CN101495067A - 椎间盘移植物和移植方法 - Google Patents

椎间盘移植物和移植方法 Download PDF

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CN101495067A
CN101495067A CNA2007800282114A CN200780028211A CN101495067A CN 101495067 A CN101495067 A CN 101495067A CN A2007800282114 A CNA2007800282114 A CN A2007800282114A CN 200780028211 A CN200780028211 A CN 200780028211A CN 101495067 A CN101495067 A CN 101495067A
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陆瓞骥
阮狄克
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University of Hong Kong HKU
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Abstract

从死亡供体中取出包括相邻脊椎结构的天然脊柱椎间盘，在标准盐水中洗涤，在低温保存溶液中保存，然后通过使用液氮或类似方法逐渐降低温度来冷冻。可以将植入物在标准盐水溶液中融化，然后植入到需要椎间盘置换的患者中。

Description

椎间盘移植物和移植方法
相关申请的交叉参考
本申请要求于2006年6月26日提交的U.S.临时专利申请60/820,378的优先权，该临时申请全文引入本文以供参考。
发明领域
本发明涉及椎间盘移植物，以及制备、保存和移植这样的椎间盘移植物的方法。
发明背景
椎间盘在椎骨之间提供可动性和震动垫。在解剖学上，椎间盘包括位于中央的髓核(nucleus pulposus)，髓核由细胞和不溶性细胞外基质组成，所述细胞外基质是由该核自身产生的。细胞外基质由胶原、蛋白多糖以及水组成。髓核被纤维环(annulus fibrosis)围绕，纤维环还由细胞(纤维细胞和软骨细胞)、胶原纤维以及细胞外基质组成。终板连接在骨组织，椎骨上。
迄今为止，有几种治疗椎间盘变性疾病的方法。脊柱融合术已经被广泛用于在多种不同临床情境中获得机械支持和稳定，所述临床情境是例如椎间盘变性疾病或诱导脊柱不稳定的感染和恶性疾病。虽然在大部分情况下结果是令人满意的，但是已经报道了长期并发症例如相邻节段变性，并且一直是个问题。该变性的机制润润是不清楚的。尸体研究表明了在模拟的脊柱融合术之后，在相邻的未融合椎间盘中盘内压力增加。回顾性临床分析表明，对于采用了刚性装置来融合腰椎的患者，相邻节段障碍的危险性要更高。一些研究表明，在短的刚性脊椎融合术之后，改变的机械环境导致相邻节段变性加剧。
为了避免改变椎间关节的生化功能，已经进行了一些努力来开发人造椎间盘，如几个公布的专利中所述(U.S.专利6,958,078、6,989,032和6,692,495(所有这些专利都引入本文以供参考))。这样的开发工作所遇到的某些困难包括移植物固定、生物相容性以及能够复制形式和功能的适当材料与设计的鉴定。在临床上，替代整个椎间盘的装置表现出一些弱点。整个椎间盘置换依赖于人造椎间盘与脊椎终板的连接。已经公开了多种不同的连接方法，包括使用螺丝钉、长钉和多孔向内生长材料。这个椎间盘/脊椎界面可能会由于非天然生物材料而变松。已经报道了与假体变松及其修正手术有关的问题，这些问题与整个膝盖和臀部置换手术所遇到的问题类似。这样，用人造椎间盘进行的整个置换的长期结果仍然需要检查。
因此，变性椎间盘疾病的理想治疗是能够保持天然椎间盘功能的治疗。如果椎间盘功能能够用生物天然椎间盘置换来恢复，那么可以将目前人造椎间盘置换的缺点降至最小(如果不能消除的话)。
发明概述
本发明提供了治疗变性、患病或创伤的人脊柱椎间盘的方法。根据该方法，从新鲜的人供体收获椎间盘同种异体移植物单位。该供体椎间盘单位优选包括椎间盘，该椎间盘包括其所有构造，包括髓核、纤维环、细胞外基质、终板以及脊椎骨组织在该椎间盘两侧上的部分。
可以使用方法例如温度改变、盐水或其他溶液洗涤以及形状骨切开术，将供体椎间盘单位改造和处理以改变、刺激、除去或插入活细胞。可以保存细胞外基质和原始细胞。可以培养其他相关细胞例如髓核、纤维环细胞和干细胞，并且将其移植到天然椎间盘同种异体移植物内。
移植是通过手术来进行的，并且将变性或患病的椎间盘从患者中取出，包括脊椎终板和椎骨在椎间盘两侧上的部分，该部分的长度为小于1mm至整个节段，由此产生待填充的空隙。天然椎间盘同种异体移植物位于手术产生的空隙内。本发明还包括向天然椎间盘同种异体移植物插入、注射或手术输入一种或多种组织、细胞、支架(scaffold)或物质的方法。
附图简述
通过结合附图的以下优选实施方案的详细描述，可以理解本发明进一步的特征和优点，在这些附图中：
图1A是在植入本发明的椎间盘同种异体移植物之前，患者脊柱的X-射线；和
图1B是在植入本发明的椎间盘同种异体移植物之后，同一患者脊柱的X-射线。
优选实施方案的详细描述
本发明涉及治疗变性、患病或创伤的人脊柱椎间盘的方法。根据该方法，从新鲜的人供体收获天然椎间盘同种异体移植物。该天然同种异体移植物优选包括具有其所有构造部分的椎间盘，即髓核、纤维环、细胞外基质、终板以及脊椎骨组织在该椎间盘两侧上的部分，该部分的长度为小于1mm至整个椎骨。天然椎间盘同种异体移植物还可以包括生长因子、蛋白、细胞因子、组织培养基、分化因子、水凝胶、人造支架、抗生素和/或其有用的组合。该天然椎间盘同种异体移植物可用于在患有变性或其他椎间盘疾病的患者中恢复功能以及减轻或消除疼痛。
有关组织获取的指导原则，包括切除手术技术，供体死亡与组织获取之间的小时数，以及对于供体传染性疾病的测试在文献中充分地描述过。
制备天然椎间盘同种异体移植物：使用在死亡后最长几小时取出来的人供体的C1至S1脊柱来制备天然椎间盘同种异体移植物。对于如文献中所描述的传染性疾病测试，供体脊柱必须呈阴性。除去周围肌肉、后部结构(posterior element)以及其他软组织之后，在终板上从椎间盘上面和下面小于1mm处到包括整个椎骨进行骨切开术。将获得的椎间盘移植物用例如盐水溶液洗涤，并且于0℃或4℃至最高达200℃，在RPMI-1640低温保存溶液(10％二甲亚砜[DMSO]或类似溶液)中浸泡10分钟至2小时或者如果需要的话任何更长时间。然后逐步降低温度至0℃，之后降低至-15℃并保持1小时，然后降低至-40℃并保持1小时，或其任何有用组合，之后降低至-80℃并保持1小时，然后将椎间盘移植物保存在液氮(-196℃或更低温度)中直至手术。保存时间可以为1天至2年。
天然椎间盘同种异体移植物可以是椎间盘自体移植物、同种异体移植物或异种移植物，其包括供体椎骨的部分或完全去细胞化的纤维环、终板和髓核组织。纤维环、终板和髓核组织可以是天然或人工交联的。可以将交联的纤维环、终板和髓核与注射或手术插入的天然或人造支架合并。优选地，在终板上于供体椎骨或椎间盘上面和下面大约0至60mm处切下供体脊柱切片。椎间盘具有预定的三维形状，宽度为约5-70mm，深度为约5-50mm，并且高度为约0.5-30mm。
从供体中取出后，将椎间盘用盐水洗涤，并且在保存溶液例如RPMI-1640低温保存溶液(10％二甲亚砜[DMSO]和/或血清)中浸泡1分钟至1个月。
也可以在实验室冷藏装置内用液氮或其他液化气体例如氦或者用干冰将温度逐步或连续降低至0℃，然后降低至-40℃，之后再降低至-80℃，最后降低至-200℃，这时将椎间盘保存在液氮或其他合适冷液体中，或者保存在低温冷藏器中。
椎间盘保存之后，使用天然椎间盘同种异体移植物来替代变性、患病或创伤的人椎间空间。用于取出椎间盘和一部分椎骨的手术技术是脊椎外科众所周知的。天然椎间盘同种异体移植物是未固定的，或者是使用固定方法固定的，所述固定方法包括缝合、组织胶或粘合材料以围绕在所述待治疗椎间盘区域的组织上。可以使用有益于帮助将椎间盘固定在相邻骨上的可再吸收或不可再吸收的骨植入材料。然后天然椎间盘同种异体移植物放置在手术产生的空隙内。手术操作可以例如如下所述：
对处于全身麻醉的患者，暴露出患病的椎间盘。取出患病的椎间盘和相邻骨终板后，选择尺寸最一致的保存的天然椎间盘同种异体移植物，并且通过在37℃的生理盐水中浸泡来迅速融化。然后将椎间盘同种异体移植物放置在没有内部固定的切开的椎间盘的缝内。在从麻醉中恢复之后，让患者自由活动几小时至几天，采用或不采用外部支撑。
在手术之前和/或手术期间，以及手术后几小时或几周或几个月，将生长因子例如骨形态发生蛋白、活细胞和干细胞加到天然同种异体移植物中。延长引入活细胞可以让供体骨终板在细胞引入之前再形成血管。该终板血管再形成对于营养扩散至移植的天然椎间盘同种异体移植物细胞以及从其中的扩散很重要。或者，可以在手术移植之前、期间和之后，将活细胞、生长因子或其他相关物质加到天然同种异体移植物中。
如图1所示，在手术移植之前、期间和之后进行放射学评估。可以在手术之前和手术后立即以及手术后的任何时间拍摄患者的移植脊柱单位的前后和侧向X线照片。使用计算机化数字转换器，在侧面X线照片上测量椎间盘的前、中和后高度。可以通过动态弯曲-牵伸X线照片来监测分节运动。可以使用MRI来监测移植的椎间盘的水合或变性状态。
引用的参考文献
以下文献引入本文以供参考：
U.S.专利：5,893,889
U.S.专利：5,899,941
U.S.专利：5,928,284
U.S.专利：6,080,579
U.S，专利：6,231,615
U.S.专利：6,228,118
U.S.专利：6,245,107
U.S.专利：6,332,779
U.S.专利：6,340,369
U.S.专利：6,352,558
U.S.专利：6,454,804
U.S.专利：6,648,919
U.S.专利：5,682,562
U.S.专利：6,692,495
U.S.专利：6,706,068
U.S.专利：6,716,245
U.S.专利：6,958,078
U.S.专利：6,989,032
已经参照优选的实施方案描述了本发明。在不背离本发明实质以及范围的情况下可以对本发明做出不同的改变。因此，本发明的范围由权利要求书限定。

Claims (8)

1.制备和保存用于从一个人体移植到另一个人体中的椎间盘的方法，所述方法包括：
在最近死亡或不久要死亡的患者中通过手术途径获得椎间盘；
取出在其每一侧包括至少一部分椎骨的椎间盘；
用标准盐水洗涤该椎间盘；
将椎间盘浸泡在低温保存溶液中；和
通过将其温度逐步降低至约0℃，然后降低至约-15℃，之后降低至约-40℃，然后降低至约-80℃来冷冻椎间盘；和
将冷冻的椎间盘保持在低于约-150℃的温度下。
2.权利要求1的方法，其中将椎间盘保存在液氮中。
3.权利要求2的方法，其中在保存之后，通过将椎间盘浸泡在室温或体温的盐水中来融化。
4.置换患者中损害的椎间盘的方法，所述方法包括：
通过手术途径获得损害的椎间盘，并且将损害的椎间盘与在该椎间盘两侧上的一部分椎骨取出；
插入从死亡供体患者中收获的在其两侧具有至少一部分椎骨的椎间盘，所述椎间盘进行过以下处理：用标准盐水洗涤，在低温保存溶液中保存，然后将逐步冷冻至约0℃，之后冷冻至约-15℃，然后冷冻至约-40℃，之后冷冻至约-80℃，然后冷冻至约-150℃，之后在室温或体温融化。
5.权利要求4的方法，其中在手术之前、手术期间或手术之后将生长因子、活的椎间盘细胞或干细胞加到椎间盘中。
6.权利要求2的方法，其中将椎间盘保存在液氮中。
7.权利要求4的方法，其中通过在标准盐水溶液中浸泡来将移植物融化。
8.权利要求4的方法，其中在手术之前、手术期间或手术之后将生长因子，细胞因子，分化因子，水凝胶，人造支架，抗生素，活细胞，包括干细胞，或活的椎间盘细胞加到椎间盘或椎间盘相邻区域中。
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