US20030077179A1

US20030077179A1 - Compressor protection module and system and method incorporating same

Info

Publication number: US20030077179A1
Application number: US10/028,730
Authority: US
Inventors: Michael Collins; Richard D'Aversa; Michael O'Brien
Original assignee: Carrier Corp
Current assignee: Carrier Corp
Priority date: 2001-10-19
Filing date: 2001-10-19
Publication date: 2003-04-24
Also published as: WO2003036090A1

Abstract

An apparatus for monitoring a compressor includes a plurality of sensor inputs for receiving input regarding operating parameters of a compressor, at least one control action output for sending a control action to the compressor; and a control member communicated with the plurality of sensor inputs and the control action output, the control member being adapted to analyze input from the plurality of sensor inputs, to determine a control action based upon the input and to send the control action to the at least one control action output.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to a compressor protection and control module and a system and method incorporating same.

Compressor maintenance and reliability are critical issues. In connection with reliability, a malfunctioning compressor can cause difficulties spanning from minor inconvenience to loss of valuable refrigerated product. Furthermore, compressors themselves are costly equipment and improper maintenance or operation can result in damage requiring expensive maintenance or replacement.

Systems and methods are known for limited, local control and protection of compressors. Such systems tend to focus on single parameters to provide for emergency action. Although this is helpful, such systems do not assist in identifying a potential problem before the compressor is incapacitated.

In light of the foregoing, it is clear that the need remains for improved compressor monitoring so as to avoid compressor shut downs, if possible, and minimize expense due to compressor repair/replacement, spoilage and the like.

Therefore, the primary objectives of the present invention are to (1) provide a module for protecting a compressor which detects trouble with the compressor before compressor failure, (2) provide a module that can control key operating and control functions based on monitored operating conditions and (3) provide such a module, and a system and method incorporating same, wherein preventive maintenance is facilitated.

Other objects and advantages of the present invention will appear hereinbelow.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with the present invention, the foregoing objects and advantages have been readily attained.

According to the invention, an apparatus for monitoring a compressor is provided, which comprises a plurality of sensor inputs for receiving input regarding operating parameters of a compressor; at least one control action output for sending a control action to said compressor; and a control member communicated with said plurality of sensor inputs and said control action output, said control member being adapted to analyze input from said plurality of sensor inputs to determine a control action based upon said input, and to send said control action to said at least one control action output.

A display may be provided and adapted to show sensor input values, control output and alarm status.

In further accordance with the present invention, a method is provided for monitoring a compressor, which method comprises the steps of obtaining input regarding a plurality of compressor operating parameters; feeding said input to a control member; analyzing said input with said control member to determine a control action based upon said input; and carrying out said control action on said compressor. A history of such control actions and sensor inputs may be stored for later retrieval and analysis.

Still further according to the invention, a compressor and control module system are provided, which comprises a control module comprising a plurality of sensor inputs; at least one control action output; and a control member communicated with said plurality of sensor inputs and said control action output, said control member being adapted to analyze input from said plurality of sensor inputs, to determine a control action based upon said input and to said control action to said at least one control action output.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

A detailed description of preferred embodiments of the present invention follows, with reference to the attached drawing, wherein FIG. 1 schematically illustrates a functional block diagram of a compressor and module in accordance with the present invention.[0012]

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In accordance with the present invention, a compressor protection module is provided which advantageously monitors a combination of compressor operating parameters and which is programmed to determine appropriate control actions based upon combinations of sensor input. Verification of the control function can also be accomplished by comparing the actual result to the expected result. The module of the present invention can thereby advantageously detect certain failure conditions before failure is imminent, thereby reducing maintenance and repair costs and avoiding potential damage to refrigerated product. The module can also be programmed to maintain application specific operating parameters as certain operating parameters and alarm setpoints can be adjusted within a limited range. [0013]
Turning now to FIG. 1, a functional block diagram schematically illustrates a compressor and module in accordance with the present invention. [0014]
FIG. 1 shows a [0015] compressor chassis 10 and a module 12 in accordance with the present invention. Module 12 includes a processor 14 and a plurality of sensor inputs for measuring compressor operating parameters. These inputs are preferably connected to various probes and transducers including a discharge thermistor probe 16 for measuring compressor discharge temperature, a return gas thermistor probe 18 for measuring return gas temperature or suction temperature, a suction pressure transducer 20 for measuring suction pressure, a discharge pressure transducer 22 for measuring discharge pressure and an oil discharge pressure transducer 24 for measuring oil discharge pressure.
As shown in FIG. 1, the sensor inputs may also advantageously include [0016] inputs 26 for power supply, compressor on/off signal and safety input signal, a crank case heater current transformer 28 which is preferably adapted to control and/or detect operation of the crank case heater of the compressor, an output 30 for liquid injection valve control and outputs 32, 34 for providing unloader control. Inputs for motor current and supply voltage could also be provided.
Processor [0017] 14 in accordance with the invention is advantageously communicated with each of these sensor inputs and has memory programmed with a series of commands adapted to evaluate different combinations of inputs from each sensor and thereby identify correct operating conditions, operating conditions indicating that the compressor is being improperly operated, operating conditions indicating that the compressor needs maintenance, operating conditions that indicate that the compressor must be operated under different conditions to avoid damage, and the like.
For example, control unit or processor [0018] 14 can advantageously be programmed so as to detect conditions such as a flooded start, liquid slugging, inadequate control of liquid injection volumes and liquid floodback. Each of these conditions can be inferred from different combinations of input from the sensor inputs, which will then allow for appropriate control actions to be taken.
[0019] Module 12 of the present invention can also advantageously be programmed to maintain a given operating condition and will control the compressor in order to maintain the programmed operating parameters. For example in refrigeration applications the compressor is typically controlled to maintain the suction pressure within a given range. By monitoring the suction pressure, module 12 can be programmed to start and stop the compressor and operate the unloaders such that the desired suction pressure is maintained.
The various control actions that may be desirable, along with appropriate input value combinations for using such control actions, are stored in memory in [0020] module 12 for use in evaluating actual input and selecting a suitable control action for the compressor.
In further accordance with the present invention, [0021] module 12 advantageously is provided having an interface port 36 adapted for connection with communication capability, for example through CCN/LON or other communication network. This advantageously allows for remote access from and to module 12 so that information can be obtained from module 12 by personnel located at a remote location, and information can be automatically sent by module 12 to a remote location, as dictated by control actions corresponding to combinations of input from the sensor inputs. The communications can also be used to send commands to the module such as on/off control, unloading control and the modification of adjustable operating parameters. This communication can be by dedicated or shared telephone access, for example using a modem, or wireless access, or through any other manner known to persons of ordinary skill in the art.
[0022] Module 12 in accordance with the present invention further preferably includes a human interface 38 which may advantageously be a display member for indicating various information to a user, such as current operating status, detected fault conditions, and the like. The display can also be utilized to modify adjustable operating parameters such as unloading and liquid injection setpoints and application specific warning parameters such as high limits for return gas temperature and discharge temperature.
Still referring to FIG. 1, [0023] module 12 may advantageously be communicated with a system control box 40 such that commands issued by processor 14 can be enacted on the compressor, for example to change operating speed, turn off power, control crankcase heater operation, and the like,
[0024] Module 12 in accordance with the present invention advantageously provides for two forms of compressor protection, specifically, immediate and prognostic protection. Immediate protection is provided for combinations of input indicating a failure is occurring or likely to occur, and the compressor can be immediately shut down or other action taken. Prognostic protection is provided for combinations of sensor input that indicate impending failure or degradation of compressor performance, and suitable action may include adjusting the compressor operation accordingly and issuance of a warning to the user and/or maintenance personnel that compressor maintenance is required.
As set forth above, it is particularly advantageous in accordance with the present invention to [0025] program module 12 and processor 14 to detect certain types of conditions based upon input from the different compressor sensors. It is preferred that the input sensors include input as to compressor suction pressure, compressor suction temperature, compressor discharge pressure, compressor discharge temperature and oil pressure. It is important to note that the entering (suction pressure and temperature) and leaving (discharge pressure and temperature) refrigerant conditions are measured for each individual compressor. With these factors, flooded starts, liquid slugging and liquid floodback can be detected, and appropriate action taken. With additional sensor input as to the liquid injection set point, module 12 and processor 14 can be adapted to detect inadequate control of liquid injection as well, and take appropriate action.
Thus, [0026] module 12 in accordance with the invention advantageously allows protection of the compressor using local sensors, preferably positioned within about one foot of the compressor, which gather information for processing by module 12 to take action dictated by programming in module 12 and also to allow communication from remote locations, for example a monitoring station at a completely different building, site or location, as desired, so as to provide effective protection of the compressor and, when applicable, products preserved by operation of the compressor.
Flooded Start Detection [0027]
Liquid refrigerant will often return to a compressor during an off cycle. Starting the compressor when it is filled with liquid refrigerant can cause severe damage to the compressor including compressor failure. In accordance with the present invention, processor [0028] 14 is advantageously adapted to detect a flooded start, as well as the severity of the flooded start, and to either warn the user or shut down the compressor, as appropriate.
By examining the suction temperature, suction pressure, discharge pressure, discharge temperature and oil pressure variations during the startup of the compressor, processor [0029] 14 can differentiate a flooded start as compared to a normal compressor start, as well as the severity of same, and take an appropriate control action.
Liquid Slugging [0030]
Liquid slugging is a major cause of compressor failure. A refrigerant compressor is designed to compress vapor refrigerant and pump the refrigerant through the refrigeration/air conditioning system. Any liquid (i.e. non-compressible fluid), which is returned to the compressor, even in small quantities, will stress the compressor and can, in larger quantities, result in compressor damage. By examining the suction temperature, suction pressure, discharge pressure, discharge temperature and oil pressure variations during a period of liquid slugging, processor [0031] 14 can detect such slugging and, depending upon the severity of same, take a control action including sending a warning to a user or maintenance personnel, or shut down the compressor, or both.
Liquid Injection Control [0032]
Inadequate control of liquid injection can result in inefficient compressor operation and possible compressor failure. Certain high compression ratio operating conditions require liquid refrigerant to be injected in the compressor suction stream in order to maintain the compressor discharge temperature within acceptable operating limits. In accordance with the present invention, the amount of liquid injection is optimized based on energy efficiency and temperature reliability requirements, and operation of the liquid injection valve is confirmed by comparing reduction in discharge temperature to an expected reduction in discharge temperature. Providing good liquid control optimizes compressor energy efficiency and reliability. [0033]
In accordance with the present invention, the opening of the liquid injection valve (output on module [0034] 12 ) is controlled based on the liquid injection set point and the measured compressor discharge temperature. If the discharge temperature rises above the set point, the valve opens until the discharge temperature drops below the set point. By evaluating the response of the valve (i.e., the measured reduction in discharge temperature) the module can determine if the valve is working properly by comparing the actual reduction in discharge temperature to the expected reduction in discharge temperature.
Liquid Floodback [0035]
Liquid floodback is a major cause of compressor failure. Liquid refrigerant returned to the compressor is one of the leading causes of compressor failure, and [0036] module 12 in accordance with the present invention is advantageously adapted to determine if, and to what extent, liquid refrigerant is entering the compressor.
Processor [0037] 14 advantageously is adapted to calculate or determine suction superheat to determine if liquid refrigerant is entering the compressor. If excessive liquid refrigerant is returned to the compressor, it will extract heat from the refrigerant stream when it boils off thus resulting in lower operating temperatures. An expected compressor discharge temperature is calculated and compared to the measured actual discharge temperature to determine the extent of the floodback.
The module is programmed with refrigerant properties such that it can calculate characteristics of the refrigerant type in use. With this information, processor [0038] 14 calculates a saturation temperature based upon refrigerant property tables and suction pressure. The suction superheat is then determined by subtracting the saturation temperature from the suction temperature. If the suction superheat is below a warning threshold, the user is warned of a floodback condition.
The expected discharge temperature is calculated as a function of pressure ratio, suction temperature, compression coefficient and compressor type. This is based upon the discovery that evaporation of liquid refrigerant returned to the compressor will suppress the discharge temperature. The difference between the expected discharge temperature and actual discharge temperature is proportional to the amount of liquid refrigerant returned to the compressor. [0039]

Although the foregoing lists four particularly preferably conditions which

module

12 in accordance with the present invention is adapted to detect, a further listing of conditions corresponding to different sensor input and appropriate control actions corresponding to same is provided in Table 1 below.

TABLE 1


Failure
Mode		Possible Control	Sensor(s)
or Symptom	Description	Action(s)	Required

High	High discharge pressure at	Turn off the compressor	Discharge Pressure
Pressure	the discharge side of the	if the discharge
Protection	compressor.	pressure exceeds a
		threshold value.
Compressor	Compressor Overheating is a	Turn off the compressor	Discharge Temperature
Overheating	major cause of compressor	if the discharge
	failures. It has the	temperature exceeds a
	following potential causes:	threshold value.
	- broken discharge valve	Unload Compressor.
	- low refrigerant charge
	- liquid injection
	failure
	- cylinder head cooling
	fan failure
Low Oil	Low oil pressure is also a	Turn the compressor off	Oil Pressure
Pressure	major cause of compressor	if inadequate net oil	Suction Pressure
	failures as it results in a	pressure is developed.	* net oil pressure
	lack of lubrication. It		calculated as oil
	has the following potential		pressure - suction
	causes:		pressure
	- liquid refrigerant in
	crankcase
	- high compressor wear
	- bad oil pump.
High Return	High suction gas	Warn user of high	Suction gas
Gas	temperatures returned to	suction temperatures.	temperature
Temperature	the compressor can result
	in inadequate motor cooling
	and compressor overheating.
High	High compressor cycling is	Limit compressor	Run/Stop Signal
Compressor	generally an indication of	cycling by including a
Cycles	a bad system design or	minimum off time.
	refrigerant control	Warn user of high
	problems. High compressor	compressor cycles.
	cycles can lead to
	premature compressor
	failures.
Low	Low refrigerant charge can	Turn compressor off	Suction Pressure
Refrigerant	result in high motor and	during low suction	Discharge Temperature
Charge	discharge temperatures and	pressures or high
	freeze up of the	discharge temperatures.
	evaporator.
Motor	The motor can overheat due	Turn the compressor off	Discharge Temperature
Overheating	to inadequate refrigerant	at high discharge
	cooling or running the	temperatures.
	compressor above its design
	limits.
Liquid	Liquid refrigerant returned	Warn user when	Suction Temperature
Refrigerant	to the compressor in the	suction/discharge	Suction Pressure
Floodback	suction gas stream.	superheat is low.	Discharge Pressure
	Generally caused by	Shut down compressor	Discharge Temperature
	excessive refrigerant feed	with excessive
	through the expansion	floodback
	valve.
Liquid	Relatively large amounts of	Turn on warning light	Suction Temperature
Slugging	liquid (refrigerant and/or	or alarm.	Suction Pressure
	oil) returned to the	Record fault in memory.	Discharge Pressure
	compressor in a short	Shut down compressor if	Discharge Temperature
	period of time.	excessive
Flooded	When a large volume of	Turn on crankcase	Suction Temperature
Start	refrigerant accumulates in	heater.	Suction Pressure
	the crankcase or oil sump	Warn user of alarm.	Discharge Pressure
	at shut down it dilutes	Turn compressor off if	Discharge Temperature
	oil. This can in turn lead	excessive
	to a lack of compressor
	lubrication.

As can be seen, a substantial list of potential failure modes or symptoms,and corresponding control actions are available and can be incorporated into the programming of [0041] module 12 in accordance with the present invention. In some instances, failures can be determined using different sensors. For example, as shown in Table 1, refrigerant floodback can be determined from input obtained from four different sensor combinations.
It is anticipated that the module in accordance with the present invention can advantageously be used to reduce failure rate of a large number of compressor parts, including for example main bearings, crankshaft, head gasket, discharge valve, suction valve, motor and connecting rods, and the like. [0042]
In order to perform the desired operations in accordance with the present invention, [0043] module 12 and processor 14 are advantageously provided with control functions utilizing triac outputs, specifically, triac outputs for CR1, CR2, liquid injection, crankcase heater on/off, alarm, unloader 1 and unloader 2.
[0044] Module 12 may advantageously be provided having non-volatile memory which can be accessed from remote locations as identified above, and is advantageously adapted to save operational data so as to assist in diagnosing problems. For example, it is anticipated that 8 K of non-volatile memory would be suitable for such purpose, although different amounts of memory may be desired.
Fault conditions are also preferably saved in such memory for later retrieval. [0045]
[0046] Human interface 38 in accordance with the present invention may advantageously consist of any known devices for communicating information to the user, such as LED digits, LED's and buttons. Such an interface allows a user to monitor compressor operational status, to monitor compressor output status, to monitor compressor input values, and to setup configuration values. Human interface 38 may advantageously be directly driven by module 12, and processor 14 of same, and may have any combination of display elements suitable for conveying the desired information, for example, three 8-segment LED's, three push buttons, and eighteen individual LED's could be provided for conveying such information.
[0047] Human interface 38 may further include a display listing various faults, for example, over current, high pressure, low pressure, oil pressure, floodback, motor temperature and crankcase heater malfunction. Such listings can be adapted to display one or more items as desired, for example, with LED's next to each item on the list, or in other manners well known to a person of ordinary skill in the art, and are communicated with processor 14 such that control actions selected by processor 14 can include commands for operating interface 38 so as to provide appropriate displays as well.
In accordance with the foregoing, it should readily be appreciated that a module has been provided which can be used with compressors of varying types, for example screw compressors, reciprocating compressors, scroll compressors, rotary compressors and others, so as to detect impending failure and take appropriate action. The module is particularly advantageous as compared to conventional systems in that actions are taken based upon combinations of input from different portions of the compressor, and remote actions are enabled. This advantageously allows for both prognostic and immediate protection of the compressor. [0048]
It is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the illustrations described and shown herein, which are deemed to be merely illustrative of the best modes of carrying out the invention, and which are susceptible of modification of form, size, arrangement of parts and details of operation. The invention rather is intended to encompass all such modifications which are within its spirit and scope as defined by the claims. [0049]

Claims

What is claimed:

1. An apparatus for monitoring a compressor, comprising:

a plurality of sensor inputs for receiving input regarding operating parameters of a compressor;

at least one control action output for sending a control action to said compressor; and

a control member communicated with said plurality of sensor inputs and said control action output, said control member being adapted to analyze input from said plurality of sensor inputs, to determine a control action based upon said input and to send said control action to said at least one control action output.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said control member is adapted to receive input comprising compressor discharge pressure, compressor discharge temperature, compressor suction pressure, compressor suction temperature, oil pressure and a compressor on/off input signal.

3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein said control member includes a memory storing a plurality of potential control actions, a plurality of adjustable operating parameters and a plurality of sensor input value combinations corresponding to said plurality of potential control actions, and a processor adapted to compare said input to said sensor input value combinations and select said control action from said plurality of control actions.

4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein said plurality of potential control actions includes a compressor shut down command, operation parameter adjusting commands and commands for indicating that maintenance is needed.

5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein said control member is further adapted to store information regarding at least one of sensor input values, said control action and maintenance alarms in said memory.

6. The apparatus of claim 3, further comprising a communication member associated with said control member and adapted to allow communication between said control member and a remote location.

7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein said plurality of control actions includes a command to issue a signal through said communication member.

8. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a display member communicated with said control member, said control member being adapted to display a message on said display member corresponding to at least one of said input and said control action, and an indication of at least one compressor shut down or maintenance alarms; and to allow adjustment of at least one of said adjustable operating parameters.

9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said control member is adapted to identify a flooded start condition from said input.

10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein said input includes suction temperature, suction pressure, discharge pressure, discharge temperature and oil pressure data, and said control actions include issuing a flooded start warning, altering an operating parameter of said compressor, shutting down said compressor, and combinations thereof.

11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said control member is adapted to identify a liquid slugging condition from said input.

12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein said input includes suction temperature, suction pressure, discharge pressure, discharge temperature and oil pressure data, and said control actions include issuing a liquid slugging warning, altering an operating parameter of said compressor, shutting down said compressor, and combinations thereof.

13. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said control member is adapted to compare discharge temperature from said input to a discharge temperature set point and to control a liquid injection valve on said compressor based upon results of the comparison.

14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein said control member is adapted to open said liquid injection valve when said discharge temperature is greater than said set point.

15. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein said control member has a memory storing expected reactions to control actions taken on said liquid injection valve, and wherein said control member is adapted to compare actual change in said discharge temperatures to said expected reactions so as to identify a malfunctioning liquid injection valve.

16. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said control member is adapted to identify a liquid floodback condition from said input.

17. A method for monitoring a compressor, comprising the steps of:

obtaining input regarding a plurality of compressor operating parameters;

feeding said input to a control member;

analyzing said input with said control member to determine a control action based upon said input; and

carrying out said control action on said compressor.

18. The method of claim 17, wherein said input comprises compressor discharge pressure, compressor discharge temperature, compressor suction pressure, compressor suction temperature, oil pressure and a compressor on/off input signal.

19. The method of claim 18, wherein said control member includes a memory storing a plurality of potential control actions and a plurality of sensor input value combinations corresponding to said plurality of potential control actions; and wherein said control member selects said control action from said plurality of potential control actions.

20. The method of claim 19, wherein said plurality of potential control actions include a compressor shut down command, operation parameter adjusting commands and commands for indicating that maintenance is needed.

21. The method of claim 19, further comprising the step of storing information regarding at least one of said input and said control action in said memory.

22. The method of claim 17, wherein said input is obtained from sensors positioned within about 1 foot of said compressor.

23. The method of claim 17, further comprising the steps of enabling communication of said control member with a remote location, and at least one of (a) sending information related to said control action to said remote location and (b) allowing access to information regarding said control action from said remote location.

24. In combination, a compressor and control module system, comprising:

a compressor; and

a control module comprising a plurality of sensor inputs for receiving input from said compressor; at least one control action output for conveying control actions to said compressor; and a control member communicated with said plurality of sensor inputs and said control action output, said control member being adapted to analyze input from said plurality of sensor inputs, to determine a control action based upon said input and to send said control action to said at least one control action output.

25. The system of claim 24, wherein said control member has a memory storing expected reactions to control actions taken on said liquid injection valve, and wherein said control member is adapted to compare actual change in said discharge temperatures to said expected reactions so as to identify a malfunctioning liquid injection valve.

26. The system of claim 24, further comprising a plurality of sensors associated with said compressor and connected to said sensor inputs.

27. The system of claim 24, wherein said plurality of sensors comprises sensors for measuring compressor discharge pressure, compressor discharge temperature, compressor suction pressure, compressor suction temperature, oil pressure and compressor on/off input signal.

28. The system of claim 24, wherein said control member includes a memory storing a plurality of potential control actions and a plurality of sensor input combinations corresponding to said plurality of potential control actions.

29. The system of claim 28, wherein said plurality of potential control actions include a compressor shut down command, operation parameter adjusting commands and commands for indicating that maintenance is needed.

30. The system of claim 28, wherein said control member is further adapted to store information regarding at least one of said input and said control action in said memory.

31. The system of claim 24 further comprising a communication member associated with said control member and adapted to allow communication between said control member and a remote location.

32. The system of claim 31, wherein said at least one control action includes a command to issue a signal through said communication member.

33. The system of claim 24, further comprising a display member communicated with said control member, said control member being adapted to display a message on said display member corresponding to said control action.

34. The system of claim 33, wherein said message includes a value of at least one sensor input, status of at least one control output and an indication of at least one compressor shut down or maintenance alarm.