTC conductive liquid crystal polymer compositions |
DE69606310T2 (en) * | 1995-08-15 | 2001-04-05 | Bourns Multifuse Hong Kong Ltd | SURFACE MOUNTED CONDUCTIVE COMPONENTS AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING THE SAME |
TW309619B (en) * | 1995-08-15 | 1997-07-01 | Mourns Multifuse Hong Kong Ltd | |
JP3194466B2 (en) * | 1996-03-21 | 2001-07-30 | 矢崎総業株式会社 | Mounting structure of PTC element to electrical junction box |
US6023403A (en) * | 1996-05-03 | 2000-02-08 | Littlefuse, Inc. | Surface mountable electrical device comprising a PTC and fusible element |
US5841111A (en) * | 1996-12-19 | 1998-11-24 | Eaton Corporation | Low resistance electrical interface for current limiting polymers by plasma processing |
SE511234C2 (en) * | 1997-02-17 | 1999-08-30 | Abb Research Ltd | limiter |
US5929744A (en) * | 1997-02-18 | 1999-07-27 | General Electric Company | Current limiting device with at least one flexible electrode |
US6535103B1 (en) | 1997-03-04 | 2003-03-18 | General Electric Company | Current limiting arrangement and method |
US5977861A (en) * | 1997-03-05 | 1999-11-02 | General Electric Company | Current limiting device with grooved electrode structure |
WO1998044516A1 (en) * | 1997-03-27 | 1998-10-08 | Littelfuse, Inc. | Resettable automotive circuit protection device |
US7274549B2 (en) | 2000-12-15 | 2007-09-25 | X2Y Attenuators, Llc | Energy pathway arrangements for energy conditioning |
US20030161086A1 (en) | 2000-07-18 | 2003-08-28 | X2Y Attenuators, Llc | Paired multi-layered dielectric independent passive component architecture resulting in differential and common mode filtering with surge protection in one integrated package |
US6603646B2 (en) * | 1997-04-08 | 2003-08-05 | X2Y Attenuators, Llc | Multi-functional energy conditioner |
US9054094B2 (en) | 1997-04-08 | 2015-06-09 | X2Y Attenuators, Llc | Energy conditioning circuit arrangement for integrated circuit |
US6954346B2 (en) | 1997-04-08 | 2005-10-11 | Xzy Attenuators, Llc | Filter assembly |
US7336467B2 (en) * | 2000-10-17 | 2008-02-26 | X2Y Attenuators, Llc | Energy pathway arrangement |
US7336468B2 (en) | 1997-04-08 | 2008-02-26 | X2Y Attenuators, Llc | Arrangement for energy conditioning |
US7321485B2 (en) | 1997-04-08 | 2008-01-22 | X2Y Attenuators, Llc | Arrangement for energy conditioning |
US6606011B2 (en) * | 1998-04-07 | 2003-08-12 | X2Y Attenuators, Llc | Energy conditioning circuit assembly |
US6894884B2 (en) * | 1997-04-08 | 2005-05-17 | Xzy Attenuators, Llc | Offset pathway arrangements for energy conditioning |
US6650525B2 (en) * | 1997-04-08 | 2003-11-18 | X2Y Attenuators, Llc | Component carrier |
US7106570B2 (en) * | 1997-04-08 | 2006-09-12 | Xzy Altenuators, Llc | Pathway arrangement |
US6018448A (en) | 1997-04-08 | 2000-01-25 | X2Y Attenuators, L.L.C. | Paired multi-layered dielectric independent passive component architecture resulting in differential and common mode filtering with surge protection in one integrated package |
US7110235B2 (en) * | 1997-04-08 | 2006-09-19 | Xzy Altenuators, Llc | Arrangement for energy conditioning |
US7042703B2 (en) * | 2000-03-22 | 2006-05-09 | X2Y Attenuators, Llc | Energy conditioning structure |
US7110227B2 (en) * | 1997-04-08 | 2006-09-19 | X2Y Attenuators, Llc | Universial energy conditioning interposer with circuit architecture |
US7301748B2 (en) | 1997-04-08 | 2007-11-27 | Anthony Anthony A | Universal energy conditioning interposer with circuit architecture |
WO1998056014A1 (en) | 1997-06-04 | 1998-12-10 | Tyco Electronics Corporation | Circuit protection devices |
US6191681B1 (en) | 1997-07-21 | 2001-02-20 | General Electric Company | Current limiting device with electrically conductive composite and method of manufacturing the electrically conductive composite |
US6020808A (en) * | 1997-09-03 | 2000-02-01 | Bourns Multifuse (Hong Kong) Ltd. | Multilayer conductive polymer positive temperature coefficent device |
US6373372B1 (en) | 1997-11-24 | 2002-04-16 | General Electric Company | Current limiting device with conductive composite material and method of manufacturing the conductive composite material and the current limiting device |
JPH11186003A (en) | 1997-12-25 | 1999-07-09 | Yazaki Corp | Heat sink structure of ptc device |
US6128168A (en) * | 1998-01-14 | 2000-10-03 | General Electric Company | Circuit breaker with improved arc interruption function |
US6282072B1 (en) | 1998-02-24 | 2001-08-28 | Littelfuse, Inc. | Electrical devices having a polymer PTC array |
US6236302B1 (en) | 1998-03-05 | 2001-05-22 | Bourns, Inc. | Multilayer conductive polymer device and method of manufacturing same |
US6172591B1 (en) | 1998-03-05 | 2001-01-09 | Bourns, Inc. | Multilayer conductive polymer device and method of manufacturing same |
US6242997B1 (en) | 1998-03-05 | 2001-06-05 | Bourns, Inc. | Conductive polymer device and method of manufacturing same |
US6380839B2 (en) | 1998-03-05 | 2002-04-30 | Bourns, Inc. | Surface mount conductive polymer device |
EP1070389B1 (en) * | 1998-04-07 | 2007-12-05 | X2Y Attenuators, L.L.C. | Component carrier |
US7427816B2 (en) | 1998-04-07 | 2008-09-23 | X2Y Attenuators, Llc | Component carrier |
US6124780A (en) * | 1998-05-20 | 2000-09-26 | General Electric Company | Current limiting device and materials for a current limiting device |
US6290879B1 (en) | 1998-05-20 | 2001-09-18 | General Electric Company | Current limiting device and materials for a current limiting device |
US6133820A (en) * | 1998-08-12 | 2000-10-17 | General Electric Company | Current limiting device having a web structure |
JP2002526911A (en) | 1998-09-25 | 2002-08-20 | ブアンズ・インコーポレイテッド | A two-stage method for producing positive temperature coefficient polymeric materials |
US6582647B1 (en) | 1998-10-01 | 2003-06-24 | Littelfuse, Inc. | Method for heat treating PTC devices |
US6157528A (en) * | 1999-01-28 | 2000-12-05 | X2Y Attenuators, L.L.C. | Polymer fuse and filter apparatus |
US6144540A (en) * | 1999-03-09 | 2000-11-07 | General Electric Company | Current suppressing circuit breaker unit for inductive motor protection |
US6157286A (en) * | 1999-04-05 | 2000-12-05 | General Electric Company | High voltage current limiting device |
TW463184B (en) * | 1999-04-09 | 2001-11-11 | Murata Manufacturing Co | Temperature sensor, method of producing same and method of mounting same to a circuit board |
US6300859B1 (en) | 1999-08-24 | 2001-10-09 | Tyco Electronics Corporation | Circuit protection devices |
US6323751B1 (en) | 1999-11-19 | 2001-11-27 | General Electric Company | Current limiter device with an electrically conductive composite material and method of manufacturing |
US6429533B1 (en) | 1999-11-23 | 2002-08-06 | Bourns Inc. | Conductive polymer device and method of manufacturing same |
US7113383B2 (en) * | 2000-04-28 | 2006-09-26 | X2Y Attenuators, Llc | Predetermined symmetrically balanced amalgam with complementary paired portions comprising shielding electrodes and shielded electrodes and other predetermined element portions for symmetrically balanced and complementary energy portion conditioning |
US7262949B2 (en) * | 2000-08-15 | 2007-08-28 | X2Y Attenuators, Llc | Electrode arrangement for circuit energy conditioning |
US6628498B2 (en) | 2000-08-28 | 2003-09-30 | Steven J. Whitney | Integrated electrostatic discharge and overcurrent device |
JP2004522295A (en) | 2000-10-17 | 2004-07-22 | エックストゥーワイ アテニュエイターズ,エル.エル.シー. | Amalgam consisting of shielded and shielded energy paths and other elements for single or multiple circuits with common reference nodes |
US7193831B2 (en) | 2000-10-17 | 2007-03-20 | X2Y Attenuators, Llc | Energy pathway arrangement |
US6411191B1 (en) | 2000-10-24 | 2002-06-25 | Eaton Corporation | Current-limiting device employing a non-uniform pressure distribution between one or more electrodes and a current-limiting material |
EP1246208A1 (en) * | 2001-03-26 | 2002-10-02 | Abb Research Ltd. | PTC element with mounting system for PTC polymeric element |
US20030026053A1 (en) * | 2001-08-06 | 2003-02-06 | James Toth | Circuit protection device |
US7183891B2 (en) * | 2002-04-08 | 2007-02-27 | Littelfuse, Inc. | Direct application voltage variable material, devices employing same and methods of manufacturing such devices |
US7132922B2 (en) * | 2002-04-08 | 2006-11-07 | Littelfuse, Inc. | Direct application voltage variable material, components thereof and devices employing same |
WO2003088356A1 (en) | 2002-04-08 | 2003-10-23 | Littelfuse, Inc. | Voltage variable material for direct application and devices employing same |
US7180718B2 (en) | 2003-01-31 | 2007-02-20 | X2Y Attenuators, Llc | Shielded energy conditioner |
KR101052648B1 (en) | 2003-05-02 | 2011-07-28 | 타이코 일렉트로닉스 코포레이션 | Circuit protection device |
WO2005002018A2 (en) | 2003-05-29 | 2005-01-06 | X2Y Attenuators, Llc | Connector related structures including an energy |
US7675729B2 (en) | 2003-12-22 | 2010-03-09 | X2Y Attenuators, Llc | Internally shielded energy conditioner |
WO2006093831A2 (en) | 2005-03-01 | 2006-09-08 | X2Y Attenuators, Llc | Energy conditioner with tied through electrodes |
JP2008535207A (en) | 2005-03-01 | 2008-08-28 | エックストゥーワイ アテニュエイターズ,エルエルシー | Regulator with coplanar conductor |
US7586728B2 (en) | 2005-03-14 | 2009-09-08 | X2Y Attenuators, Llc | Conditioner with coplanar conductors |
JP4751101B2 (en) * | 2005-05-02 | 2011-08-17 | Semitec株式会社 | Temperature sensor |
CN101395683A (en) | 2006-03-07 | 2009-03-25 | X2Y衰减器有限公司 | Energy conditioner structures |
US20090027821A1 (en) * | 2007-07-26 | 2009-01-29 | Littelfuse, Inc. | Integrated thermistor and metallic element device and method |
US8581686B2 (en) * | 2009-03-24 | 2013-11-12 | Tyco Electronics Corporation | Electrically activated surface mount thermal fuse |
US8289122B2 (en) * | 2009-03-24 | 2012-10-16 | Tyco Electronics Corporation | Reflowable thermal fuse |
US8854784B2 (en) | 2010-10-29 | 2014-10-07 | Tyco Electronics Corporation | Integrated FET and reflowable thermal fuse switch device |
CA2878976C (en) * | 2012-07-17 | 2017-11-21 | Her Majesty The Queen In Right Of Canada As Represented By The Ministeof Natural Resources | Method and composite for preparing heat exchangers for corrosive environments |
EP2883030B1 (en) | 2012-08-09 | 2022-08-31 | The Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University | Methods and compositions for preparing biological specimens for microscopic analysis |
US9587848B2 (en) | 2013-12-11 | 2017-03-07 | Honeywell International Inc. | Building automation controller with rear projecting light |
KR20170013855A (en) | 2014-05-30 | 2017-02-07 | 더 보드 오브 트러스티스 오브 더 리랜드 스탠포드 쥬니어 유니버시티 | Methods and devices for imaging large intact tissue samples |
CN105489303A (en) * | 2014-09-18 | 2016-04-13 | 瑞侃电子(上海)有限公司 | Cable and manufacturing method therefor, circuit protector and manufacturing method therefor, and load circuit |
WO2017139501A1 (en) | 2016-02-10 | 2017-08-17 | The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University | Rna fixation and detection in clarity-based hydrogel tissue |
US10488062B2 (en) | 2016-07-22 | 2019-11-26 | Ademco Inc. | Geofence plus schedule for a building controller |
US10895883B2 (en) | 2016-08-26 | 2021-01-19 | Ademco Inc. | HVAC controller with a temperature sensor mounted on a flex circuit |
CN106876063A (en) * | 2017-04-14 | 2017-06-20 | 上海长园维安电子线路保护有限公司 | Over-current protecting element with protection shell |
Family Cites Families (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE1540409A1 (en) * | 1965-05-03 | 1970-01-02 | Siemens Ag | Connection element for electrical components |
US3793604A (en) * | 1973-04-09 | 1974-02-19 | Gte Sylvania Inc | High strength electrical lead for disk type thermistors |
FR2320678A1 (en) * | 1975-08-04 | 1977-03-04 | Raychem Corp | Thermal shrink fit sleeve or cover - has high electrical resistance and contains web of interwoven conductors connectable to current source for local heating |
NL7906442A (en) * | 1979-08-28 | 1981-03-03 | Philips Nv | COMPOSITE THERMISTOR ELEMENT. |
DE2948592C2 (en) * | 1979-12-03 | 1990-05-10 | Fritz Eichenauer GmbH & Co KG, 6744 Kandel | Electric resistance heating element |
US4413301A (en) * | 1980-04-21 | 1983-11-01 | Raychem Corporation | Circuit protection devices comprising PTC element |
US4352083A (en) * | 1980-04-21 | 1982-09-28 | Raychem Corporation | Circuit protection devices |
DE3016283C2 (en) * | 1980-04-28 | 1982-05-27 | Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München | Heating tape for the anti-condensation heating of an electrical machine |
US4318073A (en) * | 1980-08-29 | 1982-03-02 | Amp Incorporated | Temperature sensor |
JPS57166474U (en) * | 1981-04-13 | 1982-10-20 | ||
US4481498A (en) * | 1982-02-17 | 1984-11-06 | Raychem Corporation | PTC Circuit protection device |
-
1985
- 1985-03-14 US US06/711,790 patent/US4685025A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1986
- 1986-03-13 CA CA000504001A patent/CA1250961A/en not_active Expired
- 1986-03-14 KR KR1019860001829A patent/KR940007046B1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1986-03-14 AT AT86301853T patent/ATE77895T1/en active
- 1986-03-14 JP JP61058011A patent/JP2534986B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1986-03-14 EP EP86301853A patent/EP0201171B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1986-03-14 DE DE8686301853T patent/DE3685849T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP0201171B1 (en) | 1992-07-01 |
DE3685849T2 (en) | 1993-02-25 |
ATE77895T1 (en) | 1992-07-15 |
EP0201171A3 (en) | 1987-12-23 |
JPS61234502A (en) | 1986-10-18 |
JP2534986B2 (en) | 1996-09-18 |
KR940007046B1 (en) | 1994-08-04 |
US4685025A (en) | 1987-08-04 |
EP0201171A2 (en) | 1986-11-12 |
KR860007681A (en) | 1986-10-15 |
DE3685849D1 (en) | 1992-08-06 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
CA1250961A (en) | Conductive polymer devices having leads with reduced resistance to bending | |
EP1911047B1 (en) | Circuit protection device having thermally coupled mov overvoltage element and pptc overcurrent element | |
EP0713227B1 (en) | Thermistor and current limiting device with at least one thermistor | |
US5770994A (en) | Fuse element for an overcurrent protection device | |
CA2173357C (en) | Electrical assembly | |
CN100538919C (en) | Circuit protection device and assembly | |
US6388553B1 (en) | Conductive polymer current-limiting fuse | |
WO1998056014A1 (en) | Circuit protection devices | |
EP0308553A1 (en) | Transient suppressor device assembly | |
DE102005010129A1 (en) | Electrical circuit arrangement to control electric motors features heat generating power element to protect the electrical circuit from overheating | |
DE1564613B2 (en) | DIODE HOLDER WITH TWO PLATE-SHAPED CURRENT LADDERS | |
EP2131380A1 (en) | A fuse link and a fuse | |
US4922366A (en) | Meltable conductor to be used in series with voltage suppressors | |
EP1225080B1 (en) | Protection element in an electric circuit | |
US4689598A (en) | Electrical fuse | |
EP0767981B1 (en) | A device for protection against overcurrents in electric circuits | |
EP0217985A1 (en) | Transient suppression system | |
DE19920505B4 (en) | Inverter with temperature balancing | |
DE4411712A1 (en) | Protective device against the thermal load of a small electric motor for high thermal resilience | |
US3754200A (en) | Metal oxide varistor with selectively positionable intermediate electrode | |
US4219794A (en) | Fusible element for fuses | |
US5844467A (en) | Low inductance shunt for current limiting polymer applications | |
DE10007209A1 (en) | Semiconductor power component with fuse | |
JPH0210561B2 (en) | ||
JPH0141005B2 (en) |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
MKEX | Expiry |