US20020150502A1 - Surface tension reduction channel - Google Patents

Surface tension reduction channel Download PDF

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Publication number
US20020150502A1
US20020150502A1 US10/114,864 US11486402A US2002150502A1 US 20020150502 A1 US20020150502 A1 US 20020150502A1 US 11486402 A US11486402 A US 11486402A US 2002150502 A1 US2002150502 A1 US 2002150502A1
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Prior art keywords
channel
reservoir
fluid
stream
microfluidic
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US10/114,864
Inventor
Bernhard Weigl
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Revvity Health Sciences Inc
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Individual
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Priority to US10/114,864 priority Critical patent/US20020150502A1/en
Publication of US20020150502A1 publication Critical patent/US20020150502A1/en
Assigned to MICRONICS, INC. reassignment MICRONICS, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: WEIGL, BERNHARD H.
Assigned to PERKINELMER HEALTH SCIENCES, INC. reassignment PERKINELMER HEALTH SCIENCES, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: MICRONICS, INC.
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • G01N2001/4016—Concentrating samples by transferring a selected component through a membrane being a selective membrane, e.g. dialysis or osmosis
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
    • G01N1/28—Preparing specimens for investigation including physical details of (bio-)chemical methods covered elsewhere, e.g. G01N33/50, C12Q
    • G01N1/40—Concentrating samples
    • G01N1/4055—Concentrating samples by solubility techniques
    • G01N2001/4061—Solvent extraction
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
    • G01N1/28—Preparing specimens for investigation including physical details of (bio-)chemical methods covered elsewhere, e.g. G01N33/50, C12Q
    • G01N1/40—Concentrating samples
    • G01N1/4077—Concentrating samples by other techniques involving separation of suspended solids
    • G01N2001/4094—Concentrating samples by other techniques involving separation of suspended solids using ultrasound
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume, or surface-area of porous materials
    • G01N15/02—Investigating particle size or size distribution
    • G01N2015/0288—Sorting the particles
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume, or surface-area of porous materials
    • G01N15/10—Investigating individual particles
    • G01N15/14—Electro-optical investigation, e.g. flow cytometers
    • G01N15/1404—Fluid conditioning in flow cytometers, e.g. flow cells; Supply; Control of flow
    • G01N2015/1409—Control of supply of sheaths fluid, e.g. sample injection control
    • G01N2015/1411—Features of sheath fluids
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume, or surface-area of porous materials
    • G01N15/10—Investigating individual particles
    • G01N15/14—Electro-optical investigation, e.g. flow cytometers
    • G01N15/1404—Fluid conditioning in flow cytometers, e.g. flow cells; Supply; Control of flow
    • G01N2015/1413—Hydrodynamic focussing
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume, or surface-area of porous materials
    • G01N15/10—Investigating individual particles
    • G01N15/14—Electro-optical investigation, e.g. flow cytometers
    • G01N15/1434—Electro-optical investigation, e.g. flow cytometers using an analyser being characterised by its optical arrangement
    • G01N2015/144—Imaging characterised by its optical setup
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume, or surface-area of porous materials
    • G01N15/10—Investigating individual particles
    • G01N15/14—Electro-optical investigation, e.g. flow cytometers
    • G01N2015/1486—Counting the particles
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N35/00—Automatic analysis not limited to methods or materials provided for in any single one of groups G01N1/00 - G01N33/00; Handling materials therefor
    • G01N2035/00178—Special arrangements of analysers
    • G01N2035/00237—Handling microquantities of analyte, e.g. microvalves, capillary networks
    • G01N2035/00247—Microvalves
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T436/00—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
    • Y10T436/25—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing including sample preparation
    • Y10T436/25375—Liberation or purification of sample or separation of material from a sample [e.g., filtering, centrifuging, etc.]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T436/00—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
    • Y10T436/25—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing including sample preparation
    • Y10T436/2575—Volumetric liquid transfer

Definitions

  • This invention relates generally to microfluidic devices for performing analytic testing, and, in particular, to a device for reducing the effect of surface tension on fluids flowing in microfluidic channels.
  • Microfluidic devices have recently become popular for performing analytic testing. Using tools developed by the semiconductor industry to miniaturize electronics, it has become possible to fabricate intricate fluid systems which can be inexpensively means produced. Systems have been developed to perform a variety of analytical techniques for the acquisition of information for the medical field.
  • Microfluidic devices may be constructed in a multi-layer laminated structure where each layer has channels and structures fabricated from a laminate material to form microscale voids or channels where fluid flow.
  • a microscale channel is generally defined as a fluid passage which has at least one internal cross-sectional dimension that is less than 500 ⁇ m and typically between about 0.1 ⁇ m and about 500 ⁇ m. The control and pumping of fluids through these channels is affected by either external pressurized fluid forced into the laminate, or by structures located within the laminate.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,716,852 teaches a method for analyzing the presence and concentration of small particles in a flow cell using diffusion principles.
  • This patent discloses a channel cell system for detecting the presence of analyte particles in a sample stream using a laminar flow channel having at least two inlet means which provide an indicator stream and a sample stream, where the laminar flow channel has a depth sufficiently small to allow laminar flow of the streams and length sufficient to allow diffusion of particles of the analyte into the indicator stream to form a detection area, and having an outlet out of the channel to form a single mixed stream.
  • This device which is known at a T-Sensor, may contain an external detecting means for detecting changes in the indicator stream.
  • This detecting means may be provided by any means known in the art, including optical means such as optical spectroscopy, or absorption spectroscopy of fluorescence.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,932,100 which patent is also incorporated herein by reference, teaches another method for analyzing particles within microfluidic channels using diffusion principles.
  • a mixture of particles suspended in a sample stream enters an extraction channel from one upper arm of a structure, which comprises microchannels in the shape of an “H”.
  • An extraction stream (a dilution stream) enters from the lower arm on the same side of the extraction channel and due to the size of the microfluidic extraction channel, the flow is laminar and the streams do not mix.
  • the sample stream exits as a by-product stream at the upper arm at the end of the extraction channel, while the extraction stream exits as a product stream at the lower arm.
  • particles having a greater diffusion coefficient small particles such as albumin, sugars, and small ions
  • the larger particles blood cells
  • Particles in the exiting extraction stream may be analyzed without interference from the larger particles.
  • This microfluidic structure commonly known as an “H-Filter,” can be used for extracting desired particles from a sample stream containing those particles.
  • This invention deals with the passive control of fluids within a microfluidic circuit.
  • the passive control is generated by using the natural forces that exist on a microscale, specifically capillarity, which is caused by the attraction or repulsion of a fluid toward certain materials.
  • FIG. 1 is a plan view of a microfluidic structure including an H-Filter using the principles of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a fragmentary, cross-sectional side view of the microfluidic structure shown in FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 1 shows a microfluidic analysis card 10 which contains an H-Filter 12 , which structure is described in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,932,100, incorporating the present invention.
  • H-Filter 12 includes a first reservoir 14 and a second reservoir 16 .
  • An outlet channel 18 of reservoir 14 and an outlet channel 20 of reservoir 16 are both connected to a flow channel 24 at a first end 26 .
  • a second end 28 of flow channel 24 is coupled to an exit channel 30 , which is connected to a reservoir 32 and also to an exit channel 34 , which is coupled to a reservoir 36 .
  • Reservoir 36 is also coupled to a bellows 38 via a channel 40 . It should be understood that H-Filter 12 will also operate using gravity as a driving force.
  • Reservoir 14 contains a vent hole 42 and an inlet port 44 , while reservoir 16 contains an inlet port 46 .
  • Reservoir 14 also contains a narrowed lower section 50 , which extends across the lower length of reservoir 14 , while reservoir 16 also contains a similarly narrowed lower section 52 across the lower length of reservoir 16 .
  • H-Filter 12 Operation of H-Filter 12 is as follows: a sample fluid is placed into inlet port 46 of reservoir 16 while an extractor solution is placed into port 44 of reservoir 14 .
  • the fluids form a stream and flow through channels 20 , 18 respectively to end 26 of channel 24 .
  • the fluids form a stream and flow laminarly within channel 24 while particles from the sample fluid diffuse across the laminar junction into the extractor fluid.
  • the extractor fluid containing particles flow through channel 30 into reservoir 32 , while the sample fluid flows through channel 34 into reservoir 36 .
  • Narrowed section 50 of reservoir 14 fills with sample fluid when the sample is loaded into inlet port 44 . Since the structure of reservoir 14 is not microscale, and outlet channel 18 is of a microscale dimension, the effect of surface tension would generally prevent the fluid from flowing smoothly from reservoir 14 to channel 18 . However, as can be clearly seen in FIGS. 1 and 2, the narrow lower section 50 , which runs the entire length of reservoir 14 , is of essentially the same microdimensions of channel 18 ; thus, fluid moves smoothly and consistently from reservoir 14 into channel 18 and through the rest of the H-Filter structure. This is also true for fluids flowing from reservoir 16 into channel 20 , as the narrow lower section 52 of reservoir 16 fills with fluid and flows smoothly into channel 20 with little or no surface tension effect.

Abstract

A structure for use with a microfluidic channel to reduce the effects of surface tension and capillary forces. A macroscale reservoir is connected to a microscale channel by a microscale section extending from the reservoir, which fills with fluid and flows smoothly into the microscale channel.

Description

    CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
  • This application claims benefit from U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/281,114, filed Apr. 3, 2001, which application is incorporated herein by reference.[0001]
    • BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
  • 1. Field of the Invention [0002]
  • This invention relates generally to microfluidic devices for performing analytic testing, and, in particular, to a device for reducing the effect of surface tension on fluids flowing in microfluidic channels. [0003]
  • 2. Description of the Related Art [0004]
  • Microfluidic devices have recently become popular for performing analytic testing. Using tools developed by the semiconductor industry to miniaturize electronics, it has become possible to fabricate intricate fluid systems which can be inexpensively means produced. Systems have been developed to perform a variety of analytical techniques for the acquisition of information for the medical field. [0005]
  • Microfluidic devices may be constructed in a multi-layer laminated structure where each layer has channels and structures fabricated from a laminate material to form microscale voids or channels where fluid flow. A microscale channel is generally defined as a fluid passage which has at least one internal cross-sectional dimension that is less than 500 μm and typically between about 0.1 μm and about 500 μm. The control and pumping of fluids through these channels is affected by either external pressurized fluid forced into the laminate, or by structures located within the laminate. [0006]
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,716,852 teaches a method for analyzing the presence and concentration of small particles in a flow cell using diffusion principles. This patent, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, discloses a channel cell system for detecting the presence of analyte particles in a sample stream using a laminar flow channel having at least two inlet means which provide an indicator stream and a sample stream, where the laminar flow channel has a depth sufficiently small to allow laminar flow of the streams and length sufficient to allow diffusion of particles of the analyte into the indicator stream to form a detection area, and having an outlet out of the channel to form a single mixed stream. This device, which is known at a T-Sensor, may contain an external detecting means for detecting changes in the indicator stream. This detecting means may be provided by any means known in the art, including optical means such as optical spectroscopy, or absorption spectroscopy of fluorescence. [0007]
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,932,100, which patent is also incorporated herein by reference, teaches another method for analyzing particles within microfluidic channels using diffusion principles. A mixture of particles suspended in a sample stream enters an extraction channel from one upper arm of a structure, which comprises microchannels in the shape of an “H”. An extraction stream (a dilution stream) enters from the lower arm on the same side of the extraction channel and due to the size of the microfluidic extraction channel, the flow is laminar and the streams do not mix. The sample stream exits as a by-product stream at the upper arm at the end of the extraction channel, while the extraction stream exits as a product stream at the lower arm. While the streams are in parallel laminar flow is in the extraction channel, particles having a greater diffusion coefficient (smaller particles such as albumin, sugars, and small ions) have time to diffuse into the extraction stream, while the larger particles (blood cells) remain in the sample stream. Particles in the exiting extraction stream (now called the product stream) may be analyzed without interference from the larger particles. This microfluidic structure, commonly known as an “H-Filter,” can be used for extracting desired particles from a sample stream containing those particles. [0008]
  • Surface effects describe the character of a surface on a micro scale. Materials often have unbound electrons, exposed polar molecules, or other molecular level features that generate a surface charge or reactivity characteristic. Due to scaling, these surface effects or surface forces are substantially more pronounced in microstructures than they are in traditionally sized devices. This is particularly true in microscale fluid handling systems where the dynamics of fluid movement are governed by external pressures and by attractions between liquids and the materials they are flowing through. [0009]
  • This invention deals with the passive control of fluids within a microfluidic circuit. The passive control is generated by using the natural forces that exist on a microscale, specifically capillarity, which is caused by the attraction or repulsion of a fluid toward certain materials. [0010]
    • SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
  • It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a device for reducing the effect of surface tension on fluids flowing within a microfluidic channel. [0011]
  • It is a further object of the present invention to provide a microfluidic structure in which fluids flow from a macrochannel into a microchannel to insure smooth flow within the microfluidic structure. [0012]
  • These and other objects of the present invention will be more readily apparent from the description and drawings that follow.[0013]
    • BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
  • FIG. 1 is a plan view of a microfluidic structure including an H-Filter using the principles of the present invention; and [0014]
  • FIG. 2 is a fragmentary, cross-sectional side view of the microfluidic structure shown in FIG. 1.[0015]
    • DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
  • FIG. 1 shows a [0016] microfluidic analysis card 10 which contains an H-Filter 12, which structure is described in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,932,100, incorporating the present invention. H-Filter 12 includes a first reservoir 14 and a second reservoir 16. An outlet channel 18 of reservoir 14 and an outlet channel 20 of reservoir 16 are both connected to a flow channel 24 at a first end 26. A second end 28 of flow channel 24 is coupled to an exit channel 30, which is connected to a reservoir 32 and also to an exit channel 34, which is coupled to a reservoir 36. Reservoir 36 is also coupled to a bellows 38 via a channel 40. It should be understood that H-Filter 12 will also operate using gravity as a driving force.
  • [0017] Reservoir 14 contains a vent hole 42 and an inlet port 44, while reservoir 16 contains an inlet port 46. Reservoir 14 also contains a narrowed lower section 50, which extends across the lower length of reservoir 14, while reservoir 16 also contains a similarly narrowed lower section 52 across the lower length of reservoir 16.
  • Operation of H-[0018] Filter 12 is as follows: a sample fluid is placed into inlet port 46 of reservoir 16 while an extractor solution is placed into port 44 of reservoir 14. The fluids form a stream and flow through channels 20, 18 respectively to end 26 of channel 24. The fluids form a stream and flow laminarly within channel 24 while particles from the sample fluid diffuse across the laminar junction into the extractor fluid. As the stream reaches end 28 of channel 24, the extractor fluid containing particles flow through channel 30 into reservoir 32, while the sample fluid flows through channel 34 into reservoir 36.
  • Narrowed [0019] section 50 of reservoir 14 fills with sample fluid when the sample is loaded into inlet port 44. Since the structure of reservoir 14 is not microscale, and outlet channel 18 is of a microscale dimension, the effect of surface tension would generally prevent the fluid from flowing smoothly from reservoir 14 to channel 18. However, as can be clearly seen in FIGS. 1 and 2, the narrow lower section 50, which runs the entire length of reservoir 14, is of essentially the same microdimensions of channel 18; thus, fluid moves smoothly and consistently from reservoir 14 into channel 18 and through the rest of the H-Filter structure. This is also true for fluids flowing from reservoir 16 into channel 20, as the narrow lower section 52 of reservoir 16 fills with fluid and flows smoothly into channel 20 with little or no surface tension effect.
  • While the present invention has been shown and described in terms of a preferred embodiment thereof, it will be understood that this invention is not limited to this particular embodiment and that changes and modifications may be made without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims. [0020]

Claims (1)

What is claimed is:
1. A microfluidic device, comprising:
a first fluid vessel having only macrofluidic dimensions;
a second fluid vessel having at least one microfluidic dimension;
a microfluidic channel having first and second ends, said first end attached to at least one portion of at least one side of said first fluid vessel and said second end attached to at least one portion of at least one side of said second fluid vessel such that said attachment to said first vessel is larger in at least one dimension than said attachment to said vessel.
US10/114,864 2001-04-03 2002-04-03 Surface tension reduction channel Abandoned US20020150502A1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

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US10/114,864 US20020150502A1 (en) 2001-04-03 2002-04-03 Surface tension reduction channel

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US28111401P 2001-04-03 2001-04-03
US10/114,864 US20020150502A1 (en) 2001-04-03 2002-04-03 Surface tension reduction channel

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Publication Number Publication Date
US20020150502A1 true US20020150502A1 (en) 2002-10-17

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US10/115,320 Abandoned US20020160518A1 (en) 2001-04-03 2002-04-03 Microfluidic sedimentation
US10/115,374 Abandoned US20020159920A1 (en) 2001-04-03 2002-04-03 Multiple redundant microfluidic structures cross reference to related applications
US10/114,790 Expired - Lifetime US6674525B2 (en) 2001-04-03 2002-04-03 Split focusing cytometer
US10/114,864 Abandoned US20020150502A1 (en) 2001-04-03 2002-04-03 Surface tension reduction channel
US10/114,890 Abandoned US20020148992A1 (en) 2001-04-03 2002-04-03 Pneumatic valve interface for use in microfluidic structures
US10/114,765 Abandoned US20020172622A1 (en) 2001-04-03 2002-04-03 Microfluidic device for concentrating particles in a concentrating solution
US10/960,890 Abandoned US20050205816A1 (en) 2001-04-03 2004-10-06 Pneumatic valve interface for use in microfluidic structures
US11/122,139 Abandoned US20050201903A1 (en) 2001-04-03 2005-05-04 Microfluidic device for concentrating particles in a concentrating solution

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US10/115,320 Abandoned US20020160518A1 (en) 2001-04-03 2002-04-03 Microfluidic sedimentation
US10/115,374 Abandoned US20020159920A1 (en) 2001-04-03 2002-04-03 Multiple redundant microfluidic structures cross reference to related applications
US10/114,790 Expired - Lifetime US6674525B2 (en) 2001-04-03 2002-04-03 Split focusing cytometer

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US10/114,890 Abandoned US20020148992A1 (en) 2001-04-03 2002-04-03 Pneumatic valve interface for use in microfluidic structures
US10/114,765 Abandoned US20020172622A1 (en) 2001-04-03 2002-04-03 Microfluidic device for concentrating particles in a concentrating solution
US10/960,890 Abandoned US20050205816A1 (en) 2001-04-03 2004-10-06 Pneumatic valve interface for use in microfluidic structures
US11/122,139 Abandoned US20050201903A1 (en) 2001-04-03 2005-05-04 Microfluidic device for concentrating particles in a concentrating solution

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