CA2319890A1 - Tooth whitening method and apparatus - Google Patents

Tooth whitening method and apparatus Download PDF

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Publication number
CA2319890A1
CA2319890A1 CA002319890A CA2319890A CA2319890A1 CA 2319890 A1 CA2319890 A1 CA 2319890A1 CA 002319890 A CA002319890 A CA 002319890A CA 2319890 A CA2319890 A CA 2319890A CA 2319890 A1 CA2319890 A1 CA 2319890A1
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Canada
Prior art keywords
light
light energy
energy
output wavelength
whitening
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Abandoned
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CA002319890A
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French (fr)
Inventor
John Kennedy
Manfred Hubert
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Lumen Dynamics Group Inc
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EFOS Inc
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Filing date
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Publication of CA2319890A1 publication Critical patent/CA2319890A1/en
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F16/00—Information retrieval; Database structures therefor; File system structures therefor
    • G06F16/20—Information retrieval; Database structures therefor; File system structures therefor of structured data, e.g. relational data
    • G06F16/21—Design, administration or maintenance of databases
    • G06F16/215—Improving data quality; Data cleansing, e.g. de-duplication, removing invalid entries or correcting typographical errors
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06N—COMPUTING ARRANGEMENTS BASED ON SPECIFIC COMPUTATIONAL MODELS
    • G06N7/00—Computing arrangements based on specific mathematical models
    • G06N7/01—Probabilistic graphical models, e.g. probabilistic networks
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06N—COMPUTING ARRANGEMENTS BASED ON SPECIFIC COMPUTATIONAL MODELS
    • G06N20/00—Machine learning
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S707/00—Data processing: database and file management or data structures
    • Y10S707/99931—Database or file accessing
    • Y10S707/99932—Access augmentation or optimizing

Abstract

A light emitting device which is capable of emitting light energy suitable for initiating a photoreaction, and is intended for use in conjunction with a photoreactive tooth whitening compound. The device has a housing, a light generator mounted to the housing capable of generating light energy having a light output wavelength within the absorption spectrum of the whitening compound, a power source for providing power to energize the light generator to generate the light energy, and a controller coupled to the power source for controlling the power provided by the power source to the light generator. In another aspect, the invention includes a method for whitening teeth. The method includes the steps of selecting a photoreactive tooth whitening compound, applying the photoreactive tooth whitening compound onto a tooth surface to be whitened, and directing light energy onto the tooth surface, wherein the light energy has a light output wavelength within the absorption spectrum of the whitening compound, until the tooth surface has been whitened sufficiently.

Description

Title: TOOTH WHITENING METHOD AND APPARATUS
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to the field of cosmetic dentistry, with particular but by no means exclusive application to the whitening of teeth.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Tooth whitening or tooth bleaching is a popular, growing method for cosmetically enhancing a person's smile by making natural teeth whiter. The procedure initially developed as a method of whitening necrotic teeth. A dead tooth still in place in the mouth was drilled out by a dentist and filled with a cotton ball or similar material soaked in hydrogen peroxide or other peroxide solution. A heating device such as a soldering iron with a flat tip was then placed on the surface of the tooth to raise the temperature of both the tooth and the peroxide solution. The heat initiated the release of the oxygen from the solution thereby bleaching the necrotic tooth whiter.
In the late 1980s, techniques were developed to utilize light energy directed onto tooth surfaces as a non-contact heat source for driving the chemical bleaching process. Such prior art processes are disclosed in U.S. Patent No.
4,661,070, issued to Friedman, and U.S. Patent No. 4,952,143, issued to Becker et al.
In the Friedman reference, ultraviolet light energy in the range of 320 to 420 nm in combination with infrared energy in the 700 to 1200 nm range was directed onto a tooth surface prepared with peroxide bleaching solution.
The energy was directed in a narrow beam shaped similar to the tooth area to be exposed. The heat energy produced triggered the desired bleaching reaction in the solution.
Becker teaches the use of a spot light heat lamp for bleaching multiple teeth at one time. In that system, the teeth are exposed using a lip retractor and a dental dam and a peroxide solution is applied to the teeth. Becker's device included a temperature sensor to detect the temperature of the tooth surfaces, and adjusted the output of the lamp accordingly.
As the demand for cosmetic dentistry grew throughout the 1990s tooth whitening became a popular less costly, less invasive (as compared to caps, crowns, veneers and implants) means for cosmetically improving a person's smile. Home whitening kits became available. Over a period of 7 days to 3 weeks a user would wear a custom tray with pockets to hold bleaching material for a period of hours or overnight. The temperature of the oral cavity and time facilitated the oxygen release process for the peroxide. Whitening was achieved with varying results. This time consuming process could be uncomfortable and the peroxide material that came in contact with the soft tissue of the gums could cause significant levels of discomfort to the user. For more effective whitening, the percentage levels of peroxide in the bleaching material were increased from 7% to as high as 35%, causing additional user discomfort.
Further developments have resulted in equipment and materials that allow for a more controllable, uniform tooth whitening in-office procedure that can typically be accomplished in a one to one and a half-hour time frame. With an in-office procedure, a dentist is able to apply a protective material to the sensitive gingival tissue thereby permitting the use of the higher concentration of peroxide solutions. With such a technique, the practitioner also uses a light source as the means of providing heat energy to effect the oxygen release to achieve whitening. These light sources range from a standard handheld curing light which generates light energy having an output wavelength in the 400 to nanometer (nm) range, a high powered Xenon arc lamp source with a more powerful output in a similar range of the handheld curing light to a C02 laser with a beam diffuser generating light energy having wavelengths of approximately 10.6 microns (um).
Studies prepared for the applicants of the energy absorption characteristics of hydrogen and carbamide peroxide whitening materials available indicate that these materials show strong energy absorption for: light in the ultraviolet range (<300nm), light having wavelengths from 2.8 to 3.6 microns, and light having wavelengths over 6 microns. A similar study of extracted human teeth, also prepared for the inventors demonstrated that tooth material had little absorption in the 400-500nm range and increasing absorption in the region greater than 2um.
Such information suggests to the applicants that the existing light sources used for tooth whitening with an output in the 400-500nm area would be poorly absorbed by both the whitening materials and the tooth. Any heat generated would likely result from absorption of the light energy by the yellow to brown stained area of the tooth or by the pulp of the tooth itself. As the darker coloured area of the tooth bleached, the pulp would absorb more energy. This energy absorption by the pulp could result in a temperature rise potentially causing post whitening sensitivity or even tooth necrosis.
A diffuse beam from a C02 laser would provide a good energy source for initiating the oxygen release and beginning of the bleaching process because the energy beam would be strongly absorbed by the whitening materials or in the first few microns of the surface of the tooth. However, C02 lasers require control, safety and training procedures and have a high capital cost.
Accordingly, it has been recognized that there is a need for tooth whitening methods and apparatus which are relatively safe, simple to use, and relatively inexpensive.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is directed towards a light emitting device, which has common, but by no means exclusive application to cosmetic whitening of teeth.
The light emitting device of the present invention is capable of emitting light energy suitable for initiating a photoreaction, and is intended for use in conjunction with photoreactive whitening compounds. The device has a housing, a light generator mounted to the housing capable of generating light energy having a light output wavelength within the absorption spectrum of the whitening compound, a power source for providing power to energize the light generator to generate the light energy, and a controller coupled to the power source for controlling the power provided by the power source to the light generator.
In another aspect, the invention includes a method for whitening teeth.
The method comprises the steps of selecting a photoreactive tooth whitening compound, applying the photoreactive tooth whitening compound onto a tooth surface to be whitened, and directing light energy onto the tooth surface (typically for a specified time period), wherein the light energy has a light output wavelength within the absorption spectrum of the whitening compound until the tooth surface has been whitened sufficiently.
In yet another aspect, the present invention is directed towards the use of a photoreactive whitening compound in conjunction with a solid state light emitting device such as an LED, a Semiconductor Laser, or a Vertical Cavity Emitting Laser capable of emitting light energy having a light output wavelength within the absorption spectrum of the whitening compound, for whitening teeth.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The present invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the following drawings, in which like reference numerals refer to like parts and in which:
Figure 1A is a light curing device made in accordance with the present invention;
Figure 1B is an alternative embodiment of a light curing device which utilizes LEDs or semiconductor laser light sources;
Figure 2 is a chart illustrating the transmittance rate of a typical peroxide solution used in bleaching teeth, over a range of wavelengths (approx. l.7um to 6.4um) of light energy;
Figure 3 is a chart illustrating the transmittance rate of a typical peroxide solution used in bleaching teeth, over a range of wavelengths (approx. 180nm to 350nm) of light energy;
Figure 4 is a chart illustrating a comparison between the light energy output by a light source directly, and light energy output by short length open light guides coated respectively with gold and copper as reflective material;
Figure 5 is a chart illustrating the transmittance rate of a powder comprised of tooth enamel and dentin, over a range of wavelengths (1um to 20um) of light energy;
Figure 6 is a chart illustrating the transmittance rate of a tooth whitening agent, over a range of wavelengths (approx. lum to l0um) of light energy; and Figure 7 is a chart illustrating the transmittance rate of a tooth whitening agent, over a range of wavelengths (approx. 300nm to 800nm) of light energy.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring to Figure lA, illustrated therein is a light curing device shown generally as 10, manufactured in accordance with the present invention. Light curing device 10 is generally similar to a handheld light curing device such as that disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,290,169 issued to Friedman et al., with modifications which will be apparent from the discussion below.
As shown in Figure 2, a standard peroxide compound commonly used for bleaching teeth, has a very low transmittal rate (and correspondingly a very high absorption rate) approaching 0% with respect to light energy having wavelengths in the range between point A at 2.8um and point B at 3.6um.
Figure 3 illustrates the transmittance rate of a typical peroxide solution used in bleaching teeth, over a range of wavelengths (approx. 180nm to 350nm) of light energy. As shown, the transmittal rate is almost 0% (and hence the absorption rate is correspondingly very high) below approximately 210nm, increasing to almost 100% at approximately 325nm and above.
As shown in Figure 6 (and similar to the data illustrated in Figure 2) a commercial tooth whitening agent, OPALESCENCE XTRA, also has a very low transmittal rate (and correspondingly a very high absorption rate) approaching 0% with respect to light energy having wavelengths in the range between point A' at approximately 2.8um and point B' at approximately 3.7um.
Figure 7 illustrates the transmittance rate of a commercial tooth whitening agent (OPALESCENCE XTRA), over a range of wavelengths (approx. 300nm to 800nm) of light energy. As can be seen, the transmittal rate is fairly high (approx.
75%) at 300nm, and increases to almost 100% at approximately 375nm and above.
Accordingly, the device 10 utilizes a quartz halogen light bulb 12 which is capable of generating light energy in the range of at least 2.0 to 4.0 um. The envelope of the light bulb 12 itself must be manufactured of a material such as ultra pure thin-walled quartz or sapphire that transmits energy between 2.0 to 4.0 microns. The quartz halogen lamps manufactured by Gilway and other manufacturers using similar materials generate and transmit energy in this range. This bulb would be mounted in a reflector 14 or other optical system designed for the purpose of gathering, reflecting and focusing the energy of the light bulb to a fibre optic or other type of light guide 16 system for the purpose of delivering the energy to the tooth surface. Preferably, the reflective material on the inner surface of the reflector 14 would comprise a coating of gold or other material such as copper that would highly reflect energy between 2.0 and 4.0 microns.
Referring now to Figure 4, as can be seen, light guides comprising gold or copper reflective surfaces perform reasonably well at transmitting light energy in the 2.0 to 4.0 micron range. Graph line X represents detected light energy emitted directly by a light source, without the use of a light guide. Graph line Y
represents detected light energy emitted by a light source through a light guide comprising a gold reflective material. Graph line Z represents detected light energy emitted by a light source through a light guide comprising a copper reflective material.
The light guide 16 could be a hollow tube (that could be sealed with a window material that transmits energy between 2.0 and 4.0 um) manufactured from or coated at least internally with a material such as gold or copper which would reflect these same wavelengths or a solid fibre optic guide manufactured from a material (such as sapphire or other infrared transmitting material) that _8_ transmits 2.0 to 4.0 um energy. The light guide 16 itself could have many shapes configured to delivery adequate energy to a tooth surface. A bandpass filter (which could alternatively be positioned at the remote end of the light guide system) could be used to further narrow the bandwidth of the energy between 2.0 and 4.0 microns to be delivered to the tooth surface. Preferably, the filter 20 filters out light energy which is not within the absorption spectrum of the bleaching solution. For clarity, when the phrase "within the absorption spectrum" of the bleaching solution is used herein, it should be understood to mean that the light energy is absorbed to a significant extent by the bleaching solution.
For the purpose of providing repeatable dosages of energy to the tooth surface to be bleached, the electrical energy to the bulb 12 would be controllable by conventional controller means such as a potentiometer or a chopper circuit and a measurement device such as a radiometer or calorimeter could be built into the device 10 or be removably detachable. As the output of the bulb 12 or the optical system 16 changed, energy to the bulb 12 could be increased or decreased to meet manufacturer specifications. The unit 10 could also have an exposure timer.
Dosage level for different types of teeth or levels of whitening could also be controlled by such a system.
Alternatively, other light sources such as LEDs which can emit light energy in this range may be used. An alternative embodiment of such a light curing device 110 is shown in Figure 1B, and is similar to a handheld LED
light curing device such as that disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,420,768 issued to Kennedy et al., with modifications as will be apparent from the discussion below.
The curing device 110 comprises a light source 111 made up of infrared LEDs or other semiconductor light sources such as laser diodes, with an energy output in the range of 2.0 and 4.0 microns. The light source 111 may comprise an array of LEDs or semiconductor light sources, or may only comprise a single LED
or semiconductor, depending on the energy requirements of the intended _g_ photoreaction. The device 110 also comprises a driver circuit 112, a controller circuit 113, and a power supply 116 (such as a battery or standard electrical plug), all contained within a housing 114. The device 110 also includes a light guide 117, which is capable of transmitting light energy in the range of 2.0 and 4.0 microns, similar to the light guide 16 discussed in reference to Figure 1A.
Alternatively, the device 110 may forego the use of a light guide 117, and the light energy may be beamed directly to the worksite from the light source 111. The controller circuit 113 may include a switch for electrically coupling and decoupling the power supply 116 with the light source 111.
In use, a peroxide solution is applied to a tooth surface to be bleached, in a conventional manner. Also in a conventional manner, the light curing device 10 is activated to generate light energy. The light energy is directed onto the peroxide solution on the tooth surface until the tooth surface is sufficiently whitened through the bleaching process. It is important to understand, however, that the peroxide solution and the lamp 12 have been selected such that the lamp 12 is able to emit light energy in the absorption spectrum of the peroxide solution. Changing the chemistry of the bleaching material may change its absorption spectrum - a different lamp 12 and filter 20 may have to be selected for optimal performance.
The device 10 provides energy between 2.0 and 4.0 microns in the infrared that is absorbed by the peroxide based tooth whitening materials and by the surface of the tooth itself (see Figure 5) causing an immediate controllable temperature rise and a release of oxygen molecules initiating the bleaching process.
As shown in Figure 5, a powder comprising tooth enamel and dentin has a transmittance valley (and hence absorbtion peak) with respect to light energy in the range from approximately 2.8um to 4.Oum. Irradiating a tooth with light energy in this range will result in a substantial quantity of the light energy being absorbed by the surface of the tooth (typically at least 20%), generating heat energy to further drive the bleaching process. Additionally, the greater the quantity of light energy which is absorbed by the tooth surface, the less energy reaches the pulp of the tooth.
Typically, the light source and bleaching solution are selected such that the light energy has a light output wavelength which is at least 50% absorbed by the whitening compound. The wavelength may also be selected such that at least 60% (including at least 70%) of the light energy is absorbed by the bleaching solution.
By selecting a bleaching solution and light source as described herein, it should be understood that less light energy needs to be directed to the tooth surface for initiating the bleaching photoreaction.
The device 10 of the current invention is also relatively safe and simple to use. Extensive training is not required in order for a dentist or dental assistant to be able to utilize the device.
Thus, while what is shown and described herein constitute preferred embodiments of and methods of using the subject invention, it should be understood that various changes can be made without departing from the subject invention, the scope of which is defined in the appended claims.

Claims (16)

1. (a) A light emitting device capable of emitting light energy suitable for initiating a photoreaction, for use in conjunction with a photoreactive whitening compound, the device comprising:
(b) a housing;
(c) a light generator mounted to the housing capable of generating light energy having a light output wavelength within the absorption spectrum of the whitening compound;
(d) a power supply for providing power to energize the light generating means to generate the light energy; and (e) a controller coupled to the power means for controlling the power provided by the power means to the light generating means.
2. The device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the light energy has a light output wavelength which is at least 50% absorbed by the whitening compound.
3. The device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the light energy has a light output wavelength which is at least 60% absorbed by the whitening compound.
4. The device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the light energy has a light output wavelength which is at least 70% absorbed by the whitening compound.
5. The device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the light energy has a light output wavelength which is in the range of 2.0 micrometers to 4.0 micrometers.
6. The device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the light energy has a light output wavelength which is in the range of 2.8 micrometers to 3.6 micrometers.
7. The device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the light energy has a light output wavelength which is at least 20% absorbed by the tooth surface.
8. The device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the controller comprises a switch for electrically coupling and decoupling the power supply with the light generator.
9. A method of whitening teeth, the steps comprising:
(a) selecting a photoreactive tooth whitening compound;
(b) applying the photoreactive tooth whitening compound onto a tooth surface to be whitened; and (c) directing light energy onto the tooth surface, wherein the light energy has a light output wavelength within the absorption spectrum of the whitening compound until the tooth surface has been whitened sufficiently.
10. The method as claimed in claim 9, wherein the light energy has a light output wavelength which is at least 50% absorbed by the whitening compound.
11. The method as claimed in claim 9, wherein the light energy has a light output wavelength which is at least 60% absorbed by the whitening compound.
12. The method as claimed in claim 9, wherein the light energy has a light output wavelength which is at least 70% absorbed by the whitening compound.
13. The method as claimed in claim 9, wherein the light energy has a light output wavelength which is in the range of 2.0 micrometers to 4.0 micrometers.
14. The method as claimed in claim 9, wherein the light energy has a light output wavelength which is in the range of 2.8 micrometers to 3.6 micrometers.
15. The use of a photoreactive whitening compound in conjunction with a light emitting device capable of emitting light energy having a light output wavelength within the absorption spectrum of the whitening compound, for whitening teeth.
16. The use of the device of claim 1, in conjunction with the whitening compound, for whitening teeth.
CA002319890A 1999-09-21 2000-09-19 Tooth whitening method and apparatus Abandoned CA2319890A1 (en)

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US15506399P 1999-09-21 1999-09-21
US60/155,063 1999-09-21

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US8215954B2 (en) 2008-08-06 2012-07-10 Levine Jonathan B Methods for effecting oral treatment of teeth or gums
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US11116616B2 (en) 2014-09-17 2021-09-14 Garrison Dental Solutions, L.L.C. Dental curing light
USD810293S1 (en) 2017-01-20 2018-02-13 Garrison Dental Solutions, Llc Dental instrument
USD836204S1 (en) 2017-06-08 2018-12-18 Oraceutical Llc Tooth whitening dental appliance with see-through body having an embedded opaque strip with light emitting diodes
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