EP0498755A1

EP0498755A1 - Machine for cleaving slate pieces

Info

Publication number: EP0498755A1
Application number: EP92500006A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Joaquin Fernandez Sanchez; Maximino Fernandez Sanchez
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 1991-02-04
Filing date: 1992-01-22
Publication date: 1992-08-12
Anticipated expiration: 2012-01-22
Also published as: EP0498755B1; ES2059201T3; DE69200285T2; DE69200285D1; ES2028598A6

Abstract

The process comprises using a cutting blade (22) having a cutting edge (24) defining a straight alignment. The piece (3) of slate to be cloven is arranged such that one of the lateral edges thereof is accessible to the blade (22), the cutting edge (24) of which is applied against said lateral edge, the blade (22) being operated to insert the cutting edge (24) into the piece (3) of slate. This forms a shallow crack in the piece and thereafter pressurized water is injected in the crack until the piece (3) is fully cloven.

Description

This invention relates to a process for cleaving slate pieces having an orientation for cleavage planes and having at least one generally flat lateral edge perpendicular to said planes of cleavage.
The cleavage is traditionally carried out by hand, on the basis of using a sharp chisel and striking with a hammer. This leads to irregularities in the thickness of the pieces and to a high rejection rate for breakages, since the process depends on the manual skill of the worker.
More or less extensive mechanization processes have been developed, always on mechanical processes. The difficulty lies in the different nature of the materials being cloven and on the irregularity of the forms of the cleavage planes. The advantages obtained have been slender, and in the majority of cases, there has been a return to the manual processes.
It is an object of the invention to provide a process overcoming the said drawbacks. This object is achieved with a process of the type mentioned at the beginning and which is characterized in that it comprises the following steps: providing a cutting blade having a straight line cutting edge; arranging the piece such that said lateral edge is accessible to said blade; applying said cutting edge to said lateral edge; operating said blade for insertion of the cutting edge in the piece of slate, forming a short crack therein; and injecting pressurized water in said crack until said piece is fully cloven.
In a preferred development of the invention, prior to the step of applying the cutting edge against the lateral edge of the piece, said piece is moved to centre said lateral edge relative to the vertical plane containing said cutting edge.
According to a further preferred feature of the invention, said blade may rock, allowing said cutting edge of the blade to be parallel to said lateral edge of the piece of slate.
The invention relates also to a machine for cleaving pieces of slate, having an orientation for planes of cleavage and having at least one generally flat lateral edge perpendicular to said cleavage planes.
The machine of the invention is characterized in that it comprises a fixed structure having a frame for holding the piece of slate to be cloven; at least one vertical guideway; and a head member which may slide along said guideway and provided with: a cylinder holder housing cylinders with through rod; an approach mechanism sliding on the through rods and which may move relative to the cylinder holder, said mechanism having two arms with end feelers adapted to engage said flat lateral edge; a blade holder attached to the through rods and also capable of moving relative to the cylinder holder; at least one blade, removably attached to the blade holder, having a straight line cutting edge adapted to open a crack in said flat lateral edge; and nozzles adapted to inject pressurized water in said crack.
Further advantages and features of the invention will be appreciated from the following description in which, without any limiting nature, there is described one preferred embodiment of the invention, with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the drawings:
Figure 1 is a top plan view of the machine of the invention.
Figure 2 is a cross sectional view on the line II-II of Figure 1.
Figure 3 is a partial side elevation view of a module comprising head member, guideways and frame.
Figure 4 is a detail on a larger scale of Figure 3.
Figure 5 is a part side elevation view, partly in cross section, of the approach mechanism.
Figure 6 is a view on line VI-VI of Figure 1.
The machine of the invention has a fixed structure formed by a frame 2 (Figure 3) having a space for containing the piece 3 of slate to be cloven. This piece or block is approximately a regular parallelepiped, the larger surfaces of which are surfaces parallel to the plane of cleavage of the piece. In any case, between the smaller sides of the block there is at least one generally flat lateral edge orientated perpendicularly to the cleavage planes. The piece 3 of slate is placed in the frame in such a way that said edge is upwards. The structure is also provided with vertical guideways 4.
The machine also comprises a head member 6 which may slide along the guideways 4. Sliding is oleohydraulically operated and the guideways form a portal (as in the illustrated embodiment) or are gooseneck shaped, the most appropriate possibility for the final arrangement in the workshop, available space or use of available supply facilities and, above all, the desired level of automation being chosen in each case.
The plant may comprise one or several modules depending on the production rate it is desired to attain. Each module comprises a head member 6, the corresponding vertical guideways 4 and frame 2. In the case of several modules with their corresponding structure, the first one checks the size of the block or piece of slate and provides a coarse cleavage to obtain slabs of a thickness equivalent to four final slates, which thickness is predetermined depending on the market and quality of the slate, ranging normally from 3 to 6 mm.
The slabs obtained move to a second module which splits them exactly down the middle and each of the slabs obtained is moved to further modules which split them down the middle, thereby obtaining the four final slates. Reference is made herein to this second and subsequent modules.
A head member 6 comprises a cylinder holder 8 having preferably hydraulic cylinders 12 (Figure 2) which are connected to a blade holder 20 by way of their rods 13. The blade holder 20 is thus provided with the possibility of movement relative to the cylinder holder 8.
The blade holder 20 has attached thereto a blade 22 which may be continuous or sectional, although it is preferably sectional for reasons to be described hereinafter. These blades are removably mounted, i.e. they may be removed for replacement or repair. The series of blades 22 has a cutting edge 24 defining a single straight line which, as said above, must be generally parallel to the upper edge of the piece 3 of slate.
The rods 13 of the cylinders 12 act as sliding ways for the frame 5 which supports the approach mechanisms, with the feelers therefor and the positioning or self centering mechanism.
The frame 5 is supported on the cylinder holder block 8 through the rods 11 of special, preferably pneumatic cylinders 10 which relieve the load which, due to the weight thereof, the unit exerts on the piece of slate, by air pressure on the surface of the upper portion of the rod 11. Furthermore the piece 3 of slate is released once the blade has penetrated therein to allow separation of the pieces and handling thereof.
The approach mechanism (Figure 5) consists of arms 16 fixedly attached to respective feelers 14 and capable of being oscillated by a preferably pneumatic cylinder 7 between a normal closed position as shown in Figure 5 and a further position in which the ends are spaced apart. Said feelers 14 are provided at the lower end thereof with flat surfaces 18 which at the end of the downward stroke thereof are pressed against the upper lateral edge of the piece of slate. The cylinder 7 urges the feelers 14 to the closed position thereof and the blade 22, on penetrating in the piece 3, separates the feelers 14 which continue to exert pressure.
At times the said upper lateral edge is not horizontally disposed. In such cases, only a portion of the flat surfaces 18 of the ends of the arms 16 of the feelers 14 engage the said upper lateral edge. Then the head member 6 is rocked slightly until the feelers 14 are fully engaged against the upper lateral edge, which implies substantial parallelism of said edge and the blade cutting edge (to be referred to hereinafter). Said rocking is possible because the head member 6 is associated with the guideways 4 with bearings 19 to be seen in Figure 3.
After the feelers 14 have engaged the piece of slate, the feelers 14 obviously remain fixed, although the cylinder holder 8 continues to move downwards and this movement continues until the micro switch is activated, the relative movement between the cylinder holder 8 and the feeler 14 being regulated by way of a screw 23 (Figure 3). In this way, the blade 22 will be at a variable distance from the piece 3, allowing for different depths of penetration according to the quality of the material, since the blade stroke is fixed. The said depth of penetration will produce a particular crack in the material in each case. Logically for the access of the blade 22 to the piece , as stated hereinbefore, the arms 16 are slightly forced apart by the blade when the latter penetrates in the piece.
The machine also comprises nozzles 26 (Figure 2) which are preferably inserted in the spaces between the blades 22 and which are also preferably attached to the blade holder 20. These nozzles 26 are adapted to inject pressurized water in the crack, until the piece 3 is completely cloven along a plane of cleavage. The nozzles are duly connected to a not shown reservoir and the water is injected with a laminar jet. The water pressure causes the pieces to move sideways and they are picked up by an ejection mechanism.
The machine also preferably comprises a positioning mechanism 28 which is particularly useful for modules not for producing the coarse cleavage referred to above. The said mechanism 28 comprises opposed jaws 30, at least one of which may be caused to rock by connecting rods 32 (Figure 6) attached forks 34, fixedly attached to stems 36 of preferably pneumatic cylinders 38 (Figure 6).
Before cleaving the piece 3 of slate, the jaws 30 are opened and the mechanism 28 is lowered so that each jaw is disposed at a different side of the piece 3. When the jaws close, the piece is caused to move as necessary to centre the upper edge with the vertical plane containing the cutting edge 24 of the blade 22. In other words, the piece 3 and the cutting edge 24 are caused to become aligned in parallel, and the median line of the upper lateral edge and the cutting edge are situated in the same vertical plane, such that when the blade 22 is lowered, a centered crack is formed and thus the piece is split into two substantially equal halves.
Each jaw 30 is provided with replaceable contact pads 40 and with sloping surfaces 42 which converge upwardly.

Claims

1.- A process of cleaving slate pieces having an orientation for cleavage planes and having at least one generally flat lateral edge perpendicular to said planes of cleavage, characterized in that it comprises the following steps: providing a cutting blade (22) having a cutting edge (24) determining a straight alignment; arranging the piece (3) such that said lateral edge is accessible to said blade (22); applying said cutting edge (24) to said lateral edge; operating said blade (22) for insertion of the cutting edge (24) in the piece (3) of slate, forming a short crack therein; and injecting pressurized fluid in said crack until said piece (3) is fully cloven.

2.- The process of claim 1, characterized in that prior to the step of applying the cutting edge (24) against the lateral edge of the piece (3), said piece (3) is moved to centre said lateral edge relative to the vertical plane containing said cutting edge (24).

3.- The process of claim 1 or 2, characterized in that said blade (22) may rock, allowing said cutting edge (24) of the blade (22) to become parallel to said lateral edge of the piece (3) of slate.

4.- A machine for cleaving pieces of slate, for carrying out the process of any one of claims 1 to 3, said pieces (3) determining an orientation for planes of cleavage and having at least one generally flat lateral edge perpendicular to said cleavage planes, characterized in that it comprises
a fixed structure having a frame (2) for holding the piece (3) of slate to be cloven; by at least one vertical guideway (4); and
a head member (6) which may slide along said guideway (4) and is provided with: a cylinder holder (8) housing cylinders (12) with through rod (13); an approach mechanism sliding on the through rods (13) and which may move relative to the cylinder holder (8), said mechanism having two arms (16) with end feelers (14) adapted to engage said flat lateral edge; a blade holder (20) attached to the through rods (13) and also capable of moving relative to the cylinder holder (8); at least one blade (22), removably attached to the blade holder (20), having a straight line cutting edge (24) adapted to open a crack in said flat lateral edge; and nozzles (26) adapted to inject pressurized water in said crack.

5.- The machine of claim 4, characterized in that said head member (6) may rock, so that when a portion of the end feelers (14) of said arms (16) engages said lateral edge of the piece (3) of slate, the head member (6) is caused to rock until said cutting edge (24) becomes parallel to said lateral edge.

6.- The machine of claim 4 or 5, characterized in that said arms (16) may rock between a closed position in which the end feelers (14) thereof are juxtaposed and a spaced apart position of said end feelers (14).

7.- The machine of any one of claims 4 to 6, characterized in that it is provided with a positioning mechanism (28) comprising two opposed jaws (30), adapted to engage respectively the opposite faces of the piece (3) of slate while moving it to centre said lateral edge with the vertical plane containing said cutting edge (24).

8.- The machine of claim 7, characterized in that the jaws (30) are provided with respective sloping surfaces (42) which converge upwardly.

9.- The machine of claim 7, characterized in that at least one of said jaws (30) rocks.