CA2263346C - Improved transcutaneous electromagnetic energy transfer - Google Patents

Improved transcutaneous electromagnetic energy transfer Download PDF

Info

Publication number
CA2263346C
CA2263346C CA002263346A CA2263346A CA2263346C CA 2263346 C CA2263346 C CA 2263346C CA 002263346 A CA002263346 A CA 002263346A CA 2263346 A CA2263346 A CA 2263346A CA 2263346 C CA2263346 C CA 2263346C
Authority
CA
Canada
Prior art keywords
particles
tissue
site
implanting
implanted
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Fee Related
Application number
CA002263346A
Other languages
French (fr)
Other versions
CA2263346A1 (en
Inventor
James C. Chen
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Light Sciences Corp
Original Assignee
Light Sciences Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Light Sciences Corp filed Critical Light Sciences Corp
Publication of CA2263346A1 publication Critical patent/CA2263346A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of CA2263346C publication Critical patent/CA2263346C/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Fee Related legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61NELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N1/00Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
    • A61N1/18Applying electric currents by contact electrodes
    • A61N1/32Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents
    • A61N1/36Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation
    • A61N1/372Arrangements in connection with the implantation of stimulators
    • A61N1/378Electrical supply
    • A61N1/3787Electrical supply from an external energy source
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61FFILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2250/00Special features of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
    • A61F2250/0001Means for transferring electromagnetic energy to implants

Abstract

A method and apparatus for enhancing transcutaneous energy transfer to provide power to a medical device that is disposed within the body of a patient. A
magnetic field is created by an external transmitting coil (200), which induces an electrical current in a receiving coil (300) that has been placed under the patient's skin (100). The flux path magnetic permeability between the receiving and transmitting coils is enhanced by the implantation of particles (120) into dermis (104) within the skin at that site. The particles, which comprise soft iron or other material having a characteristic high magnetic permeability, are preferably implanted using either a hypodermic needle (150) or a medical air injection device (160). A biocompatible material such as TeflonTM is applied as a coating (123) to the particles. To implant the particles, they are preferably first suspended in a liquid, forming a mixture that is readily delivered to the desired location. The particles are dispersed in a deposit below the epidermis, so that the deposit is between pole faces of the transmitting and the receiving coils. The efficiency of transcutaneous power transfer increases because the magnetic flux density coupling the transmitting and receiving coils is improved by the particles.

Description

IMPROVED TRANSCUTANEOUS
ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY TRANSFER
Field of the Invention This invention generally relates to the transfer of electromagnetic energy between a source coil and a receiver coil, and more specifically, to a method and system for improving the efficiency with which electromagnetic power is transcutaneously transferred to energize a medical device implanted within a patient's body.
Background of the Invention Various types of medical devices such as cochlear implants, artificial hearts, and neural stimulators have been developed that are designed to be surgically inserted within a patient's body to carry out a medically related function for an extended period of time.. Although a power lead connected to the implanted device and extending outside the patient's body can be used to supply electrical power required to energize the device, any lead that passes through the skin increases the risk of infection if left in place for more than a few days.
Thus, power can be supplied to an implanted medical device from an internal battery pack to avoid this problem. However, any battery used for extended periods of time will eventually need to either be recharged or replaced. Replacing an internally implanted battery subjects the patient to further invasive surgery and is thus not desirable.
An alternative solution to this problem provides for recharging the battery by transcutaneously coupling power from an external source to an implanted receiver that is connected to the battery. Although power can be coupled from an external source at radio frequencies using matching antennas, it is generally more efficient to employ an external transmitter coil and an internal receiving coil that are inductively electromagnetically coupled to transfer power at lower frequencies. In this approach, the external transmitter coil is energized with alternating current (AC), producing a varying magnetic flux that passes through the patient's skin and excites a corresponding AC current in the internal receiving coil. The current in the receiving coil is then typically rectified and filtered for use in charging a battery pack that provides power to the implanted device, but may also be directly applied for powering the implanted device. It should be noted that the receiving coil and any related electronic circuitry may be located at a different point in the patient's body from that at which the implanted device is disposed.
The efficiency with which electromagnetic power is transcutaneously transferred between two coils is a function of the distance between the coils, the design of the coils, including the type of core used for each, the size of the core of each coil, the number of turns of electrical conductor used for each coil, the current flowing through the transmitting coil, and other factors. Air has a relatively poor magnetic permeability characteristic of ~ = 4p. x 10-' Henry/meter, and the magnetic permeability of the dermal layer separating an internal receiving coil from an external transmitting coil is only slightly better. By comparison, the magnetic permeability characteristic of iron is approximately m = 100 to 600 Henry/meter. The variation in the magnetic permeability of iron is inversely proportional to the density of the magnetic flux. Thus, transcutaneous electromagnetic power transfer between two coils is relatively inefficient compared to the efficiency that could be achieved if the two coils were coupled by a material such as iron, having a superior magnetic permeability.
Clearly, it is desirable to Iimit the amount of time required for inductively coupling electrical power to charge an internal battery supply used to energize an implanted device. Similarly, it would be desirable to improve the efficiency with which power is coupled to an implanted device that is directly energized by transcutaneously transferred power. The time required to charge a battery pack is generally proportional to the efficiency of the inductive coupling process. In addition, due to miniaturization of the receiving coil used in certain types of implanted devices, it is very important to optimize the inductive coupling between the external transmitter coil and the receiving coil connected to the internal device, particularly when the device is directly energized. Design changes in the transmitter and receiver coils are likely only to achieve a minimal improvement in the efficiency of the power transfer process. Further enhancements to the efficiency of the process will require a different approach.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is directed to a method for enhancing transcutaneous energy transfer that is used to provide electrical power to a medical device implanted within a patient's body. Transcutaneous energy transfer employs a transmitting coil that is disposed externally, generally in contact with a patient's skin and positioned directly over or opposite a receiving coil that has been implanted within the patient's body. The external transmitting coil produces a magnetic field that induces a current in the internal receiving coil, which is used to supply energy for the implanted medical device.
The magnetic permeability of tissue is low, so that the coupling between the external transmitting coil and the internal receiving coil is relatively poor. The present invention addresses this problem by improving the coupling between the transmitting and receiving coils. In the invention, a plurality of particles having a characteristic relatively high magnetic permeability are implanted in the patient's body, above the internal receiving coil and under the top surface of the patient's skin. These particles improve the transfer of electromagnetic energy by enhancing the magnetic permeability of the flux path between the transmitting and receiving coils.
Materials such as soft iron, permalloy, mu metal alloy and supermalloy comprise a core of each of the particles and the core is coated with a protective biocompatible layer. This layer can be manufactured in various colors to selectively cosmetically mask the particles, minimizing their visibility through the skin, or alternatively, to enhance the visibility of the particles, 3a making it easier to locate the internal receiving coil that lies under the particles. Each particle has a size within the range from about 50 micrometers to about one millimeter.
A further aspect of the present invention is directed to a method for implanting a plurality of such particles at a site within the patient's body. Preferably, the particles are added to a liquid so that they are suspended, forming a mixture. The mixture is then injected into the patient's body, using a hypodermic needle or an air injection gun. Alternatively, a plurality of small incisions may be made in the patient's skin and the particles implanted in the incisions.
In accordance with the present invention there is provided a method for enhancing transcutaneous energy transfer from an external source to a receiver implanted within a body to energize a medical device disposed within the body, comprising the steps of: (a) providing a plurality of particles comprising a material having a characteristic magnetic permeability substantially greater than that of tissue in the body; and (b) implanting the plurality of particles at a site within the tissue of the body so that the plurality of particles are dispersed in a spaced-apart array, said plurality of particles comprising an enhanced flux path between the external source and the receiver for transferring electromagnetic energy through the tissue at said site and thereby adapted to energize the medical device.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention there is provided a kit having components capable of being used together for enhancing transcutaneous energy transfer between an external energy source and a receiver implanted within a body to energize a medical device disposed ,75824-16 CA 02263346 2000-10-11 3b within the body, comprising: (a) a plurality of particles comprising a material having a characteristic magnetic permeability substantially greater than that of tissue in the body and adapted to be implanted within the body; and (b) means adapted for implanting the plurality of particles at a site within the tissue of the body so that the plurality of particles are dispersed in a spaced-apart array, said plurality of particles, when implanted by said means, comprising an enhanced flux path for transferring electromagnetic energy through the tissue at said site to energize the medical device.
In accordance with a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a method for enhancing transcutaneous energy transfer within a body, comprising the steps of: (a) providing a plurality of particles comprising a material having a characteristic magnetic permeability substantially greater than that of tissue in the body, each of said plurality of particles including a biocompatible coating that is colored to either make the biocompatible coating more or less visible relative to a patient's skin color; and (b) implanting the plurality of particles at a site within the tissue of the body so that the plurality of particles are dispersed in a spaced-apart array, said plurality of particles comprising an enhanced flux path for transferring electromagnetic energy through the tissue at said site.
In accordance with a final aspect of the present invention there is provided a method for enhancing transcutaneous energy transfer within a body, comprising the steps of: (a) providing a plurality of particles comprising a material having a characteristic magnetic permeability substantially greater than that of tissue in the body; and 3c (b) implanting the plurality of particles at a site within the tissue of the body so that the plurality of particles are dispersed in a spaced-apart array comprising a plurality of spaced-apart columns, said plurality of spaced-apart columns comprising an enhanced flux path for transferring electromagnetic energy through the tissue at said site.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIGURES
The foregoing aspects and many of the attendant advantages of this invention will become more readily appreciated as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description, when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIGURE 1 is a cross-sectional view of one of the particles of the present invention, showing a biocompatible coating around a core;
FIGURE 2 is a side section view of skin containing implanted particles having a relatively high magnetic permeability in accord with the present invention and illustrating a transmitter coil and a receiving coil that couple power transcutaneously through a path comprising the particles;
FIGURE 3 is a side sectional view of skin showing a hypodermic needle inserted into the skin and showing the deposition of the particles in the dermis as the needle is withdrawn;
FIGURE 4 is a side sectional view of the skin showing the needle further withdrawn (compare to FIGURE 3) as the particles are injected;
FIGURE S is a side sectional view of the skin with a needle positioned above the top surface of the skin and showing the particles deposited within the skin;
FIGURE 6 is a side sectional view of the skin with a medical air injection nozzle positioned against the top surface of the skin and showing the result of having uniformly deposited magnetically permeable particles within the skin by air injection;
FIGURE 7 is a side sectional view of the skin, showing a heavy deposit of particles within the skin;
FIGURE 8 is a side sectional view of the skin, showing a light deposit of the particles within the skin; and FIGURE 9 is a side sectional view of the skin, showing a columnar deposit of the particles within the skin.
Description of the Preferred Embodiment A first embodiment of a technique to improve transcutaneous energy transfer to a medical device (not shown) that has been implanted within a patient's body is illustrated in FIGURE 2. The human body is protected by a layer of skin 100, generally comprising a top layer or epidermis 102, and a bottom layer or dennis 104. The skin is part of a very complex group of organs collectively referred to as the integumentary system. Also included within this system are hair follicles 114, sweat glands 108, and capillary blood vessels 110. The skin borders an internal layer of subcutaneous tissue or hypodermic 106. Hypodermic 106 anchors skin 100 to the underlying structure of the body, yet allows the skin to move relative to the body.
Although the magnetic permeability of the integumentary system is slightly better than air, it is still relatively poor, which substantially limits the efficiency with which electromagnetic power can be transferred transcutaneously.
It will be recalled from the discussion in the Background of the Invention that S transcutaneous energy transfer provides means for coupling power from an external source to an internally disposed medical device that has been surgically implanted within the body of a patient. The present invention greatly improves the efficiency with which power is transmitted transcutaneously for this purpose.
As illustrated in FIGURE 2, an external transmitting coil 200 is illustrated in contact with epidermis 102, generally opposite a receiving coil 300, which has been surgically or endoscopically implanted below hypodermis 106. Transmitting coil 200 comprises a winding 204, a core 202, and wire leads 206. Wire leads are connected to an external power supply that provides an AC voltage, forcing a substantial current to flow through winding 204, so that a corresponding AC
magnetic field is produced by transmitting coi1200. It will be apparent that winding 204 could also be energized with a pulsating DC voltage.
Receiving coil 300 comprises a winding 304, a core 302, and wire leads 306. Wire leads 306 are used to transfer current induced in winding 304 to the remotely disposed medical device that is implanted within the patient's body.
The current induced in winding 304 can be used directly to power the device or can be rectif ed and applied to charging a battery that normally provides power to the implanted device. Details of the medical device circuitry are not illustrated in the drawings nor described in this disclosure, since such details are irrelevant to the present invention.
The transmitting coil has a winding wrapped around a generally U-shaped core. The receiving coil similarly includes a winding wrapped around a generally U-shaped core. The windings are wrapped around each core in concentric layers (not separately shown). The magnetic flux density within core 202 of transmitting coi1200 is dependent upon the magnetic permeability characteristics of transmitting core 202, the number of turns of conductor comprising winding 204, and the magnitude of the current flowing through winding 204. The materials comprising core 202 and core 302 are selected because of their characteristic high magnetic permeability to optimize the magnetic flux density within the cores.
Core 202 directs and focuses the magnetic flux from winding 204 out through pole faces 203, which are disposed at opposite ends of the core. On receiving coil 300, opposite ends of core 302 comprise pole faces 303 that receive the magnetic flux produced by transmitting coil 200 and direct the flux through the core of receiving coil 300. The magnetic flux within core 302 causes an electrical current to be induced in winding 304 that is proportional to the intensity of the magnetic flux within the core, and to the number of turns of the conductor comprising winding 304. However, the amount of power transferred to receiving coil 300 to produce the flux within core 302 is directly proportional to the magnetic permeability of the material between pole faces 203 and 303.
Power transfer between the transmitting coil and the receiving coil can be improved in two ways. First, the magnitude of the magnetic flux produced by the transmitting coil can be increased, e.g., by increasing the current flowing in the windings of the transmitting coil. However, a higher current requires physically larger windings, i.e., more turns of the conductor comprising the winding, and may require a larger gauge conductor to safely carry the higher current. There is a practical limit to the size of the transmitting coil used for this purpose. A
second way to improve power transfer is to increase flux density coupling between the facing pole faces of the transmitting and receiving coils. The flux density can be increased by increasing the magnetic permeability of the material comprising the physical barrier separating the pole faces of the transmitting coil from the pole faces of the receiving coil. The second technique increases the efficiency of power transfer without requiring any modification of the transmitting and receiving coils or any changes in the power supply or current that energizes transmitting coil 200. The present invention is thus directed to increasing the magnetic permeability of the tissue separating transmitting coil 200 and receiving coi1300 to improve the efficiency with which electromagnetic energy is transferred between the two coils.
To improve the magnetic permeability of skin or other tissue disposed between the transmitting and receiving coils, magnetically permeable particles 120 are implanted within the tissue of a patient's body at that site so that the particles lie between the pole faces of the two coils. To facilitate their implantation at the site, particles 120 are preferably added to a saline solution or other biocompatible liquid to form a mixture in which the particles are at least initially suspended. The mixture is then drawn into a delivery device and the delivery device is positioned on the top surface of skin 100, at the site overlying receiving coi1300. Using the delivery device, the mixture is forced into dermis 104 at the site. These steps are repeated as necessary to achieve a desired WO 98!08565 PCT/US97/11051 density of particles 120 beneath epidermis 102, and create a generally uniform distribution of the particles, at least overlying pole faces 303 of receiving coil 300.
In FIGURE 3, a hypodermic needle I50 is illustrated as the delivery device used to implant particles 120 at the site. Hypodermic needle 150 is shown S after it has been inserted through epidermis 102 and into dermis 104. The tip of the needle rests just above hypodermis 106 and the particles are being injected through the needle as it is withdrawn from the dermis. 1n FIGURE 4, hypodermic needle 150 is shown partially withdrawn from dermis 104, leaving behind a columnar deposit of particles 120. These particles are deposited within the column at a substantially uniform density. The implanted particles have a characteristic magnetic permeability that is substantially greater than skin and thus greatly improves the efficiency of transcutaneous electromagnetic power transfer between the transmitting coil and receiving coil.
As shown in FIGURE 1, each particle 120 comprises a core I2I of a material such as soft iron, permalloy, mu metal alloy, or supermalloy having a characteristic high magnetic permeability. A coating 123 of a biocompatible material such as one of the polyurethane or TEFLONTM compounds typically used for coating medical implants is applied to the particle core. Particles 120 are substantially spherical, and can have a diameter from about 50 micrometers to about 1 millimeter. Since epidermis 102 is relatively translucent, particles may discolor the skin at the site of their implantation, possibly causing it to appear a mottled gray color. However, by coloring coating I23 various appropriate flesh colors, particles 120 may be made to cosmetically blend with the skin of the patient. This option is further discussed below.
Referring now to FIGURE 5, hypodermic needle 150 is illustrated positioned above epidermis 102 after it has been used to implant multiple columnar deposits of particles 120 within dermis 104. The resulting multiple columnar deposits of particles implanted beneath epidermis 102 are generally analogous to the dye pigment deposits introduced into the dermis when creating a tattoo. A tattoo artist employs a needle to inject multiple colored pigment clusters, having diameters of approximately 140 to 180 micrometers, beneath the top surface of the skin. The deposits of dye pigment define the tattoo.
Similarly, in the present invention, a particular area of skin located above a receiving coil is injected with multiple deposits of particles 120, and the particles are generally analogous to the colored pigment clusters of a tattoo. However, epidermis 102 is relatively translucent and a patient treated with the present invention may prefer _g_ that the introduction of particles 120 not change the appearance of the skin.
In other cases, it may be preferable that the implanted particles be clearly visible to facilitate accurately positioning transmitting coil 200 against epidermis 102, immediateyy opposite receiving coil 300. Thus, the color of coating 123 on particles 120 may be selected to either enhance or reduce the extent to which the particles are visible through epidermis 102.
An alternative method for implanting particles 120 is illustrated in FIGURE 6. In this Figure, a medical air injection nozzle 160 having an injection channel 162 is shown positioned above a columnar deposit of particles 120 that have been injected into the dermis using the device. The air injection nozzle employs pressurized air to force a plurality of particles 120 through epidermis 102, producing a columnar deposit of particles 120 within dermis 104.
One advantage of the air injection nozzle method for implanting the particles is the capacity of this device to deliver a generally uniform density of implanted particles with each injection. In contrast, the columnar deposit density can vary between columns when a hypodermic needle is employed to implant particles 120.
The density of the particles injected using a hypodermic needle is dependent upon the pressure applied by a particular individual against a plunger of the syringe {not shown) and the rate at which the needle is withdrawn as the injection is delivered, both of which can vary.
Particles 120 can be implanted within tissue in various selected densities.
For example, referring to FIGURE 7, a uniform high density deposit of particles 120 is shown implanted beneath epidermis 102. In FIGURE 8, a uniform light density deposit of particles 120 is shown, and in FIGURE 9, multiple columnar high density deposits of particles 120 are illustrated. Typically, a medical practitioner would select an appropriate density deposit of particles for use with a specific patient, to provide a required magnetic flux density for the transfer of electromagnetic energy from transmitting coi1200 to receiving coil 300. Various parameters that may determine the density of the particles used with a specific patient include the power requirement of the medical device being energized, the thickness of skin 100 at the site selected, the size of the implanted receiver coil, the electrical current supplied to the transmitting coil, the size of the transmitting coil, (i.e., the number of turns of conductor used for winding 204), and the distribution of the flux pattern.
As an alternative to injecting the particles using a needle or air injection nozzle, as described above, it is also contemplated that a plurality of small incisions can be made through epidermis 102 and into dermis 104 at the site overlying receiving coil 300. The particles can then be implanted within the pockets formed by the incisions, using a small catheter or other appropriate tools, leaving a columnar deposit of the particles at each small incision.
It is also contemplated that the present invention can be employed in connection with the implantation of particles within bones and/or tissue at other sites within the body to improve the magnetic permeability, which couples a transmitting coil and receiving coil and the power transferred between the two coils. To reach implantation sites deep within a patient's body, a longer hypodermic needle could be employed or the site could be surgically exposed to facilitate the injection of the particles using an air injection nozzle or needle.
Although the present invention has been described in connection with several preferred forms of practicing it, those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that many other modifications can be made thereto within the scope of the claims that follow. Accordingly, it is not intended that the scope of the invention in any way be limited by the above description, but instead be determined entirely by reference to the claims that follow.

Claims (22)

The invention in which an exclusive right is claimed is defined by the following:
1. A method for enhancing transcutaneous energy transfer from an external source to a receiver implanted within a body to energize a medical device disposed within the body, comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a plurality of particles comprising a material having a characteristic magnetic permeability substantially greater than that oftissue in the body; and (b) implanting the plurality of particles at a site within the tissue of the body so that the plurality of particles are dispersed in a spaced-apart array, said plurality of particles comprising an enhanced flux path between the external source and the receiver for transferring electromagnetic energy throughthe tissue at said site and thereby adapted to energize the medical device.
2. The method of Claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of particles further comprises a biocompatible coating.
3. The method of Claim 2, wherein the biocompatible coating is colored to either make the biocompatible coating more or less visible relative to a patient's skin color.
4. The method of Claim 1, wherein the step of implanting includes the step of mixing the plurality of particles into a liquid to form a mixture.
5. The method of Claim 4, wherein the step of implanting further comprises the step of injecting the mixture into the tissue at said site.
6. The method of Claim 4, wherein the step of implanting further comprises the step of injecting the mixture into the tissue at said site using an air gun.
7. The method of Claim 4, wherein the step of implanting further comprises the step of injecting the mixture into the tissue at said site using aneedle.
8. The method of Claim 1, further comprising the step of making a plurality of incisions in the tissue adjacent to the site and implanting the plurality of particles in the plurality of incisions.
9. The method of Claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of particles has a size within the range from about 50 micrometers to about one millimeter.
10. The method of Claim 1, wherein the step of implanting further comprises the step of disposing the plurality of particles within the tissue in a plurality of spaced-apart columns.
11. A kit having components capable of being used together for enhancing transcutaneous energy transfer between an external energy source and areceiver implanted within a body to energize a medical device disposed within the body, comprising:
(a) a plurality of particles comprising a material having a characteristic magnetic permeability substantially greater than that of tissue in the body and adapted to be implanted within the body; and (b) means adapted for implanting the plurality of particles at a site within the tissue of the body so that the plurality of particles are dispersed in a spaced-apart array, said plurality of particles, when implanted by said means, comprising an enhanced flux path for transferring electromagnetic energy throughthe tissue at said site to energize the medical device.
12. The kit of Claim 11, wherein the plurality of particles are each coated with a layer of a biocompatible material.
13. The kit of Claim 12, wherein the layer of the biocompatible material is selectively colored to make the particles either more or less visible relative to a patient's skin.
14. The kit of Claim 11, wherein the plurality of particles are adapted to be mixed into a liquid to form a mixture prior to being implanted in the tissue at the site.
15. The kit of Claim 14, wherein the means for implanting the plurality of particles comprise an air gun that is adapted to inject the plurality of particles within the mixture into the tissue at the site.
16. The kit of Claim 14, wherein the means for implanting the plurality of particles comprise a needle that is adapted to inject the plurality of particles within the mixture into the tissue at the site.
17. The kit of Claim 1 1, wherein each of the plurality of particles has a size within the range from about 50 micrometers to about one millimeter.
18. The apparatus of Claim 11, wherein the means for implanting and the plurality of particles are adapted to implant the plurality of particles in generally uniform density deposits, having a density selected to achieve a required magnetic permeability.
19. The kit of Claim 11, wherein the material comprising the plurality of particles is selected from the group consisting of soft iron, permalloy, mu metal alloy, and supermalloy.
20. A method for enhancing transcutaneous energy transfer within a body, comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a plurality of particles comprising a material having a characteristic magnetic permeability substantially greater than that oftissue in the body, said plurality of particles each including a biocompatible coating; and (b) implanting the plurality of particles at a site within the tissue of the body so that the plurality of particles are dispersed in a spaced-apart array, said plurality of particles comprising an enhanced flux path for transferring electromagnetic energy through the tissue at said site.
21. A method for enhancing transcutaneous energy transfer within a body, comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a plurality of particles comprising a material having a characteristic magnetic permeability substantially greater than that oftissue in the body, each of said plurality of particles including a biocompatible coating that is colored to either make the biocompatible coating more or less visible relative to a patient's skin color; and (b) implanting the plurality of particles at a site within the tissue of the body so that the plurality of particles are dispersed in a spaced-apart array, said plurality of particles comprising an enhanced flux path for transferring electromagnetic energy through the tissue at said site.
22. A method for enhancing transcutaneous energy transfer within a body, comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a plurality of particles comprising a material having a characteristic magnetic permeability substantially greater than that oftissue in the body; and (b) implanting the plurality of particles at a site within the tissue of the body so that the plurality of particles are dispersed in a spaced-apart array comprising a plurality of spaced-apart columns, said plurality of spaced-apart columns comprising an enhanced flux path for transferring electromagnetic energy through the tissue at said site.
CA002263346A 1996-08-29 1997-06-26 Improved transcutaneous electromagnetic energy transfer Expired - Fee Related CA2263346C (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US08/705,334 1996-08-29
US08/705,334 US5715837A (en) 1996-08-29 1996-08-29 Transcutaneous electromagnetic energy transfer
PCT/US1997/011051 WO1998008565A1 (en) 1996-08-29 1997-06-26 Improved transcutaneous electromagnetic energy transfer

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
CA2263346A1 CA2263346A1 (en) 1998-03-05
CA2263346C true CA2263346C (en) 2001-03-13

Family

ID=24833009

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
CA002263346A Expired - Fee Related CA2263346C (en) 1996-08-29 1997-06-26 Improved transcutaneous electromagnetic energy transfer

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US5715837A (en)
EP (1) EP0925087A4 (en)
JP (1) JP2000501319A (en)
AU (1) AU720815B2 (en)
CA (1) CA2263346C (en)
WO (1) WO1998008565A1 (en)

Families Citing this family (128)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5741316A (en) 1996-12-02 1998-04-21 Light Sciences Limited Partnership Electromagnetic coil configurations for power transmission through tissue
US6416531B2 (en) 1998-06-24 2002-07-09 Light Sciences Corporation Application of light at plural treatment sites within a tumor to increase the efficacy of light therapy
JP2002522505A (en) * 1998-08-13 2002-07-23 ユニヴァースティ オブ サザーン カリフォルニア How to increase blood flow to ischemic tissue
US6212431B1 (en) 1998-09-08 2001-04-03 Advanced Bionics Corporation Power transfer circuit for implanted devices
US6073050A (en) * 1998-11-10 2000-06-06 Advanced Bionics Corporation Efficient integrated RF telemetry transmitter for use with implantable device
CA2356532A1 (en) 1999-01-15 2000-07-20 Light Sciences Corporation Noninvasive vascular therapy
US6454789B1 (en) * 1999-01-15 2002-09-24 Light Science Corporation Patient portable device for photodynamic therapy
US6602274B1 (en) * 1999-01-15 2003-08-05 Light Sciences Corporation Targeted transcutaneous cancer therapy
US20030114434A1 (en) * 1999-08-31 2003-06-19 James Chen Extended duration light activated cancer therapy
US6245109B1 (en) * 1999-11-18 2001-06-12 Intellijoint Systems, Ltd. Artificial joint system and method utilizing same for monitoring wear and displacement of artificial joint members
US7897140B2 (en) * 1999-12-23 2011-03-01 Health Research, Inc. Multi DTPA conjugated tetrapyrollic compounds for phototherapeutic contrast agents
US6436028B1 (en) * 1999-12-28 2002-08-20 Soundtec, Inc. Direct drive movement of body constituent
EP1267935A2 (en) 2000-01-12 2003-01-02 Light Sciences Corporation Novel treatment for eye disease
US6415186B1 (en) 2000-01-14 2002-07-02 Advanced Bionics Corporation Active feed forward power control loop
US6327504B1 (en) 2000-05-10 2001-12-04 Thoratec Corporation Transcutaneous energy transfer with circuitry arranged to avoid overheating
US6850801B2 (en) 2001-09-26 2005-02-01 Cvrx, Inc. Mapping methods for cardiovascular reflex control devices
US20080167699A1 (en) * 2000-09-27 2008-07-10 Cvrx, Inc. Method and Apparatus for Providing Complex Tissue Stimulation Parameters
US20070185542A1 (en) * 2002-03-27 2007-08-09 Cvrx, Inc. Baroreflex therapy for disordered breathing
US6522926B1 (en) 2000-09-27 2003-02-18 Cvrx, Inc. Devices and methods for cardiovascular reflex control
US7616997B2 (en) * 2000-09-27 2009-11-10 Kieval Robert S Devices and methods for cardiovascular reflex control via coupled electrodes
US7840271B2 (en) 2000-09-27 2010-11-23 Cvrx, Inc. Stimulus regimens for cardiovascular reflex control
US7158832B2 (en) * 2000-09-27 2007-01-02 Cvrx, Inc. Electrode designs and methods of use for cardiovascular reflex control devices
US7623926B2 (en) * 2000-09-27 2009-11-24 Cvrx, Inc. Stimulus regimens for cardiovascular reflex control
US7499742B2 (en) 2001-09-26 2009-03-03 Cvrx, Inc. Electrode structures and methods for their use in cardiovascular reflex control
US8086314B1 (en) * 2000-09-27 2011-12-27 Cvrx, Inc. Devices and methods for cardiovascular reflex control
US6985774B2 (en) 2000-09-27 2006-01-10 Cvrx, Inc. Stimulus regimens for cardiovascular reflex control
US20080177348A1 (en) * 2000-09-27 2008-07-24 Cvrx, Inc. Electrode contact configurations for an implantable stimulator
US6745077B1 (en) 2000-10-11 2004-06-01 Advanced Bionics Corporation Electronic impedance transformer for inductively-coupled load stabilization
US6993394B2 (en) 2002-01-18 2006-01-31 Calfacion Corporation System method and apparatus for localized heating of tissue
US6850804B2 (en) 2002-01-18 2005-02-01 Calfacior Corporation System method and apparatus for localized heating of tissue
US7048756B2 (en) * 2002-01-18 2006-05-23 Apasara Medical Corporation System, method and apparatus for evaluating tissue temperature
WO2003061696A2 (en) * 2002-01-23 2003-07-31 Light Sciences Corporation Systems and methods for photodynamic therapy
US20050165440A1 (en) * 2002-06-13 2005-07-28 Richard Cancel System for treating obesity and implant for a system of this type
WO2004002476A2 (en) 2002-06-27 2004-01-08 Health Research, Inc. Fluorinated chlorin and bacteriochlorin photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy
WO2004005289A2 (en) * 2002-07-02 2004-01-15 Health Research, Inc. Efficient synthesis of pyropheophorbide a and its derivatives
US20060111626A1 (en) * 2003-03-27 2006-05-25 Cvrx, Inc. Electrode structures having anti-inflammatory properties and methods of use
US7057100B2 (en) * 2003-06-26 2006-06-06 The J.C. Robinson Seed Co. Inbred corn line W23129
AU2003904032A0 (en) * 2003-08-04 2003-08-14 Ventracor Limited Improved Transcutaneous Power and Data Transceiver System
US7480532B2 (en) * 2003-10-22 2009-01-20 Cvrx, Inc. Baroreflex activation for pain control, sedation and sleep
US7309316B1 (en) * 2004-03-01 2007-12-18 Flynn Edward R Magnetic needle biopsy
US8118754B1 (en) 2007-11-15 2012-02-21 Flynn Edward R Magnetic needle biopsy
US7374565B2 (en) * 2004-05-28 2008-05-20 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. Bi-directional infuser pump with volume braking for hydraulically controlling an adjustable gastric band
US7481763B2 (en) * 2004-05-28 2009-01-27 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. Metal bellows position feedback for hydraulic control of an adjustable gastric band
US7390294B2 (en) * 2004-05-28 2008-06-24 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. Piezo electrically driven bellows infuser for hydraulically controlling an adjustable gastric band
US7351240B2 (en) * 2004-05-28 2008-04-01 Ethicon Endo—Srugery, Inc. Thermodynamically driven reversible infuser pump for use as a remotely controlled gastric band
US7351198B2 (en) * 2004-06-02 2008-04-01 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. Implantable adjustable sphincter system
US20050288740A1 (en) * 2004-06-24 2005-12-29 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. Low frequency transcutaneous telemetry to implanted medical device
US7599743B2 (en) * 2004-06-24 2009-10-06 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. Low frequency transcutaneous energy transfer to implanted medical device
US7191007B2 (en) * 2004-06-24 2007-03-13 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc Spatially decoupled twin secondary coils for optimizing transcutaneous energy transfer (TET) power transfer characteristics
AU2011253672B2 (en) * 2004-06-24 2013-05-16 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. Transcutaneous energy transfer primary coil with a high aspect ferrite core
US7599744B2 (en) * 2004-06-24 2009-10-06 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. Transcutaneous energy transfer primary coil with a high aspect ferrite core
US20050288739A1 (en) * 2004-06-24 2005-12-29 Ethicon, Inc. Medical implant having closed loop transcutaneous energy transfer (TET) power transfer regulation circuitry
US20060004417A1 (en) * 2004-06-30 2006-01-05 Cvrx, Inc. Baroreflex activation for arrhythmia treatment
US7775966B2 (en) 2005-02-24 2010-08-17 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. Non-invasive pressure measurement in a fluid adjustable restrictive device
US7927270B2 (en) 2005-02-24 2011-04-19 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. External mechanical pressure sensor for gastric band pressure measurements
US8066629B2 (en) 2005-02-24 2011-11-29 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. Apparatus for adjustment and sensing of gastric band pressure
US7699770B2 (en) 2005-02-24 2010-04-20 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. Device for non-invasive measurement of fluid pressure in an adjustable restriction device
US7775215B2 (en) 2005-02-24 2010-08-17 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. System and method for determining implanted device positioning and obtaining pressure data
US7658196B2 (en) 2005-02-24 2010-02-09 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. System and method for determining implanted device orientation
US8016744B2 (en) 2005-02-24 2011-09-13 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. External pressure-based gastric band adjustment system and method
US9964469B2 (en) 2005-02-28 2018-05-08 Imagion Biosystems, Inc. Magnetic needle separation and optical monitoring
US7780613B2 (en) * 2005-06-30 2010-08-24 Depuy Products, Inc. Apparatus, system, and method for transcutaneously transferring energy
US20070005141A1 (en) * 2005-06-30 2007-01-04 Jason Sherman Apparatus, system, and method for transcutaneously transferring energy
US7749265B2 (en) * 2005-10-05 2010-07-06 Kenergy, Inc. Radio frequency antenna for a wireless intravascular medical device
US8109879B2 (en) * 2006-01-10 2012-02-07 Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. Assessing autonomic activity using baroreflex analysis
US20070167990A1 (en) * 2006-01-17 2007-07-19 Theranova, Llc Method and apparatus for low frequency induction therapy for the treatment of urinary incontinence and overactive bladder
US9610459B2 (en) * 2009-07-24 2017-04-04 Emkinetics, Inc. Cooling systems and methods for conductive coils
US20100168501A1 (en) * 2006-10-02 2010-07-01 Daniel Rogers Burnett Method and apparatus for magnetic induction therapy
US9339641B2 (en) 2006-01-17 2016-05-17 Emkinetics, Inc. Method and apparatus for transdermal stimulation over the palmar and plantar surfaces
US20070270660A1 (en) * 2006-03-29 2007-11-22 Caylor Edward J Iii System and method for determining a location of an orthopaedic medical device
US8152710B2 (en) 2006-04-06 2012-04-10 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. Physiological parameter analysis for an implantable restriction device and a data logger
US8870742B2 (en) 2006-04-06 2014-10-28 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. GUI for an implantable restriction device and a data logger
US8015024B2 (en) 2006-04-07 2011-09-06 Depuy Products, Inc. System and method for managing patient-related data
US8075627B2 (en) 2006-04-07 2011-12-13 Depuy Products, Inc. System and method for transmitting orthopaedic implant data
US8632464B2 (en) * 2006-09-11 2014-01-21 DePuy Synthes Products, LLC System and method for monitoring orthopaedic implant data
US10786669B2 (en) 2006-10-02 2020-09-29 Emkinetics, Inc. Method and apparatus for transdermal stimulation over the palmar and plantar surfaces
JP2010505471A (en) * 2006-10-02 2010-02-25 エムキネティクス, インコーポレイテッド Method and apparatus for magnetic induction therapy
US11224742B2 (en) 2006-10-02 2022-01-18 Emkinetics, Inc. Methods and devices for performing electrical stimulation to treat various conditions
US9005102B2 (en) 2006-10-02 2015-04-14 Emkinetics, Inc. Method and apparatus for electrical stimulation therapy
US8447379B2 (en) 2006-11-16 2013-05-21 Senior Scientific, LLC Detection, measurement, and imaging of cells such as cancer and other biologic substances using targeted nanoparticles and magnetic properties thereof
US8249705B1 (en) 2007-03-20 2012-08-21 Cvrx, Inc. Devices, systems, and methods for improving left ventricular structure and function using baroreflex activation therapy
US20090132002A1 (en) * 2007-05-11 2009-05-21 Cvrx, Inc. Baroreflex activation therapy with conditional shut off
US8080064B2 (en) * 2007-06-29 2011-12-20 Depuy Products, Inc. Tibial tray assembly having a wireless communication device
US8594794B2 (en) 2007-07-24 2013-11-26 Cvrx, Inc. Baroreflex activation therapy with incrementally changing intensity
US8187163B2 (en) 2007-12-10 2012-05-29 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. Methods for implanting a gastric restriction device
US8100870B2 (en) 2007-12-14 2012-01-24 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. Adjustable height gastric restriction devices and methods
US8377079B2 (en) 2007-12-27 2013-02-19 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. Constant force mechanisms for regulating restriction devices
US8142452B2 (en) 2007-12-27 2012-03-27 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. Controlling pressure in adjustable restriction devices
US8337389B2 (en) 2008-01-28 2012-12-25 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. Methods and devices for diagnosing performance of a gastric restriction system
US8591395B2 (en) 2008-01-28 2013-11-26 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. Gastric restriction device data handling devices and methods
US8192350B2 (en) 2008-01-28 2012-06-05 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. Methods and devices for measuring impedance in a gastric restriction system
US8221439B2 (en) 2008-02-07 2012-07-17 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. Powering implantable restriction systems using kinetic motion
US7844342B2 (en) 2008-02-07 2010-11-30 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. Powering implantable restriction systems using light
US8114345B2 (en) 2008-02-08 2012-02-14 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. System and method of sterilizing an implantable medical device
US8591532B2 (en) 2008-02-12 2013-11-26 Ethicon Endo-Sugery, Inc. Automatically adjusting band system
US8057492B2 (en) 2008-02-12 2011-11-15 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. Automatically adjusting band system with MEMS pump
US20090209995A1 (en) * 2008-02-14 2009-08-20 Byrum Randal T Implantable adjustable sphincter system
US8034065B2 (en) 2008-02-26 2011-10-11 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. Controlling pressure in adjustable restriction devices
US8233995B2 (en) 2008-03-06 2012-07-31 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. System and method of aligning an implantable antenna
US8187162B2 (en) 2008-03-06 2012-05-29 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. Reorientation port
US8204602B2 (en) 2008-04-23 2012-06-19 Medtronic, Inc. Recharge system and method for deep or angled devices
US20100140958A1 (en) * 2008-12-04 2010-06-10 Searete Llc, A Limited Liability Corporation Of The State Of Delaware Method for powering devices from intraluminal pressure changes
US9631610B2 (en) 2008-12-04 2017-04-25 Deep Science, Llc System for powering devices from intraluminal pressure changes
US9353733B2 (en) 2008-12-04 2016-05-31 Deep Science, Llc Device and system for generation of power from intraluminal pressure changes
US9526418B2 (en) 2008-12-04 2016-12-27 Deep Science, Llc Device for storage of intraluminally generated power
US9759202B2 (en) * 2008-12-04 2017-09-12 Deep Science, Llc Method for generation of power from intraluminal pressure changes
US9567983B2 (en) * 2008-12-04 2017-02-14 Deep Science, Llc Method for generation of power from intraluminal pressure changes
US8562507B2 (en) 2009-02-27 2013-10-22 Thoratec Corporation Prevention of aortic valve fusion
US20100222635A1 (en) * 2009-02-27 2010-09-02 Thoratec Corporation Maximizing blood pump flow while avoiding left ventricle collapse
US20100222633A1 (en) * 2009-02-27 2010-09-02 Victor Poirier Blood pump system with controlled weaning
US8449444B2 (en) 2009-02-27 2013-05-28 Thoratec Corporation Blood flow meter
US20100222878A1 (en) * 2009-02-27 2010-09-02 Thoratec Corporation Blood pump system with arterial pressure monitoring
JP2013508119A (en) 2009-10-26 2013-03-07 エムキネティクス, インコーポレイテッド Method and apparatus for electromagnetic stimulation of nerves, muscles and body tissues
CN102695473B (en) 2009-11-06 2015-09-23 纳米医学科学公司 Use the cell of targeted nano-particle and magnetic characteristic thereof as the detection of cancerous cell and other biological material, measurement and imaging
US10194825B2 (en) 2009-11-06 2019-02-05 Imagion Biosystems Inc. Methods and apparatuses for the localization and treatment of disease such as cancer
US8588884B2 (en) 2010-05-28 2013-11-19 Emkinetics, Inc. Microneedle electrode
CA2811604A1 (en) 2010-09-24 2012-03-29 Thoratec Corporation Control of circulatory assist systems
US8506471B2 (en) 2010-09-24 2013-08-13 Thoratec Corporation Generating artificial pulse
US20120116148A1 (en) * 2010-11-08 2012-05-10 Weinberg Medical Physics Llc Magnetic-assisted tumor confinement methodology and equipment
AU2013274484B2 (en) * 2012-06-11 2016-11-17 Heartware, Inc. Self-adhesive TET coil holder with alignment feature
WO2015160991A1 (en) 2014-04-15 2015-10-22 Thoratec Corporation Methods and systems for controlling a blood pump
CN106573091A (en) 2014-06-12 2017-04-19 心脏器械股份有限公司 Percutaneous connector with magnetic cap and associated methods of use
US9827430B1 (en) 2017-02-02 2017-11-28 Qualcomm Incorporated Injected conductive tattoos for powering implants
JP2021518249A (en) 2018-03-20 2021-08-02 セカンド・ハート・アシスト・インコーポレイテッド Circulation auxiliary pump
WO2022040258A1 (en) 2020-08-21 2022-02-24 University Of Washington Disinfection method and apparatus
US11529153B2 (en) 2020-08-21 2022-12-20 University Of Washington Vaccine generation
US11425905B2 (en) 2020-09-02 2022-08-30 University Of Washington Antimicrobial preventive netting
US11458220B2 (en) 2020-11-12 2022-10-04 Singletto Inc. Microbial disinfection for personal protection equipment

Family Cites Families (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4829984A (en) * 1983-12-15 1989-05-16 Gordon Robert T Method for the improvement of transplantation techniques and for the preservation of tissue
US4983159A (en) * 1985-03-25 1991-01-08 Rand Robert W Inductive heating process for use in causing necrosis of neoplasms at selective frequencies
US4951675A (en) * 1986-07-03 1990-08-28 Advanced Magnetics, Incorporated Biodegradable superparamagnetic metal oxides as contrast agents for MR imaging
US5262176A (en) * 1986-07-03 1993-11-16 Advanced Magnetics, Inc. Synthesis of polysaccharide covered superparamagnetic oxide colloids
US5067952A (en) * 1990-04-02 1991-11-26 Gudov Vasily F Method and apparatus for treating malignant tumors by local hyperpyrexia

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
AU3504097A (en) 1998-03-19
AU720815B2 (en) 2000-06-15
CA2263346A1 (en) 1998-03-05
WO1998008565A1 (en) 1998-03-05
US5715837A (en) 1998-02-10
EP0925087A4 (en) 2001-02-21
EP0925087A1 (en) 1999-06-30
JP2000501319A (en) 2000-02-08

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
CA2263346C (en) Improved transcutaneous electromagnetic energy transfer
US10532208B2 (en) Miniature implantable neurostimulator system for sciatic nerves and their branches
US9066845B2 (en) Electrode configuration for an implantable electroacupuncture device
US8914110B2 (en) Casings for implantable stimulators and methods of making the same
US7962211B2 (en) Antenna for an external power source for an implantable medical device, system and method
US7848818B2 (en) System and method for neurological stimulation of peripheral nerves to treat low back pain
AU2014240588B2 (en) Electrode configurations for an implantable electroacupuncture device
CN105264736B (en) Implant charging field control through radio link
US20050154425A1 (en) Method and system to provide therapy for neuropsychiatric disorders and cognitive impairments using gradient magnetic pulses to the brain and pulsed electrical stimulation to vagus nerve(s)
US20100152818A1 (en) Non-linear electrode array
US20030018365A1 (en) Method and apparatus for the treatment of urinary tract dysfunction
US20130218235A9 (en) Excessive fibrous capsule formation and capsular contracture apparatus and method for using same
DE04078528T1 (en) Rechargeable stimulation system
US8954164B2 (en) Electrical stimulator line protector
US7493168B2 (en) Electrical stimulation to treat hair loss
US20230120793A1 (en) System for inducing an electric field in a conducting medium, especially for medical applications
WO2008051521A2 (en) Excessive fibrous capsule formation and capsular contracture apparatus and method for using same
WO2003063950A2 (en) Electrical stimulation to treat hair loss
EP2077789A2 (en) Excessive fibrous capsule formation and capsular contracture apparatus and method for using same
CN1068730A (en) Self-induction electromagnetic acupuncture needls

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
EEER Examination request
MKLA Lapsed