CN101860089A - 无线非辐射能量传递 - Google Patents
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Abstract
一种电磁能量传递设备包括用于从外部电源接收能量的第一共振器结构。该第一共振器结构具有第一品质因数。第二共振器结构被设置在远离第一共振器结构的位置,向外部负载供应有用工作功率。第二共振器结构具有第二品质因数。两个共振器之间的距离可以大于每个共振器的特征尺寸。在第一共振器结构和第二共振器结构之间的非辐射能量传递是通过它们的共振场渐消迹线的耦合进行的。
Description
本申请是申请日为2006年7月5日,题为“无线非辐射能量传递”,申请号为200680032299.2的专利申请的分案申请。
优先权信息
本申请要求2005年7月12日提交的临时申请No.60/698442的优先权,将其全部并入本文中作为参考。
技术领域
本申请涉及振荡共振电磁模式的领域,尤其涉及用于无线非辐射能量传递的具有局部缓慢渐逝场图样的振荡共振电磁模式。
技术背景
在电磁学的早期,部署电线输电网络之前,人们投入大量的热情和努力研究开发不需要任何载体媒介来无线长距离传送能量的方案。这些努力看起来取得很少成就。全向天线的辐射模式对于信息传递来说十分有效,但是不适合这种能量传递,这是因为绝大多数能量浪费在自由空间中。使用激光器和强方向性天线的定向辐射模式可以被高效率地用于即使长距离(传递距离L传递>>L设备,其中L设备是设备的特征尺寸)的能量传递,但是在移动对象的情况下需要存在不可中断的视线和复杂的跟踪系统。
近年来自主电子设备的快速发展(例如,手提电脑、蜂窝电话、家用自动机,它们通常都依靠化学能量存储)提供了重新研究这个课题的需要。今天,已有的电线网络几乎在任何地方运载能量,即使中距离的无线非辐射能量传递也是十分有用的。当前用于某些重要应用的一个方案依靠电磁感应,但是这种方案限制于很近距离(L传递<<L设备)的能量传递。
发明内容
根据本发明的一个方面,提供了一种电磁能量传递设备。该电磁能量传递设备包括用于从外部电源接收能量的第一共振器结构。第一共振器结构具有第一品质因数(Q-factor)。第二共振器结构位于远离第一共振器结构的位置,向外部负载供应可用的工作功率。该第二共振器结构具有第二品质因数。这两个共振器之间的距离可以大于每个共振器的特征尺寸。通过耦合第一共振器结构和第二共振器结构的共振场渐逝迹线(tail),实现第一共振器结构和第二共振器结构之间的非辐射能量传递。
根据本发明的另一个方面,提供了一种电磁能量传递方法。该方法包括提供用于从外部电源接收能量的第一共振器结构。第一共振器结构具有第一品质因数。该方法还包括第二共振器结构,其位于远离第一共振器结构的位置,向外部负载供应可用的工作功率。该第二共振器结构具有第二品质因数。这两个共振器之间的距离可以大于每个共振器的特征尺寸。另外,该方法包括通过耦合第一共振器结构和第二共振器结构的共振场渐逝迹线在第一共振器结构和第二共振器结构之间传递非辐射能量。
附图说明
图1示出了说明本发明一个示例性实施例的示意图;
图2A是与电场一起的半径为r的高指标(index)圆盘腔的数值FDTD结果;图2B是针对两个共振圆盘腔之间的中距离耦合的数值FDTD结果:最初,所有能量在一个腔中(左面),一定时间之后,两个腔被相等地激励(右面)。
图3是示出了两个电容性负载的导线环的示意图;
图4A和4B是针对由于从外部对象的散射而导致共振盘腔的辐射Q降低的数值FDTD结果;
图5是针对在存在外部对象的情况下两个共振盘腔之间的中距离耦合的数值FDTD结果;
图6A和6B示出了作为耦合-到-k/Γd的函数,将所供功率转换成有用功的效率(ηw)、设备处的辐射和欧姆损耗的效率(ηd)、源处的辐射和欧姆损耗的效率(ηs)、以及人体内部的消散的效率(ηh);在图(a)中,选择Γw以最小化设备中存储的能量,在图(b)中,选择Γw以最大化对于每个k/Γd的效率ηw。
具体实施方式
相比于现有的方案,本发明提供了使用具有局部缓慢渐逝场图样的长寿的振荡共振电磁模式进行无线非辐射能量传递的可行性。这种技术的基础是两个同频率的共振对象趋向于耦合,而与其他非共振环境对象微弱地相互作用。本发明的目的是使用具体例子来量化这种机制,即,定量地解决以下问题:在什么样的距离范围内这种方案是有效率的,以及这种方案对于外部扰动的敏感性如何。详细的理论和数值分析表明实际上可以获得中距离(L传递≈有限数量×L设备)无线能量交换,而只有很少的能量传递和消散到其他非共振对象中。
近场的全向但稳定(无损耗)特性使得这种机制适合于移动无线接收机。从而可以具有多种可能的应用形式,例如包括:将与有线电网连接的源放置在工厂房间的天花板上,而诸如自动机、车辆、计算机等的设备在房间内自由移动。其他可能的应用包括电引擎公共汽车、RFID、以及甚至有可能是纳米机器人。
该创新的无线能量传递方案的距离范围(range)和速率(rate)是首要的考察主题,而还未考虑从该系统导出能量用于工作。用于建模共振对象之间能量交换的适当分析框架是称为“耦合模式理论(coupled-mode theory)”的弱耦合方法。图1是示出本发明一般描述的示意图。本发明使用源和设备进行能量传递。源1和设备2都是共振器结构,并且彼此分开距离D。在这种布置中,源1和设备2的系统的电磁场近似为F(r,t)≈a1(t)F1(r)+a2(t)F2(r),其中F1,2(r)=[E1,2(r)H1,2(r)]分别是源1和设备2的本征模式,那么可以用场振幅a1(t)和a2(t)来满足“耦合模式理论”:
其中,ω1,2分别是本征频率,Γ1,2是由于对象的固有(吸收、辐射等)损耗造成的共振宽度,k12,21是耦合系数,k11,22建模由于另一个对象的存在造成的每个对象的复合频率的偏移。
在大多数情况下,所示的式1的方法提供了对具有相似复合本征频率(即,|ω1-ω2|<<|k12,21|且Γ1≈Γ2)的对象的共振现象的良好描述,它们的共振被合理地很好定义(即,Γ1,2&Im{k11,22}<<|k12,21|)并且限制为弱耦合(即,|k12,21|<<ω1,2)。巧合的是,这些要求还允许优化能量传递操作。式1还示出了在严格共振(ω1=ω2且Γ1=Γ2)下能量交换几乎是完美的,并且当“耦合时间”远小于所有的“损耗时间”时损耗最小。因此,本发明需要对于低固有损耗速率Γ1,2具有高Q=ω/(2Γ)的共振模式,并且具有远比两个对象的特征尺寸L1和L2长的用于在大距离D上的强耦合速率|k12,21|的渐逝迹线,其中D是两个对象之间的最近距离。这是一个没有被广泛研究的工作领域(regime),因为人们通常更喜欢利用短迹线来最小化与附近设备的干扰。
诸如电介质波导的几乎无限延伸的对象可以支持导引模式,导引模式的渐逝迹线当被调谐到接近于截止时在远离对象的方向上缓慢地指数衰减,并且可以具有几乎无限的Q。为了实现本发明的能量传递方案,这样的几何结构可能适合于某些应用,但通常有限的对象,即在拓扑上处处被空气包围的对象更合适。
不幸的是,有限延伸的对象不能支持在空气中所有方向上指数衰减的电磁状态,因为在自由空间中:因此,可以看到它们不能支持无限Q的状态。然而,可以发现十分长寿的(所谓的“高Q”)状态,它们的迹线显示出在它们振荡(辐射)之前在足够长的距离上从共振对象开始的所需的类似指数的衰减。发生这种场活动变化的界面称为“辐射焦散面(radiation caustic)”,并且对于基于近场而不是远/辐射场的无线能量传递方案来说,耦合的对象之间的距离必须使得一个对象在另一个对象的辐射焦散面内。
本发明具有一般性,满足上述要求的任何类型的共振结构都可以用于本发明的实现。作为用于明确说明的例子,可以选择利用两个已知的但很不同的电磁共振系统来工作:电介质圆盘和电容性负载的导线环。即使没有优化,并且不考虑它们的简化,也将看到这两种系统展示出很好的性能。它们的不同主要在于由于实际考虑因素导致的适用频率范围不同,例如,由于导电材料损耗更高,所以在光学领域中更流行使用电介质。
考虑图2A所示的由空气包围的具有半径r和介电常数ε的2D电介质圆盘腔(cavity),其支持高Q的回音廊(shispering-gallery)模式。使用分析建模和具有分辨率30pts/r的详细的数值有限差分时域(FDTD,finite-difference-time-domain)仿真来研究这种腔,其中分析建模诸如是将圆柱坐标中的变量分开和应用边界条件。注意,3D情况下的物理现象不应该有很大不同,而分析复杂度和数值要求将极大地增加。这两种方法针对复合本征频率和所谓“泄漏”本征模式的场图样的结果对于多种几何结构和关注参数而言彼此取得很好的一致。
用于确定耦合强度k≡|k12|=|k21|的径向模式衰减长度在波长的量级上,因此,对于发生在腔之间的距离远大于它们的尺寸的腔之间的耦合的近场来说,需要子波长尺寸的共振对象(r<<λ)。当介电常数ε实际上尽可能大并且(主数m的)方位场变化很慢(即,m很小)时,可以获得高辐射Q和长迹线的子波长共振。
图2A示出了一个这样的TE极化电介质腔模式,其具有使用ε=147.7和m=2的良好特性Q辐射=1992和λ/r=20,该TE极化电介质腔模式将是“测试”腔18,用于该类共振对象的所有后续计算。适当腔的另一个例子具有使用ε=65.61和m=3的Q辐射=9100和λ/r=10。ε的这些值最初可能看起来不切实际的大。然而,不仅在微波领域(适用于米量程耦合应用)中存在许多种具有足够高的介电常数和低损耗的材料,例如,二氧化钛:ε≈96,Im{ε}/ε≈10-3,四钛酸钡:ε≈37,Im{ε}/ε≈10-4,钽酸锂:ε≈40,Im{ε}/ε≈10-4等等,而且ε还可以表示其他已知的子波长(λ/r>>1)表面波系统的有效指标,诸如类似金属(负ε)材料或金属电介质光子晶体的表面上的表面等离子模式的有效指标。
对于材料吸收来说,微波中的典型损耗角正切(例如,上面材料中列出的那些)建议Q吸收~ε/Im{ε}~10000。合并辐射和吸收的效应,上面的分析暗示出对于适当设计的共振设备对象d,应该可以获得值Qd~2000。但是注意到,实际中共振源s通常是固定不动的,并且对其所允许的几何结构和尺寸的限制通常比对设备设计中的限制宽松的多,因此,可以合理地假设能将辐射损耗设计为是可忽略的,允许仅由吸收限定的Qs~10000。
现在,为了计算可获得的能量传递速率,可以将两个腔20、22如图2B那样设置成它们的中心之间相距D。那么,该组合系统的正常模式是初始模式的奇偶叠加,并且它们的频率通过耦合系数k分开,我们想要计算的就是耦合系数k。分析上,耦合模式理论对于电介质对象给出了其中ε1,2(r)表示除了背景电介质(自由空间)之外,单独的对象1或单独的对象2的介电函数,ε(r)表示两个对象都存在的整个空间的介电函数。数值上,通过激励其中一个腔并计算到另一个腔的能量传递时间,或者通过确定所分开的正常模式频率,可以使用FDTD仿真来找到k。对于该“测试”圆盘腔,辐射焦散面的半径rC是rC≈11r,并且对于非辐射耦合D<rC,从而这里可以选择D/r=10、7、5、3。那么,对于图3的相对于连接两个腔的线为奇的模式,分析的预测是ω/2k=1602、771、298、48,而数值的预测是ω/2k=1717、770、298、47,所以这两种方法一致性很好。这两个初始腔模式的辐射场根据它们的相对相位和振幅而相长或相消地干涉,分别导致增加的或减少的净辐射损耗,从而对于任何腔距离,偶和奇正常模式分别具有一个大于初始单腔Q=1992和一个小于初始单腔Q=1992的Q(耦合模式理论未捕获到的现象),但是平均Γ总是近似为Γ≈ω/2Q。因此,相应的耦合-损耗比是k/Γ=1.16、2.59、6.68、42.49,虽然它们没有落入相同的操作领域k/Γ>>1,但是所得到的值仍足够大,足以用于实际应用。
如图3所示,考虑环10或12,其具有N个半径为r的导线线圈,半径为a的圆形截面中被空气包围。该导线具有电感L=μ0N2r[ln(8r/a)-2],其中μ0是自由空间的磁导率,因此将该导线连接到电容C将使得该环在频率共振。共振的本质是从电容器两端电压产生的电容器内部的电场到电线中的电流产生的自由空间中的磁场的周期性能量交换。该共振系统中的损耗包括电线中的欧姆损耗和自由空间中的辐射损耗。
对于非辐射耦合,应该使用近场区,其范围由波长λ大致设定,从而优选的操作领域是环很小(r<<λ)的情况。在这个限制中,与这两个损耗通道相关联的电阻分别是和R辐射=π/6·η0N2(ωr/c)4,其中ρ是电线材料的电阻率,η0≈120πΩ是自由空间的阻抗。那么这种共振的品质因数是Q=ωL/(R欧姆+R辐射),并且对于由系统参数确定的某个频率是最高的:在较低频率,其由欧姆损耗主导,在较高频率,由辐射主导。
为了得到微波中的粗略估计,可以使用一个(N=1)铜线圈(ρ=1.69×10-8Ωm),然后,对于r=1cm和a=1mm,例如适合于蜂窝电话,品质因数在f=380MHz时到达峰值Q=1225,对于r=30cm和a=2mm,适合于便携式电脑或家用自动机,在f=17MHz时Q=1103,对于r=1cm和a=4mm(可以是房间天花板上的源环),在f=5MHz时Q=1315。所以总的来说,所期望的品质因数为在λ/r≈50~80时Q≈1000~1500,即适合于近场耦合。
如图3所示,其中心相距D的两个环10和12之间的能量传递速率由给出,其中M是两个环10和12的互感。在限制条件r□D□λ下,可以使用准稳态结果M=π/4·μ0N1N2(r1r2)2/D3,这意味着例如,通过再次选择D/r=10、8、6,对于r=1cm(与以前使用的相同)的两个环,可以分别得到ω/2k=3033、1553、655,对于r=30cm,可以分别得到ω/2k=7131、3651、1540,对于r=1m,可以分别得到ω/2k=6481、3318、1400。相应的耦合-损耗比在单环Q达到峰值的频率上达到峰值,对于三种环类型和距离分别为k/Γ=0.4、0.79、1.97,0.15、0.3、0.72,以及0.2、0.4、0.94。不同的环的一个例子是r=1m(在天花板上的源)的环和r=30cm(在地板上的家用自动机)的环,它们相距D=3m(房间高度),在f=6.4MHz上达到峰值k/Γ1Γ2=0.88,其在各Q的峰值之间。另外,这些值不在最佳领域k/Γ>>1中,但是将可以看到它们已经足够了。
重要的是意识到这个感应方案与已经使用的用于能量传递的近距离感应方案之间的区别在于那些方案是非共振的。使用耦合模式理论,可以容易得看出,通过保持源的几何结构和其中存储的能量为固定,当前提出的共振耦合感应方案与传统的非共振方案相比,允许Q增加传递到设备用于工作的能量约1000倍,这是为什么现在可能实现中距离能量传递的原因。电容性负载的导电环实际上被广泛用作共振天线(例如在蜂窝电话中),但是这些导电环工作在r/λ~1的远场领域,并且将辐射Q有意设计的很小以使天线高效率,所以它们不适于能量传递。
显然,该创新的基于共振的无线能量传递方案的成功主要依赖于对象共振的稳健性。因此,它们对于靠近存在的任何非共振外部对象的敏感性是所提出方案的需要分析的另一个方面。外部对象与共振对象的相互作用可以通过修改式(1)中的耦合模式理论模型获得,由于外部对象不具有良好定义的共振或者远离共振,使得共振对象和外部对象之间的能量交换很小,所以可以去除式(1)中的项K12。共振对象a1(t)中的场振幅的适当分析模型变为:
也就是,外部对象的影响只是对共振对象的共振产生扰动,它具有两方面:第一,它通过k11的实部偏移它的共振频率,从而使它与其他共振对象失谐。这是一个很容易克服的问题,通过对每个设备应用反馈机制,每个设备例如通过几何结构的微小改变来纠正其频率,并使频率与源的频率匹配。第二,它使共振对象损耗模态能量,该损耗是由于通过外部对象中感应出的极化或电流而使散射的能量从外部对象辐射出去,并且由于外部对象中通过k11的虚部的材料吸收。这种Q的减小对于能量传递方案的功能是有害的影响,因为不能对其进行补救,所以必须量化其幅度。
在已经考虑的共振对象的第一个例子中,电介质圆盘、小的、低指标的、低材料损耗、或远的杂散对象这类对象将引起很小的散射和吸收。为了检查减小Q会更危险的现实情况,可以将“测试”电介质圆盘腔40放置成接近于:(a)另一个非共振对象42,诸如人体,如图4A所示,对象42具有大的Re{ε}=49和Im{ε}=16,并具有相同的尺寸和不同的形状;(b)粗糙表面46,诸如墙,如图4B所示,对象46具有大的延伸范围,但是具有小的Re{ε}=2.5和Im{ε}=0.05。
在分析上,对于与小的扰动相互作用的对象,由于散射而减小的辐射Q的值可以使用外部的对象X=42或粗糙表面X=46内的共振腔1所引起的极化∫d3r|PX1(r)|2∝∫d3r|E1(r)·Re{εX(r)}|2进行估计。由于在所研究的情况中,外部对象的折射指标或尺寸很大,这些一阶扰动理论结果的精确性不够,从而只能依靠数值FDTD仿真。可以通过Im{k11}=ω1/2·∫d3r|E1(r)|2Im{εX(r)}/∫d3r|E1(r)|2ε(r)估计这些对象内部的吸收Q。
使用这些方法,对于腔和外部对象中心之间的距离D/r=10、7、5、3,可以发现Q辐射=1992分别减小到Q辐射=1988、1258、702、226,并且该对象内部的吸收速率是Q吸收=312530、86980、21864、1662,也就是,该腔的共振不会受到高指标的和/或高损耗的外部对象的有害干扰,除非(有可能移动的)对象与该腔十分接近。对于腔和粗糙表面之间的距离D/r=10、7、5、3,我们发现Q辐射=2101、2257、1760、1110、572并且Q吸收>4000,也就是,即使当将腔嵌入在该表面上的极端情况下,对初始共振模式的影响也低到可以接受的程度。注意到接近金属对象也可能显著地散射共振场,但是可以为了简化假设不存在这样的对象。
现在设想一种组合的系统,其中,使用共振源对象s向共振设备对象d无线传递能量,但是存在一个非共振外部对象e。可以看到,来自e的所有外来损耗机制的强度由|ES(re)|2确定,即由在该外部对象的位置re处计算的该共振源的迹线的小振幅的平方确定。与之相对,从源到设备的能量的共振耦合的系数由在该设备的位置rd处计算的相同阶的迹线振幅|ES(rd)|确定,但是这次没有使用平方。因此,对于源到设备和源到外部对象的相等距离来说,用于与设备进行能量交换的耦合时间远小于外部对象内的损耗累积起来所需要的时间,尤其是当共振场的振幅具有从源开始的类似指数的衰减的时候。实际上可以优化性能,通过设计系统使得利用在源处较小的迹线和在设备处较长的迹线来获得希望的耦合,从而使其他对象对源的干扰最小化。
上述概念可以通过仿真在电介质圆盘腔的情况下进行验证,该仿真组合了图2A-2B和4A-4B,也就是,将两个(源-设备)“测试”腔50放置成分开10r,在它们之间存在ε=49的相同尺寸的外部对象52,并且距ε=2.5的大粗糙表面56的距离为5r,如图5所示。那么,初始值Q=1992、ω/2k=1717(从而k/Γ=1.16)恶化为Q=765、ω/2k=965(从而k/Γ=0.79)。考虑到所关心的外部扰动的程度,这个改变很小,是可接受的,并且因为还没有对该系统设计进行优化,所以耦合-损耗比的最终值保证了这个方案可以用于能量传递。
在所考虑的共振对象的第二个例子中,对于导线环来说,外部对象对共振的影响几乎不存在。原因是,在所考虑的准稳态操作领域(r<<λ)中,由于电场局限在电容器内部,所以该环周围的空气区域中的近场主要是磁性的。因此,可以与这个场相互作用并且产生对共振的扰动的外部对象是那些具有显著磁性的对象(磁导率Re{μ}>1或磁损耗Im{μ}>0)。由于几乎所有的普通材料都不是磁性的,它们对磁场的响应与自由空间一样,从而不会干扰导线环的共振。预期会影响这些共振的唯一扰动是在大的金属结构附近。
以上事实的最重要的暗示涉及人体的安全考虑。人体也不是磁性的,可以抵抗强磁场而不会遭受任何危险。这对于许多现实应用来说显然是这类共振系统的优点。另一方面,高(有效)指标的电介质系统具有以下优点:从所获得的更高的k/Γ值判断出它们的效率更高;如前面提到的,它们还可以应用于小得多的长度尺度。
现在再次考虑在存在人体h和墙的情况下共振源s和设备d的组合系统,现在让我们研究当设备正在消耗能量以用于操作工作时,这个基于共振的能量传递方案的效率。可以使用前面找到的参数:对于电介质圆盘,在源处的吸收为主的损耗Qs~104、在设备处的辐射为主的损耗Qd~103(其包括从人体和墙的散射)、在人体处对源和设备能量的吸收Qs-h、Qd-h~104-105(取决于人体距这些对象的非紧密接近的距离)、墙中的可忽略的吸收损耗;对于导线环,Qs~Qd~103,并且来自人体和墙的扰动是可忽略的。利用对应的损耗速率Γ=ω/2Q、依赖于距离的耦合k、和提取工作功率的速率Γw,该设备场振幅的耦合模式理论方程为:
当前不同的方案可以用于从设备提取功率,并且它们的效率表现出对组合的系统参数不同的依赖性。这里,可以假设恒稳态,使得源内部的场振幅保持恒定,即as(t)=Ase-iωt,那么该设备内部的场振幅为ad(t)=Ade-iωt,其中Ad=ik/(Γd+Γd-h+Γw)As。因此,源处的功率损耗为Ps=2Γs|As|2,设备处的功率损耗为Pd=2Γd|Ad|2,在人体处吸收的功率为Ph=2Γs-h|As|2+2Γd-h|Ad|2,所提取的有用功率为Pw=2Γw|Ad|2。根据能量守恒,进入该系统的总功率为Ptotal=Ps+Pd+Ph+Pw。将总损耗速率表示为和根据所涉及的应用,应该将工作消耗速率选择为以最小化存储在共振对象中的所需能量,或选择为使得有用功率与损耗功率的比(即效率ηw=Pw/Ptotal)对于某个k值最大。以上两种不同选择的效率η分别在图6A和6B中示出,其是k/Γd品质因数的函数,k/Γd品质因数取决于源-设备距离。
图6A和6B示出了对于电介质圆盘系统和优化效率的选择,效率可以很大,例如,至少为40%。对于值k/Γd>1和Qh>105,即对于中距离源-设备距离(Dd/r<10)和大多数人体-源/设备距离(Dh/r>8),人体内部的能量消散足够小,小于5%。例如,对于Dd/r=10和Dh/r=8,如果必须传递10W给负载,那么根据图6B可以看到,将有~0.4W消散在人体中,~4W被源内部吸收,~2.6W被辐射到自由空间。对于导线环系统,所得到的效率更小,其对于k/Γd≈1为~20%,但是显著的优点是没有能量消散在人体中,如前面所解释的。
通过优化共振对象设计,还可以获得更好的性能。另外,通过采用前面所述的耦合对象的辐射场之间的干涉效应,诸如具有更大辐射Q的正常模式的频率下的连续波操作,可以进一步改进整体系统功能。从而该创新的无线能量传递方案可用于许多现代应用。虽然所有的考虑都是针对静态几何结构作出的,但是所有的结果都可以直接应用于移动对象的动态几何结构,因为能量传递时间k-1~1μs,远小于与宏观对象的运动相关联的任何时间尺度。
本发明提供了一种用于中距离无线非辐射能量传递的基于共振的方案。对很简单的实现几何结构的分析提供了所提出方案的潜在可应用性的令人鼓舞的性能特性。例如,在宏观世界,这个方案可以用于向工厂房间中的自动机和/或计算机传递功率,或向公路上的电动公共汽车(这种情况下,源-共振腔是在公路上延伸的“管道”)传递功率。在微观世界中会使用小得多的波长并需要更小的功率,这时可以使用该方案实现CMOS电子器件的光学互联,或使用该方案向自动纳米对象(nano-object)传递能量,而不需要很担心源和设备之间相对的对齐问题;能量传递距离甚至可以长于对象尺寸,这是由于电介质材料的Im{ε(ω)}在所需的光学频率比在微波频率小得多。
作为未来科学研究的着眼点,应该在改进性能和不同的应用范围方面研究不同的材料系统。例如,通过开发等离子体系统(plasmonic system),有可能显著改进性能。这些系统通常能够具有比自由空间波长短得多的在它们表面上的空间场变化,恰恰是这种特征允许所需的标度分离:共振对象可以显著小于其场的类似于指数的迹线。另外,还可以考察使用声学共振的应用,其中源和设备经由公共的凝聚态物质(condensed-matter)对象连接。
虽然根据本发明的几个优选实施例说明和描述了本发明,但是在不脱离本发明精神和范围的情况下,可以对本发明的形式和细节作出各种改变、删减、添加。
Claims (76)
1.一种传递能量的方法,包括:
提供用于从外部电源接收能量的第一共振器结构,所述第一共振器结构具有第一模式,所述第一模式具有共振频率ω1、共振波长λ1、固有损耗速率Γ1、第一品质因数Q1=ω1/(2Γ1)和特征尺寸L1,
在以距离D远离所述第一共振器结构的位置提供第二共振器结构,所述第二共振器结构具有第二模式,所述第二模式具有共振频率ω2、共振波长λ2、固有损耗速率Γ2、第二品质因数Q2=ω2/(2Γ2)和特征尺寸L2,以及
在所述第一共振器结构和所述第二共振器结构之间传递能量,通过它们的共振场渐消迹线的耦合进行所述能量传递,所述第一共振器和所述第二共振器之间的能量传递速率表示为k,
其中,所述距离D小于所述共振波长λ1和λ2中的任一个,以及
其中,所述共振器结构被设计为具有Q1>100和Q2>100。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所传递的能量是电磁能量。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述第一共振器结构包括电容性负载的导线环,所述特征尺寸L1是所述环的半径。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述第二共振器结构包括电容性负载的导线环,所述特征尺寸L2是所述环的半径。
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述共振场是声学的。
6.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,以至少大于5MHz的共振频率来驱动所述第一共振器结构。
7.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述第二共振器是移动无线接收机的一部分。
8.根据权利要求7所述的方法,其中,所述移动无线接收机是机器人、车辆或计算机中的任意一个。
9.根据权利要求1所述的方法,还包括:应用反馈机制以匹配所述第一和第二共振器结构的共振。
10.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述第一和第二共振器结构是相对于彼此可移动的。
11.根据权利要求1所述的方法,还包括:对所述共振器结构中的至少一个应用反馈机制以纠正其共振频率的失谐。
13.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,D/L1>1并且D/L2>1。
14.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述距离D>1厘米。
15.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述距离D>30厘米。
16.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述距离D>1米。
17.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述第二共振器结构不是电线连接到所述第一共振器结构的。
18.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,Q1>200。
19.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,Q2>200。
20.一种能量传递设备,包括:
用于从外部电源接收能量的第一共振器结构,所述第一共振器结构具有第一模式,所述第一模式具有共振频率ω1、共振波长λ1、固有损耗速率Γ1、第一品质因数Q1=ω1/(2Γ1)和特征尺寸L1,以及
在以距离D远离所述第一共振器结构的位置的第二共振器结构,所述第二共振器结构具有第二模式,所述第二模式具有共振频率ω2、共振波长λ2、固有损耗速率Γ2、第二品质因数Q2=ω2/(2Γ2)和特征尺寸L2,
其中,在所述第一共振器结构和所述第二共振器结构之间的能量传递是通过它们的共振场渐消迹线的耦合进行的,所述第一共振器和所述第二共振器之间的能量传递速率表示为k,
其中,所述距离D小于所述共振波长λ1和λ2中的任一个,以及
其中,所述共振器结构被设计为具有Q1>100和Q2>100。
21.根据权利要求20所述的能量传递设备,其中,所传递的能量是电磁能量。
22.根据权利要求20所述的能量传递设备,其中,所述第一共振器结构包括电容性负载的导线环,所述特征尺寸L1是所述环的半径。
23.根据权利要求20所述的能量传递设备,其中,所述第二共振器结构包括电容性负载的导线环,所述特征尺寸L2是所述环的半径。
24.根据权利要求20所述的能量传递设备,其中,所述共振场是声学的。
25.根据权利要求20所述的能量传递设备,其中,以至少大于5MHz的共振频率来驱动所述第一共振器结构。
26.根据权利要求20所述的能量传递设备,其中,所述第二共振器是移动无线接收机的一部分。
27.根据权利要求26所述的能量传递设备,其中,所述移动无线接收机是机器人、车辆或计算机中的任意一个。
28.根据权利要求20所述的能量传递设备,还包括反馈机制,其被配置以匹配所述第一和第二共振器结构的共振。
29.根据权利要求20所述的能量传递设备,其中,所述第一和第二共振器结构是相对于彼此可移动的。
30.根据权利要求20所述的能量传递设备,还包括反馈机制,其被耦合到所述共振器结构中的至少一个以纠正其共振频率的失谐。
32.根据权利要求20所述的能量传递设备,其中,D/L1>1并且D/L2>1。
33.根据权利要求20所述的能量传递设备,其中,所述距离D>1厘米。
34.根据权利要求20所述的能量传递设备,其中,所述距离D>30厘米。
35.根据权利要求20所述的能量传递设备,其中,所述距离D>1米。
36.根据权利要求20所述的能量传递设备,其中,所述第二共振器结构不是电线连接到所述第一共振器结构的。
37.根据权利要求20所述的能量传递设备,其中,Q1>200。
38.根据权利要求20所述的能量传递设备,其中,Q2>200。
39.一种传递能量的方法,包括:
提供用于从外部电源接收能量的第一共振器结构,所述第一共振器结构具有第一模式,所述第一模式具有共振频率ω1、共振波长λ1、固有损耗速率Γ1、第一品质因数Q1=ω1/(2Γ1)和特征尺寸L1,
在以距离D远离所述第一共振器结构的位置提供第二共振器结构,所述第二共振器结构具有第二模式,所述第二模式具有共振频率ω2、共振波长λ2、固有损耗速率Γ2、第二品质因数Q2=ω2/(2Γ2)和特征尺寸L2,以及
在所述第一共振器结构和所述第二共振器结构之间传递能量,通过它们的共振场渐消迹线的耦合进行所述能量传递,所述第一共振器和所述第二共振器之间的能量传递速率表示为k,
40.根据权利要求39所述的方法,其中,所传递的能量是电磁能量。
41.根据权利要求39所述的方法,其中,所述第一共振器结构包括电容性负载的导线环,所述特征尺寸L1是所述环的半径。
42.根据权利要求39所述的方法,其中,所述第二共振器结构包括电容性负载的导线环,所述特征尺寸L2是所述环的半径。
43.根据权利要求39所述的方法,其中,所述共振场是声学的。
44.根据权利要求39所述的方法,其中,以至少大于5MHz的共振频率来驱动所述第一共振器结构。
45.根据权利要求39所述的方法,其中,所述第二共振器是移动无线接收机的一部分。
46.根据权利要求45所述的方法,其中,所述移动无线接收机是机器人、车辆或计算机中的任意一个。
47.根据权利要求39所述的方法,还包括应用反馈机制以匹配所述第一和第二共振器结构的共振。
48.根据权利要求39所述的方法,其中,所述第一和第二共振器结构是相对于彼此可移动的。
49.根据权利要求39所述的方法,还包括对所述共振器结构中的至少一个应用反馈机制以纠正其共振频率的失谐。
51.根据权利要求39所述的方法,其中,D/L1>1并且D/L2>1。
52.根据权利要求39所述的方法,其中,所述距离D>1厘米。
53.根据权利要求39所述的方法,其中,所述距离D>30厘米。
54.根据权利要求39所述的方法,其中,所述距离D>1米。
55.根据权利要求39所述的方法,其中,所述第二共振器结构不是电线连接到所述第一共振器结构的。
56.根据权利要求39所述的方法,其中,Q1>100。
57.根据权利要求39所述的方法,其中,Q2>100。
58.一种能量传递设备,包括:
用于从外部电源接收能量的第一共振器结构,所述第一共振器结构具有第一模式,所述第一模式具有共振频率ω1、共振波长λ1、固有损耗速率Γ1、第一品质因数Q1=ω1/(2Γ1)和特征尺寸L1,以及
在以距离D远离所述第一共振器结构的位置的第二共振器结构,所述第二共振器结构具有第二模式,所述第二模式具有共振频率ω2、共振波长λ2、固有损耗速率Γ2、第二品质因数Q2=ω2/(2Γ2)和特征尺寸L2,
其中,在所述第一共振器结构和所述第二共振器结构之间的能量传递是通过它们的共振场渐消迹线的耦合进行的,所述第一共振器和所述第二共振器之间的能量传递速率表示为k,
59.根据权利要求58所述的能量传递设备,其中,所传递的能量是电磁能量。
60.根据权利要求58所述的能量传递设备,其中,所述第一共振器结构包括电容性负载的导线环,所述特征尺寸L1是所述环的半径。
61.根据权利要求58所述的能量传递设备,其中,所述第二共振器结构包括电容性负载的导线环,所述特征尺寸L2是所述环的半径。
62.根据权利要求58所述的能量传递设备,其中,所述共振场是声学的。
63.根据权利要求58所述的能量传递设备,其中,以至少大于5MHz的共振频率来驱动所述第一共振器结构。
64.根据权利要求58所述的能量传递设备,其中,所述第二共振器是移动无线接收机的一部分。
65.根据权利要求64所述的能量传递设备,其中,所述移动无线接收机是机器人、车辆或计算机中的任意一个。
66.根据权利要求58所述的能量传递设备,还包括反馈机制,其被配置以匹配所述第一和第二共振器结构的共振。
67.根据权利要求58所述的能量传递设备,其中,所述第一和第二共振器结构是相对于彼此可移动的。
68.根据权利要求58所述的能量传递设备,还包括反馈机制,其被耦合到所述共振器结构中的至少一个以纠正其共振频率的失谐。
70.根据权利要求58所述的能量传递设备,其中,D/L1>1并且D/L2>1。
71.根据权利要求58所述的能量传递设备,其中,所述距离D>1厘米。
72.根据权利要求58所述的能量传递设备,其中,所述距离D>30厘米。
73.根据权利要求58所述的能量传递设备,其中,所述距离D>1米。
74.根据权利要求58所述的能量传递设备,其中,所述第二共振器结构不是电线连接到所述第一共振器结构的。
75.根据权利要求58所述的能量传递设备,其中,Q1>100。
76.根据权利要求58所述的能量传递设备,其中,Q2>100。
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