CN1942853B - 具有透明电容传感介质的触摸面板及相应的显示装置和计算机系统 - Google Patents

具有透明电容传感介质的触摸面板及相应的显示装置和计算机系统 Download PDF

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CN1942853B
CN1942853B CN2005800117404A CN200580011740A CN1942853B CN 1942853 B CN1942853 B CN 1942853B CN 2005800117404 A CN2005800117404 A CN 2005800117404A CN 200580011740 A CN200580011740 A CN 200580011740A CN 1942853 B CN1942853 B CN 1942853B
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史蒂夫·霍特林
乔殊亚·A.·斯特里乔恩
布赖恩·Q.·赫普
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Abstract

一种具有透明传感介质的触摸面板，其用于检测触摸面板上在不同位置处同时发生的多点触摸或邻近触摸，并且为多点触摸中的每点触摸产生表示了触摸面板上触摸位置的不同信号。

Description

具有透明电容传感介质的触摸面板及相应的显示装置和计算机系统
技术领域
本发明整体上涉及一种带有触摸屏的电子设备。更具体地说，本发明涉及一种能够同时多点感应的触摸屏。
背景技术
目前有许多类型的用于执行计算机系统内操作的输入设备。这些操作通常对应于在显示屏上移动光标和/或进行选择。例如，输入设备可能包括按钮或按键、鼠标、跟踪球、触摸板、操纵杆、触摸屏以及类似设备。触摸屏尤其变得越来越普及，因为其操作简单、功能多样并且价格逐渐下降。触摸屏允许用户使用手指或触笔通过简单触摸显示屏来进行选择和移动光标。通常，触摸屏识别出显示屏上的触摸以及触摸位置，并且计算机系统解释此触摸，随后基于触摸事件执行一项操作。
触摸屏一般包括一个触摸面板、一个控制器和一个软件驱动器。触摸面板是带有触摸敏感表面的透明面板。触摸面板位于显示屏的正面，使触摸敏感表面覆盖了显示屏的可视区域。触摸面板记录触摸事件，并且把触摸信号发送到控制器。控制器对这些信号进行处理，将数据送往计算机系统。软件驱动器把触摸事件译成计算机事件。
已知有几种触摸屏技术，包括：电阻式、电容式、红外、声表面波、电磁、近场成像等等。当设计或设置触摸屏时要考虑每种设备的优点和缺点。在电阻式技术中，触摸面板被涂覆了一个薄金属电导和电阻层。当面板被触摸时，这两个层发生接触，因而闭合一个开关来记录触摸事件的位置。信息被送往控制器用于进一步处理。在电容式技术中，触摸面板被涂覆了一种能够存储电荷的材料。当面板被触摸时，少量电荷被吸引到接触点。位于面板各个角上的电路测量该电荷，并且把信息送往控制器用于处理。
在声表面波技术中，超声波例如通过换能器在触摸屏面板上水平和垂直发送。当面板被触摸时，声波能量被吸收。与换能器交叉放置 的传感器检测到此变化，并且把信息送往控制器用于处理。在红外技术中，光束例如通过发光二极管在触摸面板上水平和垂直发送。当面板被触摸时，发光二极管发射的一部分光束被阻断。与发光二极管交叉放置的光检测器检测到此变化，并且把信息送往控制器用于处理。
所有这些技术的一个问题是即使当传感表面上有多个目标时，它们也仅能够报告一个点。也即，它们缺乏同时追踪多个接触点的能力。在电阻式和电容式技术中，对所有同时出现的触摸点确定一个平均值，并且报告落在触摸点之间某个位置上的一个点。在表面波和红外技术中，由于存在掩模，其不能够确定落在同一水平或垂直线上的多个触摸点的精确位置。无论哪种情况都会产生错误的结果。
这些问题在使用平板电脑时尤其突出，例如一只手用于把持平板电脑，而另一只手来进行触摸操作。例如，如图1A和1B所示，把持平板电脑2使得大拇指3叠压到触摸屏5的触摸敏感表面4的边缘。如图1A所示，如果触摸技术使用了电阻式和电容式面板中所使用的平均化技术，那么就会报告落在左手的大拇指3和右手的食指6之间某个位置上的一个点。如图1B所示，如果使用了红外和SAW面板所使用的投影扫描技术，由于大拇指3的垂直分量很大，就很难确定食指6的精确垂直位置。平板电脑2只能够分辨灰度表示的小块。实际上，大拇指3掩盖了食指6的垂直位置。
发明内容
本发明的一个实施例涉及一种带有透明电容传感介质的触摸面板，其用于检测触摸面板的平面上同时发生并且位于不同位置的多点触摸或邻近触摸，并且为多点触摸的每点触摸产生不同的信号来表示其位于触摸面板的平面上的触摸位置；其中，所述透明电容传感介质包括：一个透明电极层，所述透明电极层包括透明导电材料构成的多个电气隔离电极和电极轨迹，每个电极被放置在触摸面板平面上的不同位置处，每个电极具有单独轨迹，操作耦合到电容监控电路。
根据本发明的一个实施例，还涉及一种具有透明电容传感介质的触摸面板，被配置为检测触摸面板平面上同时发生并且在不同位置上的多点触摸或邻近触摸，为多点触摸中的每个触摸产生表示触摸面板平面上触摸位置的不同信号，其中透明电容传感介质包括：第一层，其具有多条互相电气隔离的线路，并且用透明导电材料构成；以及与 第一层空间上分离的第二层，其具有多条互相电气隔离的线路，并且用透明导电材料构成，第二传导线和第一传导线横向相交，横向相交的线位于触摸面板平面的不同位置处，每个导电线操作耦合到电容监控电路。
本发明的另一个实施例涉及一种显示装置。所述显示装置包括一个显示器，所述显示器具有一个用于显示图形用户界面的屏幕。显示装置还包括一个透明触摸面板，透过所述透明面板能观看屏幕，并且能够唯一识别触摸屏的触摸敏感表面上不同位置处同时发生的多个触摸事件，把此信息送往主机设备；其中触摸面板包括一个多点传感装置，其用于同时检测和监控触摸面板上触摸敏感表面上不同点的触摸以及触摸程度。
本发明的又一个实施例涉及一种计算机执行方法。所述方法包括同时接收透明触摸屏表面上的多点触摸。所述方法还包括分别识别多点触摸中的每点触摸。所述方法进一步包括报告基于识别出的多点触摸的触摸数据。
本发明的又一个实施例涉及一种计算机系统。所述计算机系统包括一个处理器，用于执行指令并且实现与计算机系统相关的操作。该计算机还包括可操作地连接到处理器的一个显示设备。所述计算机系统进一步包括可操作地连接到处理器的一个触摸屏。触摸屏是位于显示器正面的一个基本透明的面板。触摸屏用于跟踪同时在触摸屏上停留、轻敲或在其上移动的多个目标。触摸屏包括一个电容传感设备，所述电容传感设备被分成位于触摸屏整个平面上的几个独立并且空间分离的传感点。每个传感点能够同时产生一个信号，来自传感点的信号唯一识别在触摸屏上同时停留、轻敲或移动的多个目标。触摸屏还包括一个从传感设备获取数据的传感电路，所述电路把获得的数据提供给处理器。
本发明的又一个实施例涉及一种触摸屏方法。所述方法包括驱动多个传感点。所述方法还包括从连接到这些传感点的所有传感线读取输出。所述方法进一步包括产生并分析触摸屏平面某一时刻的图像，以确定触摸到触摸屏的目标。所述方法还包括把当前图像与以前的图像进行比较，以确定触摸到触摸屏的目标的变化。
附图说明
本发明的又一个实施例涉及一种数字信号处理方法。所述方法包括接收原始数据。原始数据包括触摸屏上每个透明电容传感节点的数 值。所述方法还包括对原始数据滤波。所述方法进一步包括产生梯度数据。所述方法还包括基于梯度数据计算触摸区域的边界。此外，所述方法包括计算每个触摸区域的坐标。
本发明将通过下面结合附图的具体描述而易于理解，其中相同的附图标记表示相同的结构器件，并且其中：
图1A和1B示出了一个持有传统触摸屏的用户。
图2是根据本发明的一个实施例的一个显示装置的透视图。
图3示出了根据本发明的一个实施例的触摸屏平面在某一特定时刻的图像。
图4是根据本发明的一个实施例的多点触摸方法。
图5是根据本发明的一个实施例的计算机系统的框图。
图6是根据本发明的一个实施例的透明多点触摸屏的局部顶视图。
图7是根据本发明的一个实施例的透明多点触摸屏的局部顶视图。
图8是根据本发明的一个实施例的显示装置截面的正视图。
图9是根据本发明的另一个实施例的透明多点触摸屏的顶视图。
图10是根据本发明的一个实施例的显示装置截面的局部正视图。
图11A和11B是根据一个实施例的驱动层和传感层的局部顶视图。
图12是根据本发明的一个实施例的互电容电路的简化示意图。
图13是根据本发明的一个实施例的电荷放大器的示意图。
图14是根据本发明的一个实施例的电容传感电路的框图。
图15是根据本发明的一个实施例的一个流程图。
图16是根据本发明的一个实施例的数字信号处理方法的流程图。
图17A-E示出了根据本发明的一个实施例在几个步骤上的触摸数据。
图18是根据本发明的一个实施例的电子设备的侧视图。
图19是根据本发明的一个实施例的电子设备的侧视图。
具体实施方式
下面将参照图2-19来讨论本发明的实施例。但是，本领域技术人员很容易理解当本发明超出这些有限的实施例时，本文参照附图给出的具体说明只起到说明性的作用。
图2是根据本发明的一个实施例的显示装置30的透视图。显示装置30包括一个显示器34和位于显示器34正面的一个透明触摸屏36。显示器34用于向用户显示一个图形用户界面(GUI)，所述界面可能包括指针或光标以及显示给用户的其他信息。另一方面，透明触摸屏36是一个对用户触摸敏感的输入设备，其允许用户与显示器34上的图形用户界面进行互动。例如，触摸屏36可以允许用户通过在显示器34的GUI上简单点击在图形用户界面上移动输入指针或做出选择。
一般而言，触摸屏36识别出触摸屏36的表面38上的触摸事件，随后把该信息输出到主机设备。主机设备例如可能对应于一个计算机，如台式机、膝上型电脑、手提式或平板电脑。主机设备解释触摸事件，然后基于此触摸事件执行一项操作。传统的触摸屏即使被同时多点触摸，也只能够识别出一个触摸事件(例如平均值、掩模等)。但是与传统的触摸屏不同，本文示出的触摸屏36用于识别触摸屏36的触摸敏感表面38上不同位置处同时发生的多个触摸操作。即触摸屏36能够同时跟踪多个接触点T1-T4，也就是如果四个目标正在接触触摸屏，那么触摸屏能够跟踪全部四个目标。如图所示，触摸屏36为触摸屏36表面上同时发生的各个触摸点T1-T4产生独立的跟踪信号S1-S4。可识别的触摸个数大约是15。15个触摸点允许全部10个手指、两个手掌以及3个其他目标。
多个触摸事件可以分别或者一起被用来执行主机设备内的单个或者多个操作。如果分别使用，第一个触摸事件被用于执行第一个操作，同时第二个触摸事件被用于执行不同于第一个操作的第二个操作。这些操作例如可能包括移动对象，如光标或指针、滚动或展开、调整控制设置、打开文件或文档、查看菜单、进行选择、执行指令、操作连接到主机设备的外围设备等等。如果一起使用，第一个和第二个触 摸事件可以被用于执行一项特定的操作。特定操作例如可能包括登录到计算机或计算机网络上，允许授权个人访问计算机或计算机网络的受限区域，装载与计算机桌面的用户优选设置相关的用户档案，允许访问网络内容，启动特定程序，信息加密或解码和/或类似操作。
识别多个触摸事件通常是用一个多点传感装置实现的。所述多点传感装置能够同时检测和监控触摸屏36的触摸敏感表面38上不同点处的触摸和这些触摸的程度。多点传感装置通常提供了多个透明传感坐标或节点42，所述节点互相独立工作，并且表示触摸屏36上的不同点。如果有多个目标按压触摸屏36，对于每个接触点，例如接触点T1-T4，激活一个或多个坐标。与各个接触点T1-T4相关联的传感器坐标产生了跟踪信号S1-S4。
一个实施例中，触摸屏36包括多个电容传感节点42。所述电容传感节点可以是多种类型的。例如，电容传感节点可能基于自电容或互电容。在自电容的情况下，例如相对于地来测量单个电极的“自身”电容。在互电容的情况下，测量至少第一个和第二个电极之间的互电容。无论哪种情况，每个节点42都与其他节点42互相独立工作，由此同时产生表示触摸屏36上不同点的信号。
为了制造一个透明触摸屏36，电容传感节点42用一种透明导电介质形成，例如氧化铟锡(ITO)。在自电容传感装置中，透明导电介质被构造成空间分离的电极和轨迹。每个电极表示一个不同的坐标，而轨迹把电极连接到一个电容传感电路。坐标可以是笛卡尔坐标系(x和y)，极坐标系(r，θ)或其他坐标系。笛卡尔坐标系中，电极用列和行定位，从而构成了一个栅格阵列，其中每个电极表示一个不同的x，y坐标。操作时，电容传感电路监控每个电极上出现的电容变化。出现电容变化的位置以及这些变化的幅度用于帮助识别多个触摸事件。电容变化一般出现在用户把目标例如手指靠近的电极上，也即目标吸收了电荷，因而影响了电容。
在互电容情况下，透明导电介质被模压在两个不同的层上形成一组空间分离的线。驱动线形成在第一层上，传感线形成在第二层上。 尽管分别位于不同的层上，传感线与驱动线横切、交叉或相交，从而形成了一个电容耦合节点。其中，传感线与驱动线相交的方式通常取决于所使用的坐标系。例如在笛卡尔坐标系中，传感线垂直于驱动线，因而构成了具有不同的x和y坐标的节点。作为替代，在极坐标系中，传感线可能是同心圆，而驱动线是径向延伸的线(或者反之)。驱动线连接到一个电压源，传感线连接到电容传感电路。操作时，每次通过一条驱动线驱动一个电流，并且由于电容耦合，电流被传输到各个节点处的传感线(即交点)。此外，传感电路监控各个节点上出现的电容变化。出现电容变化的位置以及这些变化的幅度用于帮助识别多个触摸事件。电容变化一般出现在用户把目标例如手指靠近的电容耦合节点上，也即目标吸收了电荷，因而影响了电容。
例如，触摸屏36的节点42上生成的信号可以被用于产生触摸屏平面在特定时刻的一幅图像。参看图3，接触到触摸屏36的触摸敏感表面38的每个目标产生了一个接触块区域44。每个接触块区域44覆盖了几个节点42。被覆盖的节点42检测表面接触，而其余节点42不检测表面接触。其结果是能够形成触摸屏平面的像素图像。各个接触块区域44的信号可以结合成组，用于形成表示接触块区域44的独立图像。每个接触块区域44的图像包括基于各点处压力的最高和最低点。图像的形状以及图像内最高点和最低点可被用于区分互相靠近的接触块区域44。另外，当前图像，尤其是各个接触块区域44的图像可以和前一幅图像进行比较来确定主机设备中执行何项操作。
回看图2，显示装置30可以是一个独立的单元或者与其它设备集成在一起。如果是独立的单元，显示装置32(或其各个器件)相当于一个包括自身外壳的外围设备(监视器)，其可以通过有线或无线连接可操作地连接到主机设备。如果是集成的单元，显示装置30共享外壳，其硬连接到主机设备，从而构成了一个单独的单元。例如，显示装置30可以位于各种主机设备内，所述主机设备包括但不局限于通用计算机，例如台式、膝上型电脑或平板电脑，手提式电脑例如PDA，以及媒体播放器例如音频播放器，或者外围设备例如摄像机、打印机 和/或类似设备。
图4是根据本发明的一个实施例的多点触摸方法45。该方法一般从模块46开始，此时触摸屏表面同时接受到多个接触。这可以通过例如把多个手指放在触摸屏表面上来实现。模块46之后，处理流程继续到模块47，其中多点触摸的每一点被触摸屏分别识别。这例如可以通过位于触摸屏内的多点电容传感器来实现。模块47之后，处理流程继续到模块48，其中报告基于多点触摸的触摸数据。触摸数据例如可以被报告给主机设备如通用计算机。
图5是根据本发明的一个实施例的计算机系统50的框图。计算机系统50可对应于个人计算机系统如台式机、膝上型电脑、平板电脑或手提式电脑。例如，计算机系统对应于基于计算机系统的任何Apple或PC。计算机系统也可以对应于公共计算机系统，例如信息亭、自动柜员机(ATM)，电子收款机(POS)，商用机器，博弈机器、电玩游戏机、自动贩卖机、航空电子票务终端、餐厅订座终端、客户服务站、图书馆终端、学习设备，以及类似系统。
如图所示，计算机系统50包括一个处理器56，其执行指令并实现计算机系统50的相应操作。例如，处理器56使用从存储器中获取的指令可以控制计算机系统50的器件之间输入和输出数据的接收和处理。处理器56可以是一个单片处理器或者用多个器件来实施。
大多数情况下，处理器56和操作系统一起执行计算机代码并生成及使用数据。计算机代码和数据可以驻留在可操作地连接到处理器59的程序存储模块58内。程序存储模块58通常提供了一个空间来保存计算机系统50所使用的数据。例如，程序存储模块可以包括只读存储器(ROM)60，随机存取存储器(RAM)62，硬盘驱动器64和/或类似设备。计算机代码和数据也可以驻留在可移动存储介质内，所述存储介质可以在需要时装载或安装在计算机系统上。可移动存储介质例如包括CD-ROM、PC-CARD、软盘、磁带以及网络器件。
计算机系统50还包括一个输入/输出(I/O)控制器66，其可操作地连接到处理器56。(I/O)控制器66可以和处理器56集成在一 起，或者是如图所示的一个独立器件。I/O控制器66通常设置成控制与一个或多个I/O设备的交互操作。I/O控制器66通常通过交换处理器和期望与处理器建立通信的I/O设备之间的数据来操作。I/O设备和I/O控制器一般通过数据连接67建立通信。数据连接67可以是单向连接或双向连接。一些情况下，I/O设备可以通过有线方式连接到I/O控制器66。另一些情况下，I/O设备可以通过无线方式连接到I/O控制器66。例如，数据连接67可以对应于PS/2、USB、火线、IR、RF、蓝牙或其他方式。
计算机系统50还包括一个显示设备68，其可操作地连接到处理器56。显示设备68可以是一个独立器件(外围设备)，或者和处理器以及程序存储器集成到一起，并构成了一个台式计算机(整机化)，膝上型、手提式电脑或平板电脑或者类似设备。显示设备68用于显示图形用户界面(GUI)，所述界面可能包括指针或光标以及其他显示给用户的信息。例如，显示设备68可以是一台单色显示器，彩色图形适配器(CGA)显示器，增强型图形适配器(EGA)显示器，可变图形阵列(VGA)显示器，超级VGA显示器，液晶显示器(例如有源矩阵、无源矩阵以及类似物)，阴极射线管(CRT)，等离子显示器以及类似设备。
计算机系统50还包括一个触摸屏70，其可操作地连接到处理器56。触摸屏70是位于显示设备68之前的透明面板。触摸屏70可以和显示设备68集成到一起，或者是一个独立器件。触摸屏70设置成接收用户触摸的输入，并且把此信息发送到处理器56。大多数情况下，触摸屏70识别出其表面上的触摸以及触摸的位置和幅度。触摸屏70把触摸报告给处理器56，处理器56根据其编程来解释触摸。例如，处理器56可以根据特定的触摸来启动一项任务。
根据一个实施例，触摸屏70能够同时跟踪停留在、轻敲或移动经过触摸屏的触摸敏感表面上的多个目标。所述多个目标例如是手指和手掌。因为触摸屏能跟踪多个目标，用户可以同时执行几项用触摸启动的任务。例如，用户可以用一个手指选择一个屏幕上按钮，同时 用另一个手指移动光标。另外，用户可以用一个手指移动滚动条，同时用另一个手指从菜单中选择一个条目。此外，可以用一个手指拖动一个对象，同时用另一个手指拖动另一个对象。而且可以用不止一个手指来实现手势。
详细地说，触摸屏70通常包括一个传感设备72，用于检测与其非常靠近和/或在其上施加压力的对象。传感设备72可以是多种类型的。一个特定实施例中，传感设备72被分成位于整个触摸屏70内的几个独立的并且空间上不同的传感点、节点或区域74。传感点74一般是不可见的，并且分散在触摸屏70上，每个传感点74表示触摸屏70的表面(或触摸屏平面)上的一个不同的位置。传感点74可以位于栅格或像素阵列内，其中每个像素传感点74能够同时生成信号。最简单的情况下，每次当一个目标位于一个传感点74上时就产生一个信号。当一个目标放在多个传感点74上或者当目标在多个传感点74之间或之上移动时，就生成多个信号。
传感点74的数量和设置可以是各种类型的。传感点74的数量一般取决于所需的灵敏度以及触摸屏70所需的透明度。增加节点或传感点一般会增加灵敏度，但会降低透明度(反之亦然)。至于传感点74的设置，其通常把触摸屏平面映射到一个坐标系例如笛卡尔坐标系、极坐标系或其他一些坐标系。如果使用了笛卡尔坐标系(如图所示)，传感点74一般对应了x和y坐标。如果使用了极坐标系，传感点一般对应了极径(r)和角坐标(θ)。
触摸屏70可包括一个传感电路76，其从传感设备72获取数据，然后把获取到的数据提供给处理器56。作为替代，处理器也可以包括这项功能。一个实施例中，传感电路76设置成向处理器56发送原始数据，使处理器处理原始数据。例如，处理器56从传感电路76接收数据，然后确定在计算机系统50内如何使用此数据。所述数据可包括各个传感点74的坐标以及各个传感点74上的压力。另一个实施例中，传感电路76设置成由自身处理原始数据。即传感电路76从传感点74读取脉冲，然后把脉冲转换成处理器56能够识别的数据。传感电路 76可以执行滤波和/或转换处理。滤波处理通常用于减小繁忙的数据流，使处理器56不会因冗余或非必需的数据而超载。转换处理可用于在原始数据发送或报告给处理器56之前的调整。转换可包括确定每个触摸区域的中心点(例如形心)。
传感电路76可包括一个用于存储触摸屏程序的存储元件，其能够控制触摸屏70的不同方面。例如，触摸屏程序可包含基于所选择的传感点74(例如坐标)输出何种类型的数值。实际上，连接触摸屏程序的传感电路可以遵循一个预设的通信协议。如通常所知，通信协议是两个设备之间交换数据的一组规则和流程。通信协议通常用数据块或包来传输信息，所述数据块或包内包含了需传输的数据，指引数据包到目的地址的所需数据，以及校正通路中出现的误差的数据。例如，传感电路可以把数据设置成HID格式(人机接口设备)。
传感电路76通常包括一个或多个微控制器，每个微控制器监控一个或多个传感点74。微控制器例如可以对应于一个专用集成电路(ASIC)，其和固件一起用于监控传感设备72的信号，并处理受控信号，然后把此信息报告给处理器56。
根据一个实施例，传感设备72基于电容。应该理解的是，无论何时，两个导电元件互相靠近但没有实际接触，其电场互相作用产生了电容。大多数情况下，第一导电元件是一个传感点74，第二导电元件是一个目标80例如手指。如果目标80靠近触摸屏70的表面，目标80和非常靠近目标80的传感点74之间形成了超小电容。通过检测各个传感点74的电容变化以及记录传感点的位置，传感电路能够识别多个目标，并且当目标80移动经过触摸屏70时确定其位置、压力、方向、速度和加速度。例如，传感电路能够同时确定各个手指和一个或多个手掌在何时及何处进行了触摸，以及手指和手掌产生的压力。
电容的简单性质使得传感设备72的设计和构造非常灵活。例如，传感设备72可以基于自电容或互电容。在自电容的情况下，每个传感点74是一个独立充电的电极。如果目标靠近触摸屏70的表面，目标电容耦合到这些非常靠近目标的电极，从而从电极吸收了电荷。当多 个目标接触到触摸屏70时，传感电路76测量各个电极的电荷量以确定多个目标的位置。在互电容的情况下，传感设备72包括一个空间分离的线路或导线的两层栅格。在最简单的情况下，上层包括成行的线路，而下层包括成列的线路(即正交)。传感点74位于行和列的交点处。操作时，行被充电，电荷电容耦合到交点处的列上。如果目标靠近触摸屏的表面，目标电容耦合到这些非常靠近目标的交点处的行上，从而从行和列上吸收了电荷。当多个目标接触到触摸屏70时，传感电路76测量各个列的电荷量以确定多个目标的位置。
图6是根据本发明的一个实施例的透明多点触摸屏100的局部顶视图。例如，触摸屏100通常对应于图2和4所示的触摸屏。多点触摸屏100能够同时感应多个目标的位置和压力。这种特定的触摸屏100基于自电容，因此其包括多个透明电容传感电极102，每个电极表示触摸屏100的平面上不同的坐标。电极102设置成接触到触摸屏100上电极102附近的一个或多个目标处接收电容输入。如果目标靠近电极102，目标吸收了电荷，从而影响了电极102的电容。电极102通过位于空间分离电极102之间的间隙108内的轨迹106连接到电容传感电路104。电极102空间分离，从而使其互相电隔离以及提供了一个传感轨迹106分别导向的空间。间隙108最好很小，从而使传感区域最大化并且使间隙和透明电极之间的光学差最小。
如图所示，传感轨迹106从各个电极102延伸到触摸屏100的侧边，从而连接到电容传感电路104。电容传感电路104包括一个或多个传感IC 110，其用于测量各个电极102的电容，然后把结果或其某些格式报告给主机控制器。传感IC 110例如把模拟电容信号转换成数字数据，随后把数字数据通过串行总线传送到主机控制器。可以使用任意数量的传感器IC。例如，对于所有电极可以使用单个芯片，或者对一个或一组电极使用多个芯片。大多数情况下，传感IC 110报告跟踪信号，此信号是电极102的位置以及电极102处电容强度的函数。
电极102、轨迹106和传感电路104通常位于一个光学透射元件112之上。大多数情况下，此光学透射元件112用一种透明材料例如 玻璃或塑料制成。可以用任何适当的模压技术将电极102和轨迹106设置在光学透射元件112上，例如沉积、蚀刻、印刷以及类似技术。电极102和传感轨迹106可以用任何适当的透明导电材料来制成。例如，电极102和轨迹106可以用氧化铟锡(ITO)制成。另外，传感电路104的传感IC 110可以通过任何适当的技术电气耦合到轨迹106。一种实施方式中的传感IC 110直接位于元件112(倒装片)之上。另一种实施方式中，一个挠性电路粘结到元件112，而传感IC 110附着在挠性电路上。又一种实施方式中，一个挠性电路粘结到元件112，PCB粘结到挠性电路，传感IC 110附着在PCB上。传感IC例如可以是电容传感IC，如加州圣荷西的Synaptics公司、Newark的Fingerworks或者加州圣荷西的DE或Alps生产的传感IC。
电极102的分布可以是多种类型的。例如，电极102几乎可以位于触摸屏100平面上的任何位置。电极102可以在触摸屏100上随机地或者以特定的方式来设置。对于后一种情况，电极102的位置取决于所使用的坐标系。例如，对于笛卡尔坐标系，电极102可以位于行和列的阵列内，或者对于极坐标系，电极位于同心圆和极径部分的阵列内。每个阵列内的行、列、同心圆或极径部分可以互相均匀地叠加，或者互相交错或偏移。此外，每一行或列内，或者每个同心圆或极径部分内，电极102相对于相邻电极102交错或偏移。
此外，电极102几乎可以由任何形状构成，不管此形状是简单(例如正方形、圆形、椭圆、三角形、矩形、多边形或者类似形状)还是复杂(例如，随机形状)。而且，电极102的形状可以具有相同的或者不同的形状。例如，一组电极102具有第一种形状，而第二组电极102具有不同于第一种形状的第二种形状。形状通常选择为使得传感区域最大化，并且使得间隙和透明电极之间的光学差最小。
另外，电极102的大小可以根据各种设备的特定需求进行改变。一些情况下，电极102的大小对应于手指尖的大小。例如，电极102的大小在4-5mm2左右。另一些情况下，电极102的尺寸要小于手指尖，从而增加触摸屏100的分辨率(手指一次会影响两个或更多的电 极，因而能够插值)。与形状一样，电极102的尺寸也可以相同或者不同。例如，一组电极102可以大于另一组电极102。而且可以使用任意数量的电极102。电极102的数量一般由触摸屏100的尺寸以及每个电极102的尺寸来确定。大多数情况下期望能够增加电极102的数量来提供更高的分辨率，即加速时能够使用更多的信息。
尽管传感轨迹106可以用多种方式导向，一般来说，导向方式要减小电极102和传感电路104之间必须经过的距离，同时减小相邻电极102之间的间隙108的尺寸。传感轨迹106的宽度也可以改变。此宽度通常由所分布电荷量、相邻轨迹106的数量、以及它们经过的间隙108的大小来确定。通常期望能加大相邻轨迹106的宽度以覆盖间隙108，从而产生更均匀的光学效果。
所述实施例中，电极102位于一个像素阵列内。如图所示，电极102位于延伸到触摸屏100两侧的各行116上。每行116内相同的电极102互相间隔并且平行放置(例如，并置)。另外，各行116的顶端互相叠加，从而构成了像素阵列。传感轨迹106在相邻的行116之间形成的间隙108内导向。每行的传感轨迹106沿两个不同的方向导向。行116一侧的传感轨迹106被导向到位于触摸屏100的左侧的传感IC 110，而行116另一侧的传感轨迹106被导向到位于右侧的另一个传感IC 110。这是为了减小各行116之间形成的间隙108。间隙108例如可以保持在大约20微米。应该理解的是，轨道间的空间可以叠加，从而产生了电极之间较大的间隙。如果导向到一侧，空间的尺寸基本上加倍，从而降低了触摸屏的分辨率。而且，电极102的形状是平行四边形的形式，尤其是带有斜边的平行四边形。
图7是根据本发明的一个实施例的透明多点触摸屏120的局部顶视图。本实施例中，触摸屏120类似于图6所示的触摸屏100，但是与图6中的触摸屏100不同的是，图7所示的触摸屏120包括了不同尺寸的电极122。如图所示，位于触摸屏120中心处的电极122大于位于触摸屏120四周上的电极122。实际上，从触摸屏120的中心到边缘，电极122的高度也相应变小。这是为了留出传感轨迹124从多 个中心处电极122向边缘延伸的空间。这种设置能够有效地减小电极122的相邻行126之间的间隙。尽管各个电极122的高度缩小了，行126的高度H和各个电极122的宽度W仍然保持不变。一种设置中，行126的高度基本等同于各个电极122的宽度。例如，行126的高度和各个电极122的宽度是大约4mm到5mm。
图8是根据本发明的一个实施例的显示装置截面130的正视图。显示装置130包括一个LCD显示器132和位于LCD显示器132之上的触摸屏134。该触摸屏例如可相当于图6或7所示的触摸屏。LCD显示器132可相当于现有技术中已知的任何常规LCD显示器。尽管没有示出，LCD显示器132一般包括了各个层，其中包括了荧光面板、偏振滤光镜、液晶元件、彩色滤光片以及类似的层。
触摸屏134包括位于玻璃元件138上的一个透明电极层136。玻璃元件138可以是LCD显示器132的一部分或者是触摸屏134的一部分。无论哪种情况，玻璃元件138是一个相对较厚的透明玻璃片，其防止显示器132受到施加在触摸屏134上的力的影响。玻璃元件138的厚度例如是大约2mm。大多数情况下，可以使用适当的透明导电材料以及模压技术，例如ITO和印刷，把电极层136设置在玻璃元件138上。尽管没有示出，在一些情况下，电极层136必须涂覆一层折射率类似的材料来增强触摸屏的可视效果。应该理解的是，电极和轨迹之间的间隙的折射率不一定与电极和轨迹相同，因此需要一层材料来提供较为相似的光学折射率。例如，可以使用折射率匹配凝胶。
触摸屏134还包括一个放置在电极层136上的保护盖板140。因此电极136夹在玻璃元件138和保护盖板140之间。保护板140用于保护其下的层，并提供了一个允许目标在其上滑动的表面。保护板140还提供了目标和电极层136之间的一个绝缘层。保护盖板140可以用任何适当的透明材料例如玻璃和塑料来构成。保护盖板140应较薄以允许充分的电极耦合。例如，盖板140的厚度大约在0.3-0.8mm之间。另外，保护盖板140可以镀膜处理来减小触摸时的粘性，以及减小观看下方的LCD显示器132时的眩光。例如，可以在盖板140上敷设 一层低粘度/防反射的镀膜层142。尽管电极层136一般模压到玻璃元件138上，需要注意的是在一些情况下，可选地或者额外地模压在保护盖板140上。
图9是根据本发明的另一个实施例的透明多点触摸屏150的顶视图。例如，触摸屏150通常可相应于图2和4中的触摸屏。与图6-8所示的触摸屏不同，图9中的触摸屏利用了互电容而不是自电容的概念。如图所示，触摸屏150包括两层空间分离线路或导线152的栅格。大多数情况下，每层上的线路152互相平行。另外，尽管在不同的平面上，不同的层上的线路152设置成相交或交叉，从而产生了电容传感节点154，每个节点表示触摸屏150平面上的不同坐标。节点154接收节点154附近的来自接触到触摸屏150的目标的电容输入。如果目标靠近节点154，目标吸收了电荷，从而影响了节点154的电容。
更具体地说，不同层上的线路152起到两个不同的作用。一组线路152A驱动电流，而第二组线路152B感应各个节点154的电容耦合。大多数情况下，上层提供驱动线路152A，而下层提供了传感线路152B。驱动线路152A连接到一个电压源(未示出)，其通过各条驱动线152A驱动电流。也即，仅在一条线上出现激励，而所有其他线接地。驱动线路的驱动类似于光栅扫描。传感线路152B连接到持续感应所有传感线152B(一直感应)的电容传感电路(未示出)。
驱动线152A被驱动时，其上的电荷通过节点154电容耦合到相交的传感线152B，而电容传感电路感应所有平行的传感线152B。其后驱动下一条驱动线152A，其上的电荷通过节点154电容耦合到相交的传感线152B，而电容传感电路感应所有平行的传感线152B。这一过程顺序进行，直到所有的驱动线152A都已经被驱动。一旦所有的驱动线152A已经全被驱动，顺序重新开始(持续重复)。大多数情况下，驱动线152A从一侧向相对一侧顺序驱动。
电容传感电路一般包括一个或多个传感IC，其测量各个传感线152B的电容，然后把结果报告给主机控制器。传感IC例如将模拟电容信号转换成数字数据，然后通过串行总线把数字数据传输到主机控 制器。可以使用任意数量的传感IC。例如，对于所有线使用一个传感IC，或者对于单个或一组线使用多个传感IC。大多数情况下，传感IC 110报告跟踪信号，此信号是节点154的位置以及节点154处电容强度的函数。
线路152通常位于一个或多个光学透射元件156之上，所述元件用透明材料例如玻璃或塑料制成。例如，线路152可以位于同一元件156的相对的两侧或者位于不同元件156上。可以用任何适当的模压技术将线路152设置在元件156上，例如沉积、蚀刻、印刷以及类似技术。而且，线路152可以用任何适当的透明导电材料来制成。例如，线路可以用氧化铟锡(ITO)制成。驱动线152A一般通过挠性电路158A耦合到电压源，而传感线152B一般耦合到传感电路，尤其通过挠性电路152B耦合到传感IC。传感IC可附着在印刷电路板(PCB)上。可选地，传感IC可以直接位于元件156上，从而省略了挠性电路158B。
线路152的分布可以是多种类型的。例如，线路152几乎可以位于触摸屏150平面上的任何位置。线路152可以在触摸屏150上随机的或者以特定的方式来设置。对于后一种情况，线路152的位置取决于所使用的坐标系统。例如，对于笛卡尔坐标系，线路152可以位于行和列上，或者对于极坐标系，其位于同心圆和极径部分上。如果使用行和列，行和列可以呈不同的角度设置。例如，可以是垂直、水平或对角。
此外，线路152几乎可以由任何形状构成，不管此形状是直线还是曲线。每个层上的线路可以相同或者不同。例如，线路可以在直线和曲线之间变换。而且，相对的线路的形状可以具有相同的或者不同的形状。例如，驱动线路具有第一种形状，而传感线路具有不同于第一种形状的第二种形状。线路152的几何形状(例如，线宽和间距)也可以变化。各层内的线路的几何形状可以相同或者不同，此外，两个层的线路的几何形状可以相同或不同。例如，传感线路152B和驱动线路152A的线宽比率大约为2∶1。
此外，可以使用任意数量的线路152。通常认为线路的数量取决于触摸屏150所需的分辨率。各层内的线路数量可以相同或不同。线路数量一般由触摸屏的尺寸以及线路152的所需节距和线宽确定。
所示实施例中，驱动线路152A位于各行上，而传感线路152B位于垂直于各行的各列上。行水平延伸到触摸屏150的两侧，列垂直延伸到触摸屏150的顶部和底部。此外，线路组152A和152B的线宽是不同的，而线路组152A和152B的节距是相同的。大多数情况下，传感线152B的线宽大于驱动线152A的线宽。例如，驱动和传感线152的节距大约是5mm，驱动线152A的线宽大约是1.05mm，而传感线152B的线宽大约是2.10mm。此外，各层内的线路152的数量是不同的。例如，可能有大约38条驱动线和大约50条传感线。
如上所述，为了在玻璃、薄膜或塑料上构成半透明导体的线路，可以用ITO材料模压而成。这通常是用在基底表面上沉积一个ITO层来实现，然后蚀刻掉部分ITO层而形成线路。应该理解的是，具有ITO层的区域应该比没有ITO层的区域的透射率更低。这对于用户来说是不希望得到的结果，因为用户能够辨别出间隔之间的线路，也即模压上的ITO会变得非常清楚，从而使制造出的触摸屏具有所不期望的光学特性。ITO层一般会产生相对较低的阻抗，不幸的是低阻抗ITO比起高阻抗ITO的透明度更低，因而加剧了此问题。
为了防止上述问题，ITO之间的非活性区域可以填充折射率匹配材料。另一个实施例中，除去简单地腐蚀掉所有ITO之外，非活性区域(未覆盖的空间)可以被分成互不连接的电气浮动ITO片，即非活性区域可以模压有空间分离的片。这些片一般间隔了很小的轨迹宽度。此外，片一般也很小以减小其对电容测量的影响。此技术通过产生一个均匀光学延迟器使ITO的外形最小化。即通过产生一个均匀ITO片，面板的功能会更接近一个均匀的光学延迟器，因此使不均匀的视觉效果最小化。另一个实施例中，可以组合使用折射率匹配材料和互不连接的浮动片。
图10是根据本发明的一个实施例的显示装置170截面的局部正 视图。显示装置170包括一个LCD显示器172和位于LCD显示器170上的一个触摸屏174。触摸屏例如可对应于图9所示的触摸屏。LCD显示器172可对应于现有技术已知的任意常规LCD显示器。尽管没有示出，LCD显示器172一般包括了各个层，其中包括了荧光面板、偏振滤光镜、液晶元件、彩色滤光片以及类似的层。
触摸屏174包括位于第一玻璃元件178上的一个透明传感层176。传感层176包括多条列上的传感线177(延伸出页面)。第一玻璃元件178可以是LCD显示器172的一部分或者是触摸屏174的一部分。例如，其可以是LCD显示器172的第一层玻璃或者是触摸屏174的底层玻璃。传感层176一般使用适当的透明导电材料以及模压技术设置在玻璃元件178上。在某些情况下，传感层176需要镀有相同折射率的材料来增强可视效果，即看起来更均匀。
触摸屏174还包括位于第二玻璃元件182上的一个透明驱动层180。第二玻璃元件178位于第一玻璃元件178之上。因此传感层176被夹在第一玻璃元件178和第二玻璃元件182之间。第二玻璃元件182在传感层176和驱动层180之间提供了一个绝缘层。驱动层180包括多条行上的驱动线181(延伸到页面的左右)。驱动线181与列上的传感线177相交或交叉，从而构成了多个电容耦合节点182。与传感层176一样，也可以使用适当的材料和模压技术将驱动层180设置在玻璃元件上。此外，在某些情况下，驱动层176需要镀有相同折射率的材料来增强可视效果。尽管传感层一般模压在第一玻璃元件上，需要注意的是在某些情况下，其可选地或额外地模压在第二玻璃元件上。
触摸屏174还包括位于驱动层180上的一个保护盖板190。因此驱动层180被夹在第二玻璃元件182和保护盖板190之间。保护盖板190用于保护其下的层，并提供一个允许目标在其上滑动的表面。保护盖板190还在目标和驱动层180之间提供了一个绝缘层。保护盖板适当地较薄以允许充分的耦合。保护盖板190可以用任意适当的透明材料制成，例如玻璃和塑料。另外，保护盖板190可以镀膜处理以减小触摸时的粘性，以及减小观看下方的LCD显示器172时的眩光。 例如，在盖板190上敷设一层低粘度/防反射的镀膜层。尽管线路层一般模压到玻璃元件上，需要注意的是在一些情况下，其可选地或者额外地模压在保护盖板上。
触摸屏174还包括各种粘结层192。粘结层192把玻璃元件178和182以及保护盖板190粘结到一起，构成了层压结构，为该层压结构提供了强度和刚性。大体上，粘结层192有助于产生一个单片集成电路，其强度大于各个层的单独强度。大多数情况下，第一和第二玻璃元件178和182以及第二玻璃元件及保护板182和190使用粘结剂例如胶合剂层压在一起。胶合剂的柔性可以用于吸收几何形状变化以构成单个复合结构，其具有所期望的整体几何形状。在某些情况下，粘结剂包括一种折射率匹配材料来增强触摸屏170的可视效果。
关于配置，每个层可以设置不同的尺寸、形状以及类似参数。例如，每层的厚度可以与结构内其他层的厚度相同或不同。所示实施例中，第一玻璃元件178的厚度大约是1.1mm，第二玻璃元件182的厚度大约是0.4mm，而保护板的厚度大约是0.55mm。粘结层192的厚度一般不同，以产生具有所需高度的层压结构。此外，每层可以用不同材料制成。例如，每一个特定层可以用相同或不同材料来制成。例如，任何适当的玻璃或塑料材料可被用于玻璃元件。类似地，任何适当的粘结剂可被用于粘结层192。
图11A和11B是根据一个实施例的驱动层200和传感层202的局部顶视图。本实施例中，各个层202和204包括了位于驱动线206和传感线208之间的中间零件204。中间零件204通过近似匹配线路的光学折射率从光学上增强触摸屏的可视效果。尽管折射率匹配材料能增强可视效果，但仍然发现存在一些非均匀性。中间零件204提供了具有更均匀效果的触摸屏。中间零件204电气隔离，并且位于线路206和208之间的间隙内。尽管其被分别模压而成，中间零件204一般沿着线路206和208模压。此外，尽管这些层用不同的材料制成，中间零件204一般用相同的透明导电材料例如ITO制成以提供最佳的折射率匹配。需要注意的是，中间零件仍会产生一些间隙，但这些间 隙要远远小于线路之间的间隙(要小许多量级)。因此这些间隙对可视效果产生的影响最小。如果是这种情况，折射率匹配材料可以额外施加到中间零件之间的间隙上以进一步增强触摸屏的可视效果。中间零件的分布、尺寸、数量、维度和形状也可以改变。
图12是根据本发明的一个实施例的互电容电路220的简化示意图。互电容电路220包括空间分离的驱动线222和传感线224，从而构成了一个电容耦合节点226。驱动线222电气耦合到一个电压源228，传感线224电气耦合到一个电容传感电路230。驱动线222用于向电容耦合节点226传送电流，而传感线224用于向电容传感电路230传送电流。当没有目标时，节点226上的电容耦合保持恒定。如果一个目标232例如手指靠近节点226，节点226的电容耦合也发生变化。目标232有效地将一部分电场分路，由此节点226上的电荷变小了。电容耦合的变化也使得传感线224携带的电流发生变化。电容传感电路230记录了出现电流变化的节点226的电流变化以及位置，并把此信息以原始格式或某种处理后的格式报告给主机控制器。电容传感电路基本上同时(当用户观察时)为每个节点226进行处理，从而提供了多点传感。
传感线224可包含一个滤波器236，用于消除寄生电容237，所述寄生电容例如可能由行和列线路相对于其他线路的大表面区域以及系统的地电势产生。一般而言，滤波器消除了杂散电容效应，从而输出在节点226上传输的电荷的净表示(除此之外没有其他输出)。即滤波器236产生一个不依赖于寄生电容而是依赖于节点226上电容的输出。其结果是产生一个更精确的输出。
图13是根据本发明的一个实施例的反相放大器240的示意图。反相放大器240通常对应于图12所示的滤波器236。如图所示，反相放大器包括一个保持在恒定电压的非反相输入端(在这种情况下为地)，一个耦合到节点的反相输入端，以及耦合到电容传感电路230的输出端。此输出通过一个电容耦合回馈到反相输入端。操作过程中，来自节点的输入用杂散电容效应分布，即寄生电容。如果这样，反相 放大器用于驱动输入端使其回到激励之前的相同电压值。由此，寄生电容值就不再产生影响。
图14是根据本发明的一个实施例的电容传感电路260的框图。电容传感电路260例如可对应于上述附图所示的电容传感电路。电容传感电路260用于从多个传感点262(电极、节点等)接收输入数据，并处理数据，然后把处理后的数据输出到主机控制器。
传感电路260包括一个复用器264(MUX)。复用器264是一个执行时分复用功能的开关。如图所示，MUX 264包括多个独立输入通道266，用于从各个传感点262同时接收信号。MUX 264同时存储所有输入信号，但通过一个输出通道268一次顺序释放这些信号。
传感电路260还包括一个模数转换器270(ADC)，其通过输出通道268操作耦合到MUX 264。ADC 270被配置为将输入的模拟信号连续数字化，一次转换一个。也就是说，ADC 270把每个输入模拟信号转换成输出数字信号。ADC 270的输入通常对应一个电压，其数值理论上是无穷大。该电压根据各个传感点262的电容耦合量而改变。另一方面，ADC 270的输出具有确定的状态数。所述状态通常具有可估计的精确电压或电流。
传感电路260还包括一个数字信号处理器272(DSP)，其通过另一个通道274操作耦合到ADC 270。DSP 272是一个可编程计算机处理单元，其通过高速数学处理来解释数字信号，或对其进行标准化。DSP 274能够区分是有序的人工信号、还是无序的噪声。大多数情况下，DSP采用原始数据进行滤波和转换算法。例如，DSP可以滤除原始数据的噪声事件，同时计算触摸屏上每次触摸的触摸边界，随后确定每次触摸的坐标。然后可以把触摸事件的坐标报告给主机控制器，在此与触摸事件的前一坐标进行比较，以确定主机设备内执行什么操作。
图15是根据本发明的一个实施例的一个流程图280。此方法通常从模块282开始，其中驱动多个传感点。例如，电压施加到自身电容触摸屏的电极上或者通过互电容触摸屏内的驱动线施加到电极上。后 一种情况中分别驱动每条驱动线。也即每次驱动一条驱动线，从而形成所有相交的传感线上的电荷。模块282之后，处理流程继续到模块284，在此读取所有传感点的输出(电压)。此模块包括输出的复用和数字化。例如，互电容触摸屏中，一行内的所有传感点被复用和数字化，然后重复此过程，直到所有的行均被采样。模块284之后，处理流程继续到模块286，其中可产生触摸屏平面在某一时刻的图像或其它数据形式(信号或信号群)，随后分析信号以确定目标接触到触摸屏的位置。例如，可计算每次触摸的边界，然后可以找到触摸的坐标。模块286之后，处理流程继续到模块288，其中当前图像或信号与过去的图像或信号进行比较，以确定触摸屏平面上每个目标的压力、位置、方向、速度和加速度的变化。此信息随后可被用于执行一项操作，例如模块290所示的移动指针或光标或进行选择。
图16是根据本发明的一个实施例的数字信号处理方法300的流程图。例如，此方法通常对应于图15所示并阐述的模块286。方法300通常从模块302开始，其中接收到原始数据。原始数据一般是数字化形式，包括触摸屏上每个节点的数值。数值可以在0到256之间，其中0表示电容耦合最强(没有触压)，256表示电容耦合最弱(触压最强)。图17A示出了某一时刻上的原始数据的例子。如图17A所示，每个点的数值用灰度值表示，其中电容耦合最弱的点用白色表示，而电容耦合最强的点用黑色表示，电容耦合最弱和最强之间的点用灰色表示。
模块302之后，处理流程继续到模块304，其中对原始数据进行滤波。应该理解的是，原始数据一般包括一些噪声。滤波过程就用于消除噪声。例如，可以运行噪声算法来去除与其他点不相连的点。单个或不相连的点往往表示噪声，而多个相连的点通常表示一个或多个触摸区域，即触摸屏上被目标接触的区域。图17B示出了滤波后数据的一个实例。如图所示，单个散点已经被去除，从而留下了几个集中区域。
模块304之后，处理流程继续到模块306，其中生成了梯度数据。 梯度数据表明每组连接点的拓扑结构。拓扑结构一般基于每一点的电容值。最低值的点比较陡峭，而最高值比较平缓。应该理解的是，陡峭点表示出现较大压力的触摸点，而平缓点表示出现较低压力的触摸点。图17C示出了梯度数据的一个实例。
模块306之后，处理流程继续到模块308，其中基于梯度数据来计算接触区域的边界。通常确定将哪些点组成到一起来构成每个触摸区域。图17D示出了接触区域的一个实例。
一个实施例中，使用了分水岭算法来确定边界。一般而言，该算法执行图像分割，即把一幅图像划分成不同的区域，例如与触摸屏接触的多个目标的接触区域。分水岭的概念最初来自于地理学领域，尤其来自于地形测量学，其中落在地形形状上的一滴水遵循下降的路径，通常到达最低点，其中分水岭就是吸引水滴范围的分界线。其中，分水线表示像素位置，其最佳地分离了接触到触摸屏的不同目标。分水岭算法可以很不同。一种特定执行方式中，分水岭算法包括从低点到峰点构成路径(基于各点的幅值)，给峰值分配一个ID标签，把每点(像素)连接到具有峰值的路径。这些步骤在整个图像映像上执行，因此分开了与接触到触摸屏的每个目标相关的接触区域。
模块308之后，处理流程继续到模块310，其中计算每个接触区域的坐标。这可以通过对每个接触区域的相关原始数据执行形心计算来实现。例如，一旦确定了接触区域，相应的原始数据可以被用于计算接触区域的形心。形心可以表示接触区域的中央坐标。例如，可以采用下列公式来寻找X和Y形心：
Xc＝∑Z＊x/∑Z；以及
Yc＝∑Z＊y/∑Z，
其中Xc表示接触区域的x形心
Yc表示接触区域的y形心
x表示接触区域内每个像素或点的x坐标
y表示接触区域内每个像素或点的y坐标
Z表示每个像素或点的幅值(电容值)。
图17E示出了接触区域形心计算的一个实例。如图所示，每个接触区域表示不同的x和y坐标。这些坐标可被用于执行模块312内所示的多点跟踪。例如，每个接触区域的坐标可以与接触区域的前一坐标进行比较，以确定接触到触摸屏的目标的位置变化，或者触摸目标是否增加或减少，或者是否有特定目标在敲击触摸屏。
图18和19是根据本发明的多个实施例的电子设备350的侧视图。电子设备350包括一个LCD显示器352和位于LCD显示器352之上的一个透明触摸屏354。触摸屏354包括一个保护盖板356，一个或多个传感层358，以及一个底部玻璃元件360。该实施例中，底部玻璃元件360是LCD显示器352的第一层玻璃。此外，传感层358可以设置成上述的自电容或互电容。传感层358通常在触摸屏边缘包括多个 互联，用于把传感层358耦合到传感电路(未示出)。例如，传感层358可以通过一个或多个附着在触摸屏354侧面的挠性电路362电气 耦合到传感电路。
如图所示，LCD显示器352和触摸屏354位于一个外壳364内。外壳364用于覆盖并且把这些元件支撑到电子设备350内的装配位置上。外壳364提供一个空间用于放置LCD显示器352和触摸屏354，以及透过外壳364能看到显示屏的一个开孔366。一个实施例中，如图18所示，外壳364包括一个立面370来覆盖LCD显示器352的侧面和触摸屏354。尽管没有示出具体细节，立面370位于LCD显示器352和触摸屏354的整个外围附近。立面370用于掩盖互联点，仅把LCD显示器352和触摸屏354的有源区域留在视场内。
另一个实施例中，如图19所示，外壳364不包括一个立面370，而是印制在触摸屏354的上部玻璃374内部的一个罩372，延伸到外壳364两侧之间。这种特定设置使得面罩372隐藏在上部玻璃356内。罩372的作用与立面370相同，但是是更雅致的设计方案。一种执行方式中，罩372由高温黑色聚合物制成。图19所示实施例中，触摸屏354基于互电容传感，因此传感层358包括驱动线376和传感线378。驱动线376位于上部玻璃356和罩372之上，而传感线378位于下部 玻璃360之上。驱动线376和传感线378通过一个间隔380而互相绝缘。间隔380是例如一个内部保留了或者其上施加了光学匹配材料的透明塑料片。
图18和19所示的一个实施例中，电子设备350对应于一台平板电脑。该实施例中，外壳364还包围了各种集成电路芯片和为平板电脑执行操作的其他电路382。例如，集成电路芯片和其他电路可包括一个微处理器、主板、只读存储器(ROM)、随机存取存储器(RAM)、硬驱动器、磁盘驱动器、电池，以及各种输入/输出支撑设备。
虽然本发明阐述了几个优选实施例，其他变化、置换和等同都在本发明范围内。例如，尽管触摸屏采用了电容传感，需要注意的是本文所述的某些或所有特征可以应用其他传感方式。还需要注意的是其他可替换的方式来实现本发明的方法和装置。因此，下述所附的权利要求包括落入本发明的主旨和范围内的所有变化、置换、以及等同。

Claims (25)

1.一种具有透明电容传感介质的触摸面板，被配置为检测触摸面板平面上同时并且在不同位置上发生的多点触摸或邻近触摸，为多点触摸中的每个触摸产生表示触摸面板平面上触摸位置的不同信号；
其中，所述透明电容传感介质包括：一个透明电极层，所述透明电极层包括透明导电材料构成的多个电气隔离电极和电极轨迹，每个电极被放置在触摸面板平面上的不同位置处，每个电极具有单独轨迹，以便操作耦合到电容监控电路。
2.如权利要求1所述的触摸面板，其中透明电容传感介质包括透明电容传感节点的像素阵列。
3.如权利要求1所述的触摸面板，其中透明电容传感介质形成在基底的单侧上。
4.如权利要求3所述的触摸面板，还包括一个或多个用于监控每个电极处的电容的集成电路，所述集成电路通过轨迹操作耦合到所述电极。
5.如权利要求3所述的触摸面板，其中所述电极位于行和列上。
6.一种具有透明电容传感介质的触摸面板，被配置为检测触摸面板平面上同时并且在不同位置上发生的多点触摸或邻近触摸，为多点触摸中的每个触摸产生表示触摸面板平面上触摸位置的不同信号，其中透明电容传感介质包括：
第一层，其具有多条互相电气隔离且用透明导电材料构成的第一传导线；以及
与第一层空间上分离的第二层，其具有多条互相电气隔离且用透明导电材料构成的第二传导线，多条第二传导线和多条第一传导线横向相交，多条第一和第二传导线的交点位于触摸面板平面的不同位置处，多条第二传导线中的每个传导线操作耦合到电容监控电路。
7.如权利要求6所述的触摸面板，其中电容监控电路包括电荷放大器，该电荷放大器包括：
一个保持在恒定电压的非反相输入端；
一个耦合到多条第二传导线中的至少一个的反相输入端；
耦合到电容传感电路的输出端；以及
耦合在输出端和反相输入端之间的电容。
8.如权利要求7所述的触摸面板，其中电容传感电路包括：
一个复用器(MUX)，用于从多条第二传导线中的每个传导线同时接收模拟信号，存储所有模拟信号，并通过一个输出通道每次一个地依序释放所述模拟信号；
一个模数转换器，其通过输出通道操作耦合到MUX，所述模数转换器被配置为把输入的模拟信号转换成输出数字信号；以及
一个数字信号处理器(DSP)，其操作耦合到模数转换器，用于接收输出数字信号，所述DSP从数字信号中滤除噪声事件并确定每次触摸的坐标。
9.如权利要求6所述的触摸面板，其中电容监控电路包括：
一个连接到多条第二传导线并提供模拟信号的电荷放大器；
一个复用器(MUX)，用于接收模拟信号，存储所有模拟信号，并通过一个输出通道每次一个地依序释放所述模拟信号；
一个模数转换器，其通过所述输出通道操作耦合到MUX，所述模数转换器被配置为把输入的模拟信号转换成输出数字信号；以及
一个数字信号处理器(DSP)，其操作耦合到模数转换器，用于接收输出数字信号，所述DSP从数字信号中滤除噪声事件并确定每次触摸的坐标。
10.如权利要求6所述的触摸面板，其中，所述第一层和第二层位于光学透射元件的相对的两侧上。
11.一种显示装置，包括：
一个具有显示图形用户界面的屏幕的显示器；和
一个透明触摸面板，透过所述面板能看到屏幕，能够唯一识别出触摸面板的触摸传感面上同时在不同位置处发生的多点触摸事件，并把此信息输出到主机设备；
其中透明触摸面板包括一个多点传感装置，其用于同时检测和监控透明触摸面板上触摸敏感表面上不同点的触摸以及触摸程度；
所述多点传感装置包括：
第一层，其具有多条互相电气隔离且用透明导电材料构成的第一传导线；以及
与第一层空间上分离的第二层，其具有多条互相电气隔离且用透明导电材料构成的第二传导线，多条第二传导线和多条第一传导线横向相交，多条第一和第二传导线的交点位于透明触摸面板平面的不同位置处，多条第二传导线中的每个传导线操作耦合到电容监控电路。
12.如权利要求11所述的显示装置，其中多条第一和第二传导线的交点提供多个透明电容传感节点，所述节点互相独立工作并且表示触摸面板上不同的点。
13.如权利要求12所述的显示装置，其中多条第一传导线形成与电压源连接的驱动线，电压源每次驱动流过一条驱动线的电流，并且由于电容耦合，电流被传送到形成传感线的多条第二传导线的每个透明电容传感节点。
14.如权利要求11所述的显示装置，其中电容监控电路包括：耦和到多条第二传导线的电荷放大器，用于检测透明触摸面板上的触摸。
15.如权利要求12所述的显示装置，其中透明电容传感节点通过多条第二传导线被耦合到电容监控电路，其中电容监控电路监控每个透明电容传感节点上出现的电容变化、出现变化的位置以及这些变化的幅度，用于识别多点触摸事件。
16.如权利要求13或15所述的显示装置，其中电容监控电路包括：
一个复用器(MUX)，它从每个电容传感节点同时接收信号，存储所有信号，并通过一个输出通道每次一个地依序释放信号；
一个模数转换器，其通过所述输出通道操作耦合到MUX，模数转换器用于把输入的模拟信号转换成输出数字信号；以及
一个数字信号处理器，其操作耦合到模数转换器，数字信号处理器从原始数据中滤除噪声，为触摸面板上同时发生的每次触摸计算触摸边界，随后为每次触摸确定坐标。
17.如权利要求11所述的显示装置，其中所述透明触摸面板包括：
一个位于显示器屏幕上的第一光学透射元件；
一个位于第一光学透射元件上的第二光学透射元件；
位于第一光学透射元件和第二光学透射元件之间的多条第二传导线；
位于第二光学透射元件上的多条第一传导线；以及
一个位于第二透明导电层上的保护盖板。
18.如权利要求13或17所述的显示装置，还包括位于多条第一或第二传导线之间的间隔内的中间零件，所述中间零件通过更匹配多条第一或第二传导线的光学指数来增强触摸面板的视觉效果。
19.如权利要求18所述的显示装置，其中所述中间零件被电气隔离，并用透明导电材料制成。
20.如权利要求17所述的显示装置，其中多条第一传导线具有相同的节距和线宽，并且其中多条第二传导线具有相同的节距和线宽。
21.如权利要求11、16或17所述的显示装置，其中多条第一传导线和多条第二传导线形成在同一光学透射元件上。
22.如权利要求21所述的显示装置，其中多条第一传导线和多条第二传导线形成在同一光学透射元件的相对的两侧上。
23.如权利要求22所述的显示装置，其中所述光学透射元件包括玻璃。
24.一种计算机系统，其包括：
一个处理器，被配置为执行指令并执行与计算机系统相关的操作；
一个操作耦合到所述处理器的显示设备；和
一个操作地耦合到所述处理器的透明触摸面板，所述透明触摸面板位于显示器前方，所述透明触摸面板用于跟踪在透明触摸面板上同时停留、轻敲或移动的多个目标，所述透明触摸面板包括一个电容传感设备，所述电容传感设备被划分成位于整个透明触摸面板平面上的几个独立和空间上不同的传感点，每个传感点能够同时生成一个信号，来自传感点的信号唯一识别在透明触摸面板上同时停留、轻敲或移动的多个目标，所述透明触摸面板还包括一个传感电路，其从传感设备获取数据，并把获取的数据送往处理器；以及
其中透明触摸面板包括：
第一层，其具有多条互相电气隔离且用透明导电材料构成的第一传导线；以及
与第一层空间上分离的第二层，其具有多条互相电气隔离且用透明导电材料构成的第二传导线，多条第二传导线和多条第一传导线横向相交，多条第一和第二传导线的交点位于触摸面板平面的不同位置处，多条第二传导线中的每个传导线操作耦合到电容监控电路。
25.如权利要求24所述的计算机系统，其中，所述第一层和第二层形成在光学透射元件的相对的两侧上。
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