CN101489615A - 使用偏压阀的机械呼吸机系统 - Google Patents

使用偏压阀的机械呼吸机系统 Download PDF

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CN101489615A
CN101489615A CNA200780026654XA CN200780026654A CN101489615A CN 101489615 A CN101489615 A CN 101489615A CN A200780026654X A CNA200780026654X A CN A200780026654XA CN 200780026654 A CN200780026654 A CN 200780026654A CN 101489615 A CN101489615 A CN 101489615A
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lifting head
bias
roots blower
valve
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道格拉斯·F·德弗里斯
托德·阿勒姆
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CareFusion 203 Inc
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Abstract

一种具有罗茨鼓风机的便携式机械呼吸机，其配置为对患者回路提供预期气流和压力。所述机械呼吸机包括：操作以测量罗茨鼓风机产生的气流的流量计和配置为操作与患者回路连接的呼气阀的呼吸控制元件。连接在罗茨鼓风机和患者回路之间的偏压阀具体配置为对呼吸控制元件产生相对于患者回路压力的偏压。偏压阀进一步配置为衰减罗茨鼓风机产生的脉动气流，以使流到质量流量计的气体呈现基本恒压特性。偏压便于在吸气开始时关闭呼气阀、在呼气期间调节呼气末正压通气和经由压力变换元件净化传感线路。

Description

使用偏压阀的机械呼吸机系统
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请是2004年8月4日提交的申请号为10/912,747的美国专利申请的部分连续申请，并且要求享有于2003年8月4日提交的申请号为60/492,421的美国临时专利申请、2004年5月18日提交的申请号为10/847,693的美国专利申请、2004年8月4日提交的申请号为10/912,747的美国专利申请、2004年11月10日提交的申请号为10/985,528的美国专利申请、2005年3月23日提交的申请号为11/088,316的美国专利申请以及2005年9月23日提交的申请号为11/234,636的美国专利申请的优先权权益，所有这些专利申请的说明书和附图通过引用专门地合并于此。
说明：不是联邦资助的研究/开发
技术领域
本发明主要涉及机械呼吸机，尤其是涉及一种结合有低惯性、高速、高效的罗茨鼓风机的便携式呼吸机，其具体地适于提供完全的呼吸机功能，并且其接近小的膝上型电脑的尺寸同时能向患者提供数小时的电池供电的、全方位呼吸辅助。
背景技术
对需要呼吸辅助的患者来说，现有技术包括各种各样的机械呼吸机。不利地是，这些机械呼吸机通常配置为相对大的设备，其占据了操作室和患者恢复室中可用的有限空间的相对大的体积。另外，这种现有技术机械呼吸机一般具有低效率，使得为了操作该设备需要相对大量的动力。另外，现有技术的机械呼吸机不是真正的便携式设备，因为这些设备在操作期间一般必须持续连接到主电源。这些设备的相对大的重量和体积进一步限制了它们的便携性。
应用于机械呼吸机上的压缩机技术的进步在某种程度上减小了机械呼吸机的尺寸和整体动力消耗。例如，授权给DeVries等人的美国专利6,152,135结合了这种压缩机技术的提高，尤其是提供了在尺寸和动力上的减小以实现真正地自备式及便携式机械呼吸机。为了便于患者有限持续时间内的移动而不会受到连接到诸如墙上电源插座的静止电源的限制，类似于DeVries设备的呼吸机可以进一步包括电池组或与电池组相连，以使机械呼吸机可以安装在活动台上。
另外，类似于DeVries设备的机械呼吸机已经实现了改良的以下功能：通过使用在低压下操作的用于传送呼吸到患者的旋转拖曳压缩机，传送多种呼吸模式到患者的能力。这种拖曳压缩机可以以变速或恒速模式操作。以变速模式操作的机械呼吸机通过在呼吸循环的呼气相位(即呼气)期间从静止急加速压缩机然后急减速来提供吸气支持(即吸气辅助)给患者。不利地是，这种急加速和急减速需要用于压缩机的复杂的驱动电路和高电流消耗。这种变速拖曳压缩机的相对高的电流牵引(current draw)增加了机械呼吸机的整体成本。此外，高电流要求需要结合有体积大和重的电池，用于当呼吸机不与静止电源连接时提供作为应急备用的备用电源。
可选地，为了消除由变速压缩机的高电流要求产生的限制，旋转拖曳压缩机可以以恒速模式操作。不利的是，这种恒速拖曳压缩机具有其自身固有的缺陷，其降低了机械呼吸机的整体效用。例如，因为压缩机以恒速运行，所以当空气或气体未供给到患者时，即使在呼气相位(即呼气)期间，也持续地消耗动力。虽然可以通过将呼气期间的气流再循环到压缩机的进气(intake)来减少动力消耗，但是为了在不与静止电源连接时操作机械呼吸机，仍然需要相当大量的备用电池动力。
可以看出，本领域中需要一种小尺寸和轻质量的机械呼吸机以增强其便携性。此外，本领域中需要一种能够不受静止电源的限制给患者提供延长的持续时间的呼吸辅助的便携式机械呼吸机。另外，本领域中需要一种以体积和压力控制模式提供呼吸辅助的便携式机械呼吸机，其能够在手术室、重病特别护理室和患者恢复室的噪音敏感环境中安全地及安静地操作。
发明内容
本发明特别适于解决与用于提供呼吸辅助给患者的机械呼吸机相关联的上述缺陷。本发明尤其提供一种结合有罗茨鼓风机的便携式机械呼吸机，与现有机械呼吸机相比，其考虑的是提高效率以及减少尺寸和质量。另外，机械呼吸机的小尺寸和动力效率为诸如在患者移动期间需要持续呼吸辅助的患者提供了移动性。
有利的是，机械呼吸机包括位于罗茨鼓风机的下游在流量计与患者回路之间的偏压阀(bias valve)。所述偏压阀具体适合于衰减或阻尼由位于偏压阀上游的罗茨鼓风机产生的脉动气流。尽管偏压阀位于罗茨鼓风机的下游，但是其阻尼效应由于空气柱(即在罗茨鼓风机出口与偏压阀之间)内的气流的限制而被传递回上游。位于罗茨鼓风机的下游的流量计因而接收经阻尼的气流，以使可以进行精确的气流测量。公开号为2005/0051168、授权给DeVries等人的美国专利“便携式呼吸机系统”中详细公开了结合有罗茨鼓风机的类型的机械呼吸机，其全部内容通过引用专门地合并于此。
除了阻尼罗茨鼓风机的脉动气流输出，偏压阀还适于产生相对于患者回路压力的偏压或高压(elevated pressure)。偏压阀可以包括能够接合到阀座的提动头(poppet)，并且进一步包括具体配置为使提动头偏置到阀座以产生预期量偏压的偏置构件。呼吸控制元件(exhalationcontrol module)可以使用偏压以便于在吸气开始时关闭呼气阀。呼气阀也可以在呼气期间调节呼气末正压通气(PEEP)和执行其它功能。
偏压也帮助控制诸如吸气保持、呼气保持和调节平均吸气压力/吸气负压(MIP/NIF)的用户激活操作。偏压便于以下文更详细描述的方式关闭呼气阀以在执行这些用户激活操作期间阻止气流进出患者回路。理想地，偏置构件配置为具有足以使提动头偏置到阀座以使在罗茨鼓风机的流速范围(flow range)内偏压基本恒定的预定刚度常数。
在罗茨鼓风机的流速范围内保持偏压恒定和相对低的能力有利地使机械呼吸机的动力消耗最小化。在这点上，偏压构件优选地具有低刚度常数，低刚度常数与提动头自由移动结合提供了在罗茨鼓风机的流速范围内的优选恒压特性。提动头在阀座上的外露区域的量与弹性预载结合限定了对由罗茨鼓风机产生的脉动气流的阻力的量(magnitude)，这反过来导致产生预期量偏压。
除了产生偏压，偏压阀也配置为提供由罗茨鼓风机产生的脉动气流的衰减或阻尼。如先前描述的，由诸如热线式质量流量计的流量计提供罗茨鼓风机的气流输出的测量。由于测量气流输出具有的灵敏度，气流输出的精确测量取决于偏压阀提供惯性阻尼和粘性阻尼中的至少一个。偏压阀提供的惯性阻尼是在气缸内滑动地往复的提动头的质量的结果。
随着提动头在气缸内往复，提动头提供粘性阻尼。更具体地说，位于提动头与气缸之间的环形提动头间隙引起粘性阻尼的产生，当在气缸的底部收集的气体随着提动头向下移入气缸而通过提动头间隙时，产生粘性阻尼。反过来，随着提动头移出气缸，为了填充气缸的底部的扩大的体积，气体必须以反方向通过提动头间隙。气体通过提动头间隙的通道产生了粘性阻尼效应。有利的是，粘性阻尼和惯性阻尼的组合效应优选地足以衰减由罗茨鼓风机产生的脉动气流输出，以使流量计可以精确地测量罗茨鼓风机的气流输出。
附图说明
结合下述描述和附图，将更好地理解此处公开的各种实施例的这些以及其它特征和优势，其中相似的标记始终代表相似的元件，其中：
图1为呼吸机系统(ventilation system)的气动图，该呼吸机系统具有结合有罗茨鼓风机的机械呼吸机，并且可以包括呼气阀和在呼吸循环期间操作以关闭呼气阀的呼吸控制元件，并且进一步示出了位于罗茨鼓风机的下游的偏压阀，偏压阀配置为便于由流量计的精确气流测量以及产生偏压以便于呼吸控制元件的操作；
图2为偏压阀的分解立体图，示出了偏压阀的各个部件的相互连接关系；
图3是偏压阀的截面侧视图，示出了布置在气缸内的可往复运动的提动头；以及
图4是一曲线图，曲线图的左侧示出了罗茨鼓风机的高振幅的、未经阻尼的脉动气流输出，曲线图的右侧示出了罗茨鼓风机的经阻尼的相对低振幅的气流，其是由偏压阀产生的惯性阻尼和粘性阻尼的结果。
具体实施方式
现在参考附图，其中附图是为了说明本发明，而不是为了限制本发明，附图示出了便携式机械呼吸机10，便携式机械呼吸机10具有用于产生经由患者连接器26到患者或患者回路28的气流的诸如罗茨鼓风机16的鼓风机组件14。正如公开号为2005/0051168、授权给DeVries等人的美国专利“便携式呼吸机系统”中更详细描述地，便携式呼吸机10以变速模式作为呼吸传送机构操作，并且由于使用罗茨鼓风机16而具有提高的效率和缩小的尺寸，上述专利的全部内容通过引用专门合并于此。
优选地，便携式机械呼吸机10包括降噪构件(sound-reducingelements)，以便于其在诸如医院的患者恢复室的噪音敏感环境中的操作。此外，与现有机械呼吸机相比，便携式机械呼吸机10具有减少的重量和减少的动力消耗。上述优势共同地有助于机械呼吸机的便携性特征，从而在患者移动期间或在诸如动力中断的紧急状况期间，对在远距离内需要持续呼吸辅助的患者提供移动性。
如公开号为20050051168的美国专利中描述的，便携式呼吸机10可以包括对接架(docking cradle)和监视器，其中对接架可以将便携式呼吸机10支撑在活动台上。为了扩展便携式呼吸机10接口容量，对接架可以增加其自己的动力供给或动力源和/或再充电系统。监视器可以是能可释放地安装到对接架上的图形显示监视器，以提供增强的显示性能(display capabilities)。
现在参考图1，所示的是呼吸机系统12的气动图，示出了机械呼吸机10，呼吸机系统12包括位于罗茨鼓风机16下游的质量流量计18。罗茨鼓风机16将室内空气吸进入口过滤器并且向患者传送加压气体。流量计18适于测量由罗茨鼓风机16产生的气流。
重要的是，机械呼吸机10包括位于罗茨鼓风机16的下游的在流量计18与患者回路28之间的偏压阀30。为了提高流量计18所进行的气流测量的精确性，偏压阀30阻尼由罗茨鼓风机16产生的脉动气流。尽管偏压阀30位于罗茨鼓风机16的下游，但是由于限制了在罗茨鼓风机16出口和偏压阀30之间延伸的空气柱或通道内的气流，偏压阀30有效地阻尼了偏压阀30上游(即，在流量计18处)的脉动。更具体地说，偏压阀30的阻尼效应向上游经由通道被传递到罗茨鼓风机16出口处流出的气流。因此，流量计18接收的气流也被阻尼，这允许流量计18精确地测量由罗茨鼓风机16产生的气流输出。
从图1可以看出，气动图进一步包括操作以调节与患者回路28的呼气分支连接的呼气阀22的呼吸控制元件20。呼吸控制元件20流体地连接到偏压阀30，偏压阀30提供偏压以便于呼吸控制元件20在吸气状态期间关闭呼气阀22的操作。气动图也包括压力变换元件24，压力变换元件24接收来自与患者回路28连接的气道传感线路和流量传感线路86的输入。压力变换元件24也流体地连接到偏压阀30，偏压阀30提供偏压以辅助净化传感线路(sense line)86。
可选地，便携式机械呼吸机10可以配置为使得在呼气相位期间未被患者使用的压缩气体可以再循环或再流通。此外，便携式机械呼吸机10可以配置为使用内置氧气混合器来传送混合气，这可以由FIO2(吸入氧气浓度)传感器来监视。FIO2可以同机械呼吸机10的其它操作参数的显示一起显示在用户接口上。如先前所述的，气动回路可以进一步包括与连接在患者回路28中的Y形接头84相连的气道及流量传感线路86，以对压力变换元件24提供在机械呼吸机10的控制回路中使用的压力值(airway value)和流量值。
现在参考图2，所示的是偏压阀30的分解图，其示出了偏压阀30的各个部件的相互连接关系。如先前所述的，偏压阀30具体配置为，阻尼罗茨鼓风机16的脉动气流输出以提高流量计18的精确性和提供偏压到呼吸控制元件20以改进各种呼吸功能的调节。偏压相对于患者回路28压力被限定为提高的驱动压力，并且由呼吸控制元件20使用以执行许多功能，包括但不限于在吸气开始时关闭呼气阀22、在呼气期间调节呼气末正压通气(PEEP)和净化从Y形接头84连接延伸到压力变换元件24的传感线路86(例如，气道及流量传感线路)。因为传感线路86会因来自患者呼吸的湿气而结块或者阻塞，这会危及流量和压力测量的精确性，因此需要周期性地净化传感线路86。
参考图2和图3，偏压阀30在最广意义上可以包括阀座58、提动头64和配置为使提动头64偏置到阀座58的偏置构件76。如图1所示，偏压阀30流体地连接到罗茨鼓风机16并且在阀座58处接收来自罗茨鼓风机16的气流。提动头64能够直接接合到阀座58，并且基于从罗茨鼓风机16到患者回路28的气流量在关闭位置和开启位置之间往复。偏置构件76产生使提动头64偏置到阀座58的弹性预载，以在呼吸控制元件20和压力变换元件24处形成预期的偏压。
如先前所述的，偏压便于呼吸控制元件20和压力变换元件24依次允许关闭呼气阀22、调节PEEP和净化传感线路86的操作。另外，偏压帮助执行诸如吸气保持、呼气保持和调节平均吸气压力/吸气负压(MIP/NIF)的用户激活操作。更具体地说，偏压阀30与控制罗茨鼓风机16操作的鼓风机控制算法协作来操作。偏压阀30和鼓风机控制算法共同调节在执行用户激活操作期间进出患者回路28的气流。偏压阀30通过产生稍微高于患者回路28压力的偏压以便保持呼气阀22在适当时间被关闭，来调节在执行用户激活操作期间进出患者回路28的气流。
在吸气保持操作期间，偏压为使得呼气阀22保持关闭一段时间，在该时间期间可以进行特定测量。另外，吸气保持提供额外的时间段，在该时间段期间空气可以保持在肺中，允许发生更多气体交换。机械呼吸机10可以预设为诸如在高气道压力或患者回路28发生故障的情况下退出吸气保持操作。在吸气保持操作完成后，呼气阀22被打开以允许呼吸周期的呼气相位的开始。
在呼气保持操作期间，患者呼气在呼气阀22在开启位置以允许正常偏流(bias flow)的同时进行。但是，机械呼吸机10可以配置为当发生特定事件时退出呼气保持操作。例如，如果在该操作期间检测到患者呼吸尝试，则优选地操作机械呼吸机10以退出呼气保持并且传送呼吸到患者。当呼气保持操作完成时，呼气阀22关闭以允许吸气相位的开始。
偏压阀30通过将呼气阀22保持在关闭位置来辅助调节MIP/NIF，以阻止向前气流进入患者回路28，否则将危及各种压力测量的精确性。除了在该操作期间测量气道压力以外，MIP/NIF操作还通过测量患者在封闭的患者回路28内吸引负压的能力，从而判断患者是否准备切断机械呼吸机10。
在上述每一个用户激活操作中，偏压将呼气阀22保持在关闭位置以在操作期间阻止任何气流进出患者回路28。偏压阀30通过对呼吸控制元件20提供偏压(即，相对于患者回路压力的高压)到图1所示的呼吸机系统12中的患者回路28的呼吸机侧，来执行该功能。在这点上，偏压阀30优选地配置为提供高于患者回路压力大约2cmH2O至4cmH2O的偏压。
由于偏置构件76的弹性预载，偏压阀30具体适于提供偏压以使提动头64偏置到阀座58，正如以下将更详细地描述的。另外，提动头64和阀座58具体配置为提供在提动头/阀座接口处相对紧密的或防漏密封，以使向前气流不会响应于作用在提动头64上的向前压力而进入患者回路28。优选地，偏压阀30适于产生4cmH2O偏压，并且允许流速上升到每分钟4公升(LPM)而偏压仅稍微在4cmH2O以上。
从图2和图3可以看出，偏置构件76可以配置为螺旋弹簧78，螺旋弹簧78优选地具有足以使提动头64偏置到阀座58的刚度常数，以使在罗茨鼓风机16的流速范围内偏压基本恒定。偏压可以设定为大约2cmH2O至4cmH2O，尽管取决于系统要求可以使用其它偏压。有利的是，在罗茨鼓风机16的流速范围内保持偏压相对恒定的能力在允许罗茨鼓风机16实现其最高流量要求的同时使机械呼吸机10的动力消耗最小化。
图2和图3示出了偏压阀30的优选结构设置，示出了气缸46，气缸46使提动头64在其中往复，偏压阀30进一步包括将提动头64向其关闭位置偏置的偏置构件76。偏压阀30包括诸如弯管壳体40的壳体、固定地安装在弯管壳体40内的中空气缸46和接收来自罗茨鼓风机16的气流的环形阀座58。弯管壳体40和气缸46共同限定了环形壳体室34。
提动头64可以沿阀轴66在气缸46内往复。气缸46具有气缸侧壁50和气缸端壁48。在气缸端壁48和一个提动头端面70之间限定了气缸内腔52。偏置构件76可以配置为布置在气缸内腔52内的螺旋弹簧78并且使提动头64偏置到阀座58。壳体入口38在阀座58接收来自罗茨鼓风机16的气流。
如先前所述的，为了动力消耗目的，在罗茨鼓风机16的流速范围内保持偏压恒定是有利的。这样，提动头64具体配置为可在气缸46内滑动，以使提动头64可以随着来自罗茨鼓风机16的气流的增加自由移动远离阀座58。另外，偏置构件76优选地具有低刚度常数，低刚度常数与提动头64自由移动结合使得偏压呈现出在罗茨鼓风机16的流速范围内的优选恒压特性。当提动头64接合到阀座58时，弹性预载量和提动头64的外露区域量(即座区域72)将确定产生的阻力量(即偏压)。
如图2和图3所示，弯管壳体40具有壳体侧壁42和壳体端壁44，壳体入口38形成在弯管壳体40的与壳体端壁44相反的一端上并且在阀座58处连接到罗茨鼓风机16。壳体出口36形成在壳体侧壁42上并且流体地连接到患者回路28。如先前所述的，中空气缸46固定地安装在弯管壳体40内并且由气缸端壁48和气缸侧壁50限定。气缸侧壁50布置为与壳体侧壁42同轴间隔以限定二者之间的环形壳体室34。
气缸46在与壳体入口38一致的一端上(即在阀座58处)是敞开的。气缸侧壁50具有形成在其中的至少一个径向开口54，径向开口54作用为使壳体入口38到环形壳体室34最终到壳体出口36流体地相互连接。在一实施例中，径向开口54可以包括多个形成在气缸侧壁50的邻近阀座58的上部上的三个等角间隔(three equiangularly-spaced)的径向槽。
阀座58优选地配置为具有固定地安装到壳体入口38的径向凸缘60的环形构件。阀座58可以进一步包括从径向凸缘60轴向向内延伸的环形座接口62。气缸侧壁50可以依靠阀座58固定地容纳在弯管壳体40内。更具体地说，在一实施例中，气缸侧壁50的邻近阀座58的一部分可以位于座接口62与弯管侧壁之间。附加地或可选地，阀座58可以压配合入气缸侧壁50。
应指出的是，尽管此处示出和公开的弯管壳体40和气缸46为圆柱形的，但可以预想到的是，偏压阀30可以配置为诸如矩形、椭圆形等的各种可选形状、尺寸和结构。通过偏压阀30阻尼脉动气流和提供偏压所提供的预期功能部分地取决于提动头64的质量、偏置构件76的弹性预载和提动头64接触阀座58的座区域72。为了产生偏压，提动头64可以配置为能够与阀座58密封地接合以及反作用于罗茨鼓风机16产生的气流的诸如盘状的各种形状。
提动头64本身可以是圆柱形形状，并且优选地沿阀轴66可滑动地布置在气缸46内。提动头64具有圆柱形的提动头侧面68和相反的提动头端面70。气缸内腔52形成在气缸端壁48与一个提动头端面70之间，另一个提动头端面70能够密封地接合阀座58的座接口62。如先前描述的，当布置为抵靠在阀座58时，提动头64限定了罗茨鼓风机16的脉动气流反作用在其上的座区域72。
主要参考图1，气动图示出了使罗茨鼓风机16与偏压阀30流体地相互连接的流量计18。在一优选实施例中，流量计18配置为热线式质量流量计18，其理想地被配置为精确地测量罗茨鼓风机16产生的气流。为了提高流量计18的精确性，偏压阀30具体地配置为在热线式质量流量计18处提供罗茨鼓风机16产生的脉动气流的阻尼。有利的是，这种阻尼由偏压阀30产生的惯性阻尼力和粘性阻尼力中的至少一个来提供，正如以下更详细的描述。
返回参考图2，提动头64被定尺寸且配置为与气缸46互补。在这点上，提动头侧68和气缸侧壁50限定了在二者之间的大体窄环形的提动头间隙74。提动头间隙74优选地足以提供由罗茨鼓风机16产生的脉动气流的粘性阻尼。当气缸内腔52中的气体流经大体窄的提动头间隙74并且经由形成在气缸侧壁50上的径向开口54(即，径向槽)进入壳体室34时，产生这种粘性阻尼，反之亦然。提动头64响应于作用在提动头64的座区域72上的脉动气流而往复。
另外，提动头64优选地具有足以提供来自罗茨鼓风机16的脉动气流的惯性阻尼的质量。图3示出了提动头64的形式，提动头64包括形成在其中的用于容纳质量构件80的沉孔，质量构件80经由被O形环88密封的销82固定到提动头64上。所示的偏置构件76配置为螺旋弹簧78，其安装在气缸内腔52中并且同轴地布置在提动头端面70中的沉孔中的质量构件80的上面。为了增加或减轻提动头64的质量以实现预期的惯性阻尼特性，可以替换不同尺寸的质量构件80。
在罗茨鼓风机16的操作期间，脉动气流以扰动频率作用在提动头64上。提动头64和偏置构件76以提动头固有频率在气缸46内往复，提动头固有频率部分地是由提动头64/质量构件80的质量和弹簧78的弹簧刚度造成的。提动头64和质量构件80优选地被定尺寸且配置为，当扰动频率基本高于提动头固有频率时使脉动气流的惯性阻尼最大化。在机械呼吸机10的大多数操作期间，相对于提动头固有频率的高扰动频率是提动头64/偏置构件76和罗茨鼓风机16之间的典型关系。有利的是，脉动气流的惯性阻尼使得机械呼吸机10的优选实施例中利用的热线式质量流量计18的测量精确性增加。
如先前所述的，粘性阻尼由在提动头侧68与气缸侧壁50之间的提动头间隙74提供。随着提动头64响应于作用在阀座58上的气流而朝向气缸内腔52向内移动，迫使气缸内腔52内所含的气体通过大体窄的提动头间隙74从而经由径向开口54进入壳体室34。同样，随着提动头64离开气缸端壁48，气体转换方向，从壳体室34穿过提动头间隙74并且填充气缸内腔52。
当作用在提动头64上的扰动频率基本等于提动头固有频率时，作为气体穿过提动头间隙74的结果所产生的粘性阻尼是最有效的。在图4的曲线图中可以看出偏压阀30的阻尼效应的一个实例，图4的左侧示出了处于非阻尼状态的罗茨鼓风机16的气流输出。曲线图的右侧是经衰减或经阻尼的罗茨鼓风机16的气流输出的图。经阻尼的气流是由偏压阀30产生的惯性阻尼和粘性阻尼的结果。
返回参考图2和图3，关于偏压阀30的各个部件的具体结构构造，可以预想到的是，气缸46由诸如不锈钢的适合的金属材料制成，尽管可以使用其它适合的材料。由于在提动头64与气缸46之间需要相对紧密的配合，气缸侧壁50内表面可以由包括诸如CNC加工的加工的各种方法以紧密公差制造。不利地是，这种加工过程可能导致形成在气缸侧壁50上的横向于提动头64的往复方向的切削痕迹(turningmark)。由于需要高循环寿命的提动头64(即，由于提动头64往复的结果)，气缸侧壁50的内表面优选地是平滑的或磨光的以减少表面粗糙度以及提供具有对提动头64移动的最小阻力的平滑表面。
在这点上，可以预想到的是，为了避免提动头间隙74的尺寸变化，提动头64本身优选地由呈现低摩擦特性和良好的机械性能以及低热膨胀系数的材料制成。基于这些原因，提动头64优选地由公知的具有高拉力和高光滑的诸如聚醚醚铜(PEEK)的合成聚合物制成。由于黄铜具有包括高硬度和良好工作特性的良好的机械性能，阀座58优选地由黄铜制成，尽管阀座58可以由其它适合的材料制成。可以配置为螺旋弹簧78的偏置构件76也可以优选地由弹簧钢或不锈钢制成，尽管可以使用其它适合的材料。
在操作中，如图1中的气动图所示，罗茨鼓风机16产生脉动气流，该脉动气流被传送到偏压阀30。由于提动头与阀座58接合的构造，偏压阀30产生偏压，该偏压相对于患者回路28压力是提高的驱动压力。如先前所述的，由呼吸控制元件20使用该驱动压力以在吸气开始时关闭呼气阀22、在呼气期间调节PEEP，以及由压力变换元件24使用以净化在Y形接头84处邻接患者回路28的传感线路86。
由于偏置构件76响应于作用在提动头64的座区域72上的脉动气流而弹性预载，产生了偏压。偏置构件76被定尺寸且配置为提供预定弹性预载，这反过来导致高于患者回路28压力的预期量的偏压。优选地，偏置构件76具有相对低刚度常数，以使在罗茨鼓风机16的流速范围内偏压基本恒定。偏压优选地足够高以帮助呼吸控制元件20执行上述功能以及帮助诸如吸气保持和呼气保持的用户激活操作。
有利的是，偏压阀30的独特的设置也提供由罗茨鼓风机16产生的脉动气流的阻尼，以使流体地连接到罗茨鼓风机16的流量计18可以精确地测量罗茨鼓风机16产生的气流。提动头64产生的阻尼可以是惯性阻尼和粘性阻尼中至少一个的结果。如先前所述的，惯性阻尼取决于提动头64质量与偏置构件76产生的反作用力的结合。
粘性阻尼量取决于随着提动头64在气缸46内往复提动头64与气缸46之间的提动头间隙74的尺寸。理想地，提动头64和质量构件80被定尺寸且配置为当扰动频率(即，由作用在提动头64上的脉动气流产生的)基本高于提动头固有频率时使惯性阻尼最大化。另外，偏压阀30优选地配置为当扰动频率基本等于提动头固有频率时使粘性阻尼最大化。粘性阻尼和惯性阻尼的组合效果优选地足以提高流量计18测量罗茨鼓风机16产生的气流的精确性。
介绍了本发明的各个实施例的说明以示出本发明的优选实施例，可以以不同的方式体现和采用其他发明概念。附随的权利要求旨在解释为包括除了在现有技术限定的范围内的各种变形。

Claims (24)

1、一种具有用于向患者回路产生气流的罗茨鼓风机的便携式机械呼吸机，所述机械呼吸机包括：
呼吸控制元件，其配置为操作与患者回路连接的呼气阀；以及
偏压阀，其连接在罗茨鼓风机与患者回路之间，并且配置为对呼吸控制元件提供偏压。
2、根据权利要求1所述的机械呼吸机，其中偏压阀配置为在罗茨鼓风机的流速范围内提供实质上恒定的偏压。
3、根据权利要求1所述的机械呼吸机，其中：
罗茨鼓风机通过鼓风机控制算法控制；
在执行以下用户激活操作中的至少一个期间：吸气保持、呼气保持和调节平均吸气压力/吸气负压(MIP/NIF)，偏压阀和鼓风机控制算法共同调节进出患者回路的气流。
4、根据权利要求1所述的机械呼吸机，进一步包括：
压力变换元件，其流体地连接到偏压阀并且承受偏压阀的偏压；
连接在患者回路与压力变换元件之间的气道传感线路和流量传感线路中的至少一个；
其中，压力变换元件操作以使用偏压来净化传感线路。
5、根据权利要求1所述的机械呼吸机，进一步包括：
流量计，其介于罗茨鼓风机与偏压阀之间，并且被操作以测量罗茨鼓风机的气流量。
6、根据权利要求5所述的机械呼吸机，其中：
由罗茨鼓风机产生的气流是脉动气流；
提动头具有足以产生用于由流量计测量的脉动气流的惯性阻尼的质量。
7、根据权利要求5所述的机械呼吸机，其中：
偏压阀包括
气缸；
提动头，其配置为在气缸内往复地滑动，并且限定提动头与气缸之间的实质上窄的提动头间隙；
提动头间隙被定尺寸为，在提动头往复期间当气体通过提动头间隙时产生脉动气流的粘性阻尼。
8、一种用于具有产生气流的罗茨鼓风机的机械呼吸机的偏压阀，所述机械呼吸机具有流体地连接到偏压阀的一侧的呼吸控制元件和流体地连接到偏压阀的相反侧的患者回路，呼吸控制元件配置为操作与患者回路连接的呼气阀，所述偏压阀包括：
连接到罗茨鼓风机的阀座；
提动头，其能够接合到阀座上，并且能够在分别用于阻止和允许气体从罗茨鼓风机流到患者回路的关闭位置与打开位置之间往复；以及
偏置构件，配置为使提动头偏置到阀座，以使对呼吸控制元件提供偏压用于调节呼气阀。
9、根据权利要求8所述的偏压阀，其中偏置构件具有足以使提动头偏置到阀座的刚度常数，以使在罗茨鼓风机的流速范围内偏压实质上恒定。
10、根据权利要求8所述的偏压阀，其中偏压阀配置为，在执行以下用户激活操作中的至少一个期间：吸气保持、呼气保持和调节平均吸气压力/吸气负压(MIP/NIF)，提供足以阻止气流进出患者回路的偏压。
11、根据权利要求8所述的偏压阀，进一步包括：
压力变换元件，其流体地连接到偏压阀并且承受偏压阀的偏压；
连接在患者回路与压力变换元件之间并且配置为测量患者回路的压力和流量的气道和流量传感线路中的至少一个；
其中，压力变换元件操作以使用偏压来净化传感线路。
12、根据权利要求8所述的偏压阀，其中：
机械呼吸机进一步包括介于罗茨鼓风机与偏压阀之间并且操作以测量罗茨鼓风机的气流量的流量计。
13、根据权利要求12所述的偏压阀，其中：
由罗茨鼓风机产生的气流是脉动气流；
提动头具有足以产生用于由流量计测量的脉动气流的惯性阻尼的质量。
14、根据权利要求12所述的偏压阀，进一步包括：
连接到提动头的质量构件；
其中：
提动头以扰动频率反作用于脉动气流；
提动头和偏置构件以提动头固有频率往复；
提动头和质量构件被定尺寸且配置为当扰动频率实质上高于提动头固有频率时使惯性阻尼最大化。
15、根据权利要求14所述的偏压阀，其中偏压阀配置为提供用于由流量计测量的脉动气流的粘性阻尼。
16、根据权利要求15所述的偏压阀，其中偏压阀配置为当扰动频率实质上等于提动头固有频率时使粘性阻尼最大化。
17、根据权利要求12所述的偏压阀，其中流量计配置为热线式质量流量计。
18、一种用于机械呼吸机的用于衰减由罗茨鼓风机产生的脉动气流的偏压阀，所述机械呼吸机具有流体地连接到偏压阀的一侧的呼吸控制元件和流体地连接到偏压阀的相反侧的患者回路，呼吸控制元件配置为操作与患者回路连接的呼气阀，所述机械呼吸机具有介于罗茨鼓风机与偏压阀之间并且配置为测量罗茨鼓风机的气流量的流量计，所述偏压阀包括：
壳体组件，其具有与流体地连接到患者回路的壳体出口和流体地连接到罗茨鼓风机的壳体入口相通的环形壳体室，所述壳体组件包括：
壳体，其具有壳体侧壁和壳体端壁，壳体入口形成在弯管壳体的与壳体端壁相反的一端上并且连接到罗茨鼓风机，壳体出口形成在壳体侧壁上；
中空气缸，其固定地安装在弯管壳体内，并且具有气缸端壁和气缸侧壁，气缸侧壁布置为与壳体侧壁同轴间隔以限定气缸侧壁与壳体侧壁之间的壳体室，所述气缸在与壳体入口一致的一端是开口的；以及
环形阀座，其固定地安装到壳体入口上并且具有座接口；
提动头，其可滑动地布置在气缸内并且能够在气缸内往复地移动，并且具有提动头侧面和相反的提动头端面，在气缸端壁和一个提动头端面之间限定气缸内腔，另一个提动头端面配置为能够密封地接合到座接口上并且限定座区域；以及
偏置构件，其具有足以使提动头偏置到座接口的弹性预载；
其中，座区域和弹性预载被定尺寸且配置为对呼吸控制元件提供预定偏压。
19、根据权利要求18所述的偏压阀，其中提动头具有足以产生用于由流量计测量的罗茨鼓风机的脉动气流的惯性阻尼的质量。
20、根据权利要求19所述的偏压阀，进一步包括：
质量构件，其连接到提动头；
其中：
提动头以扰动频率反作用于脉动气流；
提动头和偏置构件以提动头固有频率往复；
提动头和质量构件被定尺寸且配置为当扰动频率实质上高于提动头固有频率时使惯性阻尼最大化。
21、根据权利要求20所述的偏压阀，其中偏压阀配置为提供用于由流量计测量的脉动气流的粘性阻尼。
22、根据权利要求21所述的偏压阀，其中偏压阀配置为当扰动频率实质上等于提动头固有频率时使粘性阻尼最大化。
23、根据权利要求21所述的偏压阀，其中：
提动头和气缸限定了在提动头与气缸之间的实质上窄的提动头间隙，用于在提动头往复期间当气体通过气缸内腔与壳体室之间的提动头间隙时产生粘性阻尼。
24、根据权利要求18所述的偏压阀，其中偏置构件具有在罗茨鼓风机的流速范围内足以产生实质上恒定偏压的刚度常数。
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