CA2320788A1 - Electrophoretic displays and systems for addressing such displays - Google Patents
Electrophoretic displays and systems for addressing such displays Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2320788A1 CA2320788A1 CA002320788A CA2320788A CA2320788A1 CA 2320788 A1 CA2320788 A1 CA 2320788A1 CA 002320788 A CA002320788 A CA 002320788A CA 2320788 A CA2320788 A CA 2320788A CA 2320788 A1 CA2320788 A1 CA 2320788A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- display
- light
- layer
- photoconductive
- organic
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09F—DISPLAYING; ADVERTISING; SIGNS; LABELS OR NAME-PLATES; SEALS
- G09F9/00—Indicating arrangements for variable information in which the information is built-up on a support by selection or combination of individual elements
- G09F9/30—Indicating arrangements for variable information in which the information is built-up on a support by selection or combination of individual elements in which the desired character or characters are formed by combining individual elements
- G09F9/37—Indicating arrangements for variable information in which the information is built-up on a support by selection or combination of individual elements in which the desired character or characters are formed by combining individual elements being movable elements
- G09F9/372—Indicating arrangements for variable information in which the information is built-up on a support by selection or combination of individual elements in which the desired character or characters are formed by combining individual elements being movable elements the positions of the elements being controlled by the application of an electric field
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
- B41J3/00—Typewriters or selective printing or marking mechanisms characterised by the purpose for which they are constructed
- B41J3/407—Typewriters or selective printing or marking mechanisms characterised by the purpose for which they are constructed for marking on special material
- B41J3/4076—Typewriters or selective printing or marking mechanisms characterised by the purpose for which they are constructed for marking on special material printing on rewritable, bistable "electronic paper" by a focused electric or magnetic field
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B26/00—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements
- G02B26/02—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements for controlling the intensity of light
- G02B26/026—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements for controlling the intensity of light based on the rotation of particles under the influence of an external field, e.g. gyricons, twisting ball displays
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1343—Electrodes
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1345—Conductors connecting electrodes to cell terminals
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/135—Liquid crystal cells structurally associated with a photoconducting or a ferro-electric layer, the properties of which can be optically or electrically varied
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/165—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on translational movement of particles in a fluid under the influence of an applied field
- G02F1/166—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on translational movement of particles in a fluid under the influence of an applied field characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect
- G02F1/167—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on translational movement of particles in a fluid under the influence of an applied field characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect by electrophoresis
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/165—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on translational movement of particles in a fluid under the influence of an applied field
- G02F1/1675—Constructional details
- G02F1/1677—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. reflectors or illuminating devices
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
- G06K19/00—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings
- G06K19/06—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code
- G06K19/067—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components
- G06K19/07—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips
- G06K19/077—Constructional details, e.g. mounting of circuits in the carrier
- G06K19/07701—Constructional details, e.g. mounting of circuits in the carrier the record carrier comprising an interface suitable for human interaction
- G06K19/07703—Constructional details, e.g. mounting of circuits in the carrier the record carrier comprising an interface suitable for human interaction the interface being visual
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09F—DISPLAYING; ADVERTISING; SIGNS; LABELS OR NAME-PLATES; SEALS
- G09F9/00—Indicating arrangements for variable information in which the information is built-up on a support by selection or combination of individual elements
- G09F9/30—Indicating arrangements for variable information in which the information is built-up on a support by selection or combination of individual elements in which the desired character or characters are formed by combining individual elements
- G09F9/302—Indicating arrangements for variable information in which the information is built-up on a support by selection or combination of individual elements in which the desired character or characters are formed by combining individual elements characterised by the form or geometrical disposition of the individual elements
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/133305—Flexible substrates, e.g. plastics, organic film
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1334—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods based on polymer dispersed liquid crystals, e.g. microencapsulated liquid crystals
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F2202/00—Materials and properties
- G02F2202/12—Materials and properties photoconductor
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F2202/00—Materials and properties
- G02F2202/28—Adhesive materials or arrangements
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K10/00—Organic devices specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching; Organic capacitors or resistors having a potential-jump barrier or a surface barrier
- H10K10/40—Organic transistors
- H10K10/46—Field-effect transistors, e.g. organic thin-film transistors [OTFT]
- H10K10/462—Insulated gate field-effect transistors [IGFETs]
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/30—Coordination compounds
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
Abstract
Electrophoretic displays include a light-emitting layer, a photoconductive layer, and an electrophoretic layer. The light-emitting layer may be an organic, light-emitting material, or organic, light-emitting diode, which is addressable using a multiplex addressing drive scheme. The impedance of the photoconductive layer is lowered when struck by light from the light-emitting layer. As a result of the lowered impedance of the photoconductive layer, the electrophoretic layer, which itself cannot be multiplexed, is addressed at a lower, subthreshold voltage.
Description
ELECTROPHORETIC DISPLAYS AND SYSTEMS FOR ADDRESSING SUCH DISPLAYS
Cross-Reference to Related Applications The present application claims priority to U.S.S.N. 60/078,363, filed March 18, 1998 and U.S.S.N. 60/090,232, filed June 22, 1998, the disclosures ofwhich are hereby incorporated by reference herein.
Field of the Invention The present invention relates to electrophoretic displays, especially encapsulated electrophoretic displays, and to systems for addressing such displays.
Background of the Invention There are a number of interesting display media which provide good optical appearance, Io the ability to be constructed in large areas or on flexible substrates, low cost, and ease of manufacture. Such display media include microencapsulated electrophoretic displays, rotating bichromal ball displays, suspended particle displays, and composites of liquid crystals with polymers, including polymer dispersed liquid crystals, polymer stabilized liquid crystals, and liquid crystal gels.
15 One drawback of such displays is that they are difficult to practically and economically address. One common means of addressing is known as direct drive addressing, in which each pixel is controlled by its own external drive circuit. This scheme is both expensive and impractical for displays containing a large number of pixels and for displays containing pixels that are tightly packed.
2o Another means of addressing is active matrix drive addressing, in which an electrically non-linear element is deposited on the display substrate. Examples of such electronically non-linear elements include transistors, diodes, and varistors. While this type of addressing is well-known and widely practiced, it is expensive to produce and difficult to achieve on plastic substrates.
_2-A third means of addressing uses multiplexing, in which the conductive portions of the substrate are patterned so that rows of pixels on the substrate are electrically connected and columns of pixels on the substrate are also electrically connected. Typically, voltages are sequentially placed on the row electrodes, with the pixel data for each row being placed on the column electrode. This type of addressing is used for a variety of display media. Its use is limited, however, to displays in which the optical response as a function of applied voltage is non-linear and in which there is a significant voltage threshold to turn on the pixels. Display media which do not show a pronounced voltage threshold show poor contrast when driven with multiplex addressing drive schemes. .
io The purpose of this disclosure is to describe electrophoretic displays, especially encapsulated electrophoretic displays, and systems for addressing display media of such displays.
Systems of the invention allow for the addressing of display media that have poor threshold behavior without the high costs associated with using direct drive and active matrix drive addressing schemes. This is accomplished by using a multiplex addressing drive scheme in 15 conjunction with an emissive material that does possess a pronounced voltage threshold.
Summary of the Invention The present invention provides electrophoretic displays, especially encapsulated electrophoretic displays, and systems for addressing such displays. Displays of the invention include an organic, light-emitting layer, a photoconductive layer, and an electrophoretic layer.
2o Such displays may be rigid or flexible. Displays of the invention may also include a reflective substrate to direct light from the organic, light-emitting layer to the photoconductive layer.
Displays of the invention may also include a dielectrophoretic layer, which is preferably fenestrated. Finally, displays of the invention may also include a capacitor.
In one embodiment, the invention relates to an electrophoretic display including an 25 organic, light-emitting layer, a photoconductive layer adjacent the organic, light-emitting layer, and an electrophoretic layer adjacent the photoconductive layer. Light from the organic, light-emitting layer strikes the photoconductive layer at a first point on a first side of the photoconductive layer, which faces the organic, light-emitting layer. A
voltage is then generated at a second point on a second side of the photoconductive layer. This second point corresponds to the first point and faces the electrophoretic layer. The voltage at the second point addresses the electrophoretic layer at a predetermined point on the electrophoretic layer.
When the display is not illuminated, the impedance of the photoconductive layer is much greater than the impedance of the electrophoretic layer. The photoconductive layer therefore drops the majority of the applied voltage. When the display is illuminated, the impedance of the photoconductive layer decreases, and the majority of the applied voltage then drops across the electrophoretic layer, forming an image. Specifically, the photoconductive layer is biased at a voltage on the "rear" side, which faces the organic, light-emitting layer. The portions of the photoconductive layer that are exposed to light effectively transfer the voltage to the "front" side to of the photoconductive layer, which faces the electrophoretic layer.
Depending on the ratios of the capacitances and the resistances, the reset pulse may require a slow ramp to avoid the capacitive regime.
In another embodiment of the invention, an emissive display includes an organic, light-emitting layer and a photoconductive layer disposed under the organic, light-emitting layer. In this embodiment, the organic, light-emitting layer is addressable at a first predetermined voltage.
A first fraction of this first predetermined voltage drops across the organic, light-emitting layer, and a second fraction of this first predetermined voltage drops across the photoconductive layer.
When the organic, light-emitting layer is addressed using this first predetermined voltage, it emits light, which strikes the photoconductive layer. This light causes the impedance of the 2o photoconductive layer to decrease, so that the fraction of the first predetermined voltage dropping across the photoconductive layer is decreased and the fraction of the first predetermined voltage dropping across the organic, light-emitting layer is increased. The organic, light-emitting layer may then be addressed at a second predetermined voltage, which is lower than the first predetermined voltage. In an alternative embodiment, the emissive display includes a fenestrated dielectrophoretic layer, which modulates the amount of light striking the photoconductive layer.
The organic, light-emitting layer for use in displays of the invention includes an organic material disposed on a clear substrate. The clear substrate may be a glass, a plastic, or a polyester substrate, for example. The organic, light-emitting material may be an organic compound, an organometallic compound, an oligomer, or a polymer. Dispersed within the organic material may 3o be inorganic semiconductors, such as CdSe conductors, for example.
WO 99/47970 PC'T/US99/05894 The photoconductive layer for use in displays of the invention includes a photoconductive material, such as 2,4,7-trinitro-9-fluorenone complexed with poly(N-vinylcarbazole). The photoconductive material may be an organic photoconductive polymer, a dye-aggregate photoreceptor, or a pigment-based photoreceptor. In one embodiment, the photoconductive layer is disposed on a clear substrate, such as a glass, a plastic, or a polyester substrate, for example. In one embodiment, an optical barrier layer is disposed over or adjacent to the photoconductive layer. The optical barrier layer is a dispersion of opaque conductive particles in a polymer matrix, such as a dispersion of black pigment particles in an epoxy binder, for example. In other embodiments, the photoconductive layer includes a first photoconductive material and a second 1o photoconductive material. The second photoconductive material is sensitive to a different variable of light than the first photoconductive material. The variable of light may be the wavelength of the light, the intensity of the light, or the duration of the light.
The electrophoretic layer for use in displays of the invention may be an encapsulated electrophoretic layer or a dielectrophoretic layer. An encapsulated electrophoretic layer of the invention includes a plurality of particles dispersed in a suspending fluid, which is encapsulated in a polymer matrix. The polymer matrix may include an aqueous polymer latex, such as a polyurethane, for example. The polymer matrix may be coated onto a substrate, such as a glass, plastic, or polyester substrate, for example.
In another embodiment of the invention, a display includes a clear top electrode. This 2o clear top electrode may comprise a conductive material on a substrate. The clear top electrode may be indium tin oxide (ITO) coated onto a glass, plastic, or polyester substrate, for example.
The invention will be understood fizrther upon consideration of the following drawings, description, and claims.
Brief Description of the Drawings zs Figure I shows a display of the invention.
Figure 2 shows a display of the invention containing a reflective substrate for directing light from an emissive layer to a photoconductive layer.
Figure 3 shows a display of the invention containing a light-blocking layer.
-S-Figure 4 shows a display of the invention containing two different types of photoconductive materials.
Figure 5 shows a display of the invention containing a capacitor.
Figure 6 shows a display of the invention containing a partial electrophoretic layer.
Figure 7 shows a display of the invention containing partial electrophoretic and photoconductive layers, as well as a light-blocking material.
Figure 8 shows a display of the invention containing a photoconductive layer, an organic, Light-emitting layer, and a fenestrated dielectrophoretic layer.
Figure 9 shows a display of the invention containing a light-directing layer and a spacer to layer so as to generate an image based on an external reflective surface.
Like reference characters in the drawings represent corresponding parts.
Detailed DescriQ,tion of the Invention The invention relates to electrophoretic displays, especially encapsulated electrophoretic displays, and to systems for addressing such displays. Generally, an electrophoretic display of the invention includes a light-emitting layer, a photoconductive layer, and an electrophoretic layer.
The light-emitting layer is preferably an organic, light-emitting material, such as an organic compound, an organometallic compound, an oligomer, or a polymer, for example.
The photoconductive layer is preferably an organic conductive polymer, a dye-aggregate photoreceptor, or a pigment-based photoreceptor. The light-emitting layer and the photoconductive layer are both preferably disposed on a clear substrate, such as a glass, plastic, to or polyester substrate, for example. The electrophoretic layer may be an encapsulated electrophoretic layer or a dielectrophoretic layer, for example. Displays of the invention may also include a dielectrophoretic layer, which is preferably fenestrated. Displays of the invention may be either rigid or flexible. Finally, displays of the invention may include at least one capacitor.
Displays of the invention provide for the use of a multiplexed drive scheme to address the display. In the below described embodiments of the invention, the light-emitting layer is addressed using a multiplex addressing drive scheme. The impedance of the photoconductive layer is lowered when it is struck by light from the light-emitting layer. As a result of the lowered impedance of the photoconductive layer, the electrophoretic layer, which itself cannot be multiplexed, is addressed at a lower, subthreshold voltage in dark regions of the display and at a 2o higher voltage in the illuminated regions of the display.
The present invention provides novel combinations of emissive materials and electrophoretic display materials to provide the effective multiplexed addressing of the electrophoretic display. In particular, organic, light-emitting materials, which have not been previously described in optical addressing of electrophoretic displays, are described as the multiplexed emissive materials. Additionally, the use of emissive materials in this manner extends the number of organic emissives that are practical for a number of applications. Finally, applications of these materials on flexible substrates, which are useful in larger-area, low cost, or high-durability applications, is also described. Electrophoretic displays of the invention are described below.
-Figure 1 shows a display of the invention. The display 20 includes light-emitting layer 10, photoconductive layer 12, electrophoretic layer 14, clear top electrode 16, and a source of voltage 18. In one embodiment, the clear top electrode 16 is a glass, plastic, or polyester substrate coated with indium tin oxide (ITO). In the embodiment shown in Figure 1, a large voltage is placed on the photoconductive layer 12 relative to the electrophoretic layer 14, so that the photoconductive layer 12 essentially serves as one electrode of the display 20. When no light strikes the photoconductive layer 12, the voltage drops primarily across the photoconductive layer 12 (i.e., no voltage on the electrophoretic layer 14). When light strikes the photoconductive layer 12, however, voltage drops across the electrophoretic layer 14, and the electrophoretic layer 14 is to addressed.
Electrophoretic layers for use in displays of the invention are preferably encapsulated electrophoretic layers, but other electrophoretic layers are contemplated by the invention. Such layers include dielectrophoretic layers, addressable retroreflective layers, and micro-mechanical, micro-mirror, or other light-directing layers, as well as layers in which the optical effect is achieved by translating various liquids of differing dielectric constants (i.e., suspended liquid displays). The electrophoretic layer may also be a classic emissive, transmissive, or transflective display material. Furthermore, the electrophoretic layer may be nematic liquid crystals in a variety of modes (e.g., tunable birefringence, twisted nematic, or vertically-aligned nematic), polymer dispersed liquid crystals, ferroelectric liquid crystals, or standard electrophoretic displays on glass.
(See, e.g., "High Resolution Display with Photoconductor Addressing" by Stephen Blazo, SID
Digest Technical Papers 1982, pp. 92-93). Such displays, while effective, are, however, typically expensive to produce andlor are limited to use in small areas.
An encapsulated electrophoretic layer of the invention, preferably contains particles in a suspending fluid. In some embodiments of the invention, at least one species of particles are titania particles or other particles of high refractive index such as clays.
In other embodiments of the invention, at least one species of particles responds to heat, fluorescent light, magnetic field, or other phenomena, and releases light.
Referring again to Figure 1, if the electrophoretic layer 14 has a low conductivity (i.e., the particles are the primary charge carriers), the particles are brought to one electrode by the 3o application of a high voltage, while the photoconductive layer 12 is kept dark. Alternatively, if _g_ the electrophoretic layer 14 has a high conductivity (i.e., there are a large number of free ions), the particles are brought to one electrode by the application of a high voltage and the entire display is illuminated. Once the particles are on one side or the other of the display, they will remain attached to the wall of the electrophoretic layer 14 (i.e., the display is bistable). The voltage is then reversed by ramping very slowly to the opposite polarity. If the electrophoretic layer 14 has a low conductivity, this ramping may be done in the dark. If the electrophoretic layer 14 has a high conductivity, this ramping must be done in the dark. In either case, the particles do not move as long as the slowly ramping voltage across the electrophoretic layer 14 is kept under the threshold voltage by the movement of free ions in the electrophoretic layer 14. With the 1o voltage remaining on, the photoconductive layer 12 is illuminated image-wise. The particles then move to the opposite electrode in the regions of the electrophoretic layer 14 that are adjacent to the illuminated regions of the photoconductive layer 12.
In an alternative embodiment of the display of Figure l, the light-emitting layer 10 is addressed using an active matrix addressing scheme. The emission from the light-emitting layer 10 then addresses the electrophoretic layer 14, mediated by the photoconductive layer 12. The advantage here is that the light-emitting layer 10 can be driven at low voltages and with low power, as is compatible with active matrix devices. Some implementations of the displays described herein require high voltages, which are incompatible with active matrix electronics.
This embodiment therefore provides a system in which a low voltage active matrix panel drives a 2o high voltage display medium, mediated by the light-emitting layer 10 and the photoconductive layer 12.
Light-emitting layers for use in displays of the invention are preferably an organic, light-emitting material (i.e., an organic, light-emitting diode, or OLED) disposed on a clear substrate.
The substrate may be a glass, plastic, or polyester substrate. Organic, light-emitting materials, or OLEDs, for use in displays of the invention include organic compounds, organometallic compounds, oligomers, and polymers. Examples of organic materials that may be useful in the invention include, but are not limited to, tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq3), N,N'-bis-(1-naphyl)-N,N'-diphenyl-1,1'-biphenyl-4,4'-diamine (NPB), poly[2,5-bis[2-(N,N,N-triethylammonium)ethoxy]-1,4-phenylene-alt-1,4-phenylene] dibromide (PPP-NEt3+)s, and poly(5-3o methoxy-(2-propanoxysulfonide)-1,4-phenylene vinylene) (MPS-PPV). In one embodiment, the _g_ organic, light-emitting layer is a multi-layer composition. For example, the organic, light-emitting layer may 6e a composition of ITO/copper phthalocyanine/NPB/8-hydroxyquinoline aluminum/Mg. Additionally, composites of such organic materials may be used as the organic, light-emitting layer, such as MPS-PPV doped PPP-NEt3+, for example. Other organic, light-emitting materials that may be useful in the invention are not formally diodes. Such materials work by the formation of dynamic p-n junctions or by other processes, such as chemiluminescence, for example. The light-emitting materials described herein include these and related materials.
Organic, light-emitting materials for use in the invention may also include dispersions or layers of inorganic semiconductors. Such inorganic semiconductors include, but are not limited to, CdSe. The devices may have multiple layers, including electron-injecting electrodes, electron transport layers, emissive layers, hole transporting layers, and hole-injecting electrodes.
One drawback of organic, light-emitting materials is their relatively short lifetimes, particularly when operated to produce light. In particular, the organic, light-emitting material tends to degrade unless water and oxygen are excluded. For this reason, the organic light-emitting material may be protected from exposure to water and oxygen by a barrier layer disposed over the organic, light-emitting material.
In addition to organic, light-emitting materials, other light-emitting materials may be useful in the invention. Suitable light-emitting materials include, but are not limited to, 2o transmissive materials, lasers, slide projectors, inorganic, light-emitting diodes, cathode ray tubes, and incandescent, fluorescent, infrared, or neon bulbs. Similarly, the light-emitting layer may be a microwave, radio frequency, or X-ray device, or any other device or material that creates, either directly or through suitable means, sufficient wavelength energy to cause an electrical response by an appropriately sensitive mediator. The light-emitting material may also be an electroluminescent material, such as ZnS dispersed in a polymer matrix, for example.
Photoconductive materials for use in displays of the invention include organic photoconductive polymers, dye-aggregate photoreceptors, and pigment-based photoconductors.
In some embodiments of the invention, it may be advantageous to construct a two-layer photoconductive material in which the charge-generation and charge-transport layers are separate (i.e., a dual-layer configuration). Photoconductive materials for use in displays of the invention are preferably organic photoconductive polymers. An example of an organic photoconductive polymer is 2,4,7-trinitro-9-fluorenone complexed with poly(N-vinylcarbazole).
For pigment-based photoconductors, the pigment particles themselves may be photoconductive, so that the photoactive and optically active components are the same.
Examples of photoconductive materials that may be useful in displays of the invention are disclosed in Pan, et al., U.S. Patent No. 4,439,507, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein. Examples of photoconductive materials include inorganic and organic photoconductive materials, layered photoconductive materials having inorganic or organic compositions, and to composite layered devices containing photoconductive materials in a polymer matrix. One example of a composite layered device is a dispersion of zinc oxide particles in a polymer matrix.
Useful polymer matrices include those which are incapable of transporting for any significant distance injected charge carriers generated by the photoconductive material.
Such useful polymer matrices include, but are not limited to, polystrene resins, silicone resins, acrylic and methacrylic 15 ester polymers, polymerized ester derivatives of acrylic and a-acrylic acids, chlorinated rubber, vinyl polymers and copolymers, and cellulose esters. Other known photoconductive materials include amorphous selenium, halogen doped amorphous selenium substances, amorphous selenium alloys, including selenium arsenic, selenium tellurium, selenium arsenic antimony, halogen doped selenium alloys, wherein the halogen is a material such as chlorine, iodine, or 2o fluorine, cadmium sulfide, and the like. Generally, these photoconductive materials are deposited on a suitable clear substrate, such as a glass, plastic, or polyester substrate.
Depending on their construction, photoconductive materials are tuned in sensitivity to different portions of the infrared, visible, and ultraviolet spectrum. A
photoconductive material for use in a display of the invention preferably has an absorption activity that is substantially 25 matched to the emissive wavelength range of the particular organic, light-emitting material being used in that display. The wavelength sensitivity of the photoconductor is dependent on the composition of the charge generator. For example, if the charge generator is primarily selenium alloys, the photoconductive material is most sensitive to blue light near the 400 nm wavelength range. Alternatively, if the charge generator is mainly phthalocyanine pigments, the 3o photoconductive material is most sensitive to red light near the 700 nm wavelength range.
While the invention shown in Figure 1 generally describes a light-emitting layer 10 directly behind the electrophoretic layer 14 and photoconductive layer 12, the light source can also be in front, to the side, or offset from the electrophoretic layer or photoconductive layer. One such example is shown in Figure 2. Figure 2 shows a display 22 having a light-emitting layer 10 offset to the right of, and on a different plane from, the photoconductive layer 12 and the electrophoretic layer 14. Mirror 24 serves to direct light from the light-emitting layer 10 to the photoconductive layer 12. In alternative embodiments, the light is conveyed by light pipe, mirror, fiber optic assembly, or other light-transmitting methods. Similarly, in another alternative embodiment, the electrical properties of the photoconductive layer 12 are conveyed to the to electrophoretic layer 14 by various connecting conductors or otherwise conductive layers.
The embodiment of the invention shown in Figure 1 has many benefits over traditional displays. For example, the light-emitting layer 10 and the electrophoretic layer 14 are opto-isolated, making the display 20 more tolerant of surges and spikes in the drive electronics than would be true if the drive electronics were connected directly. Furthermore, when the display 20 is bistable, the display need only operate during the switching period and is otherwise deactivated.
During the switching period, even a small amount of light is sufficient to activate certain photoconductors. Thus, the display operates with reduced power consumption and improved lifetime compared to a standalone emissive display. Finally, in this embodiment of the invention, favorable lower-voltage addressing characteristics of the light-emitting layer 10 are utilized by the 2o electrophoretic layer 14. The display 20 therefore provides for the use of cheaper low-voltage drivers to address a high-voltage display.
Figure 3 shows another display of the invention. The display 26 includes light-emitting layer 10, photoconductive layer 12, optical barrier layer 28, electrophoretic layer 14, a clear top electrode 16, and a source of voltage 18. Electrophoretic layers are naturally highly light blocking, since they are designed to have a high contrast between the two states. Many photoconductive layers, on the other hand, are highly sensitive to light, so that even a little light leaking through the electrophoretic layer 14 is sufficient to render the photoconductive layer 12 conductive. In this case, an optical barrier layer 28 is inserted between the electrophoretic layer 14 and the photoconductive layer 12. As described above, an optical barrier layer 28 may be a 3o dispersion of black pigment particles in an epoxy binder, for example. This optical barrier layer 28 also conducts a charge from the photoconductive layer 12 to the electrophoretic layer 14. The conductivity of the optical barrier layer 28 must, however, be low enough to prevent most of the lateral charge flow. This is usually accomplished by making the optical blocking layer 28 as thin as possible.
In other embodiments of the invention, the photoconductive layer may or may not be optically responsive in a uniform manner across the entire display or a pixel of the display. By creating sub-pixel regions in which the photoconductive layer differs, varying optical effects are achieved. On such example is shown in Figure 4. Figure 4 shows a display 30 containing a light-emitting layer 10, a first photoconductive material 32, a second photoconductive material 34, an to electrophoretic layer 14, a clear top electrode 16, and a source of voltage 18. Each of the first and second photoconductive materials is sensitive to a different variable of light. The variable may be the wavelength of the light, the intensity of the light, or the duration of the light. By varying, for example, the wavelength of light from the light-emitting layer 10, different sub-pixel regions of the electrophoretic layer 14 are addressed.
The embodiment as shown in Figure 4 may have a varying number of sub-pixel regions and different photoconductive materials in order to provide grayscale or color displays. For example, a pixel is split into four sub-pixels with each sub-pixel having a photoconductive material sensitive to, for example, varying levels or durations of light. A
single underlying light-emitting layer actuates one, two, three, or four of the sub-pixel regions, and thereby achieves 2o four-bit grayscale. In this manner, a grayscale emissive display drives a grayscale electrophoretic display. Similarly, in another example, the various sub-pixel regions correspond to varying colors.
In this manner, a grayscale emissive display drives an electrophoretic layer capable of different colors without requiring separate addressing for each of the color sub-pixel regions.
In another embodiment, photoconductive layer sub-regions are tuned to respond to varying frequencies of light. A single pixel is therefore capable of generating multiple frequencies of light, which actuate multiple individual overlying pixels or sub-pixels.
This permits an emissive display of one resolution to successfizlly address a second display at a higher resolution.
In the embodiment shown in Figure 5, a printed capacitor or printed region of conductive material, is interposed between the photoconductive layer and the electrophoretic layer. As shown in Figure 5, the display 36 contains a light-emitting layer I0, a photoconductive layer 12, a capacitor 38, an electrophoretic layer 14, a clear top electrode 16, and a source of voltage 18. As shown in the figure, the capacitor 38 is located beneath only a portion of, or beneath one of the two sub-pixels of, the electrophoretic layer 14. Since the capacitor is beneath one sub-pixel and not another, a brief drop in voltage across both sub-pixels actuates only one of the sub-pixels.
The embodiment of Figure 5 may be combined with that of Figure 4 to achieve further addressing systems. For example, if the sub-pixel lacking a capacitor is addressed by a first photoconductive layer requiring a high intensity of light for activation, whereas the sub-pixel with a capacitor is addressed by a second photoconductive layer that activates at low intensities of light, the first sub-pixel, but not the second, is actuated with a short pulse of intense light. The second sub-pixel, but not the first sub-pixel, is actuated with a long pulse of low-intensity light.
Furthermore, both sub-pixels are actuated with a long pulse of high-intensity light. This again would permit an emissive display of one resolution to successfully address a second display at a higher resolution.
While the invention disclosed above generally describes an electrophoretic layer that covers a photoconductive layer, that in turn covers a light-emitting layer, the various layers can also be applied with partial coverage to achieve various effects. For example, the pixels of the electrophoretic layer may have sub-pixel regions. In one embodiment shown in Figure 6, the display 40 contains sub-pixel region 42, which is a bistable electrophoretic material, behind which 2o is a first photoconductive material 44. Behind the photoconductive material 44 is a light-emitting layer 10 that is addressed using a multiplex addressing drive scheme. In another sub-pixel region, a second photoconductive material 46, which is affected by a different wavelength, higher intensity, or duration of light, is open to ambient light from the front. This second photoconductive material 46 may or may not be electrically connected with the sub-pixel region 42. Light from an external source is therefore used to address the entire display. Such a display could, for example, be used for white board, which is electronically addressable from behind, as well as addressable by a user standing in front holding a laser pointer or by a projective display.
In an alternative embodiment of the invention shown in Figure 6, the light-emitting layer 10 is open at the rear and is addressed via direct drive or active matrix drive addressing schemes, or by electrostatic print head. An electrical change in the light-emitting layer I O either causes an optical response across the corresponding sub-pixel of the display or, by electrical connection, causes an optical response across the entire pixel. In this manner, a billboard is not only matrix addressed at a coarser resolution, but also addressed at higher resolutions by an alternative drive scheme. For example, with a suitably shaped additional electrode layer, the billboard displays a giant logo in detailed resolution and then alternates with a variable message display.
Alternatively, an electrostatic print head updates one part of the billboard with extremely high resolution, while the remainder of the display is animated or updated at coarser resolution on a frequent or rotating basis.
Another alternative embodiment includes a sub-pixel containing a photoconductive layer to that is optically open from the rear. Again, this photoconductive layer addresses only the sub-pixel immediately above it. If the photoconductive layer is connected by electrical or optical connection to the entire pixel, the entire pixel is addressed. In this manner, a billboard is addressed via matrix addressing, as well as by a laser projector that rasterizes across the rear or by a slide projector that projects onto the display.
15 In another embodiment shown in Figure 7, the display 46 contains a hole or clear region through which light from the emissive portion of the display is visible. The display 46 contains a light-emitting layer 10, photoconductive layers 48 and 48', optical burner layers 50 and SO', electrophoretic layers 52 and 52', clear top electrodes 16 and 16', and sources of voltage 18 and 18'. In this manner, an outdoor display could be constructed which either emits light through the 20 opening between the electrophoretic layers 52 and 52' or operates in a reflective mode with light being emitted from the electrophoretic layers 52 and 52' as they are addressed. The optical burner layers SO and 50' prevent external light from striking the photoconductive layers 48 and 48' and thereby addressing the display 46. Alternatively, the display 46 uses the same addressing method for both types of emission.
25 In alternative embodiments of the display shown in Figure 7, a fenestrated layer is used to control the amount of ambient light striking the photoconductive materials.
Alternatively, an external laser, stylus or projected light source addresses the display by transmitting straight through the electrophoretic layer at a frequency that activates a photoconductive material that is sensitive to that frequency. By tuning the laser to a certain frequency and by driving the photoconductive layer with voltage in a synchronized manner, the display's exposure to unwanted ambient light at the chosen frequency is reduced. In another alternative embodiment, the addition of an optical filter or a light-modulating layer, such as a photochromic material, affects the amount of Iight striking the photoconductive layer.
In another embodiment, as shown in Figure 8, a display 54 includes light-emitting layer 10, fenestrated dielectrophoretic layer 56, photoconductive layer 12, clear top electrode 16, and a source of voltage 18. The display 54 is multiplexed, with select and non-select voltages being applied to the rows and the data being applied to the columns. The voltage in non-selected rows is chosen such that, with the dark impedance of the photoconductive layer 12, the voltage drop 1o across the light-emitting layer 10 is insufficient to address the light-emitting layer 10 independent of the data on that column. When a pixel is turned on by being in a selected row at the appropriate data voltage, the light-emitting layer 10 emits light. The light travels through the fenestrated dielectrophoretic layer 56 and strikes the photoconductive layer 12, thereby reducing the impedance of the photoconductive layer 12. In an alternative embodiment, the addition of an optical filter or a light-modulating layer, such as a photochromic material, affects the amount of light striking the photoconductive layer. The reduction in impedance causes the voltage drop across the photoconductive layer 12 to decrease, which in turn causes the non-select voltage (which is then applied to that row as other rows are addressed) to drop across the light-emitting layer 10. This non-select voltage drop is sufficient to "latch" the pixel on.
A threshold voltage is, 2o therefore, initially required to address the display 54. After light from the light-emitting layer 10 operates to lower the impedance of the photoconductive layer 12, a lower threshold voltage is required to maintain the display 54 in the illuminated state.
Figure 9 shows an embodiment of the invention in which an external paper document is used to generate an image. The display 58 of this embodiment includes paper document 64, light diffusor 62, fenestrated~ light-emitting layer 60, photoconductive layer 12, electrophoretic layer 14, clear top electrode 16, and a source of voltage 18. Light diffusor 62 is optional to the display 58 and may also be embodied as a clear spacer. Paper document 64 is any external object having a reflective surface containing both areas of light appearance and areas of dark appearance. In the embodiment of Figure 9, the fenestrated light-emitting layer 60 bounces light through the light 3o diffusor 62, which may, for example, focus, diffuse or change the angle of incidence of the light, and to the document 64. The light is then reflected more from lighter areas than from the darker areas of the document 64. The reflected light from the lighter areas of document 64 thereby activates those regions of photoconductive layer 12 that correspond to the reflected regions of the document 64. In this manner, a display that can be placed against any document, or reflective surface, and images itself with high resolution in the same form as the document, is constructed.
The effect is further enhanced when the electrophoretic display is bistable and when the entire display is flexible. Thus, this invention provides for a paper-like display that can copy an image directly from a document. In a preferred embodiment, the light-emitting layer does not require an addressing matrix, because information content is translated wholly from the external reflective 1o surface.
Displays of the invention are also preferably flexible. The display materials may, for example, be printed onto thin, flexible substrates. Such substrates may include pliable, plastics, polymeric films, metal foils, and thin glass, for example.
The invention therefore provides for the combination of light-emitting, photoconductive, 15 and electrophoretic materials in a display that is addressable using a multiplex addressing drive scheme. Such a combination permits construction of cheap, low-power, bistable, and fast switching, yet high-resolution, displays. Such displays are uniquely suited for flexible, curved, and contoured handheld applications, as well as for large-areas, such as billboards, due to their all-printed construction. Practical applications of such displays include portable electronics, such 2o as pagers, cellular telephones, notebook computers, personal digital assistants, etc., large area displays for signs, advertising, and informational purposes, wearable displays, displays on appliances, displays on non-portable electronic devices, electronic paper, electronic newspapers, and electronic books.
Electrophoretic displays and systems for addressing such displays are therefore described.
25 Additional aspects and advantages of the invention are apparent upon consideration of the foregoing. Accordingly, the scope of the invention is limited only by the scope of the appended claims.
Cross-Reference to Related Applications The present application claims priority to U.S.S.N. 60/078,363, filed March 18, 1998 and U.S.S.N. 60/090,232, filed June 22, 1998, the disclosures ofwhich are hereby incorporated by reference herein.
Field of the Invention The present invention relates to electrophoretic displays, especially encapsulated electrophoretic displays, and to systems for addressing such displays.
Background of the Invention There are a number of interesting display media which provide good optical appearance, Io the ability to be constructed in large areas or on flexible substrates, low cost, and ease of manufacture. Such display media include microencapsulated electrophoretic displays, rotating bichromal ball displays, suspended particle displays, and composites of liquid crystals with polymers, including polymer dispersed liquid crystals, polymer stabilized liquid crystals, and liquid crystal gels.
15 One drawback of such displays is that they are difficult to practically and economically address. One common means of addressing is known as direct drive addressing, in which each pixel is controlled by its own external drive circuit. This scheme is both expensive and impractical for displays containing a large number of pixels and for displays containing pixels that are tightly packed.
2o Another means of addressing is active matrix drive addressing, in which an electrically non-linear element is deposited on the display substrate. Examples of such electronically non-linear elements include transistors, diodes, and varistors. While this type of addressing is well-known and widely practiced, it is expensive to produce and difficult to achieve on plastic substrates.
_2-A third means of addressing uses multiplexing, in which the conductive portions of the substrate are patterned so that rows of pixels on the substrate are electrically connected and columns of pixels on the substrate are also electrically connected. Typically, voltages are sequentially placed on the row electrodes, with the pixel data for each row being placed on the column electrode. This type of addressing is used for a variety of display media. Its use is limited, however, to displays in which the optical response as a function of applied voltage is non-linear and in which there is a significant voltage threshold to turn on the pixels. Display media which do not show a pronounced voltage threshold show poor contrast when driven with multiplex addressing drive schemes. .
io The purpose of this disclosure is to describe electrophoretic displays, especially encapsulated electrophoretic displays, and systems for addressing display media of such displays.
Systems of the invention allow for the addressing of display media that have poor threshold behavior without the high costs associated with using direct drive and active matrix drive addressing schemes. This is accomplished by using a multiplex addressing drive scheme in 15 conjunction with an emissive material that does possess a pronounced voltage threshold.
Summary of the Invention The present invention provides electrophoretic displays, especially encapsulated electrophoretic displays, and systems for addressing such displays. Displays of the invention include an organic, light-emitting layer, a photoconductive layer, and an electrophoretic layer.
2o Such displays may be rigid or flexible. Displays of the invention may also include a reflective substrate to direct light from the organic, light-emitting layer to the photoconductive layer.
Displays of the invention may also include a dielectrophoretic layer, which is preferably fenestrated. Finally, displays of the invention may also include a capacitor.
In one embodiment, the invention relates to an electrophoretic display including an 25 organic, light-emitting layer, a photoconductive layer adjacent the organic, light-emitting layer, and an electrophoretic layer adjacent the photoconductive layer. Light from the organic, light-emitting layer strikes the photoconductive layer at a first point on a first side of the photoconductive layer, which faces the organic, light-emitting layer. A
voltage is then generated at a second point on a second side of the photoconductive layer. This second point corresponds to the first point and faces the electrophoretic layer. The voltage at the second point addresses the electrophoretic layer at a predetermined point on the electrophoretic layer.
When the display is not illuminated, the impedance of the photoconductive layer is much greater than the impedance of the electrophoretic layer. The photoconductive layer therefore drops the majority of the applied voltage. When the display is illuminated, the impedance of the photoconductive layer decreases, and the majority of the applied voltage then drops across the electrophoretic layer, forming an image. Specifically, the photoconductive layer is biased at a voltage on the "rear" side, which faces the organic, light-emitting layer. The portions of the photoconductive layer that are exposed to light effectively transfer the voltage to the "front" side to of the photoconductive layer, which faces the electrophoretic layer.
Depending on the ratios of the capacitances and the resistances, the reset pulse may require a slow ramp to avoid the capacitive regime.
In another embodiment of the invention, an emissive display includes an organic, light-emitting layer and a photoconductive layer disposed under the organic, light-emitting layer. In this embodiment, the organic, light-emitting layer is addressable at a first predetermined voltage.
A first fraction of this first predetermined voltage drops across the organic, light-emitting layer, and a second fraction of this first predetermined voltage drops across the photoconductive layer.
When the organic, light-emitting layer is addressed using this first predetermined voltage, it emits light, which strikes the photoconductive layer. This light causes the impedance of the 2o photoconductive layer to decrease, so that the fraction of the first predetermined voltage dropping across the photoconductive layer is decreased and the fraction of the first predetermined voltage dropping across the organic, light-emitting layer is increased. The organic, light-emitting layer may then be addressed at a second predetermined voltage, which is lower than the first predetermined voltage. In an alternative embodiment, the emissive display includes a fenestrated dielectrophoretic layer, which modulates the amount of light striking the photoconductive layer.
The organic, light-emitting layer for use in displays of the invention includes an organic material disposed on a clear substrate. The clear substrate may be a glass, a plastic, or a polyester substrate, for example. The organic, light-emitting material may be an organic compound, an organometallic compound, an oligomer, or a polymer. Dispersed within the organic material may 3o be inorganic semiconductors, such as CdSe conductors, for example.
WO 99/47970 PC'T/US99/05894 The photoconductive layer for use in displays of the invention includes a photoconductive material, such as 2,4,7-trinitro-9-fluorenone complexed with poly(N-vinylcarbazole). The photoconductive material may be an organic photoconductive polymer, a dye-aggregate photoreceptor, or a pigment-based photoreceptor. In one embodiment, the photoconductive layer is disposed on a clear substrate, such as a glass, a plastic, or a polyester substrate, for example. In one embodiment, an optical barrier layer is disposed over or adjacent to the photoconductive layer. The optical barrier layer is a dispersion of opaque conductive particles in a polymer matrix, such as a dispersion of black pigment particles in an epoxy binder, for example. In other embodiments, the photoconductive layer includes a first photoconductive material and a second 1o photoconductive material. The second photoconductive material is sensitive to a different variable of light than the first photoconductive material. The variable of light may be the wavelength of the light, the intensity of the light, or the duration of the light.
The electrophoretic layer for use in displays of the invention may be an encapsulated electrophoretic layer or a dielectrophoretic layer. An encapsulated electrophoretic layer of the invention includes a plurality of particles dispersed in a suspending fluid, which is encapsulated in a polymer matrix. The polymer matrix may include an aqueous polymer latex, such as a polyurethane, for example. The polymer matrix may be coated onto a substrate, such as a glass, plastic, or polyester substrate, for example.
In another embodiment of the invention, a display includes a clear top electrode. This 2o clear top electrode may comprise a conductive material on a substrate. The clear top electrode may be indium tin oxide (ITO) coated onto a glass, plastic, or polyester substrate, for example.
The invention will be understood fizrther upon consideration of the following drawings, description, and claims.
Brief Description of the Drawings zs Figure I shows a display of the invention.
Figure 2 shows a display of the invention containing a reflective substrate for directing light from an emissive layer to a photoconductive layer.
Figure 3 shows a display of the invention containing a light-blocking layer.
-S-Figure 4 shows a display of the invention containing two different types of photoconductive materials.
Figure 5 shows a display of the invention containing a capacitor.
Figure 6 shows a display of the invention containing a partial electrophoretic layer.
Figure 7 shows a display of the invention containing partial electrophoretic and photoconductive layers, as well as a light-blocking material.
Figure 8 shows a display of the invention containing a photoconductive layer, an organic, Light-emitting layer, and a fenestrated dielectrophoretic layer.
Figure 9 shows a display of the invention containing a light-directing layer and a spacer to layer so as to generate an image based on an external reflective surface.
Like reference characters in the drawings represent corresponding parts.
Detailed DescriQ,tion of the Invention The invention relates to electrophoretic displays, especially encapsulated electrophoretic displays, and to systems for addressing such displays. Generally, an electrophoretic display of the invention includes a light-emitting layer, a photoconductive layer, and an electrophoretic layer.
The light-emitting layer is preferably an organic, light-emitting material, such as an organic compound, an organometallic compound, an oligomer, or a polymer, for example.
The photoconductive layer is preferably an organic conductive polymer, a dye-aggregate photoreceptor, or a pigment-based photoreceptor. The light-emitting layer and the photoconductive layer are both preferably disposed on a clear substrate, such as a glass, plastic, to or polyester substrate, for example. The electrophoretic layer may be an encapsulated electrophoretic layer or a dielectrophoretic layer, for example. Displays of the invention may also include a dielectrophoretic layer, which is preferably fenestrated. Displays of the invention may be either rigid or flexible. Finally, displays of the invention may include at least one capacitor.
Displays of the invention provide for the use of a multiplexed drive scheme to address the display. In the below described embodiments of the invention, the light-emitting layer is addressed using a multiplex addressing drive scheme. The impedance of the photoconductive layer is lowered when it is struck by light from the light-emitting layer. As a result of the lowered impedance of the photoconductive layer, the electrophoretic layer, which itself cannot be multiplexed, is addressed at a lower, subthreshold voltage in dark regions of the display and at a 2o higher voltage in the illuminated regions of the display.
The present invention provides novel combinations of emissive materials and electrophoretic display materials to provide the effective multiplexed addressing of the electrophoretic display. In particular, organic, light-emitting materials, which have not been previously described in optical addressing of electrophoretic displays, are described as the multiplexed emissive materials. Additionally, the use of emissive materials in this manner extends the number of organic emissives that are practical for a number of applications. Finally, applications of these materials on flexible substrates, which are useful in larger-area, low cost, or high-durability applications, is also described. Electrophoretic displays of the invention are described below.
-Figure 1 shows a display of the invention. The display 20 includes light-emitting layer 10, photoconductive layer 12, electrophoretic layer 14, clear top electrode 16, and a source of voltage 18. In one embodiment, the clear top electrode 16 is a glass, plastic, or polyester substrate coated with indium tin oxide (ITO). In the embodiment shown in Figure 1, a large voltage is placed on the photoconductive layer 12 relative to the electrophoretic layer 14, so that the photoconductive layer 12 essentially serves as one electrode of the display 20. When no light strikes the photoconductive layer 12, the voltage drops primarily across the photoconductive layer 12 (i.e., no voltage on the electrophoretic layer 14). When light strikes the photoconductive layer 12, however, voltage drops across the electrophoretic layer 14, and the electrophoretic layer 14 is to addressed.
Electrophoretic layers for use in displays of the invention are preferably encapsulated electrophoretic layers, but other electrophoretic layers are contemplated by the invention. Such layers include dielectrophoretic layers, addressable retroreflective layers, and micro-mechanical, micro-mirror, or other light-directing layers, as well as layers in which the optical effect is achieved by translating various liquids of differing dielectric constants (i.e., suspended liquid displays). The electrophoretic layer may also be a classic emissive, transmissive, or transflective display material. Furthermore, the electrophoretic layer may be nematic liquid crystals in a variety of modes (e.g., tunable birefringence, twisted nematic, or vertically-aligned nematic), polymer dispersed liquid crystals, ferroelectric liquid crystals, or standard electrophoretic displays on glass.
(See, e.g., "High Resolution Display with Photoconductor Addressing" by Stephen Blazo, SID
Digest Technical Papers 1982, pp. 92-93). Such displays, while effective, are, however, typically expensive to produce andlor are limited to use in small areas.
An encapsulated electrophoretic layer of the invention, preferably contains particles in a suspending fluid. In some embodiments of the invention, at least one species of particles are titania particles or other particles of high refractive index such as clays.
In other embodiments of the invention, at least one species of particles responds to heat, fluorescent light, magnetic field, or other phenomena, and releases light.
Referring again to Figure 1, if the electrophoretic layer 14 has a low conductivity (i.e., the particles are the primary charge carriers), the particles are brought to one electrode by the 3o application of a high voltage, while the photoconductive layer 12 is kept dark. Alternatively, if _g_ the electrophoretic layer 14 has a high conductivity (i.e., there are a large number of free ions), the particles are brought to one electrode by the application of a high voltage and the entire display is illuminated. Once the particles are on one side or the other of the display, they will remain attached to the wall of the electrophoretic layer 14 (i.e., the display is bistable). The voltage is then reversed by ramping very slowly to the opposite polarity. If the electrophoretic layer 14 has a low conductivity, this ramping may be done in the dark. If the electrophoretic layer 14 has a high conductivity, this ramping must be done in the dark. In either case, the particles do not move as long as the slowly ramping voltage across the electrophoretic layer 14 is kept under the threshold voltage by the movement of free ions in the electrophoretic layer 14. With the 1o voltage remaining on, the photoconductive layer 12 is illuminated image-wise. The particles then move to the opposite electrode in the regions of the electrophoretic layer 14 that are adjacent to the illuminated regions of the photoconductive layer 12.
In an alternative embodiment of the display of Figure l, the light-emitting layer 10 is addressed using an active matrix addressing scheme. The emission from the light-emitting layer 10 then addresses the electrophoretic layer 14, mediated by the photoconductive layer 12. The advantage here is that the light-emitting layer 10 can be driven at low voltages and with low power, as is compatible with active matrix devices. Some implementations of the displays described herein require high voltages, which are incompatible with active matrix electronics.
This embodiment therefore provides a system in which a low voltage active matrix panel drives a 2o high voltage display medium, mediated by the light-emitting layer 10 and the photoconductive layer 12.
Light-emitting layers for use in displays of the invention are preferably an organic, light-emitting material (i.e., an organic, light-emitting diode, or OLED) disposed on a clear substrate.
The substrate may be a glass, plastic, or polyester substrate. Organic, light-emitting materials, or OLEDs, for use in displays of the invention include organic compounds, organometallic compounds, oligomers, and polymers. Examples of organic materials that may be useful in the invention include, but are not limited to, tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq3), N,N'-bis-(1-naphyl)-N,N'-diphenyl-1,1'-biphenyl-4,4'-diamine (NPB), poly[2,5-bis[2-(N,N,N-triethylammonium)ethoxy]-1,4-phenylene-alt-1,4-phenylene] dibromide (PPP-NEt3+)s, and poly(5-3o methoxy-(2-propanoxysulfonide)-1,4-phenylene vinylene) (MPS-PPV). In one embodiment, the _g_ organic, light-emitting layer is a multi-layer composition. For example, the organic, light-emitting layer may 6e a composition of ITO/copper phthalocyanine/NPB/8-hydroxyquinoline aluminum/Mg. Additionally, composites of such organic materials may be used as the organic, light-emitting layer, such as MPS-PPV doped PPP-NEt3+, for example. Other organic, light-emitting materials that may be useful in the invention are not formally diodes. Such materials work by the formation of dynamic p-n junctions or by other processes, such as chemiluminescence, for example. The light-emitting materials described herein include these and related materials.
Organic, light-emitting materials for use in the invention may also include dispersions or layers of inorganic semiconductors. Such inorganic semiconductors include, but are not limited to, CdSe. The devices may have multiple layers, including electron-injecting electrodes, electron transport layers, emissive layers, hole transporting layers, and hole-injecting electrodes.
One drawback of organic, light-emitting materials is their relatively short lifetimes, particularly when operated to produce light. In particular, the organic, light-emitting material tends to degrade unless water and oxygen are excluded. For this reason, the organic light-emitting material may be protected from exposure to water and oxygen by a barrier layer disposed over the organic, light-emitting material.
In addition to organic, light-emitting materials, other light-emitting materials may be useful in the invention. Suitable light-emitting materials include, but are not limited to, 2o transmissive materials, lasers, slide projectors, inorganic, light-emitting diodes, cathode ray tubes, and incandescent, fluorescent, infrared, or neon bulbs. Similarly, the light-emitting layer may be a microwave, radio frequency, or X-ray device, or any other device or material that creates, either directly or through suitable means, sufficient wavelength energy to cause an electrical response by an appropriately sensitive mediator. The light-emitting material may also be an electroluminescent material, such as ZnS dispersed in a polymer matrix, for example.
Photoconductive materials for use in displays of the invention include organic photoconductive polymers, dye-aggregate photoreceptors, and pigment-based photoconductors.
In some embodiments of the invention, it may be advantageous to construct a two-layer photoconductive material in which the charge-generation and charge-transport layers are separate (i.e., a dual-layer configuration). Photoconductive materials for use in displays of the invention are preferably organic photoconductive polymers. An example of an organic photoconductive polymer is 2,4,7-trinitro-9-fluorenone complexed with poly(N-vinylcarbazole).
For pigment-based photoconductors, the pigment particles themselves may be photoconductive, so that the photoactive and optically active components are the same.
Examples of photoconductive materials that may be useful in displays of the invention are disclosed in Pan, et al., U.S. Patent No. 4,439,507, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein. Examples of photoconductive materials include inorganic and organic photoconductive materials, layered photoconductive materials having inorganic or organic compositions, and to composite layered devices containing photoconductive materials in a polymer matrix. One example of a composite layered device is a dispersion of zinc oxide particles in a polymer matrix.
Useful polymer matrices include those which are incapable of transporting for any significant distance injected charge carriers generated by the photoconductive material.
Such useful polymer matrices include, but are not limited to, polystrene resins, silicone resins, acrylic and methacrylic 15 ester polymers, polymerized ester derivatives of acrylic and a-acrylic acids, chlorinated rubber, vinyl polymers and copolymers, and cellulose esters. Other known photoconductive materials include amorphous selenium, halogen doped amorphous selenium substances, amorphous selenium alloys, including selenium arsenic, selenium tellurium, selenium arsenic antimony, halogen doped selenium alloys, wherein the halogen is a material such as chlorine, iodine, or 2o fluorine, cadmium sulfide, and the like. Generally, these photoconductive materials are deposited on a suitable clear substrate, such as a glass, plastic, or polyester substrate.
Depending on their construction, photoconductive materials are tuned in sensitivity to different portions of the infrared, visible, and ultraviolet spectrum. A
photoconductive material for use in a display of the invention preferably has an absorption activity that is substantially 25 matched to the emissive wavelength range of the particular organic, light-emitting material being used in that display. The wavelength sensitivity of the photoconductor is dependent on the composition of the charge generator. For example, if the charge generator is primarily selenium alloys, the photoconductive material is most sensitive to blue light near the 400 nm wavelength range. Alternatively, if the charge generator is mainly phthalocyanine pigments, the 3o photoconductive material is most sensitive to red light near the 700 nm wavelength range.
While the invention shown in Figure 1 generally describes a light-emitting layer 10 directly behind the electrophoretic layer 14 and photoconductive layer 12, the light source can also be in front, to the side, or offset from the electrophoretic layer or photoconductive layer. One such example is shown in Figure 2. Figure 2 shows a display 22 having a light-emitting layer 10 offset to the right of, and on a different plane from, the photoconductive layer 12 and the electrophoretic layer 14. Mirror 24 serves to direct light from the light-emitting layer 10 to the photoconductive layer 12. In alternative embodiments, the light is conveyed by light pipe, mirror, fiber optic assembly, or other light-transmitting methods. Similarly, in another alternative embodiment, the electrical properties of the photoconductive layer 12 are conveyed to the to electrophoretic layer 14 by various connecting conductors or otherwise conductive layers.
The embodiment of the invention shown in Figure 1 has many benefits over traditional displays. For example, the light-emitting layer 10 and the electrophoretic layer 14 are opto-isolated, making the display 20 more tolerant of surges and spikes in the drive electronics than would be true if the drive electronics were connected directly. Furthermore, when the display 20 is bistable, the display need only operate during the switching period and is otherwise deactivated.
During the switching period, even a small amount of light is sufficient to activate certain photoconductors. Thus, the display operates with reduced power consumption and improved lifetime compared to a standalone emissive display. Finally, in this embodiment of the invention, favorable lower-voltage addressing characteristics of the light-emitting layer 10 are utilized by the 2o electrophoretic layer 14. The display 20 therefore provides for the use of cheaper low-voltage drivers to address a high-voltage display.
Figure 3 shows another display of the invention. The display 26 includes light-emitting layer 10, photoconductive layer 12, optical barrier layer 28, electrophoretic layer 14, a clear top electrode 16, and a source of voltage 18. Electrophoretic layers are naturally highly light blocking, since they are designed to have a high contrast between the two states. Many photoconductive layers, on the other hand, are highly sensitive to light, so that even a little light leaking through the electrophoretic layer 14 is sufficient to render the photoconductive layer 12 conductive. In this case, an optical barrier layer 28 is inserted between the electrophoretic layer 14 and the photoconductive layer 12. As described above, an optical barrier layer 28 may be a 3o dispersion of black pigment particles in an epoxy binder, for example. This optical barrier layer 28 also conducts a charge from the photoconductive layer 12 to the electrophoretic layer 14. The conductivity of the optical barrier layer 28 must, however, be low enough to prevent most of the lateral charge flow. This is usually accomplished by making the optical blocking layer 28 as thin as possible.
In other embodiments of the invention, the photoconductive layer may or may not be optically responsive in a uniform manner across the entire display or a pixel of the display. By creating sub-pixel regions in which the photoconductive layer differs, varying optical effects are achieved. On such example is shown in Figure 4. Figure 4 shows a display 30 containing a light-emitting layer 10, a first photoconductive material 32, a second photoconductive material 34, an to electrophoretic layer 14, a clear top electrode 16, and a source of voltage 18. Each of the first and second photoconductive materials is sensitive to a different variable of light. The variable may be the wavelength of the light, the intensity of the light, or the duration of the light. By varying, for example, the wavelength of light from the light-emitting layer 10, different sub-pixel regions of the electrophoretic layer 14 are addressed.
The embodiment as shown in Figure 4 may have a varying number of sub-pixel regions and different photoconductive materials in order to provide grayscale or color displays. For example, a pixel is split into four sub-pixels with each sub-pixel having a photoconductive material sensitive to, for example, varying levels or durations of light. A
single underlying light-emitting layer actuates one, two, three, or four of the sub-pixel regions, and thereby achieves 2o four-bit grayscale. In this manner, a grayscale emissive display drives a grayscale electrophoretic display. Similarly, in another example, the various sub-pixel regions correspond to varying colors.
In this manner, a grayscale emissive display drives an electrophoretic layer capable of different colors without requiring separate addressing for each of the color sub-pixel regions.
In another embodiment, photoconductive layer sub-regions are tuned to respond to varying frequencies of light. A single pixel is therefore capable of generating multiple frequencies of light, which actuate multiple individual overlying pixels or sub-pixels.
This permits an emissive display of one resolution to successfizlly address a second display at a higher resolution.
In the embodiment shown in Figure 5, a printed capacitor or printed region of conductive material, is interposed between the photoconductive layer and the electrophoretic layer. As shown in Figure 5, the display 36 contains a light-emitting layer I0, a photoconductive layer 12, a capacitor 38, an electrophoretic layer 14, a clear top electrode 16, and a source of voltage 18. As shown in the figure, the capacitor 38 is located beneath only a portion of, or beneath one of the two sub-pixels of, the electrophoretic layer 14. Since the capacitor is beneath one sub-pixel and not another, a brief drop in voltage across both sub-pixels actuates only one of the sub-pixels.
The embodiment of Figure 5 may be combined with that of Figure 4 to achieve further addressing systems. For example, if the sub-pixel lacking a capacitor is addressed by a first photoconductive layer requiring a high intensity of light for activation, whereas the sub-pixel with a capacitor is addressed by a second photoconductive layer that activates at low intensities of light, the first sub-pixel, but not the second, is actuated with a short pulse of intense light. The second sub-pixel, but not the first sub-pixel, is actuated with a long pulse of low-intensity light.
Furthermore, both sub-pixels are actuated with a long pulse of high-intensity light. This again would permit an emissive display of one resolution to successfully address a second display at a higher resolution.
While the invention disclosed above generally describes an electrophoretic layer that covers a photoconductive layer, that in turn covers a light-emitting layer, the various layers can also be applied with partial coverage to achieve various effects. For example, the pixels of the electrophoretic layer may have sub-pixel regions. In one embodiment shown in Figure 6, the display 40 contains sub-pixel region 42, which is a bistable electrophoretic material, behind which 2o is a first photoconductive material 44. Behind the photoconductive material 44 is a light-emitting layer 10 that is addressed using a multiplex addressing drive scheme. In another sub-pixel region, a second photoconductive material 46, which is affected by a different wavelength, higher intensity, or duration of light, is open to ambient light from the front. This second photoconductive material 46 may or may not be electrically connected with the sub-pixel region 42. Light from an external source is therefore used to address the entire display. Such a display could, for example, be used for white board, which is electronically addressable from behind, as well as addressable by a user standing in front holding a laser pointer or by a projective display.
In an alternative embodiment of the invention shown in Figure 6, the light-emitting layer 10 is open at the rear and is addressed via direct drive or active matrix drive addressing schemes, or by electrostatic print head. An electrical change in the light-emitting layer I O either causes an optical response across the corresponding sub-pixel of the display or, by electrical connection, causes an optical response across the entire pixel. In this manner, a billboard is not only matrix addressed at a coarser resolution, but also addressed at higher resolutions by an alternative drive scheme. For example, with a suitably shaped additional electrode layer, the billboard displays a giant logo in detailed resolution and then alternates with a variable message display.
Alternatively, an electrostatic print head updates one part of the billboard with extremely high resolution, while the remainder of the display is animated or updated at coarser resolution on a frequent or rotating basis.
Another alternative embodiment includes a sub-pixel containing a photoconductive layer to that is optically open from the rear. Again, this photoconductive layer addresses only the sub-pixel immediately above it. If the photoconductive layer is connected by electrical or optical connection to the entire pixel, the entire pixel is addressed. In this manner, a billboard is addressed via matrix addressing, as well as by a laser projector that rasterizes across the rear or by a slide projector that projects onto the display.
15 In another embodiment shown in Figure 7, the display 46 contains a hole or clear region through which light from the emissive portion of the display is visible. The display 46 contains a light-emitting layer 10, photoconductive layers 48 and 48', optical burner layers 50 and SO', electrophoretic layers 52 and 52', clear top electrodes 16 and 16', and sources of voltage 18 and 18'. In this manner, an outdoor display could be constructed which either emits light through the 20 opening between the electrophoretic layers 52 and 52' or operates in a reflective mode with light being emitted from the electrophoretic layers 52 and 52' as they are addressed. The optical burner layers SO and 50' prevent external light from striking the photoconductive layers 48 and 48' and thereby addressing the display 46. Alternatively, the display 46 uses the same addressing method for both types of emission.
25 In alternative embodiments of the display shown in Figure 7, a fenestrated layer is used to control the amount of ambient light striking the photoconductive materials.
Alternatively, an external laser, stylus or projected light source addresses the display by transmitting straight through the electrophoretic layer at a frequency that activates a photoconductive material that is sensitive to that frequency. By tuning the laser to a certain frequency and by driving the photoconductive layer with voltage in a synchronized manner, the display's exposure to unwanted ambient light at the chosen frequency is reduced. In another alternative embodiment, the addition of an optical filter or a light-modulating layer, such as a photochromic material, affects the amount of Iight striking the photoconductive layer.
In another embodiment, as shown in Figure 8, a display 54 includes light-emitting layer 10, fenestrated dielectrophoretic layer 56, photoconductive layer 12, clear top electrode 16, and a source of voltage 18. The display 54 is multiplexed, with select and non-select voltages being applied to the rows and the data being applied to the columns. The voltage in non-selected rows is chosen such that, with the dark impedance of the photoconductive layer 12, the voltage drop 1o across the light-emitting layer 10 is insufficient to address the light-emitting layer 10 independent of the data on that column. When a pixel is turned on by being in a selected row at the appropriate data voltage, the light-emitting layer 10 emits light. The light travels through the fenestrated dielectrophoretic layer 56 and strikes the photoconductive layer 12, thereby reducing the impedance of the photoconductive layer 12. In an alternative embodiment, the addition of an optical filter or a light-modulating layer, such as a photochromic material, affects the amount of light striking the photoconductive layer. The reduction in impedance causes the voltage drop across the photoconductive layer 12 to decrease, which in turn causes the non-select voltage (which is then applied to that row as other rows are addressed) to drop across the light-emitting layer 10. This non-select voltage drop is sufficient to "latch" the pixel on.
A threshold voltage is, 2o therefore, initially required to address the display 54. After light from the light-emitting layer 10 operates to lower the impedance of the photoconductive layer 12, a lower threshold voltage is required to maintain the display 54 in the illuminated state.
Figure 9 shows an embodiment of the invention in which an external paper document is used to generate an image. The display 58 of this embodiment includes paper document 64, light diffusor 62, fenestrated~ light-emitting layer 60, photoconductive layer 12, electrophoretic layer 14, clear top electrode 16, and a source of voltage 18. Light diffusor 62 is optional to the display 58 and may also be embodied as a clear spacer. Paper document 64 is any external object having a reflective surface containing both areas of light appearance and areas of dark appearance. In the embodiment of Figure 9, the fenestrated light-emitting layer 60 bounces light through the light 3o diffusor 62, which may, for example, focus, diffuse or change the angle of incidence of the light, and to the document 64. The light is then reflected more from lighter areas than from the darker areas of the document 64. The reflected light from the lighter areas of document 64 thereby activates those regions of photoconductive layer 12 that correspond to the reflected regions of the document 64. In this manner, a display that can be placed against any document, or reflective surface, and images itself with high resolution in the same form as the document, is constructed.
The effect is further enhanced when the electrophoretic display is bistable and when the entire display is flexible. Thus, this invention provides for a paper-like display that can copy an image directly from a document. In a preferred embodiment, the light-emitting layer does not require an addressing matrix, because information content is translated wholly from the external reflective 1o surface.
Displays of the invention are also preferably flexible. The display materials may, for example, be printed onto thin, flexible substrates. Such substrates may include pliable, plastics, polymeric films, metal foils, and thin glass, for example.
The invention therefore provides for the combination of light-emitting, photoconductive, 15 and electrophoretic materials in a display that is addressable using a multiplex addressing drive scheme. Such a combination permits construction of cheap, low-power, bistable, and fast switching, yet high-resolution, displays. Such displays are uniquely suited for flexible, curved, and contoured handheld applications, as well as for large-areas, such as billboards, due to their all-printed construction. Practical applications of such displays include portable electronics, such 2o as pagers, cellular telephones, notebook computers, personal digital assistants, etc., large area displays for signs, advertising, and informational purposes, wearable displays, displays on appliances, displays on non-portable electronic devices, electronic paper, electronic newspapers, and electronic books.
Electrophoretic displays and systems for addressing such displays are therefore described.
25 Additional aspects and advantages of the invention are apparent upon consideration of the foregoing. Accordingly, the scope of the invention is limited only by the scope of the appended claims.
Claims (43)
1. An electrophoretic display, comprising:
(a) a light-emitting layer;
(b) a photoconductive layer adjacent said light-emitting layer, wherein light from said light-emitting layer strikes said photoconductive layer at a first point on a first side of said photoconductive layer, thereby generating a voltage at a corresponding second point on a second side of said photoconductive layer, and (c) an electrophoretic layer adjacent said photoconductive layer, wherein said voltage from said second point on said photoconductive layer addresses said electrophoretic layer at a predetermined point on said electrophoretic layer to cause a particle to translate.
(a) a light-emitting layer;
(b) a photoconductive layer adjacent said light-emitting layer, wherein light from said light-emitting layer strikes said photoconductive layer at a first point on a first side of said photoconductive layer, thereby generating a voltage at a corresponding second point on a second side of said photoconductive layer, and (c) an electrophoretic layer adjacent said photoconductive layer, wherein said voltage from said second point on said photoconductive layer addresses said electrophoretic layer at a predetermined point on said electrophoretic layer to cause a particle to translate.
2. The display of claim 1, wherein said light-emitting layer comprises an organic, light-emitting layer.
3. The display of claim 2, wherein said organic light-emitting layer comprises an organic material disposed an a clear substrate.
4. The display of claim 3, wherein said clear substrate is selected from the group consisting of a glass substrate, a glastic substrate, and a polyester substrate.
5. The display of claim 3, wherein said organic material is selected from the group consisting of organic compounds, organometallic compounds, oligomers and polymers.
6. The display of claim 3, wherein said organic material is tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum.
7. The display of claim 3, wherein said organic material further comprises a dispersion of inorganic semiconductors.
8. The display of claim 7, wherein said inorganic semiconductors are CdSc.
9. The display of claim 1, wherein said light-emitting layer comprises an electroluminescent layer.
10. The display of claim 9, wherein said electroluminescent layer comprises a dispersion of ZnS particles in a polymer binder disposed on a clear substrate.
11. The display of claim 10, wherein said clear substrate is selected from the group consisting of a glass substrate, a plastic substrate, and a polyester substrate.
12. The display of claim 1, wherein said photoconductive layer comprises a photoconductive material disposed on a clear substrate.
13. The display of claim 12, wherein said clear substrate is selected from the group consisting of a glass substrate, a plastic substrate, and a polyester substrate.
14. The display of claim 12, wherein said photoconductive material is selected from the group consisting of organic photoconductive polymers, dye-aggregate photoreceptors, and pigment-based photoconductors.
15. The display of claim 12, wherein said photoconductive material is 2,4,7-trinitro-9-fluorenone complexed with poly(N-vinylcarbazole).
16. The display of claim 1, wherein said photoconductive layer comprises a first photoconductive material and a second photoconductive material, said first photoconductive material being sensitive to a different variable of light than said second photoconductive material.
17. The display of claim 16, wherein said variable of light is selected from the group consisting of a wavelength of said light, an intensity of said light, and a duration of said light.
18. The display of claim 1, wherein said electrophoretic layer is selected from the group consisting of an encapsulated electrophoretic layer and a dielectrophoretic layer.
19. The display of claim 18, wherein said encapsulated electrophoretic layer comprises a plurality of particles dispersed in a suspending fluid and encapsulated in a polymer matrix.
20. The display of claim 1, further comprising a dielectrophoretic layer disposed adjacent said photoconductive layer.
21. The display of claim 1, further comprising a reflective substrate for directing light from said organic, light-emitting layer to said photoconductive layer.
22. The display of claim 1, further comprising a capacitor disposed adjacent said photoconductive layer.
23. The display of claim 1, wherein said display is flexible.
24. The display of claim 1, further comprising a clear electrode in electrical communication with said photoconductive layer.
25. The display of claim 24, wherein said clear electrode comprises a clear substrate coated with indium tin oxide.
26. The display of claim 1, further comprising an optical barrier layer disposed over said photoconductive layer for blocking a quantity of light from at least a portion of said photoconductive layer.
27. The display of claim 26, wherein said optical barrier layer comprises a dispersion of opaque conductive particles in a polymer matrix.
28. An emissive display, comprising:
(a) an organic, light-emitting layer addressable at a first predetermined voltage, a first fraction of said first predetermined voltage dropping across said organic, light-emitting layer; and (b) a photoconductive layer disposed under said organic, light-emitting layer, a second fraction of said first predetermined voltage dropping across said photoconductive layer, wherein light from said organic, light-emitting layer strikes said photoconductive layer, thereby lowering an impedance of said photoconductive layer and thereby reducing said second fraction of said voltage and thereby increasing said first fraction of said voltage, whereby said organic, light-emitting layer is subsequently addressable at a second predetermined voltage, said second predetermined voltage being lower than said first predetermined voltage.
(a) an organic, light-emitting layer addressable at a first predetermined voltage, a first fraction of said first predetermined voltage dropping across said organic, light-emitting layer; and (b) a photoconductive layer disposed under said organic, light-emitting layer, a second fraction of said first predetermined voltage dropping across said photoconductive layer, wherein light from said organic, light-emitting layer strikes said photoconductive layer, thereby lowering an impedance of said photoconductive layer and thereby reducing said second fraction of said voltage and thereby increasing said first fraction of said voltage, whereby said organic, light-emitting layer is subsequently addressable at a second predetermined voltage, said second predetermined voltage being lower than said first predetermined voltage.
29. The display of claim 28, further comprising a fenestrated dielectrophoretic layer disposed between said organic, light-emitting layer and said photoconductive layer, said fenestrated dielectrophoretic layer for modulating an amount of light striking said photoconductive layer.
30. The display of claim 28, wherein said organic, light-emitting layer comprises an organic material disposed on a clear substrate.
31. The display of claim 30, wherein said clear substrate is selected from the group consisting of a glass substrate, a plastic substrate, and a polyester substrate.
32. The display of claim 30, wherein said organic material is a material selected from the group consisting of organic compounds, organometallic compounds, oligomers, and polymers.
33. The display of claim 30, wherein said organic material is tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum.
34. The display of claim 30, wherein said organic material further comprises a dispersion of inorganic semiconductors.
35. The display of claim 34, wherein said inorganic semiconductors are CdSe.
36. The display of claim 28, wherein said photoconductive layer comprises a photoconductive material disposed on a clear substrate.
37. The display of claim 36, wherein said clear substrate is selected from the group consisting of a glass substrate, a plastic substrate, and a polyester substrate.
38. The display of claim 36, wherein said photoconductive material is selected from the group consisting of organic photoconductive polymers, dye-aggregate photoreceptors, and pigment-based photoconductors.
39. The display of claim 36, wherein said photoconductive material is 2,4,7-trinitro-9-fluorenone complexed with poly(N-vinylcarbazole).
40. The display of claim 28, further comprising a clear electrode in electrical communication with said photoconductive layer.
41. The display of claim 41, wherein said clear electrode comprises a clear substrate coated with indium tin oxide.
42. The display of claim 41, wherein said clear substrate is selected from the group consisting of a glass substrate, a plastic substrate, and a polyester substrate.
43. The display of claim 28, wherein said display is flexible.
Applications Claiming Priority (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US7836398P | 1998-03-18 | 1998-03-18 | |
US60/078,363 | 1998-03-18 | ||
US9023298P | 1998-06-22 | 1998-06-22 | |
US60/090,232 | 1998-06-22 | ||
PCT/US1999/005894 WO1999047970A1 (en) | 1998-03-18 | 1999-03-18 | Electrophoretic displays and systems for addressing such displays |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CA2320788A1 true CA2320788A1 (en) | 1999-09-23 |
Family
ID=26760456
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CA002320788A Abandoned CA2320788A1 (en) | 1998-03-18 | 1999-03-18 | Electrophoretic displays and systems for addressing such displays |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6445489B1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1064584B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2002507765A (en) |
AU (1) | AU3190499A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2320788A1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE69917441T2 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1999047970A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (277)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6866760B2 (en) * | 1998-08-27 | 2005-03-15 | E Ink Corporation | Electrophoretic medium and process for the production thereof |
US7327511B2 (en) | 2004-03-23 | 2008-02-05 | E Ink Corporation | Light modulators |
US8139050B2 (en) | 1995-07-20 | 2012-03-20 | E Ink Corporation | Addressing schemes for electronic displays |
US7193625B2 (en) | 1999-04-30 | 2007-03-20 | E Ink Corporation | Methods for driving electro-optic displays, and apparatus for use therein |
US7411719B2 (en) | 1995-07-20 | 2008-08-12 | E Ink Corporation | Electrophoretic medium and process for the production thereof |
US7848006B2 (en) | 1995-07-20 | 2010-12-07 | E Ink Corporation | Electrophoretic displays with controlled amounts of pigment |
US7583251B2 (en) | 1995-07-20 | 2009-09-01 | E Ink Corporation | Dielectrophoretic displays |
US7259744B2 (en) * | 1995-07-20 | 2007-08-21 | E Ink Corporation | Dielectrophoretic displays |
US7999787B2 (en) | 1995-07-20 | 2011-08-16 | E Ink Corporation | Methods for driving electrophoretic displays using dielectrophoretic forces |
US7079305B2 (en) * | 2001-03-19 | 2006-07-18 | E Ink Corporation | Electrophoretic medium and process for the production thereof |
US8040594B2 (en) | 1997-08-28 | 2011-10-18 | E Ink Corporation | Multi-color electrophoretic displays |
US20030102858A1 (en) * | 1998-07-08 | 2003-06-05 | E Ink Corporation | Method and apparatus for determining properties of an electrophoretic display |
DE69934618T2 (en) | 1998-07-08 | 2007-05-03 | E-Ink Corp., Cambridge | Improved colored microencapsulated electrophoretic display |
US6753830B2 (en) * | 1998-09-11 | 2004-06-22 | Visible Tech-Knowledgy, Inc. | Smart electronic label employing electronic ink |
US7125578B1 (en) * | 1999-04-23 | 2006-10-24 | Los Alamos National Security, Llc | Photoinduced charge-transfer materials for nonlinear optical applications |
US7012600B2 (en) | 1999-04-30 | 2006-03-14 | E Ink Corporation | Methods for driving bistable electro-optic displays, and apparatus for use therein |
US7119772B2 (en) | 1999-04-30 | 2006-10-10 | E Ink Corporation | Methods for driving bistable electro-optic displays, and apparatus for use therein |
US8115729B2 (en) | 1999-05-03 | 2012-02-14 | E Ink Corporation | Electrophoretic display element with filler particles |
US8009348B2 (en) | 1999-05-03 | 2011-08-30 | E Ink Corporation | Machine-readable displays |
US9786194B2 (en) | 1999-06-11 | 2017-10-10 | Sydney Hyman | Image making medium compositions and images |
EP1196814A1 (en) | 1999-07-21 | 2002-04-17 | E Ink Corporation | Use of a storage capacitor to enhance the performance of an active matrix driven electronic display |
US6879314B1 (en) * | 1999-09-28 | 2005-04-12 | Brother International Corporation | Methods and apparatus for subjecting an element to an electrical field |
US6735328B1 (en) * | 2000-03-07 | 2004-05-11 | Agilent Technologies, Inc. | Personal viewing device with system for providing identification information to a connected system |
US7893435B2 (en) | 2000-04-18 | 2011-02-22 | E Ink Corporation | Flexible electronic circuits and displays including a backplane comprising a patterned metal foil having a plurality of apertures extending therethrough |
US6816147B2 (en) | 2000-08-17 | 2004-11-09 | E Ink Corporation | Bistable electro-optic display, and method for addressing same |
AU2001285058A1 (en) * | 2000-08-21 | 2002-03-04 | R.R. Donnelley And Sons Company | Methods and apparatus for imaging electronic paper |
DE10042974B4 (en) * | 2000-09-01 | 2008-04-30 | Samsung SDI Co., Ltd., Suwon | Method for electrically addressing fluorescent display elements and display |
AU2002230610A1 (en) * | 2000-12-05 | 2002-06-18 | E-Ink Corporation | Portable eclectronic apparatus with additional electro-optical display |
JP4009195B2 (en) * | 2001-01-15 | 2007-11-14 | 松下電器産業株式会社 | Electronic paper file and landmark setting system |
SG105534A1 (en) * | 2001-03-07 | 2004-08-27 | Bayer Ag | Multilayered arrangement for electro-optical devices |
US7023457B2 (en) * | 2001-03-13 | 2006-04-04 | Intel Corporation | System and method for intensity control of a pixel |
WO2002073572A2 (en) | 2001-03-13 | 2002-09-19 | E Ink Corporation | Apparatus for displaying drawings |
US20050156340A1 (en) | 2004-01-20 | 2005-07-21 | E Ink Corporation | Preparation of capsules |
US8390918B2 (en) | 2001-04-02 | 2013-03-05 | E Ink Corporation | Electrophoretic displays with controlled amounts of pigment |
US7679814B2 (en) | 2001-04-02 | 2010-03-16 | E Ink Corporation | Materials for use in electrophoretic displays |
EP1390810B1 (en) * | 2001-04-02 | 2006-04-26 | E Ink Corporation | Electrophoretic medium with improved image stability |
DE10117905B4 (en) * | 2001-04-10 | 2014-09-11 | BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte GmbH | Household appliance with a display device |
US6580545B2 (en) * | 2001-04-19 | 2003-06-17 | E Ink Corporation | Electrochromic-nanoparticle displays |
US7030855B2 (en) * | 2001-05-10 | 2006-04-18 | Metcalf Darrell J | Video-imaging apparel with user-control system |
WO2002093246A1 (en) | 2001-05-15 | 2002-11-21 | E Ink Corporation | Electrophoretic particles |
WO2002093245A1 (en) * | 2001-05-15 | 2002-11-21 | E Ink Corporation | Electrophoretic displays containing magnetic particles |
US7535624B2 (en) | 2001-07-09 | 2009-05-19 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic display and materials for use therein |
US7110163B2 (en) | 2001-07-09 | 2006-09-19 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic display and lamination adhesive for use therein |
US6982178B2 (en) | 2002-06-10 | 2006-01-03 | E Ink Corporation | Components and methods for use in electro-optic displays |
US6657772B2 (en) * | 2001-07-09 | 2003-12-02 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic display and adhesive composition for use therein |
US6831769B2 (en) * | 2001-07-09 | 2004-12-14 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic display and lamination adhesive |
US6819471B2 (en) * | 2001-08-16 | 2004-11-16 | E Ink Corporation | Light modulation by frustration of total internal reflection |
US6825970B2 (en) * | 2001-09-14 | 2004-11-30 | E Ink Corporation | Methods for addressing electro-optic materials |
US8558783B2 (en) | 2001-11-20 | 2013-10-15 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic displays with reduced remnant voltage |
US9412314B2 (en) | 2001-11-20 | 2016-08-09 | E Ink Corporation | Methods for driving electro-optic displays |
US8125501B2 (en) | 2001-11-20 | 2012-02-28 | E Ink Corporation | Voltage modulated driver circuits for electro-optic displays |
AU2002366174A1 (en) | 2001-11-20 | 2003-06-10 | E Ink Corporation | Methods for driving bistable electro-optic displays |
US8593396B2 (en) | 2001-11-20 | 2013-11-26 | E Ink Corporation | Methods and apparatus for driving electro-optic displays |
EP1312926A1 (en) * | 2001-11-20 | 2003-05-21 | Abb Research Ltd. | Binary voltage indicator |
US9530363B2 (en) | 2001-11-20 | 2016-12-27 | E Ink Corporation | Methods and apparatus for driving electro-optic displays |
US7952557B2 (en) | 2001-11-20 | 2011-05-31 | E Ink Corporation | Methods and apparatus for driving electro-optic displays |
US7202847B2 (en) | 2002-06-28 | 2007-04-10 | E Ink Corporation | Voltage modulated driver circuits for electro-optic displays |
US7050835B2 (en) * | 2001-12-12 | 2006-05-23 | Universal Display Corporation | Intelligent multi-media display communication system |
US7123238B2 (en) * | 2002-01-16 | 2006-10-17 | Xerox Corporation | Spacer layer for electrophoretic display device |
US6885146B2 (en) | 2002-03-14 | 2005-04-26 | Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. | Display device comprising substrates, contrast medium and barrier layers between contrast medium and each of substrates |
US6950220B2 (en) * | 2002-03-18 | 2005-09-27 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic displays, and methods for driving same |
US7190008B2 (en) | 2002-04-24 | 2007-03-13 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic displays, and components for use therein |
US7223672B2 (en) * | 2002-04-24 | 2007-05-29 | E Ink Corporation | Processes for forming backplanes for electro-optic displays |
KR100867286B1 (en) | 2002-04-24 | 2008-11-06 | 이 잉크 코포레이션 | Electronic displays |
GB2389696B (en) * | 2002-05-22 | 2005-06-01 | Nokia Corp | Hybrid display |
US6958848B2 (en) * | 2002-05-23 | 2005-10-25 | E Ink Corporation | Capsules, materials for use therein and electrophoretic media and displays containing such capsules |
AU2003234036A1 (en) * | 2002-05-29 | 2003-12-19 | Zbd Displays Ltd | Liquid crystal device with bi- or multistable alignment gratings |
US6958132B2 (en) * | 2002-05-31 | 2005-10-25 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Systems and methods for optical actuation of microfluidics based on opto-electrowetting |
US7649674B2 (en) | 2002-06-10 | 2010-01-19 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic display with edge seal |
US8049947B2 (en) | 2002-06-10 | 2011-11-01 | E Ink Corporation | Components and methods for use in electro-optic displays |
US8363299B2 (en) | 2002-06-10 | 2013-01-29 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic displays, and processes for the production thereof |
US7843621B2 (en) | 2002-06-10 | 2010-11-30 | E Ink Corporation | Components and testing methods for use in the production of electro-optic displays |
US7583427B2 (en) | 2002-06-10 | 2009-09-01 | E Ink Corporation | Components and methods for use in electro-optic displays |
US7110164B2 (en) | 2002-06-10 | 2006-09-19 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic displays, and processes for the production thereof |
US9470950B2 (en) | 2002-06-10 | 2016-10-18 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic displays, and processes for the production thereof |
JP4651383B2 (en) | 2002-06-13 | 2011-03-16 | イー インク コーポレイション | Method for driving electro-optic display device |
US20080024482A1 (en) | 2002-06-13 | 2008-01-31 | E Ink Corporation | Methods for driving electro-optic displays |
US8780038B2 (en) * | 2002-06-18 | 2014-07-15 | Bsh Bosch Und Siemens Hausgerate Gmbh | Refrigerator comprising a function display unit |
US20040105036A1 (en) * | 2002-08-06 | 2004-06-03 | E Ink Corporation | Protection of electro-optic displays against thermal effects |
US20060072193A1 (en) * | 2002-08-26 | 2006-04-06 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. | Electrophoretic display panel |
JP4564355B2 (en) * | 2002-09-03 | 2010-10-20 | イー インク コーポレイション | Electrophoretic medium with gaseous suspension fluid |
US7839564B2 (en) | 2002-09-03 | 2010-11-23 | E Ink Corporation | Components and methods for use in electro-optic displays |
EP3056941B1 (en) | 2002-09-03 | 2019-01-09 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-phoretic medium |
US20130063333A1 (en) | 2002-10-16 | 2013-03-14 | E Ink Corporation | Electrophoretic displays |
KR20050086917A (en) | 2002-12-16 | 2005-08-30 | 이 잉크 코포레이션 | Backplanes for electro-optic displays |
US6922276B2 (en) * | 2002-12-23 | 2005-07-26 | E Ink Corporation | Flexible electro-optic displays |
US6987603B2 (en) * | 2003-01-31 | 2006-01-17 | E Ink Corporation | Construction of electrophoretic displays |
US6844953B2 (en) * | 2003-03-12 | 2005-01-18 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Micro-mirror device including dielectrophoretic liquid |
US7339715B2 (en) | 2003-03-25 | 2008-03-04 | E Ink Corporation | Processes for the production of electrophoretic displays |
US7910175B2 (en) | 2003-03-25 | 2011-03-22 | E Ink Corporation | Processes for the production of electrophoretic displays |
ATE485535T1 (en) | 2003-03-27 | 2010-11-15 | E Ink Corp | ELECTRO-OPTICAL ASSEMBLY |
JP4496713B2 (en) * | 2003-03-31 | 2010-07-07 | セイコーエプソン株式会社 | Display device, electronic device, and display method |
US10726798B2 (en) | 2003-03-31 | 2020-07-28 | E Ink Corporation | Methods for operating electro-optic displays |
US9672766B2 (en) | 2003-03-31 | 2017-06-06 | E Ink Corporation | Methods for driving electro-optic displays |
US20060181763A1 (en) * | 2003-04-08 | 2006-08-17 | De Zwart Siebe T | Dispaly and a method of displaying and storing images |
US8174490B2 (en) | 2003-06-30 | 2012-05-08 | E Ink Corporation | Methods for driving electrophoretic displays |
JP5904690B2 (en) | 2003-06-30 | 2016-04-20 | イー インク コーポレイション | Method for driving an electro-optic display |
US20050122563A1 (en) | 2003-07-24 | 2005-06-09 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic displays |
JP4806634B2 (en) | 2003-08-19 | 2011-11-02 | イー インク コーポレイション | Electro-optic display and method for operating an electro-optic display |
JP5506137B2 (en) | 2003-09-19 | 2014-05-28 | イー インク コーポレイション | Method for reducing edge effects in electro-optic displays |
ATE405916T1 (en) | 2003-10-08 | 2008-09-15 | E Ink Corp | ELECTRICAL WETTING DISPLAYS |
CN101393369B (en) * | 2003-10-08 | 2013-03-27 | 伊英克公司 | Electrophoretic medium |
US8319759B2 (en) | 2003-10-08 | 2012-11-27 | E Ink Corporation | Electrowetting displays |
KR20140101879A (en) * | 2003-10-08 | 2014-08-20 | 이 잉크 코포레이션 | Electrophoretic media |
US20110164301A1 (en) | 2003-11-05 | 2011-07-07 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic displays, and materials for use therein |
US8177942B2 (en) | 2003-11-05 | 2012-05-15 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic displays, and materials for use therein |
US7551346B2 (en) | 2003-11-05 | 2009-06-23 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic displays, and materials for use therein |
US7672040B2 (en) | 2003-11-05 | 2010-03-02 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic displays, and materials for use therein |
EP2487674B1 (en) * | 2003-11-05 | 2018-02-21 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic displays |
US8928562B2 (en) * | 2003-11-25 | 2015-01-06 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic displays, and methods for driving same |
JP4790622B2 (en) | 2003-11-26 | 2011-10-12 | イー インク コーポレイション | Low residual voltage electro-optic display |
WO2005055030A2 (en) * | 2003-12-08 | 2005-06-16 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Display apparatus |
US7206119B2 (en) | 2003-12-31 | 2007-04-17 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic displays, and method for driving same |
US7075703B2 (en) | 2004-01-16 | 2006-07-11 | E Ink Corporation | Process for sealing electro-optic displays |
US7388572B2 (en) | 2004-02-27 | 2008-06-17 | E Ink Corporation | Backplanes for electro-optic displays |
US6970285B2 (en) | 2004-03-02 | 2005-11-29 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Phase change electrophoretic imaging for rewritable applications |
US8289250B2 (en) | 2004-03-31 | 2012-10-16 | E Ink Corporation | Methods for driving electro-optic displays |
US20080267034A1 (en) * | 2004-04-07 | 2008-10-30 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics, N.V. | (Re) Writable Disk with Electrophoetic Ink Label |
US11355027B2 (en) | 2004-04-30 | 2022-06-07 | Sydney Hyman | Image making medium compositions and images |
JP4513414B2 (en) * | 2004-05-11 | 2010-07-28 | 富士ゼロックス株式会社 | Image display device |
US20060014580A1 (en) * | 2004-07-19 | 2006-01-19 | Nate Hawthorn | Method for providing gaming and a gaming device with electronically modifiable electro-mechanical reel displays |
JP4633793B2 (en) | 2004-07-27 | 2011-02-16 | イー インク コーポレイション | Electro-optic display |
US11250794B2 (en) | 2004-07-27 | 2022-02-15 | E Ink Corporation | Methods for driving electrophoretic displays using dielectrophoretic forces |
US20080136774A1 (en) | 2004-07-27 | 2008-06-12 | E Ink Corporation | Methods for driving electrophoretic displays using dielectrophoretic forces |
GB0420225D0 (en) * | 2004-09-11 | 2004-10-13 | Koninkl Philips Electronics Nv | Fibre and flexible display device manufactured therefrom |
MX2007007939A (en) * | 2004-12-27 | 2007-11-07 | Quantum Paper Inc | Addressable and printable emissive display. |
US7230751B2 (en) | 2005-01-26 | 2007-06-12 | E Ink Corporation | Electrophoretic displays using gaseous fluids |
JP4735028B2 (en) * | 2005-05-02 | 2011-07-27 | 富士ゼロックス株式会社 | Multi-tone optical writing device |
WO2007002452A2 (en) | 2005-06-23 | 2007-01-04 | E Ink Corporation | Edge seals and processes for electro-optic displays |
KR100873765B1 (en) * | 2005-09-29 | 2008-12-15 | 파나소닉 주식회사 | Mounting Method and Mounting Device for Electronic Circuit Components |
EP1938299A4 (en) | 2005-10-18 | 2010-11-24 | E Ink Corp | Components for electro-optic displays |
US20080043318A1 (en) | 2005-10-18 | 2008-02-21 | E Ink Corporation | Color electro-optic displays, and processes for the production thereof |
US20070188483A1 (en) * | 2006-01-30 | 2007-08-16 | The Samson Group, Llc | Display apparatus for outdoor signs and related system of displays and methods of use |
US7843624B2 (en) | 2006-03-08 | 2010-11-30 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic displays, and materials and methods for production thereof |
US8390301B2 (en) | 2006-03-08 | 2013-03-05 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic displays, and materials and methods for production thereof |
US7733554B2 (en) | 2006-03-08 | 2010-06-08 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic displays, and materials and methods for production thereof |
US8610988B2 (en) | 2006-03-09 | 2013-12-17 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic display with edge seal |
US7952790B2 (en) | 2006-03-22 | 2011-05-31 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic media produced using ink jet printing |
US8884511B2 (en) * | 2006-07-10 | 2014-11-11 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Luminescent materials having nanocrystals exhibiting multi-modal energy level distributions |
US7903319B2 (en) | 2006-07-11 | 2011-03-08 | E Ink Corporation | Electrophoretic medium and display with improved image stability |
US8018640B2 (en) | 2006-07-13 | 2011-09-13 | E Ink Corporation | Particles for use in electrophoretic displays |
US7492497B2 (en) | 2006-08-02 | 2009-02-17 | E Ink Corporation | Multi-layer light modulator |
US7477444B2 (en) | 2006-09-22 | 2009-01-13 | E Ink Corporation & Air Products And Chemical, Inc. | Electro-optic display and materials for use therein |
US7986450B2 (en) | 2006-09-22 | 2011-07-26 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic display and materials for use therein |
US7649666B2 (en) | 2006-12-07 | 2010-01-19 | E Ink Corporation | Components and methods for use in electro-optic displays |
US7688497B2 (en) | 2007-01-22 | 2010-03-30 | E Ink Corporation | Multi-layer sheet for use in electro-optic displays |
CN101836167B (en) | 2007-01-22 | 2013-11-06 | 伊英克公司 | Multi-layer sheet for use in electro-optic displays |
US7826129B2 (en) | 2007-03-06 | 2010-11-02 | E Ink Corporation | Materials for use in electrophoretic displays |
WO2008144715A1 (en) | 2007-05-21 | 2008-11-27 | E Ink Corporation | Methods for driving video electro-optic displays |
US8809126B2 (en) | 2007-05-31 | 2014-08-19 | Nthdegree Technologies Worldwide Inc | Printable composition of a liquid or gel suspension of diodes |
US8877101B2 (en) | 2007-05-31 | 2014-11-04 | Nthdegree Technologies Worldwide Inc | Method of manufacturing a light emitting, power generating or other electronic apparatus |
US8415879B2 (en) | 2007-05-31 | 2013-04-09 | Nthdegree Technologies Worldwide Inc | Diode for a printable composition |
US9534772B2 (en) | 2007-05-31 | 2017-01-03 | Nthdegree Technologies Worldwide Inc | Apparatus with light emitting diodes |
US8133768B2 (en) * | 2007-05-31 | 2012-03-13 | Nthdegree Technologies Worldwide Inc | Method of manufacturing a light emitting, photovoltaic or other electronic apparatus and system |
US8852467B2 (en) | 2007-05-31 | 2014-10-07 | Nthdegree Technologies Worldwide Inc | Method of manufacturing a printable composition of a liquid or gel suspension of diodes |
US8456393B2 (en) | 2007-05-31 | 2013-06-04 | Nthdegree Technologies Worldwide Inc | Method of manufacturing a light emitting, photovoltaic or other electronic apparatus and system |
US8846457B2 (en) | 2007-05-31 | 2014-09-30 | Nthdegree Technologies Worldwide Inc | Printable composition of a liquid or gel suspension of diodes |
US9018833B2 (en) | 2007-05-31 | 2015-04-28 | Nthdegree Technologies Worldwide Inc | Apparatus with light emitting or absorbing diodes |
US9425357B2 (en) | 2007-05-31 | 2016-08-23 | Nthdegree Technologies Worldwide Inc. | Diode for a printable composition |
US9419179B2 (en) | 2007-05-31 | 2016-08-16 | Nthdegree Technologies Worldwide Inc | Diode for a printable composition |
US9343593B2 (en) | 2007-05-31 | 2016-05-17 | Nthdegree Technologies Worldwide Inc | Printable composition of a liquid or gel suspension of diodes |
US8889216B2 (en) * | 2007-05-31 | 2014-11-18 | Nthdegree Technologies Worldwide Inc | Method of manufacturing addressable and static electronic displays |
US8674593B2 (en) | 2007-05-31 | 2014-03-18 | Nthdegree Technologies Worldwide Inc | Diode for a printable composition |
US9199441B2 (en) | 2007-06-28 | 2015-12-01 | E Ink Corporation | Processes for the production of electro-optic displays, and color filters for use therein |
WO2009006248A1 (en) | 2007-06-29 | 2009-01-08 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic displays, and materials and methods for production thereof |
US8902153B2 (en) | 2007-08-03 | 2014-12-02 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic displays, and processes for their production |
US7773290B2 (en) * | 2007-09-19 | 2010-08-10 | Mario Rabinowitz | Control grid increased efficiency and capacity for solar concentrators and similar equipment |
JP4609468B2 (en) * | 2007-09-20 | 2011-01-12 | カシオ計算機株式会社 | Display device and display driving method thereof |
US20090122389A1 (en) | 2007-11-14 | 2009-05-14 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic assemblies, and adhesives and binders for use therein |
WO2009091773A2 (en) * | 2008-01-14 | 2009-07-23 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Solar concentrator and devices and methods using them |
WO2009117730A1 (en) | 2008-03-21 | 2009-09-24 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic displays and color filters |
WO2009126957A1 (en) | 2008-04-11 | 2009-10-15 | E Ink Corporation | Methods for driving electro-optic displays |
US7992332B2 (en) | 2008-05-13 | 2011-08-09 | Nthdegree Technologies Worldwide Inc. | Apparatuses for providing power for illumination of a display object |
US8127477B2 (en) | 2008-05-13 | 2012-03-06 | Nthdegree Technologies Worldwide Inc | Illuminating display systems |
CN102132205A (en) * | 2008-08-28 | 2011-07-20 | 西门子公司 | Electronic display apparatus, automation technology equipment, and method for operating electronic display apparatus |
US20100139749A1 (en) * | 2009-01-22 | 2010-06-10 | Covalent Solar, Inc. | Solar concentrators and materials for use therein |
TWI484273B (en) | 2009-02-09 | 2015-05-11 | E Ink Corp | Electrophoretic particles |
US8098418B2 (en) | 2009-03-03 | 2012-01-17 | E. Ink Corporation | Electro-optic displays, and color filters for use therein |
FI20095636A (en) * | 2009-06-08 | 2010-12-09 | Marimils Oy | Signpost system and device |
US8648772B2 (en) * | 2009-08-20 | 2014-02-11 | Amazon Technologies, Inc. | Amalgamated display comprising dissimilar display devices |
US9390661B2 (en) | 2009-09-15 | 2016-07-12 | E Ink California, Llc | Display controller system |
US8654436B1 (en) | 2009-10-30 | 2014-02-18 | E Ink Corporation | Particles for use in electrophoretic displays |
WO2011097228A2 (en) | 2010-02-02 | 2011-08-11 | E Ink Corporation | Method for driving electro-optic displays |
JP5449617B2 (en) | 2010-04-02 | 2014-03-19 | イー インク コーポレイション | Electrophoresis medium |
CN105654889B (en) | 2010-04-09 | 2022-01-11 | 伊英克公司 | Method for driving electro-optic display |
TWI484275B (en) | 2010-05-21 | 2015-05-11 | E Ink Corp | Electro-optic display, method for driving the same and microcavity electrophoretic display |
TWI431387B (en) | 2010-08-13 | 2014-03-21 | E Ink Holdings Inc | Electrophoretic display apparatus and method for manufacturing and driving the same |
US8830258B2 (en) * | 2011-03-07 | 2014-09-09 | Ricoh Co., Ltd | Generating strokes in real-time on an electronic paper display |
US20130125910A1 (en) | 2011-11-18 | 2013-05-23 | Avon Products, Inc. | Use of Electrophoretic Microcapsules in a Cosmetic Composition |
US11030936B2 (en) | 2012-02-01 | 2021-06-08 | E Ink Corporation | Methods and apparatus for operating an electro-optic display in white mode |
US10672350B2 (en) | 2012-02-01 | 2020-06-02 | E Ink Corporation | Methods for driving electro-optic displays |
US10282033B2 (en) | 2012-06-01 | 2019-05-07 | E Ink Corporation | Methods for updating electro-optic displays when drawing or writing on the display |
US9513743B2 (en) | 2012-06-01 | 2016-12-06 | E Ink Corporation | Methods for driving electro-optic displays |
US8824040B1 (en) * | 2012-07-03 | 2014-09-02 | Brian K. Buchheit | Enhancing low light usability of electrophoretic displays |
US10037735B2 (en) | 2012-11-16 | 2018-07-31 | E Ink Corporation | Active matrix display with dual driving modes |
US9721495B2 (en) | 2013-02-27 | 2017-08-01 | E Ink Corporation | Methods for driving electro-optic displays |
WO2014134504A1 (en) | 2013-03-01 | 2014-09-04 | E Ink Corporation | Methods for driving electro-optic displays |
WO2014186449A1 (en) | 2013-05-14 | 2014-11-20 | E Ink Corporation | Colored electrophoretic displays |
US9620048B2 (en) | 2013-07-30 | 2017-04-11 | E Ink Corporation | Methods for driving electro-optic displays |
KR101797412B1 (en) | 2013-07-31 | 2017-11-13 | 이 잉크 코포레이션 | Methods for driving electro-optic displays |
TWI550332B (en) | 2013-10-07 | 2016-09-21 | 電子墨水加利福尼亞有限責任公司 | Driving methods for color display device |
US10380931B2 (en) | 2013-10-07 | 2019-08-13 | E Ink California, Llc | Driving methods for color display device |
US10726760B2 (en) | 2013-10-07 | 2020-07-28 | E Ink California, Llc | Driving methods to produce a mixed color state for an electrophoretic display |
KR102023860B1 (en) | 2014-01-17 | 2019-09-20 | 이 잉크 코포레이션 | Electro-optic display with a two-phase electrode layer |
US10312731B2 (en) | 2014-04-24 | 2019-06-04 | Westrock Shared Services, Llc | Powered shelf system for inductively powering electrical components of consumer product packages |
US10657869B2 (en) | 2014-09-10 | 2020-05-19 | E Ink Corporation | Methods for driving color electrophoretic displays |
US9921451B2 (en) | 2014-09-10 | 2018-03-20 | E Ink Corporation | Colored electrophoretic displays |
US10353266B2 (en) | 2014-09-26 | 2019-07-16 | E Ink Corporation | Color sets for low resolution dithering in reflective color displays |
CN113341627A (en) | 2014-11-07 | 2021-09-03 | 伊英克公司 | Use of electro-optic displays |
CN112631035A (en) | 2015-01-05 | 2021-04-09 | 伊英克公司 | Electro-optic display and method for driving an electro-optic display |
US10197883B2 (en) | 2015-01-05 | 2019-02-05 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic displays, and methods for driving same |
JP6570643B2 (en) | 2015-01-30 | 2019-09-04 | イー インク コーポレイション | Font control for electro-optic display and associated apparatus and method |
EP3254276A4 (en) | 2015-02-04 | 2018-07-11 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic displays with reduced remnant voltage, and related apparatus and methods |
WO2016126963A1 (en) | 2015-02-04 | 2016-08-11 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic displays displaying in dark mode and light mode, and related apparatus and methods |
EP3289561A4 (en) | 2015-04-27 | 2018-11-21 | E Ink Corporation | Methods and apparatuses for driving display systems |
US10997930B2 (en) | 2015-05-27 | 2021-05-04 | E Ink Corporation | Methods and circuitry for driving display devices |
US10040954B2 (en) | 2015-05-28 | 2018-08-07 | E Ink California, Llc | Electrophoretic medium comprising a mixture of charge control agents |
US11087644B2 (en) | 2015-08-19 | 2021-08-10 | E Ink Corporation | Displays intended for use in architectural applications |
JP6571276B2 (en) | 2015-08-31 | 2019-09-04 | イー インク コーポレイション | Erasing drawing devices electronically |
CN113241041B (en) | 2015-09-16 | 2024-01-05 | 伊英克公司 | Apparatus and method for driving display |
US11657774B2 (en) | 2015-09-16 | 2023-05-23 | E Ink Corporation | Apparatus and methods for driving displays |
US10803813B2 (en) | 2015-09-16 | 2020-10-13 | E Ink Corporation | Apparatus and methods for driving displays |
CN108138038B (en) | 2015-10-06 | 2020-10-09 | 伊英克公司 | Improved low temperature electrophoretic media |
WO2017066152A1 (en) | 2015-10-12 | 2017-04-20 | E Ink California, Llc | Electrophoretic display device |
JP6660465B2 (en) | 2015-11-11 | 2020-03-11 | イー インク コーポレイション | Functionalized quinacridone pigments |
KR102250640B1 (en) | 2015-11-18 | 2021-05-10 | 이 잉크 코포레이션 | Electro-optical displays |
TWI715933B (en) | 2016-02-08 | 2021-01-11 | 美商電子墨水股份有限公司 | Method for updating an image on a display having a plurality of pixels |
US10593272B2 (en) | 2016-03-09 | 2020-03-17 | E Ink Corporation | Drivers providing DC-balanced refresh sequences for color electrophoretic displays |
EP3427254A4 (en) | 2016-03-09 | 2020-02-26 | E Ink Corporation | Methods for driving electro-optic displays |
US10270939B2 (en) | 2016-05-24 | 2019-04-23 | E Ink Corporation | Method for rendering color images |
CN109154758A (en) | 2016-05-31 | 2019-01-04 | 伊英克公司 | Backboard for electro-optic displays |
CN110383370B (en) | 2017-03-03 | 2022-07-12 | 伊英克公司 | Electro-optic display and driving method |
CA3200340A1 (en) | 2017-03-06 | 2018-09-13 | E Ink Corporation | Method and apparatus for rendering color images |
US10444592B2 (en) | 2017-03-09 | 2019-10-15 | E Ink Corporation | Methods and systems for transforming RGB image data to a reduced color set for electro-optic displays |
CN110462723B (en) | 2017-04-04 | 2022-09-09 | 伊英克公司 | Method for driving electro-optic display |
US11404013B2 (en) | 2017-05-30 | 2022-08-02 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic displays with resistors for discharging remnant charges |
CN110709766B (en) | 2017-05-30 | 2023-03-10 | 伊英克公司 | Electro-optic display |
CN111133501A (en) | 2017-09-12 | 2020-05-08 | 伊英克公司 | Method for driving electro-optic display |
US11721295B2 (en) | 2017-09-12 | 2023-08-08 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic displays, and methods for driving same |
EP3697535B1 (en) | 2017-10-18 | 2023-04-26 | Nuclera Nucleics Ltd | Digital microfluidic devices including dual substrates with thin-film transistors and capacitive sensing |
CN111492307A (en) | 2017-12-19 | 2020-08-04 | 伊英克公司 | Use of electro-optic displays |
JP7177158B2 (en) | 2017-12-22 | 2022-11-22 | イー インク コーポレイション | ELECTRO-OPTIC DISPLAY AND METHOD FOR DRIVING THE SAME |
JP2021511542A (en) | 2018-01-22 | 2021-05-06 | イー インク コーポレイション | Electro-optic displays and how to drive them |
KR102609672B1 (en) | 2018-07-17 | 2023-12-05 | 이 잉크 코포레이션 | Electro-optical displays and driving methods |
TWI727374B (en) | 2018-07-25 | 2021-05-11 | 美商電子墨水股份有限公司 | Flexible transparent intumescent coatings and composites incorporating the same |
KR102521144B1 (en) | 2018-08-10 | 2023-04-12 | 이 잉크 캘리포니아 엘엘씨 | Drive Waveforms for a Switchable Light Collimation Layer Containing a Bistable Electrophoretic Fluid |
US11314098B2 (en) | 2018-08-10 | 2022-04-26 | E Ink California, Llc | Switchable light-collimating layer with reflector |
US11397366B2 (en) | 2018-08-10 | 2022-07-26 | E Ink California, Llc | Switchable light-collimating layer including bistable electrophoretic fluid |
US11353759B2 (en) | 2018-09-17 | 2022-06-07 | Nuclera Nucleics Ltd. | Backplanes with hexagonal and triangular electrodes |
US11511096B2 (en) | 2018-10-15 | 2022-11-29 | E Ink Corporation | Digital microfluidic delivery device |
US11062663B2 (en) | 2018-11-30 | 2021-07-13 | E Ink California, Llc | Electro-optic displays and driving methods |
US11460722B2 (en) | 2019-05-10 | 2022-10-04 | E Ink Corporation | Colored electrophoretic displays |
WO2021097179A1 (en) | 2019-11-14 | 2021-05-20 | E Ink Corporation | Methods for driving electro-optic displays |
EP4062396A4 (en) | 2019-11-18 | 2023-12-06 | E Ink Corporation | Methods for driving electro-optic displays |
EP4158614A1 (en) | 2020-05-31 | 2023-04-05 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic displays, and methods for driving same |
CN115699151A (en) | 2020-06-11 | 2023-02-03 | 伊英克公司 | Electro-optic display and method for driving an electro-optic display |
CN116113873A (en) | 2020-09-15 | 2023-05-12 | 伊英克公司 | Improved driving voltage for advanced color electrophoretic display and display having the same |
US11686989B2 (en) | 2020-09-15 | 2023-06-27 | E Ink Corporation | Four particle electrophoretic medium providing fast, high-contrast optical state switching |
US11846863B2 (en) | 2020-09-15 | 2023-12-19 | E Ink Corporation | Coordinated top electrode—drive electrode voltages for switching optical state of electrophoretic displays using positive and negative voltages of different magnitudes |
WO2022072596A1 (en) | 2020-10-01 | 2022-04-07 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic displays, and methods for driving same |
US11721296B2 (en) | 2020-11-02 | 2023-08-08 | E Ink Corporation | Method and apparatus for rendering color images |
KR20230078806A (en) | 2020-11-02 | 2023-06-02 | 이 잉크 코포레이션 | Enhanced push-pull (EPP) waveforms for achieving primary color sets in multi-color electrophoretic displays |
WO2022094264A1 (en) | 2020-11-02 | 2022-05-05 | E Ink Corporation | Driving sequences to remove prior state information from color electrophoretic displays |
EP4260312A1 (en) | 2020-12-08 | 2023-10-18 | E Ink Corporation | Methods for driving electro-optic displays |
US11935495B2 (en) | 2021-08-18 | 2024-03-19 | E Ink Corporation | Methods for driving electro-optic displays |
WO2023043714A1 (en) | 2021-09-14 | 2023-03-23 | E Ink Corporation | Coordinated top electrode - drive electrode voltages for switching optical state of electrophoretic displays using positive and negative voltages of different magnitudes |
US11830448B2 (en) | 2021-11-04 | 2023-11-28 | E Ink Corporation | Methods for driving electro-optic displays |
US11869451B2 (en) | 2021-11-05 | 2024-01-09 | E Ink Corporation | Multi-primary display mask-based dithering with low blooming sensitivity |
US11922893B2 (en) | 2021-12-22 | 2024-03-05 | E Ink Corporation | High voltage driving using top plane switching with zero voltage frames between driving frames |
WO2023122142A1 (en) | 2021-12-22 | 2023-06-29 | E Ink Corporation | Methods for driving electro-optic displays |
US11854448B2 (en) | 2021-12-27 | 2023-12-26 | E Ink Corporation | Methods for measuring electrical properties of electro-optic displays |
TW202341123A (en) | 2021-12-30 | 2023-10-16 | 美商伊英克加利福尼亞有限責任公司 | Methods for driving electro-optic displays |
WO2023132958A1 (en) | 2022-01-04 | 2023-07-13 | E Ink Corporation | Electrophoretic media comprising electrophoretic particles and a combination of charge control agents |
WO2023164078A1 (en) | 2022-02-25 | 2023-08-31 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic displays with edge seal components and methods of making the same |
WO2023211699A1 (en) | 2022-04-27 | 2023-11-02 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic display stacks with segmented electrodes and methods of making the same |
WO2023211867A1 (en) | 2022-04-27 | 2023-11-02 | E Ink Corporation | Color displays configured to convert rgb image data for display on advanced color electronic paper |
WO2024044119A1 (en) | 2022-08-25 | 2024-02-29 | E Ink Corporation | Transitional driving modes for impulse balancing when switching between global color mode and direct update mode for electrophoretic displays |
Family Cites Families (281)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2800457A (en) | 1953-06-30 | 1957-07-23 | Ncr Co | Oil-containing microscopic capsules and method of making them |
USRE25822E (en) | 1961-10-27 | 1965-07-20 | Magnetic writing materials set | |
US3384565A (en) | 1964-07-23 | 1968-05-21 | Xerox Corp | Process of photoelectrophoretic color imaging |
US3406363A (en) | 1966-05-26 | 1968-10-15 | Clarence R. Tate | Multicolored micromagnets |
US3460248A (en) | 1966-05-26 | 1969-08-12 | Clarence R Tate | Method for making micromagnets |
US3585381A (en) | 1969-04-14 | 1971-06-15 | Ncr Co | Encapsulated cholesteric liquid crystal display device |
NL7005615A (en) | 1969-04-23 | 1970-10-27 | ||
DE2029463C3 (en) | 1969-06-12 | 1973-11-15 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co. Ltd., Kadoma, Osaka (Japan) | Image recording and / or fermentation device |
US3612758A (en) | 1969-10-03 | 1971-10-12 | Xerox Corp | Color display device |
US3870517A (en) | 1969-10-18 | 1975-03-11 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Color image reproduction sheet employed in photoelectrophoretic imaging |
US3668106A (en) | 1970-04-09 | 1972-06-06 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Electrophoretic display device |
US3767392A (en) | 1970-04-15 | 1973-10-23 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Electrophoretic light image reproduction process |
US3792308A (en) | 1970-06-08 | 1974-02-12 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Electrophoretic display device of the luminescent type |
US3670323A (en) | 1970-12-14 | 1972-06-13 | Zenith Radio Corp | Image-display devices comprising particle light modulators with storage |
JPS4917079B1 (en) | 1970-12-21 | 1974-04-26 | ||
US3772013A (en) | 1971-01-06 | 1973-11-13 | Xerox Corp | Photoelectrophoretic imaging process employing electrically photosensitive particles and inert particles |
US3850627A (en) | 1971-01-06 | 1974-11-26 | Xerox Corp | Electrophoretic imaging method |
JPS5121531B2 (en) | 1971-07-29 | 1976-07-03 | ||
US4273672A (en) | 1971-08-23 | 1981-06-16 | Champion International Corporation | Microencapsulation process |
US3922255A (en) | 1972-05-15 | 1975-11-25 | Rohm & Haas | Method of producing uniform polymer beads |
CA1013843A (en) | 1972-09-11 | 1977-07-12 | Tadao Kohashi | Light modulating device |
GB1458045A (en) | 1973-08-15 | 1976-12-08 | Secr Defence | Display systems |
GB1465701A (en) | 1973-11-22 | 1977-03-02 | Plessey Co Ltd | Electrophoretic suspension |
US4093534A (en) | 1974-02-12 | 1978-06-06 | Plessey Handel Und Investments Ag | Working fluids for electrophoretic image display devices |
US4001140A (en) | 1974-07-10 | 1977-01-04 | Ncr Corporation | Capsule manufacture |
US4045327A (en) | 1974-08-28 | 1977-08-30 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Electrophoretic matrix panel |
US4041481A (en) | 1974-10-05 | 1977-08-09 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Scanning apparatus for an electrophoretic matrix display panel |
FR2318474A1 (en) | 1975-07-17 | 1977-02-11 | Thomson Csf | ELECTROPHORESIS DISPLAY DEVICE |
CH594263A5 (en) | 1975-11-29 | 1977-12-30 | Ebauches Sa | |
JPS584762B2 (en) | 1976-02-20 | 1983-01-27 | 株式会社日立製作所 | Percent display device |
US4126854A (en) | 1976-05-05 | 1978-11-21 | Xerox Corporation | Twisting ball panel display |
US4143103A (en) | 1976-05-04 | 1979-03-06 | Xerox Corporation | Method of making a twisting ball panel display |
FR2351191A1 (en) | 1976-05-11 | 1977-12-09 | Thomson Csf | PERFECTED ELECTROPHORESIS DEVICE |
US4088395A (en) | 1976-05-27 | 1978-05-09 | American Cyanamid Company | Paper counter-electrode for electrochromic devices |
US4068927A (en) | 1976-09-01 | 1978-01-17 | North American Philips Corporation | Electrophoresis display with buried lead lines |
US4071430A (en) | 1976-12-06 | 1978-01-31 | North American Philips Corporation | Electrophoretic image display having an improved switching time |
US4211668A (en) | 1977-03-07 | 1980-07-08 | Thalatta, Inc. | Process of microencapsulation and products thereof |
JPS5947676B2 (en) | 1977-04-11 | 1984-11-20 | 株式会社パイロット | magnetic panel |
US4126528A (en) | 1977-07-26 | 1978-11-21 | Xerox Corporation | Electrophoretic composition and display device |
US4166800A (en) | 1977-08-25 | 1979-09-04 | Sandoz, Inc. | Processes for preparation of microspheres |
US4147932A (en) | 1977-09-06 | 1979-04-03 | Xonics, Inc. | Low light level and infrared viewing system |
US4203106A (en) | 1977-11-23 | 1980-05-13 | North American Philips Corporation | X-Y addressable electrophoretic display device with control electrode |
US4201691A (en) | 1978-01-16 | 1980-05-06 | Exxon Research & Engineering Co. | Liquid membrane generator |
JPS54111368A (en) * | 1978-02-20 | 1979-08-31 | Nec Corp | Device for high speed optical writing liquid crystal light valve |
US4261653A (en) | 1978-05-26 | 1981-04-14 | The Bendix Corporation | Light valve including dipolar particle construction and method of manufacture |
DE2906652A1 (en) | 1979-02-02 | 1980-08-14 | Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie | METHOD FOR PRODUCING AN ELECTROPHORETIC DISPLAY WITH WAX-COVERED PIGMENT PARTICLES |
US4419663A (en) | 1979-03-14 | 1983-12-06 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Display device |
US4314013A (en) | 1979-04-04 | 1982-02-02 | Xerox Corporation | Particle formation by double encapsulation |
US4272596A (en) | 1979-06-01 | 1981-06-09 | Xerox Corporation | Electrophoretic display device |
US4218302A (en) | 1979-08-02 | 1980-08-19 | U.S. Philips Corporation | Electrophoretic display devices |
US4324456A (en) | 1979-08-02 | 1982-04-13 | U.S. Philips Corporation | Electrophoretic projection display systems |
US4285801A (en) | 1979-09-20 | 1981-08-25 | Xerox Corporation | Electrophoretic display composition |
JPS5932796B2 (en) | 1979-12-11 | 1984-08-10 | 株式会社パイロット | magnet reversal display magnetic panel |
US4419383A (en) | 1979-12-26 | 1983-12-06 | Magnavox Government And Industrial Electronics Company | Method for individually encapsulating magnetic particles |
JPS56104387A (en) | 1980-01-22 | 1981-08-20 | Citizen Watch Co Ltd | Display unit |
US4311361A (en) | 1980-03-13 | 1982-01-19 | Burroughs Corporation | Electrophoretic display using a non-Newtonian fluid as a threshold device |
US4305807A (en) | 1980-03-13 | 1981-12-15 | Burroughs Corporation | Electrophoretic display device using a liquid crystal as a threshold device |
US4666673A (en) | 1980-10-30 | 1987-05-19 | The Dow Chemical Company | Apparatus for preparing large quantities of uniform size drops |
CA1166413A (en) | 1980-10-30 | 1984-05-01 | Edward E. Timm | Process and apparatus for preparing uniform size polymer beads |
US4418346A (en) | 1981-05-20 | 1983-11-29 | Batchelder J Samuel | Method and apparatus for providing a dielectrophoretic display of visual information |
US4390403A (en) | 1981-07-24 | 1983-06-28 | Batchelder J Samuel | Method and apparatus for dielectrophoretic manipulation of chemical species |
US4605284A (en) | 1981-09-16 | 1986-08-12 | Manchester R & D Partnership | Encapsulated liquid crystal and method |
US5082351A (en) | 1981-09-16 | 1992-01-21 | Manchester R & D Partnership | Encapsulated liquid crystal material, apparatus and method |
US4707080A (en) | 1981-09-16 | 1987-11-17 | Manchester R & D Partnership | Encapsulated liquid crystal material, apparatus and method |
US4435047A (en) | 1981-09-16 | 1984-03-06 | Manchester R & D Partnership | Encapsulated liquid crystal and method |
US4450440A (en) | 1981-12-24 | 1984-05-22 | U.S. Philips Corporation | Construction of an epid bar graph |
CA1190362A (en) | 1982-01-18 | 1985-07-16 | Reiji Ishikawa | Method of making a rotary ball display device |
US4522472A (en) | 1982-02-19 | 1985-06-11 | North American Philips Corporation | Electrophoretic image display with reduced drives and leads |
FR2527843B1 (en) | 1982-06-01 | 1986-01-24 | Thomson Csf | ELECTRODE COMPRISING AN ELECTROCHROMIC POLYMER FILM WHICH CAN BE USED IN AN ENERGY STORAGE OR DISPLAY DEVICE |
FR2527844B1 (en) | 1982-06-01 | 1986-01-24 | Thomson Csf | ELECTROCHROMIC DEVICE THAT CAN BE USED FOR ENERGY STORAGE AND ELECTROCHROMIC DISPLAY SYSTEM |
US4439507A (en) | 1982-09-21 | 1984-03-27 | Xerox Corporation | Layered photoresponsive imaging device with photogenerating pigments dispersed in a polyhydroxy ether composition |
GB8328750D0 (en) | 1983-10-27 | 1983-11-30 | Philp R | Contact-less electronic connectors |
JPS614020A (en) | 1984-06-18 | 1986-01-09 | Nissha Printing Co Ltd | Multicolor liquid crystal display device |
US4623706A (en) | 1984-08-23 | 1986-11-18 | The Dow Chemical Company | Process for preparing uniformly sized polymer particles by suspension polymerization of vibratorily excited monomers in a gaseous or liquid stream |
US4832458A (en) | 1984-08-28 | 1989-05-23 | Talig Corporation | Display for contrast enhancement |
US4824208A (en) | 1984-08-28 | 1989-04-25 | Talig Corporation | Display for contrast enhancement |
US4655897A (en) | 1984-11-13 | 1987-04-07 | Copytele, Inc. | Electrophoretic display panels and associated methods |
US4732830A (en) | 1984-11-13 | 1988-03-22 | Copytele, Inc. | Electrophoretic display panels and associated methods |
US4648956A (en) * | 1984-12-31 | 1987-03-10 | North American Philips Corporation | Electrode configurations for an electrophoretic display device |
US4741604A (en) | 1985-02-01 | 1988-05-03 | Kornfeld Cary D | Electrode arrays for cellular displays |
US4643528A (en) | 1985-03-18 | 1987-02-17 | Manchester R & D Partnership | Encapsulated liquid crystal and filler material |
US4598960A (en) | 1985-04-29 | 1986-07-08 | Copytele, Inc. | Methods and apparatus for connecting closely spaced large conductor arrays employing multi-conductor carrier boards |
US5216530A (en) | 1985-06-03 | 1993-06-01 | Taliq Corporation | Encapsulated liquid crystal having a smectic phase |
US4686524A (en) * | 1985-11-04 | 1987-08-11 | North American Philips Corporation | Photosensitive electrophoretic displays |
US4620916A (en) | 1985-09-19 | 1986-11-04 | Zwemer Dirk A | Degradation retardants for electrophoretic display devices |
US4726662A (en) | 1985-09-24 | 1988-02-23 | Talig Corporation | Display including a prismatic lens system or a prismatic reflective system |
US4742345A (en) | 1985-11-19 | 1988-05-03 | Copytele, Inc. | Electrophoretic display panel apparatus and methods therefor |
US4891245A (en) | 1986-03-21 | 1990-01-02 | Koh-I-Noor Rapidograph, Inc. | Electrophoretic display particles and a process for their preparation |
FR2596566B1 (en) | 1986-04-01 | 1989-03-10 | Solvay | CONDUCTIVE POLYMERS DERIVED FROM 3-ALKYLTHIOPHENES, PROCESS FOR THEIR MANUFACTURE AND ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTIVE DEVICES CONTAINING THEM |
US4746917A (en) | 1986-07-14 | 1988-05-24 | Copytele, Inc. | Method and apparatus for operating an electrophoretic display between a display and a non-display mode |
US4748366A (en) | 1986-09-02 | 1988-05-31 | Taylor George W | Novel uses of piezoelectric materials for creating optical effects |
US4850919A (en) | 1986-09-11 | 1989-07-25 | Copytele, Inc. | Monolithic flat panel display apparatus and methods for fabrication thereof |
EP0344367B1 (en) | 1988-05-03 | 1994-08-24 | Copytele Inc. | Monolithic flat panel display apparatus |
US5194852A (en) | 1986-12-01 | 1993-03-16 | More Edward S | Electro-optic slate for direct entry and display and/or storage of hand-entered textual and graphic information |
US5279694A (en) | 1986-12-04 | 1994-01-18 | Copytele, Inc. | Chip mounting techniques for display apparatus |
US4892607A (en) | 1986-12-04 | 1990-01-09 | Copytele, Inc. | Chip mounting techniques for display apparatus |
US5028841A (en) | 1989-07-18 | 1991-07-02 | Copytele, Inc. | Chip mounting techniques for display apparatus |
US4947219A (en) | 1987-01-06 | 1990-08-07 | Chronar Corp. | Particulate semiconductor devices and methods |
IT1204914B (en) | 1987-03-06 | 1989-03-10 | Bonapace & C Spa | PROCEDURE FOR THE PROTECTION OF LITTLE STABLE SUBSTANCES WITH POLYMERIC MIXTURES AND PROCESSES FOR THEIR APPLICATION |
US4772102A (en) | 1987-05-18 | 1988-09-20 | Taliq Corporation | Display with light traps between reflector and scattering means |
US4919521A (en) | 1987-06-03 | 1990-04-24 | Nippon Sheet Glass Co., Ltd. | Electromagnetic device |
US4833464A (en) | 1987-09-14 | 1989-05-23 | Copytele, Inc. | Electrophoretic information display (EPID) apparatus employing grey scale capability |
US5017225A (en) | 1987-12-02 | 1991-05-21 | Japan Capsular Products Inc. | Microencapsulated photochromic material, process for its preparation and a water-base ink composition prepared therefrom |
DE3880120T2 (en) | 1987-12-07 | 1993-10-14 | Solvay | Conductive polymers of aromatic heterocyclic compounds substituted with ether groups, processes for their preparation, apparatus comprising these polymers, and monomers which enable such polymers to be obtained. |
US5161233A (en) | 1988-05-17 | 1992-11-03 | Dai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd. | Method for recording and reproducing information, apparatus therefor and recording medium |
US5185226A (en) | 1988-03-23 | 1993-02-09 | Olin Corporation | Electrostatic method for multicolor imaging from a single toner bath comprising double-encapsulated toner particles |
US4846931A (en) | 1988-03-29 | 1989-07-11 | Bell Communications Research, Inc. | Method for lifting-off epitaxial films |
US4883561A (en) | 1988-03-29 | 1989-11-28 | Bell Communications Research, Inc. | Lift-off and subsequent bonding of epitaxial films |
US5070326A (en) | 1988-04-13 | 1991-12-03 | Ube Industries Ltd. | Liquid crystal display device |
US5250932A (en) | 1988-04-13 | 1993-10-05 | Ube Industries, Ltd. | Liquid crystal display device |
US4947159A (en) | 1988-04-18 | 1990-08-07 | 501 Copytele, Inc. | Power supply apparatus capable of multi-mode operation for an electrophoretic display panel |
US5731116A (en) | 1989-05-17 | 1998-03-24 | Dai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd. | Electrostatic information recording medium and electrostatic information recording and reproducing method |
US4931019A (en) | 1988-09-01 | 1990-06-05 | Pennwalt Corporation | Electrostatic image display apparatus |
US5119218A (en) | 1988-09-28 | 1992-06-02 | Ube Industries, Ltd. | Liquid crystal display device having varistor elements |
NL8802409A (en) | 1988-09-30 | 1990-04-17 | Philips Nv | DISPLAY DEVICE, SUPPORT PLATE PROVIDED WITH DIODE AND SUITABLE FOR THE DISPLAY DEVICE AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING THE SUPPORT PLATE. |
US4947157A (en) | 1988-10-03 | 1990-08-07 | 501 Copytele, Inc. | Apparatus and methods for pulsing the electrodes of an electrophoretic display for achieving faster display operation |
JPH02131221A (en) * | 1988-11-11 | 1990-05-21 | Pioneer Electron Corp | Photoconduction type liquid crystal light valve |
US4889603A (en) | 1988-12-09 | 1989-12-26 | Copytele, Inc. | Method of eliminating gas bubbles in an electrophoretic display |
FR2640626B1 (en) | 1988-12-16 | 1991-02-08 | Solvay | SUBSTITUTED THIOPHENES, CONDUCTIVE POLYMERS DERIVED FROM SUCH THIOPHENES, PROCESS FOR OBTAINING SAME, AND DEVICES CONTAINING THESE POLYMERS |
US5041824A (en) * | 1989-03-02 | 1991-08-20 | Copytele, Inc. | Semitransparent electrophoretic information displays (EPID) employing mesh like electrodes |
ES2195060T3 (en) | 1989-03-16 | 2003-12-01 | Dainippon Printing Co Ltd | PREPARATION AND REPRODUCTION OF FILTERS AND PREPARATION OF MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC FILTERS. |
US5587264A (en) | 1989-03-16 | 1996-12-24 | Dai Nippon Printing Co. Ltd. | Electrostatic information recording medium and electrostatic information recording and reproducing method |
JPH02274723A (en) | 1989-04-18 | 1990-11-08 | Nippon Oil Co Ltd | 3-substituted pyrrole polymer |
US5302235A (en) | 1989-05-01 | 1994-04-12 | Copytele, Inc. | Dual anode flat panel electrophoretic display apparatus |
US5053763A (en) | 1989-05-01 | 1991-10-01 | Copytele, Inc. | Dual anode flat panel electrophoretic display apparatus |
US5276113A (en) | 1989-05-22 | 1994-01-04 | Kanegafuchi Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. | Process for suspension polymerization |
US5508068A (en) | 1989-06-17 | 1996-04-16 | Shinko Electric Works Co., Ltd. | Cholesteric liquid crystal composition, color-forming liquid crystal composite product, method for protecting liquid crystal and color-forming liquid crystal picture laminated product |
JPH03109526A (en) * | 1989-06-20 | 1991-05-09 | Japan Synthetic Rubber Co Ltd | Active matrix substrate for liquid crystal display device |
CH678767A5 (en) | 1989-06-30 | 1991-10-31 | Jozef Hanulik Dipl Chem | |
US5066946A (en) | 1989-07-03 | 1991-11-19 | Copytele, Inc. | Electrophoretic display panel with selective line erasure |
US5220316A (en) | 1989-07-03 | 1993-06-15 | Benjamin Kazan | Nonlinear resistor control circuit and use in liquid crystal displays |
US5268448A (en) | 1989-07-10 | 1993-12-07 | Solvay S.A. | Conducting polymers derived from fluorinated thiophenes |
FR2649396B1 (en) * | 1989-07-10 | 1994-07-29 | Solvay | FLUORINATED THIOPHENES, CONDUCTIVE POLYMERS DERIVED FROM SUCH THIOPHENES, PROCESS FOR OBTAINING SAME AND DEVICES CONTAINING THESE POLYMERS |
JPH0344621A (en) | 1989-07-12 | 1991-02-26 | Alps Electric Co Ltd | Method and device for displaying and display medium tube used therein |
US5128785A (en) | 1989-08-08 | 1992-07-07 | Ube Industries, Ltd. | Liquid crystal display device substantially free from cross-talk having varistor layers coupled to signal lines and picture electrodes |
US5254981A (en) | 1989-09-15 | 1993-10-19 | Copytele, Inc. | Electrophoretic display employing gray scale capability utilizing area modulation |
JP2712046B2 (en) | 1989-10-18 | 1998-02-10 | 宇部興産株式会社 | Liquid crystal display |
CA2027440C (en) | 1989-11-08 | 1995-07-04 | Nicholas K. Sheridon | Paper-like computer output display and scanning system therefor |
US5128226A (en) | 1989-11-13 | 1992-07-07 | Eastman Kodak Company | Electrophotographic element containing barrier layer |
US5077157A (en) | 1989-11-24 | 1991-12-31 | Copytele, Inc. | Methods of fabricating dual anode, flat panel electrophoretic displays |
US5177476A (en) | 1989-11-24 | 1993-01-05 | Copytele, Inc. | Methods of fabricating dual anode, flat panel electrophoretic displays |
US5057363A (en) | 1989-12-27 | 1991-10-15 | Japan Capsular Products Inc. | Magnetic display system |
FI91573C (en) * | 1990-01-04 | 1994-07-11 | Neste Oy | Method for manufacturing electronic and electro-optical components and circuits |
JPH03205422A (en) | 1990-01-08 | 1991-09-06 | Nippon Oil Co Ltd | Poly((3-pyrrolyl)acetic acid) |
US5066559A (en) | 1990-01-22 | 1991-11-19 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Liquid electrophotographic toner |
EP0443571A3 (en) * | 1990-02-23 | 1992-04-15 | Ube Industries, Ltd. | Liquid crystal display panel |
EP0449117A3 (en) | 1990-03-23 | 1992-05-06 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Organic polymer and preparation and use thereof |
JPH049916A (en) | 1990-04-27 | 1992-01-14 | Victor Co Of Japan Ltd | Recording device and recording head |
US5085918A (en) | 1990-05-15 | 1992-02-04 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Printed retroreflective sheet |
JP2554769B2 (en) | 1990-05-16 | 1996-11-13 | 株式会社東芝 | Liquid crystal display |
GB2244860A (en) | 1990-06-04 | 1991-12-11 | Philips Electronic Associated | Fabricating mim type device array and display devices incorporating such arrays |
US5151032A (en) | 1990-07-13 | 1992-09-29 | Kabushiki Kaisha Pilot | Magnetophoretic display panel |
US5699102A (en) | 1990-10-15 | 1997-12-16 | Eastman Kodak Company | Non-impact copier/printer system communicating rosterized, printer independant data |
US5250938A (en) | 1990-12-19 | 1993-10-05 | Copytele, Inc. | Electrophoretic display panel having enhanced operation |
US5362671A (en) | 1990-12-31 | 1994-11-08 | Kopin Corporation | Method of fabricating single crystal silicon arrayed devices for display panels |
US5138472A (en) | 1991-02-11 | 1992-08-11 | Raychem Corporation | Display having light scattering centers |
DE69210993T2 (en) * | 1991-03-11 | 1996-10-02 | Copytele Inc | ELECTROPHORETIC DISPLAY DEVICE WITH SEVERAL ELECTRICALLY INDEPENDENT ANODE ELEMENTS |
US5223823A (en) | 1991-03-11 | 1993-06-29 | Copytele, Inc. | Electrophoretic display panel with plural electrically independent anode elements |
US5187609A (en) | 1991-03-27 | 1993-02-16 | Disanto Frank J | Electrophoretic display panel with semiconductor coated elements |
EP0505648B1 (en) | 1991-03-28 | 1994-06-15 | Dainippon Ink And Chemicals, Inc. | Microcapsules, encapsulation method therefor, and method of use thereof |
JP2916260B2 (en) * | 1991-05-06 | 1999-07-05 | コピイテル,インコーポレイテッド | Electrophoretic display device and manufacturing method thereof |
US5315312A (en) | 1991-05-06 | 1994-05-24 | Copytele, Inc. | Electrophoretic display panel with tapered grid insulators and associated methods |
US5375044A (en) | 1991-05-13 | 1994-12-20 | Guritz; Steven P. W. | Multipurpose optical display for articulating surfaces |
US5223115A (en) * | 1991-05-13 | 1993-06-29 | Copytele, Inc. | Electrophoretic display with single character erasure |
EP0586373B1 (en) * | 1991-05-30 | 1997-03-12 | Copytele Inc. | Methods of fabricating dual anode, flat panel electrophoretic displays |
JP3086718B2 (en) | 1991-06-24 | 2000-09-11 | 株式会社東芝 | Liquid crystal display device |
WO1993000156A1 (en) | 1991-06-29 | 1993-01-07 | Miyazaki-Ken | Monodisperse single and double emulsions and production thereof |
US5689282A (en) | 1991-07-09 | 1997-11-18 | U.S. Philips Corporation | Display device with compensation for stray capacitance |
WO1993002443A1 (en) * | 1991-07-15 | 1993-02-04 | Copytele, Inc. | Electrophoretic display employing grey scale capability utilizing area modulation |
US5360582A (en) | 1991-07-15 | 1994-11-01 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Nonlinear optical materials containing polar disulfone-functionalized molecules |
JPH0519306A (en) | 1991-07-16 | 1993-01-29 | Nippon Sheet Glass Co Ltd | Fully solid-state dimming device and dimming method with the same |
WO1993004411A1 (en) | 1991-08-16 | 1993-03-04 | Eastman Kodak Company | Migration imaging with dyes or pigments to effect bleaching |
US5216416A (en) | 1991-08-19 | 1993-06-01 | Copytele, Inc. | Electrophoretic display panel with interleaved local anode |
DE69124707T2 (en) | 1991-08-29 | 1997-05-28 | Copytele Inc | ELECTROPHORETIC DISPLAY PANEL WITH INTERNAL NETWORK BACKGROUND |
DE69123605T2 (en) * | 1991-09-17 | 1997-04-03 | Copytele Inc | SYSTEM FOR WRITING DATA ON AN ELECTROPHORETIC DISPLAY PANEL. |
WO2004088430A1 (en) | 1991-10-16 | 2004-10-14 | @ | Electrostatic information recording medium |
JP2551783Y2 (en) | 1991-10-21 | 1997-10-27 | 東光電気株式会社 | Cable guide link |
JP3164919B2 (en) * | 1991-10-29 | 2001-05-14 | ゼロックス コーポレーション | Method of forming dichroic balls |
US5463492A (en) | 1991-11-01 | 1995-10-31 | Research Frontiers Incorporated | Light modulating film of improved clarity for a light valve |
US5247290A (en) | 1991-11-21 | 1993-09-21 | Copytele, Inc. | Method of operation for reducing power, increasing life and improving performance of epids |
US5266937A (en) | 1991-11-25 | 1993-11-30 | Copytele, Inc. | Method for writing data to an electrophoretic display panel |
US5174882A (en) | 1991-11-25 | 1992-12-29 | Copytele, Inc. | Electrode structure for an electrophoretic display apparatus |
US5663224A (en) | 1991-12-03 | 1997-09-02 | Rohm And Haas Company | Process for preparing an aqueous dispersion |
EP0618715A4 (en) * | 1991-12-13 | 1996-12-18 | Ace Denken Kk | Electronic notepad. |
US5266098A (en) | 1992-01-07 | 1993-11-30 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Production of charged uniformly sized metal droplets |
DE69324675T2 (en) | 1992-02-25 | 2000-09-07 | Copytele Inc | ELECTROPHORETIC DISPLAY FOR FLASHING SIGNS DISPLAYED |
US5412398A (en) | 1992-02-25 | 1995-05-02 | Copytele, Inc. | Electrophoretic display panel and associated methods for blinking displayed characters |
US5293528A (en) | 1992-02-25 | 1994-03-08 | Copytele, Inc. | Electrophoretic display panel and associated methods providing single pixel erase capability |
US5411792A (en) | 1992-02-27 | 1995-05-02 | Sumitomo Metal Mining Co., Ltd. | Transparent conductive substrate |
ZA933185B (en) | 1992-05-08 | 1994-05-23 | Dick Co Ab | Encapsulated magnetic particles pigments and carbon black compositions and methods related thereto |
CA2070068C (en) | 1992-05-29 | 2000-07-04 | Masayuki Nakanishi | Magnetic display system |
US5298833A (en) | 1992-06-22 | 1994-03-29 | Copytele, Inc. | Black electrophoretic particles for an electrophoretic image display |
FR2693005B1 (en) | 1992-06-26 | 1995-03-31 | Thomson Lcd | Circuit encapsulation and passivation arrangement for flat screens. |
US5512162A (en) | 1992-08-13 | 1996-04-30 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Method for photo-forming small shaped metal containing articles from porous precursors |
US5270843A (en) | 1992-08-31 | 1993-12-14 | Jiansheng Wang | Directly formed polymer dispersed liquid crystal light shutter displays |
US5279511A (en) | 1992-10-21 | 1994-01-18 | Copytele, Inc. | Method of filling an electrophoretic display |
US5543177A (en) | 1992-11-05 | 1996-08-06 | Xerox Corporation | Marking materials containing retroreflecting fillers |
US5262098A (en) | 1992-12-23 | 1993-11-16 | Xerox Corporation | Method and apparatus for fabricating bichromal balls for a twisting ball display |
US5345251A (en) | 1993-01-11 | 1994-09-06 | Copytele, Inc. | Electrophoretic display panel with interleaved cathode and anode |
US5402145A (en) | 1993-02-17 | 1995-03-28 | Copytele, Inc. | Electrophoretic display panel with arc driven individual pixels |
JPH07152024A (en) | 1993-05-17 | 1995-06-16 | Sharp Corp | Liquid crystal display element |
US5360689A (en) | 1993-05-21 | 1994-11-01 | Copytele, Inc. | Colored polymeric dielectric particles and method of manufacture |
US5552679A (en) | 1993-07-15 | 1996-09-03 | International En-R-Tech Incorporated | Electroluminescent and light reflective panel |
US5380362A (en) | 1993-07-16 | 1995-01-10 | Copytele, Inc. | Suspension for use in electrophoretic image display systems |
US5411656A (en) | 1993-08-12 | 1995-05-02 | Copytele, Inc. | Gas absorption additives for electrophoretic suspensions |
EP0717870A4 (en) | 1993-09-09 | 1997-04-09 | Copytele Inc | Electrophoretic display panel with selective character addressability |
WO1995010107A1 (en) | 1993-10-01 | 1995-04-13 | Copytele, Inc. | Electrophoretic display panel with selective character addressability |
DE69412567T2 (en) | 1993-11-01 | 1999-02-04 | Hodogaya Chemical Co Ltd | Amine compound and electroluminescent device containing it |
US5403518A (en) | 1993-12-02 | 1995-04-04 | Copytele, Inc. | Formulations for improved electrophoretic display suspensions and related methods |
US5625460A (en) | 1993-12-09 | 1997-04-29 | Eastman Kodak Company | Method and apparatus for locally switching gray dot types to reproduce an image with gray level printing |
US5904545A (en) | 1993-12-17 | 1999-05-18 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Apparatus for fabricating self-assembling microstructures |
US5824186A (en) | 1993-12-17 | 1998-10-20 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Method and apparatus for fabricating self-assembling microstructures |
US5545291A (en) | 1993-12-17 | 1996-08-13 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Method for fabricating self-assembling microstructures |
US5383008A (en) | 1993-12-29 | 1995-01-17 | Xerox Corporation | Liquid ink electrostatic image development system |
US5508720A (en) | 1994-02-02 | 1996-04-16 | Copytele, Inc. | Portable telecommunication device with removable electrophoretic display |
JPH08510575A (en) | 1994-03-18 | 1996-11-05 | フィリップス エレクトロニクス ネムローゼ フェン ノートシャップ | Active matrix display device and driving method thereof |
US5744283A (en) | 1994-04-12 | 1998-04-28 | U.S. Philips Corporation | Method of photolithographically metallizing at least the inside of holes arranged in accordance with a pattern in a plate of an electrically insulating material |
WO1995030178A1 (en) | 1994-04-28 | 1995-11-09 | Philips Electronics N.V. | Method of photolithographically producing a copper pattern on a plate of an electrically insulating material |
US5543589A (en) * | 1994-05-23 | 1996-08-06 | International Business Machines Corporation | Touchpad with dual sensor that simplifies scanning |
JPH10501301A (en) | 1994-05-26 | 1998-02-03 | コピイテル,インコーポレイテッド | Fluorinated dielectric suspensions for electrophoretic image displays and related methods |
US5673148A (en) | 1994-06-23 | 1997-09-30 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Encapsulated retroreflective elements and method for making same |
US5623585A (en) | 1994-07-15 | 1997-04-22 | Eastman Kodak Company | Method and apparatus for parallel processing of a document image |
GB2292119B (en) | 1994-08-10 | 1998-12-30 | Chemitech Inc | A process for producing a magnetic display sheet using microcapsules |
GB2324273B (en) | 1994-08-10 | 1998-12-30 | Chemitech Inc | Microcapsules for magnetic display |
US5602572A (en) | 1994-08-25 | 1997-02-11 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Thinned halftone dot patterns for inkjet printing |
DE4431441C1 (en) | 1994-09-03 | 1996-02-15 | Licentia Gmbh | Communication circuitry with remotely located system having sensors and control devices |
DK0791190T3 (en) | 1994-11-07 | 2000-03-13 | Minnesota Mining & Mfg | Signaling objects and method of manufacturing the same |
US5650872A (en) | 1994-12-08 | 1997-07-22 | Research Frontiers Incorporated | Light valve containing ultrafine particles |
US5729632A (en) | 1994-12-08 | 1998-03-17 | Eastman Kodak Company | Reproduction apparatus and method for adjusting rendering with toners of different particle sizes |
US5694224A (en) | 1994-12-08 | 1997-12-02 | Eastman Kodak Company | Method and apparatus for tone adjustment correction on rendering gray level image data |
US5648801A (en) | 1994-12-16 | 1997-07-15 | International Business Machines Corporation | Grayscale printing system |
US5759671A (en) | 1994-12-16 | 1998-06-02 | Nippon Carbide Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Ultraviolet luminescent retroreflective sheeting |
US5745094A (en) | 1994-12-28 | 1998-04-28 | International Business Machines Corporation | Electrophoretic display |
US5604027A (en) * | 1995-01-03 | 1997-02-18 | Xerox Corporation | Some uses of microencapsulation for electric paper |
DE19500694C2 (en) | 1995-01-12 | 1997-12-11 | Martin Hauck | RF imaging device |
US5643506A (en) | 1995-02-03 | 1997-07-01 | The Mead Corporation | Continuous production of Emulsions and microcapsules of uniform particle size |
US5604070A (en) | 1995-02-17 | 1997-02-18 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Liquid toners with hydrocarbon solvents |
JPH08234176A (en) * | 1995-02-24 | 1996-09-13 | Fuji Xerox Co Ltd | High polymer-liquid crystal combined display element |
AU4471096A (en) | 1995-03-09 | 1996-10-02 | Geo-Centers, Inc. | Conducting substrate, liquid crystal device made therefrom and liquid crystalline composition in contact therewith |
KR100395380B1 (en) | 1995-05-02 | 2003-12-01 | 코닌클리케 필립스 일렉트로닉스 엔.브이. | Apparatus for depositing cathode material on wire cathode and method for manufacturing wire cathode |
US5609978A (en) | 1995-06-06 | 1997-03-11 | Eastman Kodak Company | Method for producing an electronic image from a photographic element |
US5610455A (en) | 1995-06-29 | 1997-03-11 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Electret containing syndiotactic vinyl aromatic polymer |
JPH10505454A (en) | 1995-06-29 | 1998-05-26 | イーストマン コダック カンパニー | Method for fusing images transferable to digital disk and laminated jacket |
NO302987B1 (en) | 1995-07-18 | 1998-05-11 | Opticom As | Optical logic element and methods for its preparation and optical addressing, respectively, and use thereof in an optical logic device |
US5716550A (en) | 1995-08-10 | 1998-02-10 | Eastman Kodak Company | Electrically conductive composition and elements containing solubilized polyaniline complex and solvent mixture |
US5686383A (en) | 1995-08-22 | 1997-11-11 | Eastman Kodak Company | Method of making a color filter array by colorant transfer and lamination |
GB2306229B (en) | 1995-10-13 | 1999-04-07 | Ibm | Diffusely reflective display cell |
US5582700A (en) | 1995-10-16 | 1996-12-10 | Zikon Corporation | Electrophoretic display utilizing phase separation of liquids |
US5693442A (en) | 1995-11-06 | 1997-12-02 | Eastman Kodak Company | Charge generating elements having modified spectral sensitivity |
US5729663A (en) | 1995-12-07 | 1998-03-17 | Xerox Corporation | Method and apparatus for gray screening |
US5717514A (en) | 1995-12-15 | 1998-02-10 | Xerox Corporation | Polychromal segmented balls for a twisting ball display |
US5751268A (en) | 1995-12-15 | 1998-05-12 | Xerox Corporation | Pseudo-four color twisting ball display |
US5739801A (en) | 1995-12-15 | 1998-04-14 | Xerox Corporation | Multithreshold addressing of a twisting ball display |
US5717515A (en) | 1995-12-15 | 1998-02-10 | Xerox Corporation | Canted electric fields for addressing a twisting ball display |
US5737115A (en) | 1995-12-15 | 1998-04-07 | Xerox Corporation | Additive color tristate light valve twisting ball display |
US5760761A (en) | 1995-12-15 | 1998-06-02 | Xerox Corporation | Highlight color twisting ball display |
US5708525A (en) | 1995-12-15 | 1998-01-13 | Xerox Corporation | Applications of a transmissive twisting ball display |
US5767826A (en) | 1995-12-15 | 1998-06-16 | Xerox Corporation | Subtractive color twisting ball display |
KR100267700B1 (en) * | 1995-12-30 | 2000-10-16 | 가시오 가즈오 | Display devce for performing display operation in accordance with signal light and driving method thereof |
US5717283A (en) | 1996-01-03 | 1998-02-10 | Xerox Corporation | Display sheet with a plurality of hourglass shaped capsules containing marking means responsive to external fields |
US5714270A (en) | 1996-03-04 | 1998-02-03 | Xerox Corporation | Multifunctional recording sheets |
US5786875A (en) | 1996-03-15 | 1998-07-28 | Brader; Lawrence Allen | Thermal liquid crystal display using thermoelectric link |
US5691098A (en) | 1996-04-03 | 1997-11-25 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Laser-Induced mass transfer imaging materials utilizing diazo compounds |
US5709976A (en) | 1996-06-03 | 1998-01-20 | Xerox Corporation | Coated papers |
JP3198113B2 (en) | 1996-06-12 | 2001-08-13 | オプティコム エイエスエイ | Optical logic element and optical logic mechanism |
US5825529A (en) | 1996-06-27 | 1998-10-20 | Xerox Corporation | Gyricon display with no elastomer substrate |
US5808783A (en) | 1996-06-27 | 1998-09-15 | Xerox Corporation | High reflectance gyricon display |
US5754332A (en) | 1996-06-27 | 1998-05-19 | Xerox Corporation | Monolayer gyricon display |
US5969376A (en) | 1996-08-23 | 1999-10-19 | Lucent Technologies Inc. | Organic thin film transistor having a phthalocyanine semiconductor layer |
US5843259A (en) | 1996-08-29 | 1998-12-01 | Xerox Corporation | Method for applying an adhesive layer to a substrate surface |
US5715514A (en) | 1996-10-02 | 1998-02-03 | Xerox Corporation | Calibration method and system for sheet registration and deskewing |
US5930026A (en) | 1996-10-25 | 1999-07-27 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Nonemissive displays and piezoelectric power supplies therefor |
US5740495A (en) | 1996-12-19 | 1998-04-14 | Eastman Kodak Company | Apparatus and method for adjusting cleaning system performance on an electrostatographic recording apparatus |
US5777782A (en) | 1996-12-24 | 1998-07-07 | Xerox Corporation | Auxiliary optics for a twisting ball display |
US5783614A (en) | 1997-02-21 | 1998-07-21 | Copytele, Inc. | Polymeric-coated dielectric particles and formulation and method for preparing same |
US5961804A (en) * | 1997-03-18 | 1999-10-05 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Microencapsulated electrophoretic display |
US5900858A (en) | 1997-05-30 | 1999-05-04 | Xerox Corporation | Rotation mechanism for bichromal balls of a twisting ball display sheet based on contact potential charging |
EP0924551A1 (en) * | 1997-12-18 | 1999-06-23 | The Technology Partnership Public Limited Company | Method and apparatus for matrix addressing of an electrophoretic display device |
US5914806A (en) | 1998-02-11 | 1999-06-22 | International Business Machines Corporation | Stable electrophoretic particles for displays |
US6014247A (en) | 1998-06-05 | 2000-01-11 | Lear Automotive Dearborn, Inc. | Electronic ink dimming mirror |
US6184856B1 (en) * | 1998-09-16 | 2001-02-06 | International Business Machines Corporation | Transmissive electrophoretic display with laterally adjacent color cells |
-
1999
- 1999-03-18 JP JP2000537107A patent/JP2002507765A/en active Pending
- 1999-03-18 EP EP99913944A patent/EP1064584B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-03-18 WO PCT/US1999/005894 patent/WO1999047970A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1999-03-18 CA CA002320788A patent/CA2320788A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1999-03-18 DE DE69917441T patent/DE69917441T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-03-18 AU AU31904/99A patent/AU3190499A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1999-03-18 US US09/272,716 patent/US6445489B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP2002507765A (en) | 2002-03-12 |
EP1064584B1 (en) | 2004-05-19 |
AU3190499A (en) | 1999-10-11 |
WO1999047970A1 (en) | 1999-09-23 |
DE69917441T2 (en) | 2004-09-23 |
US6445489B1 (en) | 2002-09-03 |
EP1064584A1 (en) | 2001-01-03 |
DE69917441D1 (en) | 2004-06-24 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US6445489B1 (en) | Electrophoretic displays and systems for addressing such displays | |
US6753999B2 (en) | Electrophoretic displays in portable devices and systems for addressing such displays | |
US6900851B2 (en) | Electro-optic displays and optical systems for addressing such displays | |
US8698978B2 (en) | Electroluminescent displays | |
US7113165B2 (en) | Molecular light valve display having sequenced color illumination | |
JP2009524083A (en) | Reflective display device | |
KR20040068188A (en) | Display device comprising stacked transmissive and electroluminiscent display elements | |
TWI408632B (en) | Display apparatus and drive method thereof | |
US20110007046A1 (en) | Smart display devices | |
JP2004198949A (en) | Optical modulating medium and method of optical modulation | |
JP2000111942A (en) | Display memory medium, image writing method and image writing device | |
US20080026165A1 (en) | Electronic Paint Structure with Thermal Addressing Layer | |
US11398204B2 (en) | Electro-optic displays and methods of driving the same | |
US11287718B2 (en) | Reusable display addressable with incident light | |
JP3757753B2 (en) | Screen information copying device | |
JP2002006344A (en) | Lighting device and image display device | |
WO2005031450A1 (en) | Electronic paint with charge memory | |
CN101878512A (en) | Isolation mask for fine line display | |
JPH0421820A (en) | Light-light conversion element | |
CN1471700A (en) | Display device |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
FZDE | Discontinued |