CA2446811A1 - Statistical memory-based translation system - Google Patents
Statistical memory-based translation system Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2446811A1 CA2446811A1 CA002446811A CA2446811A CA2446811A1 CA 2446811 A1 CA2446811 A1 CA 2446811A1 CA 002446811 A CA002446811 A CA 002446811A CA 2446811 A CA2446811 A CA 2446811A CA 2446811 A1 CA2446811 A1 CA 2446811A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- translation
- target language
- text segment
- word
- current target
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F16/00—Information retrieval; Database structures therefor; File system structures therefor
- G06F16/30—Information retrieval; Database structures therefor; File system structures therefor of unstructured textual data
- G06F16/34—Browsing; Visualisation therefor
- G06F16/345—Summarisation for human users
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F40/00—Handling natural language data
- G06F40/40—Processing or translation of natural language
- G06F40/42—Data-driven translation
- G06F40/47—Machine-assisted translation, e.g. using translation memory
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F40/00—Handling natural language data
- G06F40/20—Natural language analysis
- G06F40/205—Parsing
- G06F40/211—Syntactic parsing, e.g. based on context-free grammar [CFG] or unification grammars
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F40/00—Handling natural language data
- G06F40/20—Natural language analysis
- G06F40/205—Parsing
- G06F40/216—Parsing using statistical methods
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F40/00—Handling natural language data
- G06F40/20—Natural language analysis
- G06F40/253—Grammatical analysis; Style critique
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F40/00—Handling natural language data
- G06F40/30—Semantic analysis
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F40/00—Handling natural language data
- G06F40/30—Semantic analysis
- G06F40/35—Discourse or dialogue representation
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F40/00—Handling natural language data
- G06F40/40—Processing or translation of natural language
- G06F40/42—Data-driven translation
- G06F40/44—Statistical methods, e.g. probability models
Abstract
A statistical machine translation (MT) (100) system may include a translation memory (TMEM) (110) and a decoder (115). The decoder (115) may translate an input text segment (102) using a statistical MT decoding algorithm, for example, a greedy decoding algorithm. The system may generate a cover of the input text segment from text segments in the TMEM (110). The decoder (115) may use the cover as an initial translation in the decoding operation.
Description
STATISTICAL MEMORY-BASED TRANSLATION
SYSTEM
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims the benefit of, and incorporates herein, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/291,853, filed May 17, 2001, and U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 09/854,327, filed May 11, 2001.
ORIGIN OF INVENTION
SYSTEM
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims the benefit of, and incorporates herein, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/291,853, filed May 17, 2001, and U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 09/854,327, filed May 11, 2001.
ORIGIN OF INVENTION
[0002] The research and development described in this application were supported by DARPA-ITO under grant number N66001-00-1-9814. The U.S. Government may have certain rights in the claimed inventions.
BACKGROUND
BACKGROUND
[0003] Machine translation (MT) concerns the automatic translation of natural language sentences from a first language (e. g., French) into another language (e. g., English). Systems that perform MT techniques are said to "decode" the source language into. the target language.
[0004] A statistical MT system that translates French sentences into English has three components: a language model (LM) that assigns a probability P(e) to any English string; a translation model (TM) that assigns a probability P(f~e) to any pair of English and French strings; and a decoder. The decoder may take a previously unseen sentence f and try to find the a that maximizes P(e~f), or equivalently maximizes P(e) ~ P(f~e).
SUMMARY
SUMMARY
[0005] A statistical machine translation (MT) system may include a translation memory (TMEM) and a decoder. The TMEM may be a statistical TMEM generated from a corpus or a TMEM produced by a human. The decoder may translate an input text segment using a statistical MT decoding algorithm, for example, a greedy decoding algorithm.
[0006] The system may generate a cover of the input text segment from text segments in the TMEM. The decoder may use the cover as an initial translation in the decoding operation.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0007] Figure 1 is a block diagram of a statistical machine translation system.
[0008] Figure 2 illustrates the results of a stochastic word alignment operation.
[0009] Figure 3 is a flowchart describing a stochastic process that explains how a source string can be mapped into a target string.
[0010] Figure 4 is a flowchart describing a greedy decoding procedure that uses both a TMEM and a statistical translation model.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0011] Figure 1 illustrates a statistical machine translation (MT) system which utilizes a translation memory (TMEM) according to an embodiment. The MT system 100 may be used to translate from a source language (e. g., French) to a target language (e.g., English). The MT system 100 may include a language model 102, a translation model 105, a TMEM 110, and a decoder 115.
[0012] The MT system 100 may be based on a source-channel model. The language model (the source) provides an a priori distribution P(e) of probabilities indicating which English text strings are more likely, e.g., which are grammatically correct and which are not. The language model 102 may be an n-gram model trained by a large, naturally generated monolithic corpus (e.g., English) to determine the probability of a word sequence.
[0013] The translation model 105 may be used to determine the probability of correctness for a translation. The translation model may be, for example, an IBM translation model 4, described in U.S. Patent No. 5,477,451. The IBM
translation model 4 revolves around the notion of a word alignment over a pair of sentences, such as that shown in Figure 2. A word alignment assigns a single home (English string position) to each French word. If two French words align to the same English word, then that English word is said to have a fertility of two. Likewise, if an English word remains unaligned-to, then it has fertility zero. If a word has fertility greater than one, it is called very fertile.
translation model 4 revolves around the notion of a word alignment over a pair of sentences, such as that shown in Figure 2. A word alignment assigns a single home (English string position) to each French word. If two French words align to the same English word, then that English word is said to have a fertility of two. Likewise, if an English word remains unaligned-to, then it has fertility zero. If a word has fertility greater than one, it is called very fertile.
[0014] The word alignment in Figure 2 is shorthand for a hypothetical stochastic process by which an English string X00 gets converted into a French string 205. Figure 3 is a flowchart describing, at a high level, such a stochastic process 300. Every English word in the string is first assigned a fertility (block 305). These assignments may be made stochastically according to a table n(s~le;,). Any word with fertility zero is deleted from the string, any word with fertility two is duplicated, etc. After each English word in the new string, the fertility of an invisible English NULL element with probability p1 (typically about 0.02) is incremented (block 310). The NULL element may ultimately produce "spurious" French words. A word-for-word replacement of English words (including NULL) by French words is performed, according to the table t(f~~ei) (block 315). Finally, the French words are permuted (block 320). In permuting, IBM translation model 4 distinguishes between French words that are heads (the leftmost French word generated from a particular English word), non-heads (non-leftmost, generated only by very fertile English words), and NULL-generated.
[0015] The head of one English word is assigned a French string position based on the position assigned to the previous English word. If an English word Ee_1 translates into something at French position j, then the French head word of ei is stochastically placed in French position k with distortion probability dl(k-j~class(ei_1), class (fk)), where "class" refers to automatically determined word classes for French and English vocabulary items. This relative offset k-j encourages adjacent English words to translate into adjacent French words. If ei_1 is infertile,
16 PCT/US02/15057 then j is taken from ei_~, etc. If ei_1 is very fertile, then j is the average of the positions of its French translations.
[0016] If the head of English word ei is placed in French position j, then its first non-head is placed in French position k (>j) according to another table d>1(k-j~olass (fk)). The next non-head is placed at position q with probability d>i(q-k~class (fq)), and so forth.
[0016] If the head of English word ei is placed in French position j, then its first non-head is placed in French position k (>j) according to another table d>1(k-j~olass (fk)). The next non-head is placed at position q with probability d>i(q-k~class (fq)), and so forth.
[0017] After heads and non-heads are placed, NULL-generated words are permuted into the remaining vacant slots randomly. If there are Quo NULL-generated words, then any placement scheme is chosen with probability 1/Q~ol.
[0018] These stochastic decisions, starting with e, result in different choices of f and an alignment of f with e.
The value a is mapped onto a particular <a,f> pair with probability:
P(a, fee) -I I ø, ~n(~i~ ei)xlll lt(Zikl ei)x i=1 i=1 k=1 dl (~c;l - c p; ~ class(e p; ), class(zil ))x r=1,~; >0 7 ~;
d>~ (~'ik - ~i~k-y ~ class(zk ))x i=1 k=2 772 - Y'0 øy, m-2ø~
(1-1~~) x t(zok ~~LL) k=1 where the factors separated by "x" symbols denote fertility, translation, head permutation, non-head permutation, null-fertility, and null-translation probabilities, respectively. The symbols in this formula are: 1 (the length of e), m (the length of f), ei (the ith English word in e), eo (the NUZL word), ~;, (the fertility of ei~, ~o (the fertility of the NULL word) , iik (the kth French word produced by ei in a) , ~ik (the position of iik 1n f) , pi (the position of the first fertile word to the left of ei in a) , cP; (the ceiling of the average of all ~cPik for pi, or 0 if pi is undefined) .
The value a is mapped onto a particular <a,f> pair with probability:
P(a, fee) -I I ø, ~n(~i~ ei)xlll lt(Zikl ei)x i=1 i=1 k=1 dl (~c;l - c p; ~ class(e p; ), class(zil ))x r=1,~; >0 7 ~;
d>~ (~'ik - ~i~k-y ~ class(zk ))x i=1 k=2 772 - Y'0 øy, m-2ø~
(1-1~~) x t(zok ~~LL) k=1 where the factors separated by "x" symbols denote fertility, translation, head permutation, non-head permutation, null-fertility, and null-translation probabilities, respectively. The symbols in this formula are: 1 (the length of e), m (the length of f), ei (the ith English word in e), eo (the NUZL word), ~;, (the fertility of ei~, ~o (the fertility of the NULL word) , iik (the kth French word produced by ei in a) , ~ik (the position of iik 1n f) , pi (the position of the first fertile word to the left of ei in a) , cP; (the ceiling of the average of all ~cPik for pi, or 0 if pi is undefined) .
[0019] The TMEM 110 may be a pre-compiled TMEM including human produced translation pairs. For example, for a French/English MT, a TMEM such as the Hansard Corpus, or a portion thereof, may be used. The Hansard Corpus includes parallel texts in English and Canadian French, drawn from official records of the proceedings of the Canadian Parliament. The Hansard Corpus is presented as sequences of sentences in a version produced by IBM. The IBM
collection contains nearly 2.87 million parallel sentence pairs in the set.
collection contains nearly 2.87 million parallel sentence pairs in the set.
[0020] Alternatively, the TMEM may be a statistical TMEM.
A statistical TMEM may be generated by training the translation model with a training corpus, e.g., the Hansard Corpus, or a portion thereof, and then extracting the Viterbi (most probable word level) alignment of each sentence, i.e., the alignment of highest probability, to extract tuples of the form <ei, ei+~,..., ei+x: f~. f~+~....., f~+1:
a~, a~+1, ..., a~+1>, where ei, e;,+~, ..., e;,+k represents a contiguous English phrase, f~, f~+1, ..., f~+1 represents a contiguous French phrase, and a~, a~+~, ..., a~+1> represents the Viterbi alignment between the two phrases. When a different translation model is used, the TMEM may contain in addition to the contiguous French/English phrase adjacent information specific to the translation model that is employed.
A statistical TMEM may be generated by training the translation model with a training corpus, e.g., the Hansard Corpus, or a portion thereof, and then extracting the Viterbi (most probable word level) alignment of each sentence, i.e., the alignment of highest probability, to extract tuples of the form <ei, ei+~,..., ei+x: f~. f~+~....., f~+1:
a~, a~+1, ..., a~+1>, where ei, e;,+~, ..., e;,+k represents a contiguous English phrase, f~, f~+1, ..., f~+1 represents a contiguous French phrase, and a~, a~+~, ..., a~+1> represents the Viterbi alignment between the two phrases. When a different translation model is used, the TMEM may contain in addition to the contiguous French/English phrase adjacent information specific to the translation model that is employed.
[0021] The tuples may be selected based on certain criteria. The tuples may be limited to "contiguous"
alignments, i.e., alignments in which the words in the English phrase generated only words in the French phrase and each word in the French phrase was generated either by the NULL word or a word from the English phrase. The tuples may be limited to those in which the English and French phrases contained at least two words. The tuples may be limited to those that occur most often in the data.
alignments, i.e., alignments in which the words in the English phrase generated only words in the French phrase and each word in the French phrase was generated either by the NULL word or a word from the English phrase. The tuples may be limited to those in which the English and French phrases contained at least two words. The tuples may be limited to those that occur most often in the data.
[0022] In instances where French phrases are paired with multiple English translations, one possible English translation equivalent may be chosen for each French phrase. A Frequency-based Translation Memory (FTMEM) may be created by associating with each French phrase the English equivalent that occurred most often in the collection of phrases that are extracted. A Probability-based Translation Memory (PTMEM) may be created by associating with each French phrase the English equivalent that corresponds to the alignment of highest probability.
[0023] The decoder 115 may utilize a greedy decoding operation 400, such as that described in the flowchart shown in Figure 4, to produce an output sentence. Greedy decoding methods may start out with a random, approximate solution and then try to improve it incrementally until a satisfactory solution is reached.
[0024] The decoder 115 may receive an input sentence to be translated (block 405). Although in this example, the text segment being translated is a sentence, virtually any other text segment could be used, for example, clauses, paragraphs, or entire treatises.
[0025] The decoder 115 may generate a "cover" for the input sentence using phrases from the TMEM (block 410). The derivation attempts to cover with tranlation pairs from the TMEM 110 as much of the input sentence as possible, using the longest phrases in the TMEM. The words in the input that are not part of any phrase extracted from the TMEM 110 may be "glossed," i.e., replaced with an essentially word-for-word translation. For example, in translating the French sentence "Bien entendu, i1 parle de une belle victoire.", this approach may start the translation process from the phrase "well, he is talking a beautiful victory"
if the TMEM contains the pairs <well ,; bien entendu ,> and <he is talking; i1 parle> but no pair with the French phrase "bell victoire".
if the TMEM contains the pairs <well ,; bien entendu ,> and <he is talking; i1 parle> but no pair with the French phrase "bell victoire".
[0026] If the input sentence is found "as is" in the TMEM
110, its translation is simply returned and there is no further processing (block 415). Otherwise processing continues, and the decoder 115 estimates the probability of correctness of the current translation, P(c), based on probabilities assigned by the language model and the translation model (block 420). After the initial alignment is generated, the decoder 115 tries to improve the alignment (block 425). That is, the decoder tries to find an alignment (and implicitly, a translation) of higher probability by applying one or more sentence modification operators, described below. The use of a word-level alignment and the particular operators described below were chosen for this particular embodiment. However, alternative embodiments using different statistical models may benefit from different or additional operations.
110, its translation is simply returned and there is no further processing (block 415). Otherwise processing continues, and the decoder 115 estimates the probability of correctness of the current translation, P(c), based on probabilities assigned by the language model and the translation model (block 420). After the initial alignment is generated, the decoder 115 tries to improve the alignment (block 425). That is, the decoder tries to find an alignment (and implicitly, a translation) of higher probability by applying one or more sentence modification operators, described below. The use of a word-level alignment and the particular operators described below were chosen for this particular embodiment. However, alternative embodiments using different statistical models may benefit from different or additional operations.
[0027] The following operators collectively make-up the decoder's translation engine, and include the following:
[0028] translateOneOrTwoWords (j1, e1, j2, e~) : This operation changes the translation of one or two French words, those located at positions j1 and j~, from ef~1 and ef~2 into e1 and e2. If ef~ is a word of fertility 1 and ekis NULL, then ef~
is deleted from the translation. If ef~ is the NULL word, the word ek is inserted into the translation at the position that yields an alignment of highest probability. If ef~i =
e1 or ef~2 = e2, then this operation amounts to changing the translation of a single word.
is deleted from the translation. If ef~ is the NULL word, the word ek is inserted into the translation at the position that yields an alignment of highest probability. If ef~i =
e1 or ef~2 = e2, then this operation amounts to changing the translation of a single word.
[0029] translateAndlnsert (j, e1, e~): This operation changes the translation of the French word located at position j from ef~ into e1 and simultaneously inserts word e2 at the position that yields the alignment of highest probability.
Word e2 is selected from an automatically derived list of 1024 words with high probability of having fertility 0.
When ef~ = ei, this operation amounts to inserting a word of fertility 0 into the alignment.
Word e2 is selected from an automatically derived list of 1024 words with high probability of having fertility 0.
When ef~ = ei, this operation amounts to inserting a word of fertility 0 into the alignment.
(0030] removeWordOfFertility0 (i): This operation deletes the word of fertility 0 at position i in the current alignment.
[0031] swapSegments (i1, i2, j1, j2) : This operation creates a new alignment from the old one by swapping non-overlapping English word segments [i1, i2] and [j1, j2] .
During the swap operation, all existing links between English and French words are preserved. The segments can be as small as a word or as long as ~e~-1 words, where ~e~
is the length of the English sentence.
During the swap operation, all existing links between English and French words are preserved. The segments can be as small as a word or as long as ~e~-1 words, where ~e~
is the length of the English sentence.
[0032] joinWords (i1, i2): This operation eliminates from the alignment the English word at position i1 (or i2) and links the French words generated by eil (or ei~) to ei2 (or eil ) .
[0033] The decoder 115 may estimate the probabilities of correctness, P (M1) ... P (Mn) , for each of the results of the sentence modification operations, i.e., the probability for each new resulting translation is determined (block 430).
The decoder 115 may determine whether any of the new translations are better than the current translation by comparing their respective probabilities of correctness (block 435). If any of the new translations represents a better solution than the current translation, then the best new translation (that is, the translation solution having the highest probability of correctness) may be set as the current translation (block 440) and the decoding process may return to block 425 to perform one or more of the sentence modification operations on the new current translation solution.
The decoder 115 may determine whether any of the new translations are better than the current translation by comparing their respective probabilities of correctness (block 435). If any of the new translations represents a better solution than the current translation, then the best new translation (that is, the translation solution having the highest probability of correctness) may be set as the current translation (block 440) and the decoding process may return to block 425 to perform one or more of the sentence modification operations on the new current translation solution.
[0034] The process may repeat until the sentence modification operations cease (as determined in block 435) to produce translation solutions having higher probabilities of correctness, at which point, the decoding process halts and the current translation is output as the final decoding solution (block 445). Alternatively, the decoder 115 could cease after a predetermined number of iterations chosen, for example, either by a human end-user or by an application program using the decoder 115 as a translation engine.
[0035] Accordingly, in a stepwise fashion, starting from the initial cover sentence, the decoder 115 may use a process loop (blocks 425-440) to iterate exhaustively over all alignments that are one operation away from the alignment under consideration. The decoder chooses the alignment of highest probability, until the probability of the current alignment can no longer be improved.
[0036] ~nlhen performing the sentence modification (block 425) either all of the five sentence modification operations can be used or any subset thereof may be used to the exclusion of the others, depending on the preferences of the system designer and/or end-user. For example, the most time consuming operations in the decoder may be swapSegments, translateOneOrTwoWords, and translateAndlnsert. SwapSegments iterates over all possible non-overlapping span pairs that can be built on a sequence of length ~ a ~. TranslateOneOrTwoWords iterates over ~ f ~2 x ~ t ~~ alignments, where ~ f ~ is the size of the French sentence and ~ t ~ is the number of translations associated with each word (in this implementation, this number is limited to the top 10 translations).
TranslateAndlnsert iterates over I f I x I t I x I z I
alignments, where I z I is the size of the list of words with high probability of having fertility 0 (1024 words in this implementation). Accordingly, the decoder may be designed to omit one or more of these slower operations in order to speed up decoding, but potentially at the cost of accuracy. Alternatively, or in addition, the decoder may be designed to use different or additional sentence modification operations according to the objectives of the system designer and/or end-user.
TranslateAndlnsert iterates over I f I x I t I x I z I
alignments, where I z I is the size of the list of words with high probability of having fertility 0 (1024 words in this implementation). Accordingly, the decoder may be designed to omit one or more of these slower operations in order to speed up decoding, but potentially at the cost of accuracy. Alternatively, or in addition, the decoder may be designed to use different or additional sentence modification operations according to the objectives of the system designer and/or end-user.
[0037] The use of a cover sentence may produce better results than, say, a word-by-word gloss of the input sentence because the cover sentence may bias the decoder to search in sub-spaces that are likely to yield translations of high probability, subspaces which otherwise may not be explored. One of the strengths of the TMEM is its ability to encode contextual, long-distance dependencies that are incongruous with the parameters learned by a statistical MT
system utilizing context poor, reductionist channel model.
[0038 It is possible for the decoder 115 to produce a perfect translation using phrases from the TMEM 110, and yet, to discard the perfect translation in favor of an incorrect translation of higher probability that was obtained from a gloss (or the TMEM 110). Alternative ranking techniques may be used by the decoder 115 that would permit the decoder to prefer a TMEM-based translation in some instances even thought that translation may not be the best translation according to the probabilistic channel model.
[0039] A number of embodiments have been described.
Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, blocks in the flowcharts may be skipped or performed out of order and still produce desirable results. Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims.
system utilizing context poor, reductionist channel model.
[0038 It is possible for the decoder 115 to produce a perfect translation using phrases from the TMEM 110, and yet, to discard the perfect translation in favor of an incorrect translation of higher probability that was obtained from a gloss (or the TMEM 110). Alternative ranking techniques may be used by the decoder 115 that would permit the decoder to prefer a TMEM-based translation in some instances even thought that translation may not be the best translation according to the probabilistic channel model.
[0039] A number of embodiments have been described.
Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, blocks in the flowcharts may be skipped or performed out of order and still produce desirable results. Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims.
Claims (40)
1. A method comprising:
receiving an input text segment in a source language; and translating the input text segment to a translated text segment in a target language using both a statistical decoding algorithm and text strings in a translation memory.
receiving an input text segment in a source language; and translating the input text segment to a translated text segment in a target language using both a statistical decoding algorithm and text strings in a translation memory.
2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
generating a cover phrase for the input text segment from one or more text segments in the translation memory.
generating a cover phrase for the input text segment from one or more text segments in the translation memory.
3. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
using said cover as an initial translation for the statistical decoding algorithm.
using said cover as an initial translation for the statistical decoding algorithm.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein said translating comprises:
matching at least a portion of the input text segment with a first text segment in a translation memory;
replacing the at least a portion of the input text segment with a text segment in a target language in the translation memory corresponding to the first text segment;
generating an initial target language translation of the input text segment; and generating a target language translation by performing a statistical machine translation decoding operation on the initial translation.
matching at least a portion of the input text segment with a first text segment in a translation memory;
replacing the at least a portion of the input text segment with a text segment in a target language in the translation memory corresponding to the first text segment;
generating an initial target language translation of the input text segment; and generating a target language translation by performing a statistical machine translation decoding operation on the initial translation.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein said generating the initial target language translation comprises replacing one or more words not in said at least a portion of the input text segment with a with a word-for-word translation.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the translation memory comprises a statistical translation memory.
7. The method of claim 1, further returning a final target language translation when the entire input text sentence matches a text segment in the translation memory.
8. The method of claim 4, wherein said performing the statistical machine translation decoding operation comprises:
performing one or more sentence modification operations to the current target language translation to generate one or more modified target language translations, said current target language translation comprising the initial target language translation in a first instance;
determining whether one or more of the modified target language translations represents an improved translation in comparison with the current target language translation;
setting a modified target language translation as the current target language translation; and repeating said applying, said determining and said setting until occurrence of a termination condition.
performing one or more sentence modification operations to the current target language translation to generate one or more modified target language translations, said current target language translation comprising the initial target language translation in a first instance;
determining whether one or more of the modified target language translations represents an improved translation in comparison with the current target language translation;
setting a modified target language translation as the current target language translation; and repeating said applying, said determining and said setting until occurrence of a termination condition.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein said performing one or more sentence modification operations comprises changing in the current target language translation the translation of one or two words.
10. The method of claim 8, wherein said performing one or more sentence modification operations comprises changing in the current target language translation a translation of a word and concurrently inserting another word at a position that yields an alignment of highest probability between the source language text segment and the current target language translation, the inserted other word having a high probability of having a zero-value fertility.
11. The method of claim 8, wherein said performing one or more sentence modification operations comprises deleting from the current target language translation a word having a zero-value fertility.
12. The method of claim 8, wherein said performing one or more sentence modification operations comprises modifying an alignment between the source language text segment and the current target language translation by swapping non-overlapping target language word segments in the current target language translation.
13. The method of claim 8, wherein said performing one or more sentence modification operations comprises modifying an alignment between the source language text segment and the current target language translation by eliminating a target language word from the current target language translation and linking words in the source language text segment.
14. The method of claim 8, wherein the termination condition comprises a determination that a probability of correctness of a modified target language translation is no greater than a probability of correctness of the current target language translation.
15. The method of claim 8, wherein the termination condition comprises a completion of a predetermined number of iterations.
16. The method of claim 8, wherein the termination condition comprises a lapse of a predetermined amount of time.
17. Apparatus comprising:
a translation memory including a plurality of translation pairs, each translation pair including a text segment in a source language and a corresponding text segment in a target language; and a decoder operative to generate a cover of an input text segment in the source language from one or more text segments in the translation memory and to generate a translation in the target language from said cover using a statistical decoding algorithm.
a translation memory including a plurality of translation pairs, each translation pair including a text segment in a source language and a corresponding text segment in a target language; and a decoder operative to generate a cover of an input text segment in the source language from one or more text segments in the translation memory and to generate a translation in the target language from said cover using a statistical decoding algorithm.
18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the translation memory comprises a statistical translation memory.
19. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the statistical decoding algorithm comprises a greedy decoding algorithm.
20. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the generating the cover comprises replacing the at least a portion of the input text segment with a text segment in a target language in the translation memory corresponding to the first text segment and replacing one or more words not in said at least a portion of the input text segment with a gloss.
21. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the statistical decoding algorithm comprises:
performing one or more sentence modification operations to the current target language translation to generate one or more modified target language translations, said current target language translation comprising the initial target language translation in a first instance;
determining whether one or more of the modified target language translations represents an improved translation in comparison with the current target language translation;
setting a modified target language translation as the current target language translation; and repeating said applying, said determining and said setting until occurrence of a termination condition.
performing one or more sentence modification operations to the current target language translation to generate one or more modified target language translations, said current target language translation comprising the initial target language translation in a first instance;
determining whether one or more of the modified target language translations represents an improved translation in comparison with the current target language translation;
setting a modified target language translation as the current target language translation; and repeating said applying, said determining and said setting until occurrence of a termination condition.
22. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the termination condition comprises a determination that a probability of correctness of a modified target language translation is no greater than a probability of correctness of the current target language translation.
23. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the termination condition comprises a completion of a predetermined number of iterations.
24. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the termination condition comprises a lapse of a predetermined amount of time.
25. An article comprising a machine-readable medium including machine-executable instructions, the instructions operative to cause a machine to:
receive an input text segment in a source language; and translate the input text segment to a translated text segment in a target language using both a statistical decoding algorithm and text strings in a translation memory.
receive an input text segment in a source language; and translate the input text segment to a translated text segment in a target language using both a statistical decoding algorithm and text strings in a translation memory.
26. The article of claim 25, further comprising instructions operative to cause the machine to:
generate a cover phrase for the input text segment from one or more text segments in the translation memory.
generate a cover phrase for the input text segment from one or more text segments in the translation memory.
27. The article of claim 26, further comprising instructions operative to cause the machine to:
use said cover phrase as an initial translation for the statistical decoding algorithm.
use said cover phrase as an initial translation for the statistical decoding algorithm.
28. The article of claim 25, wherein the instructions operative to cause the machine to translate include instructions operative to cause the machine to:
match at least a portion of the input sentence with a first text segment in a translation memory;
replace the at least a portion of the input text segment with a text segment in a target language in the translation memory corresponding to the first text segment;
generate an initial target language translation of the input text segment; and generate a target language translation by performing a statistical machine translation decoding operation on the initial translation.
match at least a portion of the input sentence with a first text segment in a translation memory;
replace the at least a portion of the input text segment with a text segment in a target language in the translation memory corresponding to the first text segment;
generate an initial target language translation of the input text segment; and generate a target language translation by performing a statistical machine translation decoding operation on the initial translation.
29. The article of claim 28, wherein the instructions for generating the initial target language translation include instructions operative to cause the machine to replace one or more words not in said at least a portion of the input text segment with a word-for-word translation.
30. The article of claim 25, wherein the translation memory comprises a statistical translation memory.
31. The article of claim 25, further comprising instructions operative to cause the machine to return a final target language translation when the entire input text sentence matches a text segment in the translation memory.
32. The article of claim 25, wherein the instructions for performing the statistical machine translation decoding operation include instructions operative to cause the machine to:
perform one or more sentence modification operations to the current target language translation to generate one or more modified target language translations, said current target language translation comprising the initial target language translation in a first instance;
determine whether one or more of the modified target language translations represents an improved translation in comparison with the current target language translation;
set a modified target language translation as the current target language translation; and repeat said applying, said determining and said setting until occurrence of a termination condition.
perform one or more sentence modification operations to the current target language translation to generate one or more modified target language translations, said current target language translation comprising the initial target language translation in a first instance;
determine whether one or more of the modified target language translations represents an improved translation in comparison with the current target language translation;
set a modified target language translation as the current target language translation; and repeat said applying, said determining and said setting until occurrence of a termination condition.
33. The article of claim 32, wherein the instructions for performing one or more sentence modification operations include instructions operative to cause the machine to changing in the current target language translation the translation of one or two words.
34. The article of claim 32, wherein the instructions for performing one or more sentence modification operations include instructions operative to cause the machine to change in the current target language translation a translation of a word and concurrently inserting another word at a position that yields an alignment of highest probability between the source language text segment and the current target language-translation, the inserted other word having a high probability of having a zero-value fertility.
35. The article of claim 32, wherein the instructions for performing one or more sentence modification operations include instructions operative to cause the machine to delete from the current target language translation a word having a zero-value fertility.
36. The article of claim 32, wherein the instructions for performing one or more sentence modification operations include instructions operative to cause the machine to modify an alignment between the source language text segment and the current target language translation by swapping non-overlapping target language word segments in the current target language translation.
37. The article of claim 32, wherein the instructions for performing one or more sentence modification operations include instructions operative to cause the machine to modify an alignment between the source language text segment and the current target language translation by eliminating a target language word from the current target language translation and linking words in the source language text segment.
33. The article of claim 32, wherein the termination condition comprises a determination that a probability of correctness of a modified target language translation is no greater than a probability of correctness of the current target language translation.
39. The article of claim 32, wherein the termination condition comprises a completion of a predetermined number of iterations.
40. The article of claim 32, wherein the termination condition comprises a lapse of a predetermined amount of time.
Applications Claiming Priority (7)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US09/854,327 | 2001-05-11 | ||
| US09/854,327 US7533013B2 (en) | 2000-05-11 | 2001-05-11 | Machine translation techniques |
| US29185301P | 2001-05-17 | 2001-05-17 | |
| US60/291,853 | 2001-05-17 | ||
| US10/143,382 | 2002-05-09 | ||
| US10/143,382 US7295962B2 (en) | 2001-05-11 | 2002-05-09 | Statistical memory-based translation system |
| PCT/US2002/015057 WO2002093416A1 (en) | 2001-05-11 | 2002-05-13 | Statistical memory-based translation system |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2446811A1 true CA2446811A1 (en) | 2002-11-21 |
Family
ID=46150127
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002446811A Abandoned CA2446811A1 (en) | 2001-05-11 | 2002-05-13 | Statistical memory-based translation system |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US7295962B2 (en) |
| EP (1) | EP1390868A4 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP2005516267A (en) |
| CN (1) | CN1518707A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2446811A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (62)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20060116865A1 (en) * | 1999-09-17 | 2006-06-01 | Www.Uniscape.Com | E-services translation utilizing machine translation and translation memory |
| US7904595B2 (en) | 2001-01-18 | 2011-03-08 | Sdl International America Incorporated | Globalization management system and method therefor |
| AU2002316581A1 (en) | 2001-07-03 | 2003-01-21 | University Of Southern California | A syntax-based statistical translation model |
| AU2003269808A1 (en) | 2002-03-26 | 2004-01-06 | University Of Southern California | Constructing a translation lexicon from comparable, non-parallel corpora |
| US7353165B2 (en) * | 2002-06-28 | 2008-04-01 | Microsoft Corporation | Example based machine translation system |
| US8548794B2 (en) | 2003-07-02 | 2013-10-01 | University Of Southern California | Statistical noun phrase translation |
| JP2005100335A (en) * | 2003-09-01 | 2005-04-14 | Advanced Telecommunication Research Institute International | Machine translation apparatus, machine translation computer program, and computer |
| JP3919771B2 (en) * | 2003-09-09 | 2007-05-30 | 株式会社国際電気通信基礎技術研究所 | Machine translation system, control device thereof, and computer program |
| US7983896B2 (en) | 2004-03-05 | 2011-07-19 | SDL Language Technology | In-context exact (ICE) matching |
| US8296127B2 (en) | 2004-03-23 | 2012-10-23 | University Of Southern California | Discovery of parallel text portions in comparable collections of corpora and training using comparable texts |
| US8666725B2 (en) * | 2004-04-16 | 2014-03-04 | University Of Southern California | Selection and use of nonstatistical translation components in a statistical machine translation framework |
| US20060015323A1 (en) * | 2004-07-13 | 2006-01-19 | Udupa Raghavendra U | Method, apparatus, and computer program for statistical translation decoding |
| JP5452868B2 (en) | 2004-10-12 | 2014-03-26 | ユニヴァーシティー オブ サザン カリフォルニア | Training for text-to-text applications that use string-to-tree conversion for training and decoding |
| JP4050755B2 (en) * | 2005-03-30 | 2008-02-20 | 株式会社東芝 | Communication support device, communication support method, and communication support program |
| US8676563B2 (en) | 2009-10-01 | 2014-03-18 | Language Weaver, Inc. | Providing human-generated and machine-generated trusted translations |
| EP1894125A4 (en) * | 2005-06-17 | 2015-12-02 | Nat Res Council Canada | Means and method for adapted language translation |
| US8886517B2 (en) | 2005-06-17 | 2014-11-11 | Language Weaver, Inc. | Trust scoring for language translation systems |
| US20070010989A1 (en) * | 2005-07-07 | 2007-01-11 | International Business Machines Corporation | Decoding procedure for statistical machine translation |
| US20070043553A1 (en) * | 2005-08-16 | 2007-02-22 | Microsoft Corporation | Machine translation models incorporating filtered training data |
| US10319252B2 (en) | 2005-11-09 | 2019-06-11 | Sdl Inc. | Language capability assessment and training apparatus and techniques |
| EP2511833B1 (en) * | 2006-02-17 | 2020-02-05 | Google LLC | Encoding and adaptive, scalable accessing of distributed translation models |
| US8943080B2 (en) | 2006-04-07 | 2015-01-27 | University Of Southern California | Systems and methods for identifying parallel documents and sentence fragments in multilingual document collections |
| US9020804B2 (en) * | 2006-05-10 | 2015-04-28 | Xerox Corporation | Method for aligning sentences at the word level enforcing selective contiguity constraints |
| US8886518B1 (en) | 2006-08-07 | 2014-11-11 | Language Weaver, Inc. | System and method for capitalizing machine translated text |
| US8433556B2 (en) | 2006-11-02 | 2013-04-30 | University Of Southern California | Semi-supervised training for statistical word alignment |
| US9122674B1 (en) | 2006-12-15 | 2015-09-01 | Language Weaver, Inc. | Use of annotations in statistical machine translation |
| US8468149B1 (en) | 2007-01-26 | 2013-06-18 | Language Weaver, Inc. | Multi-lingual online community |
| US8615389B1 (en) | 2007-03-16 | 2013-12-24 | Language Weaver, Inc. | Generation and exploitation of an approximate language model |
| US8831928B2 (en) | 2007-04-04 | 2014-09-09 | Language Weaver, Inc. | Customizable machine translation service |
| TWI386822B (en) * | 2007-09-05 | 2013-02-21 | Shing Lung Chen | A method for establishing a multilingual translation data base rapidly |
| US8825466B1 (en) | 2007-06-08 | 2014-09-02 | Language Weaver, Inc. | Modification of annotated bilingual segment pairs in syntax-based machine translation |
| JP5342760B2 (en) * | 2007-09-03 | 2013-11-13 | 株式会社東芝 | Apparatus, method, and program for creating data for translation learning |
| US8224641B2 (en) * | 2008-11-19 | 2012-07-17 | Stratify, Inc. | Language identification for documents containing multiple languages |
| US8244519B2 (en) * | 2008-12-03 | 2012-08-14 | Xerox Corporation | Dynamic translation memory using statistical machine translation |
| JP5257189B2 (en) * | 2009-03-25 | 2013-08-07 | 富士通株式会社 | Search result output program, search result output device, and search result output method |
| US8990064B2 (en) | 2009-07-28 | 2015-03-24 | Language Weaver, Inc. | Translating documents based on content |
| US8380486B2 (en) | 2009-10-01 | 2013-02-19 | Language Weaver, Inc. | Providing machine-generated translations and corresponding trust levels |
| US10417646B2 (en) | 2010-03-09 | 2019-09-17 | Sdl Inc. | Predicting the cost associated with translating textual content |
| US8805669B2 (en) * | 2010-07-13 | 2014-08-12 | Dublin City University | Method of and a system for translation |
| US10657540B2 (en) | 2011-01-29 | 2020-05-19 | Sdl Netherlands B.V. | Systems, methods, and media for web content management |
| US9547626B2 (en) | 2011-01-29 | 2017-01-17 | Sdl Plc | Systems, methods, and media for managing ambient adaptability of web applications and web services |
| US10580015B2 (en) | 2011-02-25 | 2020-03-03 | Sdl Netherlands B.V. | Systems, methods, and media for executing and optimizing online marketing initiatives |
| US10140320B2 (en) | 2011-02-28 | 2018-11-27 | Sdl Inc. | Systems, methods, and media for generating analytical data |
| US11003838B2 (en) | 2011-04-18 | 2021-05-11 | Sdl Inc. | Systems and methods for monitoring post translation editing |
| US8694303B2 (en) | 2011-06-15 | 2014-04-08 | Language Weaver, Inc. | Systems and methods for tuning parameters in statistical machine translation |
| US9984054B2 (en) | 2011-08-24 | 2018-05-29 | Sdl Inc. | Web interface including the review and manipulation of a web document and utilizing permission based control |
| US8886515B2 (en) | 2011-10-19 | 2014-11-11 | Language Weaver, Inc. | Systems and methods for enhancing machine translation post edit review processes |
| US8942973B2 (en) | 2012-03-09 | 2015-01-27 | Language Weaver, Inc. | Content page URL translation |
| US9773270B2 (en) | 2012-05-11 | 2017-09-26 | Fredhopper B.V. | Method and system for recommending products based on a ranking cocktail |
| US10261994B2 (en) | 2012-05-25 | 2019-04-16 | Sdl Inc. | Method and system for automatic management of reputation of translators |
| US11308528B2 (en) | 2012-09-14 | 2022-04-19 | Sdl Netherlands B.V. | Blueprinting of multimedia assets |
| US11386186B2 (en) | 2012-09-14 | 2022-07-12 | Sdl Netherlands B.V. | External content library connector systems and methods |
| US10452740B2 (en) | 2012-09-14 | 2019-10-22 | Sdl Netherlands B.V. | External content libraries |
| US9916306B2 (en) | 2012-10-19 | 2018-03-13 | Sdl Inc. | Statistical linguistic analysis of source content |
| US9152622B2 (en) | 2012-11-26 | 2015-10-06 | Language Weaver, Inc. | Personalized machine translation via online adaptation |
| US9213694B2 (en) | 2013-10-10 | 2015-12-15 | Language Weaver, Inc. | Efficient online domain adaptation |
| US9524293B2 (en) * | 2014-08-15 | 2016-12-20 | Google Inc. | Techniques for automatically swapping languages and/or content for machine translation |
| US9940321B2 (en) | 2015-03-15 | 2018-04-10 | Graham MOREHEAD | System for machine translation |
| US10614167B2 (en) | 2015-10-30 | 2020-04-07 | Sdl Plc | Translation review workflow systems and methods |
| US10635863B2 (en) | 2017-10-30 | 2020-04-28 | Sdl Inc. | Fragment recall and adaptive automated translation |
| US10817676B2 (en) | 2017-12-27 | 2020-10-27 | Sdl Inc. | Intelligent routing services and systems |
| US11256867B2 (en) | 2018-10-09 | 2022-02-22 | Sdl Inc. | Systems and methods of machine learning for digital assets and message creation |
Family Cites Families (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5477451A (en) * | 1991-07-25 | 1995-12-19 | International Business Machines Corp. | Method and system for natural language translation |
| US6304841B1 (en) * | 1993-10-28 | 2001-10-16 | International Business Machines Corporation | Automatic construction of conditional exponential models from elementary features |
| GB2295470A (en) * | 1994-11-28 | 1996-05-29 | Sharp Kk | Machine translation system |
| WO1996041281A1 (en) * | 1995-06-07 | 1996-12-19 | International Language Engineering Corporation | Machine assisted translation tools |
| US5903858A (en) * | 1995-06-23 | 1999-05-11 | Saraki; Masashi | Translation machine for editing a original text by rewriting the same and translating the rewrote one |
| DE69837979T2 (en) * | 1997-06-27 | 2008-03-06 | International Business Machines Corp. | System for extracting multilingual terminology |
| US6092034A (en) * | 1998-07-27 | 2000-07-18 | International Business Machines Corporation | Statistical translation system and method for fast sense disambiguation and translation of large corpora using fertility models and sense models |
| US6285978B1 (en) * | 1998-09-24 | 2001-09-04 | International Business Machines Corporation | System and method for estimating accuracy of an automatic natural language translation |
| US6782356B1 (en) * | 2000-10-03 | 2004-08-24 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Hierarchical language chunking translation table |
-
2002
- 2002-05-09 US US10/143,382 patent/US7295962B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-05-13 EP EP02729189A patent/EP1390868A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2002-05-13 JP JP2002590018A patent/JP2005516267A/en active Pending
- 2002-05-13 CN CNA028125452A patent/CN1518707A/en active Pending
- 2002-05-13 CA CA002446811A patent/CA2446811A1/en not_active Abandoned
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20020188439A1 (en) | 2002-12-12 |
| JP2005516267A (en) | 2005-06-02 |
| US7295962B2 (en) | 2007-11-13 |
| EP1390868A4 (en) | 2006-06-07 |
| CN1518707A (en) | 2004-08-04 |
| EP1390868A1 (en) | 2004-02-25 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| US7295962B2 (en) | Statistical memory-based translation system | |
| US7689405B2 (en) | Statistical method for building a translation memory | |
| CA2408819C (en) | Machine translation techniques | |
| US8239188B2 (en) | Example based translation apparatus, translation method, and translation program | |
| US8249856B2 (en) | Machine translation | |
| Gildea | Loosely tree-based alignment for machine translation | |
| CN103631772A (en) | Machine translation method and device | |
| WO2004001623A2 (en) | Constructing a translation lexicon from comparable, non-parallel corpora | |
| WO2007068123A1 (en) | Method and system for training and applying a distortion component to machine translation | |
| Watanabe et al. | Example-based decoding for statistical machine translation | |
| Deng et al. | Segmentation and alignment of parallel text for statistical machine translation | |
| KR20230009564A (en) | Learning data correction method and apparatus thereof using ensemble score | |
| CN115587590A (en) | Training corpus construction method, translation model training method and translation method | |
| Shi et al. | Why neural machine translation prefers empty outputs | |
| Callison-Burch et al. | Co-training for statistical machine translation | |
| Smadja | How to compile a bilingual collocational lexicon automatically | |
| WO2002093416A1 (en) | Statistical memory-based translation system | |
| Généreux et al. | NLP challenges in dealing with OCR-ed documents of derogated quality | |
| Amengual et al. | Using categories in the EuTrans system | |
| JP2003263433A (en) | Method of generating translation model in statistical machine translator | |
| CN110287496A (en) | A kind of English to Chinese Word sense disambiguation method neural network based | |
| Feng et al. | Left-to-right tree-to-string decoding with prediction | |
| KR20140049148A (en) | Method for part-of-speech tagging based on morpheme segmentation and apparatus thereof | |
| Deng | Bitext alignment for statistical machine translation | |
| Latiri et al. | Phrase-based machine translation based on text mining and statistical language modeling techniques |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| EEER | Examination request | ||
| FZDE | Discontinued |