CA2542421A1 - Method and apparatus for enhanced internet telephony - Google Patents
Method and apparatus for enhanced internet telephony Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2542421A1 CA2542421A1 CA002542421A CA2542421A CA2542421A1 CA 2542421 A1 CA2542421 A1 CA 2542421A1 CA 002542421 A CA002542421 A CA 002542421A CA 2542421 A CA2542421 A CA 2542421A CA 2542421 A1 CA2542421 A1 CA 2542421A1
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- message
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- router
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L65/00—Network arrangements, protocols or services for supporting real-time applications in data packet communication
- H04L65/10—Architectures or entities
- H04L65/102—Gateways
- H04L65/1023—Media gateways
- H04L65/1026—Media gateways at the edge
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L61/00—Network arrangements, protocols or services for addressing or naming
- H04L61/09—Mapping addresses
- H04L61/25—Mapping addresses of the same type
- H04L61/2503—Translation of Internet protocol [IP] addresses
- H04L61/255—Maintenance or indexing of mapping tables
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L61/00—Network arrangements, protocols or services for addressing or naming
- H04L61/09—Mapping addresses
- H04L61/25—Mapping addresses of the same type
- H04L61/2503—Translation of Internet protocol [IP] addresses
- H04L61/256—NAT traversal
- H04L61/2564—NAT traversal for a higher-layer protocol, e.g. for session initiation protocol [SIP]
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L65/00—Network arrangements, protocols or services for supporting real-time applications in data packet communication
- H04L65/1066—Session management
- H04L65/1069—Session establishment or de-establishment
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L65/00—Network arrangements, protocols or services for supporting real-time applications in data packet communication
- H04L65/1066—Session management
- H04L65/1101—Session protocols
- H04L65/1104—Session initiation protocol [SIP]
Abstract
A method and apparatus for enhanced Internet telephony ensures that communication between a source and destination in not interrupted by common network address translation. According to one aspect of the invention communication continue through a router that employs network address translation. Such continued communications prevent the router from closing the source's outbound port.
Description
Method and Apparatus for Enhanced Internet Telephony Background of the Invention Today, most common residential broadband deployments are delivered via either cable or DSL modem. Such broadband deployment typically provides customers with a single Ethernet port that grants one public IP address to a single computer device. Given this situation, customers are restricted to using only one computer, and must purchase a router if they desire to share the broadband connection to access, for example, the Internet between more than one of the customer's computer devices.
To transport media and telephone signaling, customers commonly use a Multi Media Terminal Adapter (MTA) coupled between their source device (e.g., a computer or telephone) and their broadband connection. One example of a common Media Terminal Adapter is the Cisco ATA 186 Analog to Telephone Adapter (ATA) manufactured by Cisco Systems, Inc. of San lose California. In the case of Internet telephony, the Media Terminal Adapter operates as a handset to Ethernet adapter that converts traditional telephone analog signals into Internet packets. The packets are then sent using, for example, a standard protocol such as Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) on route towards their destination.
Figure l is a schematic representation of an example user Internet Telephony environment In Figure 1, a cable modem 10 provides access to the Internet 20.
In the Figure 1 example, the user employs an intermediate communication point, e.g., router 30 to provide multiple devices access to the Internet 20. The router 30 assigns respective private dynamic IP addresses to the Media Terminal Adapter 40 and to the computer 50. As shown in the Figure 1 example, the Media Terminal Adapter 40 is coupled to a common telephone handset 60. The Media Terminal Adapter 40 receives signals from the handset 60, creates packets and sends data packets to the Router 30.
which in turn sends them to the cable modem 10 and eventually to the Internet 20.
A major drawbacks of the above typical environment is the difficulty in accommodating the Network Address Translation (NAT) that is typically implemented by the router 30. As is commonly understood, a Dynamic Host Computer Protocol server running on the router 30 assigns private dynamic IP
addresses to the Media Terminal Adapter 40 and computer 50; thus effecting Network Address Translation (NAT). When a user wishes to initiate a call and activates the telephone handset 60, the handset sends signals to the Media Terminal Adaptor 40.
The Media Terminal Adapter 40 then begins the communication/registration process with an Internet telephone service provider. The communication between the Media Terminal Adapter 40 and a server of the Internet telephone service provider employs a standard protocol such as Session Initiation Protocol. But, the router 30 performs the Network Address Translation on a timed basis. As is commonly known, typical routers used in home environments assign private IP addresses to devices connected to the router. But, those addresses are valid only for a limited time. Thus, after the limited time expires, the private address is no longer assigned to a given device, such as the Media Terminal Adapter 40. As a result, the SIP messages sent from Internet telephone service provider's server are not passed by the router 30 to the Media Terminal Adapter 40. Consequently, the Media Terminal Adapter 40 can send SIP
messages, but is not able to receive packets from the Internet telephone service provider's server due to the router 30 losing the originating outbound port and making communication to an MTA located behind a router impossible.
To transport media and telephone signaling, customers commonly use a Multi Media Terminal Adapter (MTA) coupled between their source device (e.g., a computer or telephone) and their broadband connection. One example of a common Media Terminal Adapter is the Cisco ATA 186 Analog to Telephone Adapter (ATA) manufactured by Cisco Systems, Inc. of San lose California. In the case of Internet telephony, the Media Terminal Adapter operates as a handset to Ethernet adapter that converts traditional telephone analog signals into Internet packets. The packets are then sent using, for example, a standard protocol such as Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) on route towards their destination.
Figure l is a schematic representation of an example user Internet Telephony environment In Figure 1, a cable modem 10 provides access to the Internet 20.
In the Figure 1 example, the user employs an intermediate communication point, e.g., router 30 to provide multiple devices access to the Internet 20. The router 30 assigns respective private dynamic IP addresses to the Media Terminal Adapter 40 and to the computer 50. As shown in the Figure 1 example, the Media Terminal Adapter 40 is coupled to a common telephone handset 60. The Media Terminal Adapter 40 receives signals from the handset 60, creates packets and sends data packets to the Router 30.
which in turn sends them to the cable modem 10 and eventually to the Internet 20.
A major drawbacks of the above typical environment is the difficulty in accommodating the Network Address Translation (NAT) that is typically implemented by the router 30. As is commonly understood, a Dynamic Host Computer Protocol server running on the router 30 assigns private dynamic IP
addresses to the Media Terminal Adapter 40 and computer 50; thus effecting Network Address Translation (NAT). When a user wishes to initiate a call and activates the telephone handset 60, the handset sends signals to the Media Terminal Adaptor 40.
The Media Terminal Adapter 40 then begins the communication/registration process with an Internet telephone service provider. The communication between the Media Terminal Adapter 40 and a server of the Internet telephone service provider employs a standard protocol such as Session Initiation Protocol. But, the router 30 performs the Network Address Translation on a timed basis. As is commonly known, typical routers used in home environments assign private IP addresses to devices connected to the router. But, those addresses are valid only for a limited time. Thus, after the limited time expires, the private address is no longer assigned to a given device, such as the Media Terminal Adapter 40. As a result, the SIP messages sent from Internet telephone service provider's server are not passed by the router 30 to the Media Terminal Adapter 40. Consequently, the Media Terminal Adapter 40 can send SIP
messages, but is not able to receive packets from the Internet telephone service provider's server due to the router 30 losing the originating outbound port and making communication to an MTA located behind a router impossible.
Figure 2 is a schematic representation of an example environment that addresses the issue of router 30 losing an outbound port during an Internet telephone connection- In the Figure 2 example, at the Internet telephone service provider a destination, e_g., a pre-proxy server 70 receives messages from the router 30.
Pre-proxy server 70 records the private 1P address of the Media Terminal Adapter during, for example, the SIP registration process. It also records the network address translation communication port assigned by the router 30 to the Media Terminal Adapter 40 to and from which it will send and receive messages, such as SIP
messages. Upon registration, the Media Terminal Adapter 40 passes fields used to communicate with the pre-proxy server 70. Examples of fields that can be passed include, for example, the private IP address of the Media Terminal Adapter 40, the public IP address of the router 30, and port information. After the pre-proxy server 70 receives the information from the Media Terminal Adapter 40, the pre-proxy server 70 periodically sends, for example, blank UDP messages to the Media Terminal Adapter 40, which contain the same destination and source address as a typical SIP
message would have. Other messages could be use in stead of the UDP message.
The message used should prompt the Media Terminal Adapter 40 to send a response to the pre-proxy server70. The pre-proxy server 70 sends, for example, the UDP
message to the router 30 using the public IP address of the router 30 and the port information received in the message from the router 30. The pre-proxy server sends, for example, the UDP within the limited time that the router 30 maintains that private address assigned to the Media Terminal Adapter. The router 30 accordingly routs the message to the destination designated in the message from the pre-proxy server 70. The pre-proxy server 70 also maintains the private and public IP
addresses of the MTA and rewrites the headers in the actual SIP messages based on this information.
The above solution worked, but it did not solve the network address translation problem for all routers. For example, some routers would close the outbound port if the device behind the router's network address translation did not send an outbound message. Thus, there is a need for a solution to the problem, in Internet telephony, of the network address translation that a router performs as a part of its intended operation.
Summary of the Invention It is an object of the present invention to provide a method and apparatus for enhanced Internet telephony that avoids the above drawbacks.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a method and apparatus for enhanced Internet telephony that allows the use of Session Initiated Protocol technology.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a method and apparatus for enhanced Internet telephony that allows the use of Session Initiated Protocol technology within environments employing network address translation.
It is still another object of the present invention to provide a method and apparatus for enhanced Internet telephony that allows the use of Session Initiated Protocol technology with routers employing network address translation.
To achieve the above and other object, the present invention provides a method for providing enhanced Internet telephony that includes receiving a message from a source at an intermediate point; sending at least a portion of the message from the intermediate point to a destination over the Internet; sending a response to the message from the destination to the intermediate point over the Internet;
sending the response from the intermediate point to the source; repeatedly sending other messages from the destination over the Internet to the intermediate point; sending at least a portion of corresponding ones of the other messages from the intermediate point to the source; and sending responses to the portions of the other messages from the source to the intermediate point.
Brief Description of the Drawings Figure 1 is a schematic representation of an example user Internet Telephony environment.
Figure 2 is a schematic representation of an example environment intended to address the issue of a router losing an outbound port during an Internet telephone connection.
Figure 3 is a schematic representation of an example environment employing the present invention.
Description of the Preferred Embodiments Figure 3 is a schematic representation of an example environment employing the present invention. In Figure 3, a user initiates a call using a telephone handset 60.
As described above, the media terminal adapter 40 implements standard signaling between itself and an Internet telephony regional data center 80. Once the user has been registered and the destination has provided a SIP acknowledgment of the SIP
invite sent by the media terminal adapter 40, communication between the caller and a customer in a destination area 100 proceeds using, for example, Real-time Transfer Protocol (RTP) between the caller and the a customer in the destination area 100 via the Internet 20 and, for example, a RTP relay 90 in Internet telephony point-of-presence 110 in the destination area 100.
However, with the call set up as described above, the router 30 may close the outbound port after a timeout period. As a result, voice data from the customer in the destination area 110 will not reach the telephone handset 60 behind router 30.
To avoid the router 30 timing out and closing the outbound port, the present invention causes the media terminal adapter 40 to send an outbound message to the Internet telephony regional data center 80. One way of accomplishing this is to have the pre-proxy server 75 periodically send an empty SIP notify message to the media terminal adapter 40. The media terminal adapter 40 responds to this notify message in accordance with SIP standards by, for example sending an acknowledgement message. The sending of a message by the media terminal adapter 40 causes the router 30 to keep the outbound port open by, for example restarting the router's timeout period.
Referring to the exemplary embodiment shown in Figure 3, the Internet telephony regional data center 80 has the pre-proxy server 75 separated from the RTP
relay 85. While this separation is not necessary to the present invention, in some environments is allows additional functionality to be more easily added to the pre-proxy server 75. An example of such additional functionality is the dynamic allocate allocation of the RTP relay 85. The pre-proxy server 75 can allocate the closest RTP
relay between the two calling parties. That allocation enables the ability to decrease latency and travel time of the RTP stream. Also as shown in Figure 3, with the exemplary embodiment, only SIP messages get routed to the Internet telephony regional data center 80. The RTP stream need not travel to the data center, and depending upon the location of the caller and the destination area 100, can travel within a limited geographic area. For examle, the telephone handset could be located in California, and the Internet telephony regional data center 80 could be located in New Jersey. If the destination area 100 is also in Calrfornia, the Internet telephony point of presence in the destination area 90 would be allocated by the pre-proxy server 75 to also be in California. Thus, as noted above, the RTP stream would remain in California; tending to reduce to decrease latency and travel time of the RTP
stream.
In the above, the pie-proxy server 75 is shown and discussed as a separate computer. This is for convenience of discussion, for purposes of practicing the invention, it does not need to be separate. Instead, the discussed functions that typically would be implemented in a pre-proxy server can be implemented in a computer that is also functioning as a server.
Pre-proxy server 70 records the private 1P address of the Media Terminal Adapter during, for example, the SIP registration process. It also records the network address translation communication port assigned by the router 30 to the Media Terminal Adapter 40 to and from which it will send and receive messages, such as SIP
messages. Upon registration, the Media Terminal Adapter 40 passes fields used to communicate with the pre-proxy server 70. Examples of fields that can be passed include, for example, the private IP address of the Media Terminal Adapter 40, the public IP address of the router 30, and port information. After the pre-proxy server 70 receives the information from the Media Terminal Adapter 40, the pre-proxy server 70 periodically sends, for example, blank UDP messages to the Media Terminal Adapter 40, which contain the same destination and source address as a typical SIP
message would have. Other messages could be use in stead of the UDP message.
The message used should prompt the Media Terminal Adapter 40 to send a response to the pre-proxy server70. The pre-proxy server 70 sends, for example, the UDP
message to the router 30 using the public IP address of the router 30 and the port information received in the message from the router 30. The pre-proxy server sends, for example, the UDP within the limited time that the router 30 maintains that private address assigned to the Media Terminal Adapter. The router 30 accordingly routs the message to the destination designated in the message from the pre-proxy server 70. The pre-proxy server 70 also maintains the private and public IP
addresses of the MTA and rewrites the headers in the actual SIP messages based on this information.
The above solution worked, but it did not solve the network address translation problem for all routers. For example, some routers would close the outbound port if the device behind the router's network address translation did not send an outbound message. Thus, there is a need for a solution to the problem, in Internet telephony, of the network address translation that a router performs as a part of its intended operation.
Summary of the Invention It is an object of the present invention to provide a method and apparatus for enhanced Internet telephony that avoids the above drawbacks.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a method and apparatus for enhanced Internet telephony that allows the use of Session Initiated Protocol technology.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a method and apparatus for enhanced Internet telephony that allows the use of Session Initiated Protocol technology within environments employing network address translation.
It is still another object of the present invention to provide a method and apparatus for enhanced Internet telephony that allows the use of Session Initiated Protocol technology with routers employing network address translation.
To achieve the above and other object, the present invention provides a method for providing enhanced Internet telephony that includes receiving a message from a source at an intermediate point; sending at least a portion of the message from the intermediate point to a destination over the Internet; sending a response to the message from the destination to the intermediate point over the Internet;
sending the response from the intermediate point to the source; repeatedly sending other messages from the destination over the Internet to the intermediate point; sending at least a portion of corresponding ones of the other messages from the intermediate point to the source; and sending responses to the portions of the other messages from the source to the intermediate point.
Brief Description of the Drawings Figure 1 is a schematic representation of an example user Internet Telephony environment.
Figure 2 is a schematic representation of an example environment intended to address the issue of a router losing an outbound port during an Internet telephone connection.
Figure 3 is a schematic representation of an example environment employing the present invention.
Description of the Preferred Embodiments Figure 3 is a schematic representation of an example environment employing the present invention. In Figure 3, a user initiates a call using a telephone handset 60.
As described above, the media terminal adapter 40 implements standard signaling between itself and an Internet telephony regional data center 80. Once the user has been registered and the destination has provided a SIP acknowledgment of the SIP
invite sent by the media terminal adapter 40, communication between the caller and a customer in a destination area 100 proceeds using, for example, Real-time Transfer Protocol (RTP) between the caller and the a customer in the destination area 100 via the Internet 20 and, for example, a RTP relay 90 in Internet telephony point-of-presence 110 in the destination area 100.
However, with the call set up as described above, the router 30 may close the outbound port after a timeout period. As a result, voice data from the customer in the destination area 110 will not reach the telephone handset 60 behind router 30.
To avoid the router 30 timing out and closing the outbound port, the present invention causes the media terminal adapter 40 to send an outbound message to the Internet telephony regional data center 80. One way of accomplishing this is to have the pre-proxy server 75 periodically send an empty SIP notify message to the media terminal adapter 40. The media terminal adapter 40 responds to this notify message in accordance with SIP standards by, for example sending an acknowledgement message. The sending of a message by the media terminal adapter 40 causes the router 30 to keep the outbound port open by, for example restarting the router's timeout period.
Referring to the exemplary embodiment shown in Figure 3, the Internet telephony regional data center 80 has the pre-proxy server 75 separated from the RTP
relay 85. While this separation is not necessary to the present invention, in some environments is allows additional functionality to be more easily added to the pre-proxy server 75. An example of such additional functionality is the dynamic allocate allocation of the RTP relay 85. The pre-proxy server 75 can allocate the closest RTP
relay between the two calling parties. That allocation enables the ability to decrease latency and travel time of the RTP stream. Also as shown in Figure 3, with the exemplary embodiment, only SIP messages get routed to the Internet telephony regional data center 80. The RTP stream need not travel to the data center, and depending upon the location of the caller and the destination area 100, can travel within a limited geographic area. For examle, the telephone handset could be located in California, and the Internet telephony regional data center 80 could be located in New Jersey. If the destination area 100 is also in Calrfornia, the Internet telephony point of presence in the destination area 90 would be allocated by the pre-proxy server 75 to also be in California. Thus, as noted above, the RTP stream would remain in California; tending to reduce to decrease latency and travel time of the RTP
stream.
In the above, the pie-proxy server 75 is shown and discussed as a separate computer. This is for convenience of discussion, for purposes of practicing the invention, it does not need to be separate. Instead, the discussed functions that typically would be implemented in a pre-proxy server can be implemented in a computer that is also functioning as a server.
Claims (7)
1. A method for providing enhanced Internet telephony, including:
(a) receiving a message from a source at an intermediate point;
(b) sending at least a portion of the message from the intermediate point to a destination over the Internet;
(c) sending a response to the message from the destination to the intermediate point over the Internet;
(d) sending the response from the intermediate point to the source;
(e) repeatedly sending other messages from the destination over the Internet to the intermediate point;
(f) sending at least a portion of corresponding ones of the other messages from the intermediate point to the source; and (g) sending responses to the portions of the other messages from the source to the intermediate point.
(a) receiving a message from a source at an intermediate point;
(b) sending at least a portion of the message from the intermediate point to a destination over the Internet;
(c) sending a response to the message from the destination to the intermediate point over the Internet;
(d) sending the response from the intermediate point to the source;
(e) repeatedly sending other messages from the destination over the Internet to the intermediate point;
(f) sending at least a portion of corresponding ones of the other messages from the intermediate point to the source; and (g) sending responses to the portions of the other messages from the source to the intermediate point.
2. A method according to claim 1, wherein step (a) includes receiving the message at a router including at least one port having a time out period.
3. A method according to claim 1, wherein step (e) includes sending the at least one of the messages within the time out period.
4. An enhanced Internet telephony system, including:
a message source;
an intermediate point coupled to receive a message from the source and to send at least a portion of the message to the Internet;
a destination coupled to receive the message from the intermediate point, to send a response to the message to the intermediate point over the Internet, and to repeatedly send other messages over the Internet to the intermediate point;
wherein the message source is coupled to the intermediate point so as to send responses to the other messages.
a message source;
an intermediate point coupled to receive a message from the source and to send at least a portion of the message to the Internet;
a destination coupled to receive the message from the intermediate point, to send a response to the message to the intermediate point over the Internet, and to repeatedly send other messages over the Internet to the intermediate point;
wherein the message source is coupled to the intermediate point so as to send responses to the other messages.
5. An enhanced Internet telephony system according to claim 4, wherein the intermediate point comprises a router including at least one port having a time out period.
6. An enhanced Internet telephony system according to claim 5, wherein the destination comprises a server coupled to send at least one of the other messages within the time out period.
7. An enhanced Internet telephony system according to claim 6, wherein the source comprises a media terminal adapter.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US10/684,593 US7417981B2 (en) | 2003-10-15 | 2003-10-15 | Method and apparatus for enhanced Internet Telephony |
| US10/684,593 | 2003-10-15 | ||
| PCT/US2004/033812 WO2005038594A2 (en) | 2003-10-15 | 2004-10-14 | Method and apparatus for enhanced internet telephony |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2542421A1 true CA2542421A1 (en) | 2005-04-28 |
| CA2542421C CA2542421C (en) | 2014-12-02 |
Family
ID=34465459
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA2542421A Expired - Fee Related CA2542421C (en) | 2003-10-15 | 2004-10-14 | Method and apparatus for enhanced internet telephony |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (3) | US7417981B2 (en) |
| EP (2) | EP1726140B1 (en) |
| CN (1) | CN1883179B (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE540512T1 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU2004282932B2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2542421C (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2005038594A2 (en) |
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-
2003
- 2003-10-15 US US10/684,593 patent/US7417981B2/en active Active
-
2004
- 2004-10-14 AU AU2004282932A patent/AU2004282932B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2004-10-14 AT AT04795031T patent/ATE540512T1/en active
- 2004-10-14 EP EP04795031A patent/EP1726140B1/en not_active Not-in-force
- 2004-10-14 EP EP10185305A patent/EP2264978A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2004-10-14 CN CN2004800340173A patent/CN1883179B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2004-10-14 CA CA2542421A patent/CA2542421C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2004-10-14 WO PCT/US2004/033812 patent/WO2005038594A2/en active Search and Examination
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2008
- 2008-02-14 US US12/071,005 patent/US20080181375A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2008-02-14 US US12/071,004 patent/US7924822B2/en active Active
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20080183892A1 (en) | 2008-07-31 |
| US20050083908A1 (en) | 2005-04-21 |
| US7924822B2 (en) | 2011-04-12 |
| EP1726140B1 (en) | 2012-01-04 |
| WO2005038594A3 (en) | 2005-11-17 |
| WO2005038594A2 (en) | 2005-04-28 |
| ATE540512T1 (en) | 2012-01-15 |
| AU2004282932B2 (en) | 2009-11-05 |
| AU2004282932A1 (en) | 2005-04-28 |
| CA2542421C (en) | 2014-12-02 |
| US20080181375A1 (en) | 2008-07-31 |
| EP2264978A1 (en) | 2010-12-22 |
| EP1726140A2 (en) | 2006-11-29 |
| CN1883179B (en) | 2010-06-09 |
| US7417981B2 (en) | 2008-08-26 |
| CN1883179A (en) | 2006-12-20 |
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| MKLA | Lapsed |
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