CN1113506C - 具有增强的载波检测装置的无线局域网 - Google Patents

具有增强的载波检测装置的无线局域网 Download PDF

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CN1113506C
CN1113506C CN98119697A CN98119697A CN1113506C CN 1113506 C CN1113506 C CN 1113506C CN 98119697 A CN98119697 A CN 98119697A CN 98119697 A CN98119697 A CN 98119697A CN 1113506 C CN1113506 C CN 1113506C
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carrier wave
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wave detection
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CN1213240A (zh
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阿德里安·卡梅尔曼
列奥·蒙特班
里恩克·穆德
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Nokia of America Corp
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Lucent Technologies Inc
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W74/00—Wireless channel access, e.g. scheduled or random access
    • H04W74/08—Non-scheduled or contention based access, e.g. random access, ALOHA, CSMA [Carrier Sense Multiple Access]
    • H04W74/0808—Non-scheduled or contention based access, e.g. random access, ALOHA, CSMA [Carrier Sense Multiple Access] using carrier sensing, e.g. as in CSMA
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. TPC [Transmission Power Control], power saving or power classes
    • H04W52/04—TPC
    • H04W52/18—TPC being performed according to specific parameters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W84/00—Network topologies
    • H04W84/02—Hierarchically pre-organised networks, e.g. paging networks, cellular networks, WLAN [Wireless Local Area Network] or WLL [Wireless Local Loop]
    • H04W84/10—Small scale networks; Flat hierarchical networks
    • H04W84/12—WLAN [Wireless Local Area Networks]

Abstract

运行适合于在一个通信小区内发送和接收信号的无线局域网站的方法和系统。本方法包括有步骤：建立一个载波检测阈值电平；建立一个延迟阈值电平；当由网站检测到的信号电平高于延迟阈值电平时，发送出信号。此外，该方法还包括这样的步骤，当接收到的传输信号的功率高于载波检测阈值电平时，对预定供此网站用的传输信号进行接收。

Description

具有增强的载波检测装置的无线局域网
本发明涉及无线数据通信系统，具体涉及利用至少两个信号电平阈值来应用一种增强的媒体访问控制功能。
为了避免在局域网(LAN)网站间要求有有线的电缆连接，已开发出了无线局域网，并且现在有商品供应。这些无线局域网使用多个移动网站，它们可以是具有无线通信能力的数据处理装置(诸如个人计算机)。
在有线基网络中，可以较为方便地实施碰撞检测。然而，对于无线基网络来说，它们使用单一信道，由于接收信号电平有大的动态范围，实质上难以检测碰撞。所以，无线局域网中通常应用一种碰撞免除方案来代替碰撞检测。
无线局域网的构造一般基于一种媒体访问控制(MAC)布置，它使用了如IEEE 802.11标准中说明的CSMA/CA(具有碰撞免除的载波检测多址访问)那样的先收听后讲话方案。按照IEEE802.11标准中说明的一种实施例，无线局域网中包括一个访问点(access point)，它起一个基站和多个其它网站的作用。在站组内或一个小区内的诸网站同它们的对应访问点直接通信。这个访问点将消息传递给同一小区内的目的站，或者通过一个有线分配系统传递给另一个访问点，此类消息自那个访问点上最后到达所希望的目的站。
按照这种媒体访问控制(MAC)布置，每个LAN站在确定出没有其它的站正传输通信信号时，便开始传输。所以，每个站推迟其信号传输，直至它从其它站上接收到的信号电平高于一个可规定的阈值电平。因此，该媒体访问控制(MAC)布置可防止其位置远离第一站的一个第二站在第一站先已开始传输的重叠时间上开始其信号传输。通常，此第二站推迟其信号传输一段随机选择的时间段。
对于这种随机等待特性，一个很短持续期的载波检测周转时间是十分重要的。例如，IEEE802.11 DSSS(直接序列扩散频谱)标准要求有基于20μs(微秒)时隙的一种开槽型随机等待性能，它覆盖住载波检测周转时间。
此外，在IEEE 802.11标准中说明的该媒体访问控制(MAC)要求一个信号阈值电平，它兼用于接收模式和延迟模式。接收阈值的最低电平亦是应用于延迟的电平。因此，如果接收机检测到任一其它信号高于接收阈值，它将停止传输。IEEE802.11 DSSS标准规定了一个延迟阈值，当传输功率低于50mW时此阈值须等于或者更敏感于-70dBm，当传输功率在50与100mW之间时须等于或更敏感于-76dBm，而当传输功率在100mW与1W之间时须等于或更敏感于-80dBm。
参看图1，它示出和表明了提供出碰撞免除方案的先有技术方法。具体地，设计了IEEE802.11 CSMA/CA协议来减低多个访问媒体的站之间碰撞的可能性，这种媒体访问点是最有可能发生访问的点。这种点上发生碰撞的最大可能性时间上是在占用的媒体刚刚变为空闲媒体之后。原因在于，含有多个站都在等待着媒体变为可予以再应用。所以，采用了一种随机补偿布置来解决媒体竞争矛盾问题。本技术领域内的熟练人员显然知道，对于这种随机等待特性来说，很短持续期的载波检测周转时间是十分重要的。此外，IEEE 802.11媒体访问控制(MAC)规定了用于时间有界业务的、通过RTS/CTS(请求发送/清除发送)交互轮询和访问点协调的媒体预留备选方案。如图1中所示，在媒体占用时间之后，所有无线LAN装置在所谓的IFS(帧间间隔)时期内都须等待，然后，当等待到所要求的随机数目的时隙段之后只要没有其它传输存在，它们可尝试进行传输。
关于共信道媒体的再利用，IEEE802.11 DSSS标准给出了可接受的捕获特性，它容许使用较低敏感性的延时阈值而得到较好的媒体再利用状况。然而，较低敏感性的延迟阈值意味着可防止传输受干扰的范围较小。在基于访问点的网络和具有服务器站的特设网络中，业务量去往或者来自访问点或服务器站。由于多径衰落和遮蔽效应，以及由于移动网站同访问点间有变化的距离，使访问点/服务器站及其指配的站互相间接收的最小接收电平难以预测。
因此，需要有一种改进的媒体访问布置，它能在较低的电平上成功地接收，并可提供出显著地高的同信道媒体再应用和显著地低的功耗。
本发明利用两个变量参数对局域网内的每个站提供出增强的媒体访问控制(MAC)布置。其一个参数是指用于接收所需信号的载波检测阈值。载波检测阈值是这样的可观察到的载波信号电平，低于它时网站将不试图处理数据信号。例如，通过变更载波检测阈值，可以选择出这样的信号电平，高于它时信号被接收和处理。第二个参数是指延迟阈值，它是这样的可观察到的载波信号电平，高于它时网站将延迟数据信号的传输。
按照本发明的一个实施例，延迟阈值被构造成比载波检测阈值敏感，以使得只要任何一个其它网站或访问点在传输数据信号，要传输出其数据信号的所有站将延迟它们的信号传输。无线局域网所需的小区规模和良好接收所要求的俘获比是这样一些参数，它们决定了载波检测阈值和延迟阈值参数的大小。延迟阈值敏感度越低，媒体再利用越好。这样，借助于选择合适的延迟阈值和载波检测阈值，可以将集合网络通过量的优化和在较低业务量密集度下覆盖较大距离的能力组合起来。
可取地是，按照本发明的一个实施例，对全部网站，包括小区区域的相应访问点，使用了相同的延迟阈值。
然而，可理解到，对每个站选择性地变更载波检测阈值是有利的。换言之，敏感的载波检测阈值比之较不敏感的载波检测阈值来说，会使收发信机芯片更经常地处理信号。有利点在于，较不敏感的载波检测阈值容许减低电池功耗，本技术领域内的熟练人员显然知道，对于电池驱动的移动网站来说，降低功耗十分重要。
现在，参考附图，借助于实例来说明本发明的一个实施例。
图1是一个定时图曲线，它示明具有碰撞免除布置的先有技术载波检测多址访问的运行；
图2是按照本发明一个实施例的无线局域网方框图，包括一个访问点和两个移动网站；
图3是一个曲线图，示明按照本发明的一个实施例当相应的访问点发送一个信号，并且两个示例性的载波检测阈值电平影响局域网小区的规模时，由一个网站见到的功率随距离的变化；
图4是一个曲线图，示明按照本发明的一个实施例中无线局域网内延迟阈值与载波检测阈值之间的关系；
图5是一个曲线图，示明按照本发明的一个实施例，增大载波检测值电平敏感度的效应。
参看图2，它示出在其中实施本发明的一个无线局域网(LAN)10的优选实施例。局域网10中包括一个访问点12，它起到如上面所描述的基站的作用。然而，本发明并不限制于这一方面，也可以使用于其它类型局域网中，它们应用了服务器站来与网站间来往传递消息。访问点12可以连接至其它装置和/或网络上，LAN10中的网站可与之通信。访问点12中包括天线16，其构成用来在一条通信信道上发送和接收数据信号。
网络10中还包括移动网站18，诸如移动网站18-1、18-2，其每一个具有天线20。应用直接序列扩散频谱(DSSS)调制，诸移动站能够在1Mbit/s或2Mbit/s数据率上选择性地发送和接收消息，但本发明并不限制于这方面的范畴内。每个移动站18中包括一个载波检测阈值电路70和一个延迟阈值电路72，它们适应于接收经天线20来的信号。存储器74在构成上用来存储载波检测阈值参数和延迟阈值参数的值。存储器74的一个输出端口连接至载波检测阈值电路70的一个输入端口。类似地，存储器74的另一个输出端口连接至延迟阈值电路72的一个输入端口。照这样，存储器74向载波检测阈值电路70提供一个信号，它对应于所需的载波检测阈值参数。类似地，存储器74向延迟阈值电路72提供一个信号，它对应于所需的延迟阈值参数。
移动网站18还包括一个信号处理电路76，在构成上用以处理经由天线20接收到的信号。信号处理电路76还对由移动网站18经由天线20预定要传输的信号进行处理。信号处理电路76的一个输入端口在构成上用来接收来自载波检测阈值电路70之一个输出端口的检测指示信号。类似地，信号处理电路76的另一个输入端口在构成上用来接收来自延迟阈值电路72之一个输出端口的延迟指示信号。信号处理电路76的一个输出端口连接至存储器74的一个输入端口，用以改变存储器74中存储的载波检测阈值参数和延迟阈值参数的值。
按照本发明的一个实施例，每个移动网站18在其信号接收模式期间于时隙基础上接收数据信号，不过，本发明并不限制于这方面的范畴。在诸如20μs的一个时隙期间，载波检测阈值电路和延迟阈值电路确定出输入的信号的能量电平。载波检测阈值电路70对经由天线20接收到的此输入的数据信号进行监测。当检测到载波信号具有的能量电平高于载波检测阈值参数时，载波检测阈值电路70便向信号处理电路76提供一个检测指示信号。作为响应，信号处理电路76开始处理经由天线接收到的信号。当接收到的信号的能量电平也高于延迟阈值参数时，延迟阈值电路72向信号处理电路76提供一个延迟指示信号，由之告知移动网站不可作出传输，以避免在局域网10使用的通信信道上发生碰撞。
参看图3，它示出自访问点12看出的一个独立小区的情况。从远离访问点12的移动网站见到的载波信号电平由曲线29示明，它是网站离访问点之距离的函数。曲线29决定于访问点上所使用的传输功率以及环境的通路损耗特性。独立的小区内一个站的接收机能力取决于载波检测阈值电平，诸如直线32-1或32-2示明的载波检测阈值。如前面的说明，载波检测阈值电平定义为这样的载波信号电平，低于它时LAN站18-1、18-2将不处理输入的数据信号。如图中所示，载波检测阈值电平32-2与曲线29在距离-R2和+R2处相交，载波检测阈值电平32-1与曲线29在距离-R和+R处相交。载波检测阈值电平线与载波信号电平曲线相交处的距离决定了局域网小区这样的边界，在此边界内移动网站可以与访问点12通信。
十分显然，越是更低、更敏感的载波检测阈值32-1的情况下，越能在更宽的范围上实现运行和接收。采用载波检测阈值电平32-1时得到的小区示明为小区28。类似地，采用载波检测阈值电平32-2时得到的小区示明为小区30。需要指出，以载波检测阈值电平32-2工作的网站比之以载波检测阈值电平32-1工作的网站较不敏感。
对载波检测阈值电平来说，有意义的数值范围是给出一个由接收机电路灵敏度确定出的低端边界。例如，将载波检测阈值设定于更低的值时会造成许多无意义的接收尝试，这将导致显著地高的失效率。采用较不敏感的载波检测阈值参数时，局域网内的网站将能工作在较小的小区规模内。在一个相对较小的区域内考虑到同一信道再利用的可能性时，此种小的小区规模可优先选用。相反地，工作于较低的，更敏感的载波检测阈值电平时，网站可以运行在较宽的范围上。
参看图4，按照本发明的一个实施例，它示明了直线38所示的延迟阈值电平与直线32-2所示的载波检测阈值电平之间的关系。图4示明的情况是延迟阈值设定的电平低于-更敏感于-载波检测阈值，虽然，本发明并不限制于这方面的范畴。例如，按照本发明的另一个实施例，载波检测阈值和延迟阈值可以这样地变化，使它们实质上达到相同的电平，或者载波检测阈值低于延迟阈值。
按照本发明的一个实施例，为了对一个给定的载波检测阈值确定延迟阈值电平，必须取定例如在距离R2处小区一侧的一个站(诸如40)，并画出与其载波信号功率对应的、作为与网站40间距离之函数的曲线33。因此，曲线33示明了观察到的载波信号电平的图解，也称为自站40上接收到的、作为距离之函数的载波信号曲线。曲线33与小区另一侧相交的电平(例如在+R2处)定义了本发明该实施例中的延迟阈值电平，它由直线38标识出。
因此，如果从访问点12上有信号发送，则对于图4中灰色区域内任一个站会对之起响应的电平来说，它将处于载波检测阈值电平32-2之上。照这样，所有的站将仅仅接收在圆内或小区规模30内传输的内容。然而，所观察到的、高于它对每个站将推迟传输的电平设定于延迟阈值电平38上。
图4中示明的媒体访问控制布置实质上消除了所谓的隐藏终端问题。当互相不能观察到的两个终端在同一时间上向诸如访问点的一个第三终端传送消息时，会发生隐藏终端问题。在诸如访问点12的此第三终端上，这两个信号相互干扰而导致同信道干扰。第三终端在最好情况下可接收到两个消息之一，并往往以宝贵的带宽为代价来解开两者的消息。
然而，在应用图4中媒体访问控制布置的情况下，小区一侧边缘上的一个站对于小区中最远的另一侧上的站要延迟。如前面的说明，做到这一点是借助于对一侧的站画出曲线，并确保延迟电平与该曲线在小区的另一侧上相交。选择好这个电平以保证局域网中所有网站互相延迟和每个网站能与访问点12进行通信。结果，在属于该小区的网站组内实质上消除了隐藏终端问题。
延迟阈值的范围具有一个由载波检测电路灵敏度决定的下端边界。在一定电平之下时，信号将不被检测到并不作出延迟。在载波检测阈值32-2设定得最低而为可能的最敏感电平的情况下，图4中示明的优选关系便不能实现。在此场合，最低的有意义延迟阈值将不保证在图5中所示的两个“边侧站”之间所要求的延迟。
当选择好低的载波检测阈值大小时，可建立起具有半径R34的大的小区规模，这示明于图5。当画出最低有意义延迟阈值线时，在其中发生相互延迟的区域将有较小的规模，这示明于具有半径R36的较小的圆中。利用此种阈值组合时，诸网站可使用一种称为请求传送/清除传送(RTS/CTS)媒体预留机理的信道访问布置以实质上避免隐藏网络现象。这种信道访问布置的更详细内容叙述于IEEE CommunicationsMagazine卷34第8期86-94页(1996年8月)上R.O.La Maire、A.Krishna、P.Bhagwat、J.Panian的文章“Wireless LANs andMobile Networking：Standards and Future Directions”中，它引用在此作为参考。
参看图5，总的小区区域60称为基本覆盖区域(BCA)。应用这个术语，较小的区域62称为共用覆盖区域(SCA)，以指明在此区域内按照本发明的媒体共享规则将起作用。在一个优选的布置中，共用覆盖区域SCA实质上等于基本覆盖区域BCA。
对于低电平的接收机和发射机控制，当建立一个具有上面定义的阈值的蜂窝基础设施系统时，本技术领域内的熟练人员显然知道，应当象后面讨论到的那样保持住具有漫游阈值的合适平衡。在载波检测阈值32-2和延迟阈值38决定了网站的发送/接收性能和属于同一小区的诸访问点的场合下，漫游阈值电平确定了这样的情况，即移动网站决定其在小区中的开始工作或停止工作。需要指出，一个网站作出其交接决定可以基于其接收机的当前结构能力。特别是，当要求小的小区规模时，漫游阈值必须这样设定，在接收机变得实际上不能从当前的访问点上接收到消息时的前一瞬间，诸网站便将开始搜寻新的访问点。
此外，按照本发明的原理，可以确定可变的小区规模，它们能直接转换成控制小区和/或访问点的密度的可能性，以覆盖一定的区域。一定区域内的许多小小区意味着同一信道更多的再利用，因而比之较少的大小区有更好的总体通过量。
按照本发明，借助于应用可变的阈值电平来设定载波检测阈值和延迟阈值，有可能减小小区规模，从而在给定的区域内增加同一频率的再利用。减小小区规模的一种方法是降低每个访问点的发送功率。有利点在于，另一种方法是按照上面讨论到的本发明的一个示例性实施例，提高载波检测阈值层和延时阈值层。这样，每个站可不管小区区域内的大部分信号，而力图收听预定给予它的那些信号。此外，每个站由于小区的规模较小而知道预定的接收机处在此小的小区区域内，故力图传输出信号而不作延迟。
本发明可以在MAC控制器的目前机器中实施。当使用目前机器的收发信机，并当具有高于载波检测阈值的接收电平的一个有效调制解调器载波信号被检测到时，该收发信机将把它看作一个有效的调制解调器载波信号，并开始作接收处理。当有效调制解调器信号的接收电平高于延迟阈值时，收发信机将通过使控制线信号起作用而向MAC控制器报告，媒体被占用着。
应当理解到，优选实施例和说明的例子只是为了示例的目的，不要认作为是限制本发明的范畴，在所附的权利要求书中才恰当地勾划出了本发明的范畴。

Claims (15)

1.一种运行无线局域网站的方法，包括步骤：
建立一个载波检测阈值电平；
建立一个延迟阈值电平；
接收一个具有相应的功率信号电平的载波信号；
当所述功率信号电平低于所述延迟阈值时，发送出一个信号；及
当所述功率信号电平高于所述载波检测阈值电平时，对预定用于所述网站的所述载波信号进行处理。
2.按照权利要求1的方法，还包括变更所述载波检测阈值电平和所述延迟阈值电平的步骤。
3.按照权利要求1的方法，还包括建立所述载波检测阈值电平使之高于所述延迟阈值电平的步骤。
4.按照权利要求1的方法，还包括建立所述载波检测阈值电平使之近似地等于所述延迟阈值电平的步骤。
5.按照权利要求1的方法，还包括建立所述载波检测阈值电平使之低于所述延迟阈值电平的步骤。
6.按照权利要求1的方法，还包括选择一个载波检测阈值信号电平以定义出一个通信小区的步骤，在此小区内多个移动网站可与一个预定的基站进行通信。
7.按照权利要求6的方法，其特征在于，所述建立延迟阈值电平的步骤中包含步骤，选择一个延迟阈值信号电平，使得它近似等于沿位在所述通信小区一侧处的一个站的功率/距离曲线上的一个功率电平，该功率电平在所述曲线上的距离位置近似地位于所述通信小区的对侧处。
8.按照权利要求1的方法，其特征在于，所述通信小区的规模是所述载波检测阈值和所述延迟阈值的一个函数。
9.一种适合于在一个通信小区内发送和接收信号的无线局域网站，包括：
载波检测阈值电路，构造成用以接收具有一种功率信号电平的一个载波信号，所述载波检测阈值电路在所述功率信号电平基本上等于或大于一个可规定的载波检测阈值参数时，产生出一个检测指示信号；
延迟阈值电路，构造成用以接收具有所述功率信号电平的所述载波信号，当所述功率信号电平基本上等于或大于一个可规定的延迟阈值参数时，所述延迟阈值电路产生一个延迟指示信号；及
信号处理电路，连接至所述载波检测阈值电路和所述延迟阈值电路，用以接收所述载波检测指示信号和所述延迟指示信号，使得所述信号处理电路响应于所述载波检测指示信号而处理由所述网站接收的信号，并且所述信号处理电路响应于所述延迟指示信号而延迟通过所述网站的信号传输。
10.按照权利要求9的系统，其特征在于，所述载波检测阈值电平和所述延迟阈值电平的电平值是可变的。
11.按照权利要求10的系统，其特征在于，所述载波检测阈值电平高于所述延迟阈值电平。
12.按照权利要求10的系统，其特征在于，所述载波检测阈值电平近似等于所述延迟阈值电平。
13.按照权利要求10的系统，其特征在于，所述载波检测阈值电平低于所述延迟阈值电平。
14.按照权利要求9的系统，其特征在于，所述延迟阈值电平近似等于沿位在所述通信小区一侧处的一个站的功率/距离曲线上的一个功率电平，该功率电平在所述曲线上的距离位置近似地位于所述通信小区的对侧处。
15.按照权利要求9的系统，其特征在于，所述通信小区的规模是所述载波检测阈值和所述延迟阈值的一个函数。
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