CN101479956B - 用于无线通信的高效率线性化功率放大器 - Google Patents

用于无线通信的高效率线性化功率放大器 Download PDF

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CN101479956B
CN101479956B CN2007800238751A CN200780023875A CN101479956B CN 101479956 B CN101479956 B CN 101479956B CN 2007800238751 A CN2007800238751 A CN 2007800238751A CN 200780023875 A CN200780023875 A CN 200780023875A CN 101479956 B CN101479956 B CN 101479956B
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power amplifier
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CN101479956A (zh
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杨大力
杨佳
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Dali Systems Co Ltd
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
    • H04B1/02—Transmitters
    • H04B1/04—Circuits
    • H04B1/0475—Circuits with means for limiting noise, interference or distortion
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03F—AMPLIFIERS
    • H03F1/00—Details of amplifiers with only discharge tubes, only semiconductor devices or only unspecified devices as amplifying elements
    • H03F1/32—Modifications of amplifiers to reduce non-linear distortion
    • H03F1/3241—Modifications of amplifiers to reduce non-linear distortion using predistortion circuits
    • H03F1/3247—Modifications of amplifiers to reduce non-linear distortion using predistortion circuits using feedback acting on predistortion circuits
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03F—AMPLIFIERS
    • H03F3/00—Amplifiers with only discharge tubes or only semiconductor devices as amplifying elements
    • H03F3/189—High frequency amplifiers, e.g. radio frequency amplifiers
    • H03F3/19—High frequency amplifiers, e.g. radio frequency amplifiers with semiconductor devices only
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03F—AMPLIFIERS
    • H03F3/00—Amplifiers with only discharge tubes or only semiconductor devices as amplifying elements
    • H03F3/20—Power amplifiers, e.g. Class B amplifiers, Class C amplifiers
    • H03F3/21—Power amplifiers, e.g. Class B amplifiers, Class C amplifiers with semiconductor devices only
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03F—AMPLIFIERS
    • H03F3/00—Amplifiers with only discharge tubes or only semiconductor devices as amplifying elements
    • H03F3/20—Power amplifiers, e.g. Class B amplifiers, Class C amplifiers
    • H03F3/24—Power amplifiers, e.g. Class B amplifiers, Class C amplifiers of transmitter output stages
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03F—AMPLIFIERS
    • H03F2200/00—Indexing scheme relating to amplifiers
    • H03F2200/451—Indexing scheme relating to amplifiers the amplifier being a radio frequency amplifier
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03F—AMPLIFIERS
    • H03F2200/00—Indexing scheme relating to amplifiers
    • H03F2200/57—Separate feedback of real and complex signals being present
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03F—AMPLIFIERS
    • H03F2201/00—Indexing scheme relating to details of amplifiers with only discharge tubes, only semiconductor devices or only unspecified devices as amplifying elements covered by H03F1/00
    • H03F2201/32—Indexing scheme relating to modifications of amplifiers to reduce non-linear distortion
    • H03F2201/3215—To increase the output power or efficiency
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03F—AMPLIFIERS
    • H03F2201/00—Indexing scheme relating to details of amplifiers with only discharge tubes, only semiconductor devices or only unspecified devices as amplifying elements covered by H03F1/00
    • H03F2201/32—Indexing scheme relating to modifications of amplifiers to reduce non-linear distortion
    • H03F2201/3233—Adaptive predistortion using lookup table, e.g. memory, RAM, ROM, LUT, to generate the predistortion
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
    • H04B1/02—Transmitters
    • H04B1/04—Circuits
    • H04B2001/0408—Circuits with power amplifiers
    • H04B2001/0425—Circuits with power amplifiers with linearisation using predistortion
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02D—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES [ICT], I.E. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AIMING AT THE REDUCTION OF THEIR OWN ENERGY USE
    • Y02D30/00—Reducing energy consumption in communication networks
    • Y02D30/70—Reducing energy consumption in communication networks in wireless communication networks

Abstract

本发明的一个实施例使用预失真校正信号通过模拟乘法器来组合已调RF信号，用于对在诸如无线RF发射器中使用的具有非线性特性的功率放大器进行线性化。预失真控制器包含多个下转换器，用于取回理想的未失真信息和反馈的失真信息，以及存储在诸如查找表中的预存储的数字表征的预失真信息。数字表征的信息使高功率放大器的非线性特性模型化，并在对功率放大器进行预补偿处理之前存储。当预失真信息在模拟乘法器中与已调RF信号组合时，其结果是来自功率放大器的基本线性的信息传输。

Description

用于无线通信的高效率线性化功率放大器
相关申请
本申请是2005年10月27日提交的美国专利申请S.N.11/262,079，标题为“System and Method for Digital MemorizedPredistortion for Wireless Communication”的部分继续申请，其依次是美国专利申请S.N.10/137,556、即现在的美国专利No.6,985,704，标题为“System and Method for Digital Memorized Predistortion forWireless Communication”[附件1]的继续申请，两个申请都通过参考并入本文。该申请还要求下列专利申请的优先权：2007年4月28日提交的美国临时专利申请S.N.60/795,820，标题为“High EfficiencyLinearization Power Amplifier For Wireless Communication”；2006年12月22日提交的美国临时专利申请S.N.60/876,640，标题为“PowerAmplifier Predistortion Methods and Apparatus”；2007年1月26日提交的美国临时专利申请S.N.60/897,746，标题为“Power AmplifierTime-Delay Invariant Predistortion Methods and Apparatus”；2007年1月29日提交的美国临时专利申请S.N.60/898,312，标题为“PowerAmplifier Time-Delay Invariant Predistortion Methods andApparatus”[附件2]，上述申请也通过参考并入本文。
技术领域
本发明一般涉及无线通信系统，更具体涉及用于校正诸如在无线RF发射器中使用的功率放大器(PA)的非线性的系统、装置和方法。
背景技术
无线通信系统的基本组件是功率放大器(PA)。这种无线通信系统包括多种宽带和多媒体服务。在这种系统中，功率放大器得到无线RF发射器的支持。功率放大器的功率效率是系统整体运行效率的一个重要方面。长期以来，功率放大器的线性和效率已经成为无线系统设计者和用户所面对的两个最难的课题。这些问题与功率放大器的功率谱效率和功率效率都密切相关。
用于线性化无线通信系统中的功率放大器的现有预失真技术主要使用模拟预失真方法。有些技术也已经使用了数字调节组件，其借助于利用基带数字信号处理(DSP)技术的模拟前馈方法和数字预失真方法来实施。
传统的模拟预失真技术是基于误差扣除(error subtraction)和功率匹配来线性化功率放大器的原理。这些方法必须使用辅助功率放大器来精确地匹配主功率放大器的非线性，同时克服可随频率和环境温度发生变化的信号时延。因此，这种方法难以满足先进的无线通信系统的需求。
现有技术中基于DSP的预失真方法一般要求预失真子系统和电路设计依赖于基站中基带的I信号和Q信号，并因此必须将预失真处理嵌入基站的基带电路中。这就要求必须修改基站中现存的基带电路，对无线载体和设备制造商而言这是很不方便的高成本的解决方案。同样，当多调制方式和多载体信号通过功率放大器时，典型的基于DSP的预失真技术不适用于对功率放大器进行线性化。
发明内容
本发明包括通过对功率放大器的输入信号进行预失真来改进功率放大器的功率效率和线性的方法和装置。通过应用本发明的方法来预失真该信号，普通非线性功率放大器的变换特性则变为基本线性。因此，功率放大器更有效地使用功率并提供适用于无线信号传输的先进的性能特性。本发明可应用于广泛系列的无线通信系统(不论调制类型)以产生高质量的信号传输和扩展的网络容量。本领域技术人员将认识到其中描述的功率放大器还可以看作高功率放大器。
在本发明的一个实施例中，预失真控制器包含用于RF信号预失真处理的模拟外围电路和预失真核心处理器，以准备来自无线通信设备的功率放大器信号传输。
预失真控制器中的模拟外围电路包含分别在功率放大器输入和功率放大器的输出之前的模拟下转换器(down-converter)电路，以拾取来自无线系统中的调制器的理想化的信号，并将其与来自功率放大器的输出的失真的反馈信号进行比较。预失真核心处理器与查找表一起运行，其中该查找表存储通过数学计算的AM-AM和AM-PM失真分量获得的预失真信息。预失真处理器的输出提供预校正信号作为功率放大器的输入。通过乘法运算使预校正信号与来自RF调制器的信号组合，以产生提供给功率放大器作为输入的预失真输入信号。
根据如下阐述的随附附图能更好地理解预失真子系统的基本结构。
附图说明
图1示出具有根据本发明的一个实施例的预失真控制器的功率放大器模块的方块图。
图2表示图1的预失真控制器的一个实施例的简化结构。
图3更详细地示出图2的实施例。
图4示出图3中示出的预失真控制器中的查找表的运行和布置。
具体实施方式
本发明提供一种新的预失真控制器来线性化在无线网络中运行的无线基站中使用的功率放大器(PA)，该无线网络使用广泛的多种信号类型，包括CDMA、TDMA、GSM、GPRS、3G系统(UMTS、W-CDMA、CDMA2000、TDS-CDMA、3GPP等)、WLAN、WiFi、WiMax等，以及通过使用高功率放大器发射复合已调信号的其它提议的和即将出现的无线系统(4G/5G)。因为无线RF发射器中的高功率放大器通常使RF输出信号失真，所以本发明的自适应预失真控制器对校正这种非线性是有用的。本发明的实施例适用于所有的无线基站、接入点以及诸如微波和卫星通信的其它无线通信系统。本发明的预失真控制器提供另外的优点，即，可以将该预失真控制器添加至现存的无线RF发射器而不必另外改变或修改基站结构，同时产生显著的性能改进。这些改进中包括基站效率的基本增加，其在功率使用方面产生了显著减少，因为在当前系统中，由于典型的功率放大器的非线性特性会导致显著的功率浪费。
根据下面的描述，将认识到其中公开的高效线性预失真控制器为无线产业提供以下好处：
1.通过改进功率放大器的传输特性和减少相邻通道干扰，显著增强了发射的信号质量并增加了无线网络容量。
2.可以将该高效预失真控制器实施为功率放大器的附加模块，其允许对功率放大器性能进行上述改进，而不改变或修改基站中现存的RF和基带电路。这不同于传统的反馈和前馈预失真方法，因此每当操作者期望升级性能并减少能耗时，对无线网络基础结构而言就是相对低成本、易于安装的解决方案。
3.预失真控制运行是快速和动态的，其允许对功率放大器的更宽范围内的非线性进行跟踪和校正，并使其尤其适用于在基站、转发器和手持机中使用。
4.可以将其集成到功率放大器的设计中，以便于对已经安装在无线系统中的老化的功率放大器进行安装和更换。
首先参考图1，可以了解本发明的基本布置。预失真控制器5接收已调RF信号6作为输入并接收反馈信号7，该反馈信号与功率放大器12的输出信号相关。预失真控制器依据由反馈信号7表征的功率放大器12的输出信号的非线性和失真特性对RF信号6进行修正，使得预失真控制器5的输出被供给功率放大器12以产生基本线性化和改进的功率放大器12的输出信号。
接着参考图2和图3，可以更详细地了解本发明的实施例。更具体地，例示的实施例包括模拟乘法器11，其接收来自基站的RF调制器部分10[图3]的已调RF信号vRF，并且还接收来自预失真处理器200的预失真校正信号vP，如在图2中大体示出且在图3中更详细示出以及下面所要更详细讨论的。模拟乘法器11的输出被提供给功率放大器(PA)12作为输入Vin，功率放大器(PA)12继而将输出信号VO传送给天线13。RF调制器10通常(未必一定)是直角相位调制器或正交调制器。将会认识到乘法器11可以实施为多个乘法器，每个乘法器与一个或多个正交信号相关联。
输入下转换器电路20接收来自基站中的调制器的理想化的参考信号VRF，并由本地振荡器40进行偏置，使得该下转换器电路将输出Vd提供给模数转换器21。该模数转换器(ADC)21将信号Vd转换成数字形式，此后其将被提供给数字预失真处理器200作为一个输入。
反馈下转换器电路26接收来自功率放大器的输出的原始反馈信号VO(t)，并将反馈信号Vf提供给反馈模数转换器25，其中该反馈下转换器电路26也由本地振荡器40偏置。模数转换器25的数字输出接着将第二输入(即反馈信号)提供给数字预失真处理器200。数字预失真处理器200(下面将进行更详细地讨论)将数字输出信号Vr提供给数模转换器(DAC)30，该数模转换器30将数字信号转换成模拟形式，其中该转换后的信号在乘法器11中与已调RF信号组合。
如图3中所示，地址数据成形器32I-32Q接收来自模数转换器21I/Q的输入，并设计成产生查找表33I/Q所要求的信号格式。数据成形器32I/Q向查找表33I/Q内的记忆单元(memory unit)写地址，其中查找表向加法器31提供单独的I输出和Q输出。可以认识到查找表33可以实施为一个或多个查找表。由地址成形器32I-32Q提供的地址可以看作查找表密钥或地址。
预失真控制器查找表33I-33Q被设计成记忆单元来存储高功率放大器线性化的预失真信号。表中的预失真信号是基于通过理想信号vd和反馈信号vf的比较所产生的误差以及所提出的自适应算法。表33I-Q中存储的数据可通过随后描述的自适应叠代方式进行更新，并形成反映功率放大器的非线性特性的数字表征(digitally indexed)的数据。
通过比较理想信号VRF(t)与反馈信号VO(t)之间的AM-AM和AM-PM信息，该数字预失真处理器计算由高功率放大器12的非线性传输特性引起的输出信号VO(t)的幅度和相位分量中的误差。
基于通过上述比较所获得的误差信息，该预失真处理器基于美国专利No.6,985,704[附于附录1]中公开的查找表算法，计算并自适应地产生补偿信号，该补偿信号具有与功率放大器12的变换功能相反的特性以预失真由功率放大器12引起的AM-AM和AM-PM失真。
在加法器31和数模转换器30之后，该预失真查找表33I-33Q的输出vP被供给乘法器11，以修正来自调制器10的已调RF信号。乘法器的输出是具有与功率放大器12相反的非线性所需的预失真信号vin(k)，以产生对高功率放大器的输入的预补偿。
本领域技术人员将认识到当理想信号vRF和反馈信号VO(t)到达预失真控制器5[图1]、或图2中的处理器200时，两个信号之间可能存在信号差异。两信号之间的时延差异产生时间差，其由每个信号到达处理器200所经历的不同路径引起。该信号时延可以基于电路和部件的参数以及其它环境因素而随机性变化。结果是难于估计、计算和调节在现场应用环境中的这种信号差异。为了克服这个问题，本发明通过使用由前面引用的美国专利No.6,985,704所教导的算法来自适应地调节该时延。
查找表33的使用允许将记忆功能引入本发明的至少一些实施例中。预失真控制器5的查找表是基于将一组输入数据映射到数字输出中、并自适应地更新的存储的补偿原理。基于存储的功能，查找表的每个输出信号实际上与当前和之前传输的信号都有关，并因此具有记忆功能，其不仅补偿功率放大器的非线性，而且避免需要诸如现有技术中通常使用的专用时延补偿电路。具体参见2007年1月29日提交的美国临时专利申请S.N.60/898,312，标题为“Power AmplifierTime-Delay Invariant Predistortion Methods and Apparatus”。
在图4中示出可以实施上述补偿原理的查找表的一个实施例的结构。来自模数转换器21的数据被供给地址成形器32，该地址成形器32继而形成地址并将该地址供给查找表33。同时，在误差产生器23中对来自模数转换器25的反馈信号vfeedback和来自模数转换器21的理想信号videal进行比较，并在乘法器35中使产生的误差信号与数值μ相乘。μ的值通常在0和1之间，并表示收敛因子，根据美国专利No.6,985,704中的教导能更好理解该收敛因子。然后使比例(scaled)误差因子在加法器34中与反馈因子相加并提供回到查找表33。该结果是查找表的输出，其为时延以及功率放大器12的非线性提供补偿。
由于引入记忆的查找表处理，因此不必为信号延迟处理建立另一个专用时延电路。因此，本专利中的记忆的查找表示出两个功能，即高功率放大器的非线性预失真和自适应信号时延的调节。
预失真控制器的查找表是基于存储的补偿原理，其将一组输入数据映射到数字输出中并自适应地更新。基于存储的功能，查找表的每个输出信号实际上与当前和之前的传输信号都有关，并因此在补偿功率放大器的非线性时具有记忆功能[1]。在图4中示出基于补偿原理的查找表的结构。
可以进一步认识到该预失真控制器的性能在某些方面与原始和反馈通道中的模数转换器中的位的数目有关，由此模数转换器中的位的数目越大，预失真控制器的性能越好。同样，预失真控制器的记忆功能也与地址-移位寄存器中位的数目有关，使得在合理尺寸范围内，预失真控制器的性能随着寄存器中的位数目的增加而改进。可以进一步认识到功率放大器可以运行于任何区域内，使得例如可以将它的偏置或静态工作点设置在饱和区或截止区，并对每个区中的运行进行适当调节。可以用进一步认识到预失真控制器的输出信号是随机控制信号而非调制高频信号，而该信号具有与功率放大器的AM-AM和AM-PM失真分量相反的特性。本领域技术人员也将认识到预失真控制器的输出信号不是高频信号，而其频率通常匹配将由无线发射器中的功率放大器传送的信号的带宽。
由查找表执行的记忆功能和存储功能的组合延伸本发明的能力以补偿功率放大器的非线性特性至不依时间变化的方面。查找表的自适应处理的不依时间变化的特征是查找表的寻址布置的重要益处。在一个实施例中，通过包含当前输入信号以及之前N个输入信号的一组N-位矢量数据来实施查找表的寻址。因此，查找表的地址是长度为N的系列输入序列的组合。查找表的地址越长，系统能够适应的时延信息范围越宽(即，系统能够容忍的时延影响的持续时间越长)。
已经详细地描述了本发明，其中包括几个实施例和替换物，本领域技术人员将会认识到存在属于本发明范围内的多种其它替换物和等价物。因此本发明旨在不受上述内容的限制，而是仅由所附权利要求限制。

Claims (7)

1.一种用于使功率放大器的输出线性化的预失真系统，包含：
代表已调RF信号的第一信号，
第一模数A至D转换器，响应于第一信号以用于产生代表第一信号的第一正交信号；
代表功率放大器的非线性特性的反馈信号，
第二模数A至D转换器，响应于反馈信号以用于产生反馈正交信号；
包含至少一个查找表的预失真控制器，该预失真控制器适用于接收所述第一正交信号和所述反馈正交信号，以平方各个正交信号，并产生用于校正所述功率放大器的所述非线性特性的校正因子，以及
组合逻辑电路，其将所述已调RF信号和相应于所述校正因子的信号进行组合，并提供给所述功率放大器以使所述功率放大器的输出线性化，
其中，校正因子等于第一正交信号的平方减去反馈正交信号的平方。
2.根据权利要求1所述的预失真系统，其中所述组合逻辑电路是模拟乘法器。
3.根据权利要求1所述的预失真系统，其中所述预失真控制器包含确定在所述第一信号和所述反馈信号之间的误差的误差逻辑电路。
4.根据权利要求1所述的预失真系统，其中所述预失真控制器进一步包括地址成形器，其响应于所述第一信号以用于产生供给所述至少一个查找表的地址。
5.一种与用于无线应用的功率放大器一起使用的预失真系统，包含：
模拟乘法器，
代表第一输入信号的第一I/Q信号，
代表功率放大器的非线性特性的反馈I/Q信号，
至少一个误差检测器，用于比较所述第一I/Q信号的平方和所述反馈I/Q信号的平方，所述比较是第一I/Q信号的平方减去反馈I/Q信号的平方，
响应于所述第一I/Q信号以用于形成地址的地址成形器，
响应于所述地址和第二输入的至少一个查找表，
至少一个混合器，用于将所述至少一个查找表的输出和所述误差检测器的输出进行组合，所述混合器的输出将所述第二输入提供给所述查找表，
所述查找表的输出形成到所述模拟乘法器的一个输入，所述第一输入信号形成到所述模拟乘法器的第二输入，且所述模拟乘法器的输出将反向匹配的输入提供给所述功率放大器，用于使所述功率放大器的输出线性化。
6.根据权利要求5所述的预失真系统，其中所述至少一个查找表是至少两个查找表。
7.根据权利要求6所述的预失真系统，其中所述至少两个查找表之一存储I数据，而所述至少两个查找表的另一个查找表存储Q数据。
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