US20060153973A1 - Ruthenium layer formation for copper film deposition - Google Patents
Ruthenium layer formation for copper film deposition Download PDFInfo
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- US20060153973A1 US20060153973A1 US11/336,527 US33652706A US2006153973A1 US 20060153973 A1 US20060153973 A1 US 20060153973A1 US 33652706 A US33652706 A US 33652706A US 2006153973 A1 US2006153973 A1 US 2006153973A1
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- ruthenium
- layer
- dimethylpentadienyl
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/70—Manufacture or treatment of devices consisting of a plurality of solid state components formed in or on a common substrate or of parts thereof; Manufacture of integrated circuit devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/71—Manufacture of specific parts of devices defined in group H01L21/70
- H01L21/768—Applying interconnections to be used for carrying current between separate components within a device comprising conductors and dielectrics
- H01L21/76838—Applying interconnections to be used for carrying current between separate components within a device comprising conductors and dielectrics characterised by the formation and the after-treatment of the conductors
- H01L21/76841—Barrier, adhesion or liner layers
- H01L21/76871—Layers specifically deposited to enhance or enable the nucleation of further layers, i.e. seed layers
- H01L21/76874—Layers specifically deposited to enhance or enable the nucleation of further layers, i.e. seed layers for electroless plating
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
- C23C16/06—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the deposition of metallic material
- C23C16/18—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the deposition of metallic material from metallo-organic compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
- C23C16/44—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the method of coating
- C23C16/455—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the method of coating characterised by the method used for introducing gases into reaction chamber or for modifying gas flows in reaction chamber
- C23C16/45523—Pulsed gas flow or change of composition over time
- C23C16/45525—Atomic layer deposition [ALD]
- C23C16/45553—Atomic layer deposition [ALD] characterized by the use of precursors specially adapted for ALD
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/04—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier, e.g. PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer
- H01L21/18—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier, e.g. PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer the devices having semiconductor bodies comprising elements of Group IV of the Periodic System or AIIIBV compounds with or without impurities, e.g. doping materials
- H01L21/28—Manufacture of electrodes on semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/268
- H01L21/283—Deposition of conductive or insulating materials for electrodes conducting electric current
- H01L21/285—Deposition of conductive or insulating materials for electrodes conducting electric current from a gas or vapour, e.g. condensation
- H01L21/28506—Deposition of conductive or insulating materials for electrodes conducting electric current from a gas or vapour, e.g. condensation of conductive layers
- H01L21/28512—Deposition of conductive or insulating materials for electrodes conducting electric current from a gas or vapour, e.g. condensation of conductive layers on semiconductor bodies comprising elements of Group IV of the Periodic System
- H01L21/28556—Deposition of conductive or insulating materials for electrodes conducting electric current from a gas or vapour, e.g. condensation of conductive layers on semiconductor bodies comprising elements of Group IV of the Periodic System by chemical means, e.g. CVD, LPCVD, PECVD, laser CVD
- H01L21/28562—Selective deposition
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/70—Manufacture or treatment of devices consisting of a plurality of solid state components formed in or on a common substrate or of parts thereof; Manufacture of integrated circuit devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/71—Manufacture of specific parts of devices defined in group H01L21/70
- H01L21/768—Applying interconnections to be used for carrying current between separate components within a device comprising conductors and dielectrics
- H01L21/76838—Applying interconnections to be used for carrying current between separate components within a device comprising conductors and dielectrics characterised by the formation and the after-treatment of the conductors
- H01L21/76841—Barrier, adhesion or liner layers
- H01L21/76843—Barrier, adhesion or liner layers formed in openings in a dielectric
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/70—Manufacture or treatment of devices consisting of a plurality of solid state components formed in or on a common substrate or of parts thereof; Manufacture of integrated circuit devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/71—Manufacture of specific parts of devices defined in group H01L21/70
- H01L21/768—Applying interconnections to be used for carrying current between separate components within a device comprising conductors and dielectrics
- H01L21/76838—Applying interconnections to be used for carrying current between separate components within a device comprising conductors and dielectrics characterised by the formation and the after-treatment of the conductors
- H01L21/76841—Barrier, adhesion or liner layers
- H01L21/76871—Layers specifically deposited to enhance or enable the nucleation of further layers, i.e. seed layers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/70—Manufacture or treatment of devices consisting of a plurality of solid state components formed in or on a common substrate or of parts thereof; Manufacture of integrated circuit devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/71—Manufacture of specific parts of devices defined in group H01L21/70
- H01L21/768—Applying interconnections to be used for carrying current between separate components within a device comprising conductors and dielectrics
- H01L21/76838—Applying interconnections to be used for carrying current between separate components within a device comprising conductors and dielectrics characterised by the formation and the after-treatment of the conductors
- H01L21/76841—Barrier, adhesion or liner layers
- H01L21/76871—Layers specifically deposited to enhance or enable the nucleation of further layers, i.e. seed layers
- H01L21/76873—Layers specifically deposited to enhance or enable the nucleation of further layers, i.e. seed layers for electroplating
Definitions
- Embodiments of the invention generally relate to a method for forming noble metal layers, and more particularly to methods for forming ruthenium layers used in copper integration.
- Multi-level metallization is one of the key technologies for the next generation of very large scale integration (VLSI) and ultra large scale integration (ULSI) semiconductor devices.
- VLSI very large scale integration
- ULSI ultra large scale integration
- the multilevel interconnects that lie at the heart of this technology require the filling of contacts, vias, lines, and other features formed in high aspect ratio apertures. Reliable formation of these features is very important to the success of both VLSI and ULSI as well as to the continued effort to increase client density and quality on individual substrates and die.
- the widths of contacts, vias, lines and other features, as well as the dielectric materials between them may decrease to less than about 250 nm, whereas the thickness of the dielectric layers remains substantially constant with the result that the aspect ratios for the features, i.e., their height divided by width, increases.
- Many conventional deposition processes have difficulty filling structures where the aspect ratio exceeds 6:1, and particularly where the aspect ratio exceeds 10:1. As such, there is a great amount of ongoing effort being directed at the formation of void-free, nanometer-sized structures having aspect ratios wherein the ratio of feature height to feature width can be 6:1 or higher.
- Elemental aluminum and aluminum alloys have been the traditional metals used to form vias and lines in semiconductor devices because aluminum has a perceived low electrical resistivity, superior adhesion to most dielectric materials, ease of patterning, and the ability to obtain aluminum in a highly pure form.
- aluminum has a higher electrical resistivity than other more conductive metals such as copper.
- Aluminum can also suffer from electromigration leading to the formation of voids in the conductor.
- Copper and copper alloys have lower resistivities than aluminum, as well as a significantly higher electromigration resistance compared to aluminum. These characteristics are important for supporting the higher current densities experienced at high levels of integration and increased device speed. Copper also has good thermal conductivity. Therefore, copper is becoming a choice metal for filling sub-quarter micron, high aspect ratio interconnect features on semiconductor substrates.
- a thin film of a noble metal such as, for example, palladium, platinum, cobalt, nickel and rhodium, among others may be used as an underlayer for the copper vias and lines.
- a noble metal such as, for example, palladium, platinum, cobalt, nickel and rhodium, among others may be used as an underlayer for the copper vias and lines.
- Such noble metals which are resistant to corrosion and oxidation, may provide a smooth surface upon which a copper seed layer is subsequently deposited using for example, an electrochemical plating (ECP) process.
- ECP electrochemical plating
- the noble metal is typically deposited using a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process or a physical vapor deposition (PVD) process.
- CVD chemical vapor deposition
- PVD physical vapor deposition
- noble metals deposited on high aspect ratio interconnect features using CVD and/or PVD processes generally have poor step coverage (e.g., deposition of a non-continuous material layer).
- the poor step coverage for the noble metal material layer may cause the subsequent copper seed layer deposition using an ECP process to be non-uniform.
- a noble metal such as ruthenium
- the noble metal layer is formed using a cyclical deposition process, such as atomic layer deposition (ALD).
- the cyclical deposition process includes alternately adsorbing a noble metal-containing precursor and a reducing gas on a substrate structure.
- the adsorbed noble metal-containing precursor reacts with the reducing gas to form the noble metal layer on the substrate.
- Suitable noble metals may include, for example, ruthenium, palladium, platinum, cobalt, nickel, or rhodium.
- the noble metal layer formation is compatible with integrated circuit fabrication processes.
- the noble metal layer may be used as an underlayer for a copper seed layer within a copper interconnect.
- a preferred process sequence includes providing a substrate having an interconnect pattern defined in one or more dielectric layers formed thereon.
- the interconnect pattern includes a barrier layer conformably deposited thereon.
- a noble metal layer (e.g., ruthenium) is conformably deposited on the barrier layer.
- the noble metal layer is deposited using a cyclical deposition process by alternately exposing the substrate to a noble metal-containing gas and a reducing gas.
- the copper interconnects are completed by depositing a copper seed layer on the noble metal layer and filling the vias with bulk copper metal.
- a method for forming a film on a substrate includes positioning the substrate within a process chamber and forming a ruthenium layer on at least a portion of the substrate by sequentially chemisorbing monolayers of a ruthenium-containing compound and a reducing gas on the substrate to form the ruthenium layer.
- a method for forming a ruthenium layer on a substrate for use in integrated circuit fabrication includes positioning the substrate within a process chamber, wherein the process chamber is in fluid communication with a gas delivery system, delivering a ruthenium-containing compound from the gas delivery system to the process chamber, chemisorbing a ruthenium-containing layer on the substrate, delivering a reducing gas from the gas delivery system to the process chamber and reacting the reducing gas with the ruthenium-containing layer to form the ruthenium layer on the substrate.
- a method for forming a layer containing ruthenium material on a substrate surface includes exposing the substrate surface to a ruthenium-containing compound to form a ruthenium-containing layer on the substrate surface, purging the chamber with a purge gas, reacting a reducing gas with the ruthenium-containing layer, and purging the chamber with the purge gas.
- a method for forming a ruthenium layer on a substrate which includes positioning the substrate within a process chamber and forming the ruthenium layer on at least a portion of the substrate by sequentially chemisorbing monolayers of a ruthenium-containing compound and a reducing gas.
- the method further includes that the process chamber contains a substrate support, a chamber lid with a passageway at a central portion of the chamber lid and having a bottom surface extending from the passageway to a peripheral portion of the chamber lid. The bottom surface is shaped and sized to substantially cover the substrate.
- the process chamber further contains one or more valves coupled to the passageway, one or more gas sources coupled to each valve and a reaction zone. The reaction zone is defined between the chamber lid and the substrate and occupies a small volume.
- FIG. 1 depicts a schematic cross-sectional view of a process chamber that may be used to perform a cyclical deposition process described herein;
- FIG. 2 depicts a schematic cross-sectional view of another process chamber that may be used to perform a cyclical deposition process described herein;
- FIG. 3 illustrates a process sequence for noble metal layer formation using cyclical deposition techniques according to one embodiment described herein;
- FIG. 4 illustrates a process sequence for noble metal layer formation using cyclical deposition techniques according to an alternate embodiment described herein;
- FIGS. 5A-5C illustrate schematic cross-sectional views of an integrated circuit fabrication sequence.
- FIG. 1 depicts a schematic cross-sectional view of a process chamber 10 that can be used to perform integrated circuit fabrication in accordance with embodiments described herein.
- the process chamber 10 generally houses a substrate support pedestal 48 , which is used to support a substrate (not shown).
- the substrate support pedestal 48 is movable in a vertical direction inside the process chamber 10 using a displacement mechanism 48 A.
- the substrate can be heated to some desired temperature prior to or during deposition.
- the substrate support pedestal 48 may be heated using an embedded heating element 52 A.
- the substrate support pedestal 48 may be resistively heated by applying an electric current from an AC power supply 52 to the heating element 52 A.
- the substrate (not shown) is, in turn, heated by the pedestal 48 .
- the substrate support pedestal 48 may be heated using radiant heaters such as, for example, lamps (not shown).
- a temperature sensor 50 A such as a thermocouple, is also embedded in the substrate support pedestal 48 to monitor the temperature of the pedestal 48 in a conventional manner. The measured temperature is used in a feedback loop to control the AC power supply 52 for the heating element 52 A, such that the substrate temperature can be maintained or controlled at a desired temperature which is suitable for the particular process application.
- a vacuum pump 18 and the conduit system 46 A are used to evacuate the process chamber 10 and to maintain the pressure inside the process chamber 10 .
- a gas manifold 34 through which process gases are introduced into the process chamber 10 , is located above the substrate support pedestal 48 .
- the gas manifold 34 is connected to a gas panel (not shown), which controls and supplies various process gases to the process chamber 10 .
- Proper control and regulation of the gas flows to the gas manifold 34 are performed by mass flow controllers (not shown) and a microprocessor controller 70 .
- the gas manifold 34 allows process gases to be introduced and uniformly distributed in the process chamber 10 . Additionally, the gas manifold 34 may optionally be heated to prevent condensation of any reactive gases within the manifold.
- the gas manifold 34 includes a plurality of electronic control valves (not shown).
- the electronic control valves as used herein refer to any control valve capable of providing rapid and precise gas flow to the process chamber 10 with valve open and close cycles within a range from about 0.01 seconds to about 10 seconds, preferably, from about 0.05 seconds to about 2 seconds, and more preferably, from about 0.1 seconds to about 1 second.
- the microprocessor controller 70 may be one of any form of general purpose computer processor (CPU) that can be used in an industrial setting for controlling various chambers and sub-processors.
- the computer may use any suitable memory, such as random access memory, read only memory, floppy disk drive, compact disc drive, hard disk, or any other form of digital storage, local or remote.
- Various support circuits may be coupled to the CPU for supporting the processor in a conventional manner.
- Software routines as required, may be stored in the memory or executed by a second, remotely located CPU.
- the software routines are executed to initiate process recipes or sequences.
- the software routines when executed, transform the general purpose computer into a specific process computer that controls the chamber operation so that a chamber process is performed.
- software routines may be used to precisely control the activation of the electronic control valves for the execution of process sequences according to the present invention.
- the software routines may be performed in hardware, as an application specific integrated circuit or other type of hardware implementation, or a combination of software or hardware.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a chamber 80 including a gas delivery apparatus 130 adapted for cyclic deposition, such as atomic layer deposition or rapid chemical vapor deposition.
- a gas delivery apparatus 130 adapted for cyclic deposition, such as atomic layer deposition or rapid chemical vapor deposition.
- a detailed description for a chamber 80 is described in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 6,916,398, and commonly assigned and co-pending U.S. Ser. No. 10/281,079, entitled “Gas Delivery Apparatus for Atomic Layer Deposition,” filed Oct. 25, 2002, and published as US 2003-0121608, which are both incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
- the terms “atomic layer deposition” (ALD) and “rapid chemical vapor deposition,” as used herein, refer to the sequential introduction of reactants to deposit a thin layer over a substrate structure. The sequential introduction of reactants may be repeated to deposit a plurality of thin layers to form a conformal layer to
- the chamber 80 contains a chamber body 82 having sidewalls 84 and a bottom 86 .
- a slit valve 88 in the chamber 80 provides access for a robot (not shown) to deliver and retrieve a substrate 90 , such as a 200 mm or 300 mm semiconductor wafer or a glass substrate, from the chamber 80 .
- a substrate support 92 supports the substrate 90 on a substrate receiving surface 91 in the chamber 80 .
- the substrate support 92 is mounted to a lift motor 114 to raise and lower the substrate support 92 and a substrate 90 disposed thereon.
- a lift plate 116 connected to a lift motor 118 is mounted in the chamber 80 and raises and lowers pins 120 movably disposed through the substrate support 92 .
- the pins 120 raise and lower the substrate 90 over the surface of the substrate support 92 .
- the substrate support 92 may include a vacuum chuck, an electrostatic chuck, or a clamp ring for securing the substrate 90 to the substrate support 92 during processes.
- the substrate support 92 may be heated to heat a substrate 90 disposed thereon.
- the substrate support 92 may be heated using an embedded heating element, such as a resistive heater, or may be heated using radiant heat, such as heating lamps disposed above the substrate support 92 .
- a purge ring 122 may be disposed on the substrate support 92 to define a purge channel 124 which provides a purge gas to a peripheral portion of the substrate 90 to prevent deposition thereon.
- a gas delivery apparatus 130 is disposed at an upper portion of the chamber body 82 to provide a gas, such as a process gas and/or a purge gas, to the chamber 80 .
- a vacuum system 178 is in communication with a pumping channel 179 to evacuate any desired gases from the chamber 80 and to help maintain a desired pressure or a desired pressure range inside a pumping zone 166 of the chamber 80 .
- the chambers depicted by FIGS. 1 and 2 permit the process gas and/or purge gas to enter the chamber 80 normal (i.e., 900 ) with respect to the plane of the substrate 90 via the gas delivery apparatus 130 . Therefore, the surface of substrate 90 is symmetrically exposed to gases that allow uniform film formation on substrates.
- the process gas may have a circular flow pattern, such as a “vortex,” “helix,” or “spiral” flow passing through the expanding channel 134 towards the substrate. The circular flow may establish a more efficient purge of the expanding channel 134 due to the sweeping action of the vortex flow pattern across the inner surface of the expanding channel 134 and a laminar flow efficiently purging the surface of the chamber lid 132 and the substrate 90 .
- the process gas includes a ruthenium-containing precursor during one pulse and includes a reducing gas in another pulse.
- Chamber 80 produces a more uniform film than chamber 10 , depicted in FIG. 1 . Also, chamber 80 employs a smaller cycle time than chamber 10 , since chamber 80 takes less time to purge and less time to dose the wafer to saturation with precursor than chamber 10 .
- the lesser dosing time is important because many of the ruthenium-containing compounds have the inherent characteristic of a low vapor pressure. The low vapor pressure correlates to less precursor saturating the carrier gas per time and temperature, therefore, more time is needed to saturate the surface of the wafer with ruthenium-containing compound (e.g., Cp 2 Ru) than a traditional precursor with a higher vapor pressure (e.g., TiCl 4 ). Therefore, chamber 10 may dose a ruthenium-containing compound for about 1 second or less, while chamber 80 may dose the same ruthenium-containing compound for about 0.2 seconds or less.
- ruthenium-containing compound e.g., Cp 2 Ru
- the gas delivery apparatus 130 comprises a chamber lid 132 .
- the chamber lid 132 includes an expanding channel 134 extending from a central portion of the chamber lid 132 and a bottom surface 160 extending from the expanding channel 134 to a peripheral portion of the chamber lid 132 .
- the bottom surface 160 is sized and shaped to substantially cover a substrate 90 disposed on the substrate support 92 .
- the expanding channel 134 has gas inlets 136 A, 136 B to provide gas flows from two similar pairs of valves 142 A/ 152 A, 142 B/ 152 B, which may be provided together and/or separately.
- valve 142 A and valve 142 B are coupled to separate reactant gas sources but are preferably coupled to the same purge gas source.
- valve 142 A is coupled to reactant gas source 138 and valve 142 B is coupled to reactant gas source 139 , and both valves 142 A, 142 B are coupled to purge gas source 140 .
- Each valve 142 A, 142 B includes a delivery line 143 A, 143 B having a valve seat assembly 144 A, 144 B and each valves 152 A, 152 B includes a purge line 145 A, 145 B having a valve seat assembly 146 A, 146 B.
- the delivery line 143 A, 143 B is in communication with the reactant gas source 138 , 139 and is in communication with the gas inlet 136 A, 136 B of the expanding channel 134 .
- the valve seat assembly 144 A, 144 B of the delivery line 143 A, 143 B controls the flow of the reactant gas from the reactant gas source 138 , 139 to the expanding channel 134 .
- the purge line 145 A, 145 B is in communication with the purge gas source 140 and intersects the delivery lines 143 A, 143 B downstream of the valve seat assembly 144 A, 144 B of the valves 142 A, 142 B.
- the valve seat assembly 146 A, 146 B of the purge line 145 A, 145 B controls the flow of the purge gas from the purge gas source 140 to the delivery line 143 A, 143 B.
- a carrier gas is used to deliver reactant gases from the reactant gas source 138 , 139 , preferably the same gas is used as a carrier gas and a purge gas (i.e., an argon gas used as a carrier gas and a purge gas).
- Each valve seat assembly 144 A, 144 B, 146 A, 146 B may comprise a diaphragm and a valve seat.
- the diaphragm may be biased open or closed and may be actuated closed or open respectively.
- the diaphragms may be pneumatically actuated or may be electrically actuated. Examples of pneumatically actuated valves include pneumatically actuated valves available from Fujiken and Veriflow. Examples of electrically actuated valves include electrically actuated valves available from Fujiken.
- Programmable logic controllers 148 A, 148 B may be coupled to the valves 142 A, 142 B to control actuation of the diaphragms of the valve seat assemblies 144 A, 144 B, 146 A, 146 B of the valves 142 A, 142 B.
- Pneumatically actuated valves may provide pulses of gases in time periods as low as about 0.020 seconds.
- Electrically actuated valves may provide pulses of gases in time periods as low as about 0.005 seconds.
- An electrically actuated valve typically requires the use of a driver coupled between the valve and the programmable logic controller.
- Each valve 142 A, 142 B may be a zero dead volume valve to enable flushing of a reactant gas from the delivery line 143 A, 143 B when the valve seat assembly 144 A, 144 B of the valve is closed.
- the purge line 145 A, 145 B may be positioned adjacent the valve seat assembly 144 A, 144 B of the delivery line 143 A, 143 B.
- the purge line 145 A, 145 B may provide a purge gas to flush the delivery line 143 A, 143 B.
- the purge line 145 A, 145 B is positioned slightly spaced from the valve seat assembly 144 A, 144 B of the delivery line 143 A, 143 B so that a purge gas is not directly delivered into the valve seat assembly 144 A, 144 B when open.
- a zero dead volume valve as used herein is defined as a valve which has negligible dead volume (i.e., not necessary zero dead volume).
- Each valve pair 142 A/ 152 A, 142 B/ 152 B may be adapted to provide a combined gas flow and/or separate gas flows of the reactant gas 138 , 139 and the purge gas 140 .
- a combined gas flow of the reactant gas 138 and the purge gas 140 provided by valve 142 A comprises a continuous flow of a purge gas from the purge gas source 140 through purge line 145 A and pulses of a reactant gas from the reactant gas source 138 through delivery line 143 A.
- the continuous flow of the purge gas may be provided by leaving diaphragm of the valve seat assembly 146 A of the purge line 145 A open.
- the pulses of the reactant gas from the reactant gas source 138 may be provided by opening and closing the diaphragm of the valve seat 144 A of the delivery line 143 A.
- one example of separate gas flows of the reactant gas 138 and the purge gas 140 provided by valve 142 A comprises pulses of a purge gas from the purge gas source 140 through purge line 145 A and pulses of a reactant gas from the reactant gas source 138 through delivery line 143 A.
- the pulses of the purge gas may be provided by opening and closing the diaphragm of the valve seat assembly 146 A of the purge line 145 A open.
- the pulses of the reactant gas from the reactant gas source 138 may be provided by opening and closing the diaphragm valve seat 144 A of the delivery line 143 A.
- the delivery lines 143 A, 143 B of the valves 142 A, 142 B may be coupled to the gas inlets 136 A, 136 B through gas conduits 150 A, 150 B.
- the gas conduits 150 A, 150 B may be integrated or may be separate from the valves 142 A, 142 B.
- the valves 142 A, 142 B are coupled in close proximity to the expanding channel 134 to reduce any unnecessary volume of the delivery line 143 A, 143 B and the gas conduits 150 A, 150 B between the valves 142 A, 142 B and the gas inlets 136 A, 136 B.
- the expanding channel 134 comprises a channel which has an inner diameter which increases from an upper portion 137 of cap 172 to a lower portion 135 of the expanding channel 134 adjacent the bottom surface 160 of the chamber lid 132 .
- the inner diameter of the expanding channel 134 for a chamber adapted to process 200 mm diameter substrates is between about 0.2 inches (0.51 cm) and about 1.0 inch (2.54 cm), more preferably between about 0.3 inches (0.76 cm) and about 0.9 inches (2.29 cm) and more preferably between about 0.3 inches (0.76 cm) and about 0.5 inches (1.27 cm) at the upper portion 137 of the expanding channel 134 and between about 0.5 inches (1.27 cm) and about 3.0 inches (7.62 cm), preferably between about 0.75 inches (1.91 cm) and about 2.5 inches (6.35 cm) and more preferably between about 1.1 inches (2.79 cm) and about 2.0 inches (5.08 cm) at the lower portion 135 of the expanding channel 134 .
- the inner diameter of the expanding channel 134 for a chamber adapted to process 300 mm diameter substrates is between about 0.2 inches (0.51 cm) and about 1.0 inch (2.54 cm), more preferably between about 0.3 inches (0.76 cm) and about 0.9 inches (2.29 cm) and more preferably between about 0.3 inches (0.76 cm) and about 0.5 inches (1.27 cm) at the upper portion 137 of the expanding channel 134 and between about 0.5 inches (1.27 cm) and about 3.0 inches (7.62 cm), preferably between about 0.75 inches (1.91 cm) and about 2.5 inches (6.35 cm) and more preferably between about 1.2 inches (3.05 cm) and about 2.2 inches (5.59 cm) at the lower portion 135 of the expanding channel 134 for a 300 mm substrate.
- the above dimension apply to an expanding channel adapted to provide a total gas flow of between about 500 sccm and about 3,000 sccm.
- the dimension may be altered to accommodate a certain gas flow therethrough.
- a larger gas flow will require a larger diameter expanding channel.
- the expanding channel 134 may be shaped as a truncated cone (including shapes resembling a truncated cone). Whether a gas is provided toward the walls of the expanding channel 134 or directly downward towards the substrate, the velocity of the gas flow decreases as the gas flow travels through the expanding channel 134 due to the expansion of the gas. The reduction of the velocity of the gas flow helps reduce the likelihood the gas flow will blow off reactants absorbed on the surface of the substrate 90 .
- the diameter of the expanding channel 134 which is gradually increasing from the upper portion 137 to the lower portion 135 of the expanding channel, allows less of an adiabatic expansion of a gas through the expanding channel 134 which helps to control the temperature of the gas. For instance, a sudden adiabatic expansion of a gas delivered through the gas inlet 136 A, 136 B into the expanding channel 134 may result in a drop in the temperature of the gas which may cause condensation of the gas and formation of particles.
- a gradually expanding channel 134 according to embodiments of the present invention is believed to provide less of an adiabatic expansion of a gas.
- the gradually expanding channel may contain one or more tapered inner surfaces, such as a tapered straight surface, a concave surface, a convex surface, or a combination thereof or may contain sections of one or more tapered inner surfaces (i.e., a portion tapered, such as bottom surface 160 and a portion non-tapered, such as choke 162 ).
- the gas inlets 136 A, 136 B are located adjacent the upper portion 137 of the expanding channel 134 . In other embodiments, one or more gas inlets may be located along the length of the expanding channel 134 between the upper portion 137 and the lower portion 135 .
- a control unit 180 such as a programmed personal computer, work station computer, or the like, may be coupled to the chamber 80 to control processing conditions.
- the control unit 180 may be configured to control flow of various process gases and purge gases from gas sources 138 , 139 , 140 through the valves 142 A, 142 B during different stages of a substrate process sequence.
- the control unit 180 comprises a central processing unit (CPU) 182 , support circuitry 184 , and memory 186 containing associated control software 183 .
- CPU central processing unit
- the control unit 180 may be one of any form of general purpose computer processor that can be used in an industrial setting for controlling various chambers and sub-processors.
- the CPU 182 may use any suitable memory 186 , such as random access memory, read only memory, floppy disk drive, compact disc drive, hard disk, or any other form of digital storage, local or remote.
- Various support circuits may be coupled to the CPU 182 for supporting the chamber 80 .
- the control unit 180 may be coupled to another controller that is located adjacent individual chamber components, such as the programmable logic controllers 148 A, 148 B of the valves 142 A, 142 B. Bi-directional communications between the control unit 180 and various other components of the chamber 80 are handled through numerous signal cables collectively referred to as signal buses 188 , some of which are illustrated in FIG.
- control unit 180 may be configured to be responsible for automated control of other activities used in wafer processing—such as wafer transport, temperature control, chamber evacuation, among other activities, some of which are described elsewhere herein.
- a method of noble metal layer formation for high aspect ratio interconnect features is described.
- the noble metal layer is deposited using a cyclical deposition process.
- the cyclical deposition process provides alternately adsorbing a noble metal-containing precursor and a reducing gas on a substrate structure.
- the noble metal-containing precursor and the reducing gas undergo a reaction to form the noble metal layer on the substrate.
- Suitable noble metals may include, for example, ruthenium, palladium, platinum, cobalt, nickel, or rhodium, preferably ruthenium.
- the ruthenium layer may have a thickness of less than about 500 ⁇ , preferably, within a range from about 10 ⁇ to about 100 ⁇ , such as about 30 ⁇ .
- FIG. 3 illustrates a process sequence 100 detailing the various steps used for the deposition of the silicon layer. These steps may be performed in a process chamber similar to that described above with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2 .
- a substrate is provided to the process chamber.
- the substrate may be for example, a silicon substrate having an interconnect pattern defined in one or more dielectric material layers formed thereon.
- the process chamber conditions such as, for example, the temperature and pressure are adjusted to enhance the adsorption of the process gases on the substrate so as to facilitate the reaction of the noble metal-containing precursor (e.g., ruthenium metallocene) and the reducing gas.
- the noble metal-containing precursor e.g., ruthenium metallocene
- the substrate should be maintained at a temperature of less than about 500° C., preferably, within a range from about 200° C. to about 400° C., such as about 350° C.
- the process chamber pressure is maintained within a range from about 0.1 Torr to about 80 Torr, preferably, from about 1 Torr to about 10 Torr.
- the noble metal-containing precursor may be provided having a flow rate within a range from about 0.01 sccm to about 20 sccm, preferably, from about 0.1 sccm to about 5 sccm, and more preferably, from about 0.1 sccm to about 1 sccm.
- the reducing gas may be provided having a flow rate within a range from about 1 sccm to about 100 sccm, preferably, from about 10 sccm to about 50 sccm.
- a carrier gas stream is established within the process chamber as indicated in step 104 .
- Carrier gases may be selected so as to also act as a purge gas for the removal of volatile reactants and/or by-products from the process chamber.
- a carrier gas or a purge gas that may be used during processes described herein include helium (He), argon (Ar), nitrogen (N 2 ), hydrogen (H 2 ), or combinations thereof.
- the pulse of the purge gas lasts for a predetermined time interval, such as, within a range from about 0.01 seconds to about 10 seconds, preferably, from about 0.07 seconds to about 2 seconds, and more preferably, from about 0.1 seconds to about 1 second.
- the carrier gas and purge gases may be provided having a flow rate within a range from about 500 sccm to about 5,000 sccm, preferably, from about 500 sccm to about 2,500 sccm for 200 mm substrates and from about 1,000 sccm to about 5,000 sccm for 300 mm substrates.
- a pulse of a noble metal-containing precursor is added to the carrier gas stream.
- the term pulse as used herein refers to a dose of material injected into the process chamber or into the carrier gas stream.
- the pulse of the noble metal-containing precursor lasts for a predetermined time interval, such as, within a range from about 0.01 seconds to about 10 seconds, preferably, from about 0.05 seconds to about 1.5 seconds, and more preferably, from about 0.1 seconds to about 1 second.
- the noble metal-containing precursors may contain noble metals, such as ruthenium, palladium, platinum, cobalt, nickel, or rhodium.
- Suitable ruthenium-containing precursors include tris(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionato) ruthenium, bis(2,4-dimethylpentadienyl) ruthenium, dicarbonyl pentadienyl ruthenium, ruthenium acetyl acetonate, (2,4-dimethylpentadienyl) ruthenium (cyclopentadienyl), bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionato) ruthenium (1,5-cyclooctadiene), (2,4-dimethylpentadienyl)ruthenium(methylcyclopentadienyl), (1,5-cyclooctadiene)ruthenium(cyclopentadien
- Suitable palladium-containing precursors include bis(allyl)palladium, bis(2-methylallyl)palladium, or (cyclopentadienyl)palladium(allyl).
- Suitable platinum-containing precursors include dimethyl platinum (cyclooctadiene), trimethyl platinum (cyclopentadienyl), trimethyl(methylcyclopentadienyl) platinum, cyclopentadienyl(allyl) platinum, methyl(carbonyl) platinum cyclopentadienyl, trimethyl platinum (acetylacetonato), and bis(acetylacetonato) platinum.
- Suitable cobalt-containing precursors include bis(cyclopentadienyl) cobalt, (cyclopentadienyl) cobalt (cyclohexadienyl), cyclopentadienyl(1,3-hexadienyl) cobalt, (cyclobutadienyl) cobalt (cyclopentadienyl), bis(methylcyclopentadienyl) cobalt, (cyclopentadienyl) cobalt (5-methylcyclopentadienyl), or bis(ethylene) cobalt (pentamethylcyclopentadienyl).
- a suitable nickel-containing precursor includes bis(methylcyclopentadienyl) nickel.
- Suitable rhodium-containing precursors include bis(carbonyl) rhodium (cyclopentadienyl), bis(propylene) rhodium, bis(carbonyl) rhodium (ethylcyclopentadienyl), or bis(carbonyl) rhodium (methylcyclopentadienyl).
- the time interval for the pulse of the noble metal-containing precursor is variable depending upon a number of factors such as, for example, the volume capacity of the process chamber employed, the vacuum system coupled thereto and the volatility/reactivity of the reactants used. For example, (1) a large-volume process chamber may lead to a longer time to stabilize the process conditions such as, for example, carrier/purge gas flow and temperature, requiring a longer pulse time; (2) a lower flow rate for the process gas may also lead to a longer time to stabilize the process conditions requiring a longer pulse time; and (3) a lower chamber pressure means that the process gas is evacuated from the process chamber more quickly requiring a longer pulse time.
- the process conditions are advantageously selected so that a pulse of the noble metal-containing precursor provides a sufficient amount of precursor so that at least a monolayer of the noble metal-containing precursor is adsorbed on the substrate. Thereafter, excess noble metal-containing precursor remaining in the chamber may be removed from the process chamber by the constant carrier gas stream in combination with the vacuum system.
- a pulse of a reducing gas is added to the carrier gas stream.
- the pulse of the reducing gas also lasts for a predetermined time interval.
- the time interval for the pulse of the reducing gas should be long enough for adsorption of at least a monolayer of the reducing gas on the noble metal-containing precursor.
- the pulse of reducing gas lasts for a predetermined time interval, such as, within a range from about 0.01 seconds to about 10 seconds, preferably, from about 0.1 seconds to about 2 seconds, and more preferably, from about 0.1 seconds to about 1 second.
- excess reducing gas is flushed from the process chamber by the carrier gas stream.
- Suitable reducing gases may include, for example, hydrogen (e.g., H 2 or atomic-H), ammonia (NH 3 ), silane (SiH 4 ), disilane (Si 2 H 6 ), trisilane (Si 3 H 8 ), tetrasilane (Si 4 H 10 ), dimethylsilane (SiC 2 H 8 ), methyl silane (SiCH 6 ), ethylsilane (SiC 2 H 8 ), chlorosilane (ClSiH 3 ), dichlorosilane (Cl 2 SiH 2 ), hexachlorodisilane (Si 2 Cl 6 ), borane, diborane, triborane, tetraborane, pentaborane, triethylborane, or combinations thereof.
- hydrogen e.g., H 2 or atomic-H
- ammonia NH 3
- silane SiH 4
- disilane Si 2 H 6
- a deposition cycle for forming a noble metal layer is depicted by steps 104 - 108 in FIG. 3 .
- a constant flow of carrier gas is provided to the process chamber modulated by alternating periods of pulsing and non-pulsing where the periods of pulsing alternate between the noble metal-containing precursor and the reducing gas along with the carrier gas stream, while the periods of non-pulsing include only the carrier gas stream.
- the time interval for each of the pulses of the noble metal-containing precursor and the reducing gas may have the same duration. That is, the duration of the pulse of the noble metal-containing precursor may be identical to the duration of the pulse of the reducing gas.
- a time interval (T 1 ) for the pulse of the noble metal-containing precursor is equal to a time interval (T 2 ) for the pulse of the reducing gas.
- the time interval for each of the pulses of the noble metal-containing precursor and the reducing gas may have different durations. That is, the duration of the pulse of the noble metal-containing precursor may be shorter or longer than the duration of the pulse of the reducing gas.
- a time interval (T 1 ) for the pulse of the noble metal-containing precursor is different than the time interval (T 2 ) for the pulse of the reducing gas.
- the periods of non-pulsing between each of the pulses of the noble metal-containing precursor and the reducing gas may have the same duration. That is, the duration of the period of non-pulsing between each pulse of the noble metal-containing precursor and each pulse of the reducing gas is identical.
- a time interval (T 3 ) of non-pulsing between the pulse of the noble metal-containing precursor and the pulse of the reducing gas is equal to a time interval (T 4 ) of non-pulsing between the pulse of the reducing gas and the pulse of the noble metal-containing precursor.
- the periods of non-pulsing between each of the pulses of the noble metal-containing precursor and the reducing gas may have different duration. That is, the duration of the period of non-pulsing between each pulse of the noble metal-containing precursor and each pulse of the reducing gas may be shorter or longer than the duration of the period of non-pulsing between each pulse of the reducing gas and the noble metal-containing precursor.
- a time interval (T 3 ) of non-pulsing between the pulse of the noble metal-containing precursor and the pulse of the reducing gas is different from a time interval (T 4 ) of non-pulsing between the pulse of the reducing gas and the pulse of noble metal-containing precursor.
- time intervals for each pulse of the noble metal-containing precursor, the reducing gas and the periods of non-pulsing therebetween for each deposition cycle may have the same duration.
- a time interval (T 1 ) for the noble metal-containing precursor, a time interval (T 2 ) for the reducing gas, a time interval (T 3 ) of non-pulsing between the pulse of the noble metal-containing precursor and the pulse of the reducing gas and a time interval (T 4 ) of non-pulsing between the pulse of the reducing gas and the pulse of the noble metal-containing precursor each have the same value for each deposition cycle.
- a time interval (T 1 ) for the pulse of the noble metal-containing precursor has the same duration as the time interval (T 1 ) for the pulse of the noble metal-containing precursor in subsequent deposition cycles (C 2 . . . C n ).
- the duration of each pulse of the reducing gas and the periods of non-pulsing between the pulse of the noble metal-containing precursor and the reducing gas in the first deposition cycle (C 1 ) is the same as the duration of each pulse of the reducing gas and the periods of non-pulsing between the pulse of the noble metal-containing precursor and the reducing gas in subsequent deposition cycles (C 2 . . . C n ), respectively.
- the time intervals for at least one pulse of the noble metal-containing precursor, the reducing gas and the periods of non-pulsing therebetween for one or more of the deposition cycles of the noble metal layer deposition process may have different durations.
- one or more of the time intervals (T 1 ) for the pulses of the noble metal-containing precursor, the time intervals (T 2 ) for the pulses of the reducing gas, the time intervals (T 3 ) of non-pulsing between the pulse of the noble metal-containing precursor and the reducing gas and the time intervals (T 4 ) of non-pulsing between the pulses of the reducing gas and the noble metal-containing precursor may have different values for one or more deposition cycles of the cyclical deposition process.
- the time interval (T 1 ) for the pulse of the noble metal-containing precursor may be longer or shorter than one or more time interval (T 1 ) for the pulse of the noble metal-containing precursor in subsequent deposition cycles (C 2 . . . C n ).
- the durations of the pulses of the reducing gas and the periods of non-pulsing between the pulse of the noble metal-containing precursor and the reducing gas in the first deposition cycle (C 1 ) may be the same or different than the duration of each pulse of the reducing gas and the periods of non-pulsing between the pulse of the noble metal-containing precursor and the reducing gas in subsequent deposition cycles (C 2 . . . C n ).
- step 110 after each deposition cycle (steps 104 through 108 ) a thickness of the noble metal will be formed on the substrate. Depending on specific device requirements, subsequent deposition cycles may be needed to achieve a desired thickness. As such, steps 104 through 108 are repeated until the desired thickness for the noble metal layer is achieved. Thereafter, when the desired thickness for the noble metal layer is achieved the process is stopped as indicated by step 112 .
- the noble metal layer deposition cycle comprises separate pulses for each of the noble metal-containing precursor, the reducing gas and a purge gas.
- the noble metal layer deposition sequence 200 includes providing a substrate to the process chamber (step 202 ), providing a first pulse of a purge gas to the process chamber (step 204 ), providing a pulse of a noble metal-containing precursor to the process chamber (step 206 ), providing a second pulse of the purge gas to the process chamber (step 208 ), providing a pulse of a reducing gas to the process chamber (step 210 ), and then repeating steps 204 through 210 , or stopping the deposition process (step 214 ) depending on whether a desired thickness for the noble metal layer has been achieved (step 212 ).
- the time intervals for each of the pulses of the noble metal-containing precursor, the reducing gas and the purge gas may have the same or different durations as discussed above with respect to FIG. 3 .
- corresponding time intervals for one or more pulses of the noble metal-containing precursor, the reducing gas and the purge gas in one or more of the deposition cycles of the noble metal layer deposition process may have different durations.
- the noble metal layer deposition cycle is depicted as beginning with a pulse of the noble metal-containing precursor followed by a pulse of the reducing gas.
- the noble metal layer deposition cycle may start with a pulse of the reducing gas followed by a pulse of the noble metal-containing precursor.
- a method for depositing a ruthenium layer by an ALD process includes positioning a substrate (e.g., 300 mm diameter) into the process chamber 80 of FIG. 2 .
- the method includes providing pulses of a ruthenium-containing compound, such as bis(2,4-dimethylpentadienyl) ruthenium, from gas source 138 through valve 142 A, having a flow rate within a large from about 0.01 sccm to about 5 sccm, preferably, from about 0.1 sccm to about 1 sccm.
- a ruthenium-containing compound such as bis(2,4-dimethylpentadienyl) ruthenium
- a pulse time of about 1.5 seconds or less, such as about 0.1 seconds or less, and as low as about 0.05 seconds or less may be used for the ruthenium-containing compound due to the smaller volume of the reaction zone 164 (as compared to chamber 8 of FIG. 1 ).
- the process further includes providing pulses of a reducing gas, such as diborane (B 2 H 6 ), from gas source 139 through valve 142 B, having a flow rate within a range from about 1 sccm to about 80 sccm, preferably, from about 10 sccm to about 50 sccm.
- a reducing gas such as diborane (B 2 H 6 )
- a pulse time of about 2 seconds or less, about 1 second or less, or about 0.1 seconds or less may be used for the reducing gas due to a smaller volume of the reaction zone 164 .
- An argon purge gas having a flow rate within a range from about 500 sccm to about 5,000 sccm, preferably, from about 1,500 sccm to about 3,500 sccm, may be continuously provided from gas source 140 through valves 142 A, 142 B.
- the time between pulses of bis(2,4-dimethylpentadienyl) ruthenium and B 2 H 6 may be about 0.5 seconds or less, such as about 0.1 seconds or less, and as low as about 0.07 seconds or less due to the smaller volume of the reaction zone 164 .
- the substrate may be heated to a temperature within a range from about 200° C. to about 400° C., preferably, about 350° C., and the chamber may be pressurized at a pressure within a range from about 1.0 to about 10 Torr, preferably, about 4 Torr.
- a process provides a ruthenium layer having a thickness within a range from about 0.5 ⁇ to about 1.0 ⁇ per cycle. The alternating sequence of the cycle may be repeated to obtain a desired thickness of the ruthenium layer.
- the ruthenium layer is deposited on a sidewall with a thickness coverage of about 50 ⁇ or less. In another embodiment, the ruthenium layer is deposited on a sidewall with a thickness coverage of about 20 ⁇ or less. In still another embodiment, the ruthenium layer is deposited on a sidewall with a thickness coverage of about 10 ⁇ or less.
- a ruthenium layer having a thickness of about 10 ⁇ or less is believed to be a sufficient thickness as an underlayer to adhere copper deposition (i.e., seed layer) and to prevent copper diffusion (i.e., barrier layer).
- a thin ruthenium underlayer may be advantageously used prior to filling sub-micron (e.g., less than 0.15 ⁇ m) and smaller features having high aspect ratios (e.g., greater than 5 to 1).
- a layer may also be used that has a sidewall with a thickness coverage of greater than 50 ⁇ .
- a ruthenium material is deposited as a seed layer.
- a ruthenium material is deposited as a barrier layer.
- FIGS. 5A-5C illustrate cross-sectional views of different stages of a copper interconnect being fabricated by sequences that incorporate a noble metal layer formed during a process as described herein.
- FIG. 5A illustrates a cross-sectional view of a substrate 300 having metal contacts 304 and a dielectric layer 302 formed thereon.
- the substrate 300 may contain a semiconductor material such as, for example, silicon, germanium, or gallium arsenide.
- the dielectric layer 302 may contain an insulating material such as, for example, silicon oxide or silicon nitride.
- the metal contacts 304 may contain for example, copper.
- Apertures 304 H may be defined in the dielectric layer 302 to provide openings over the metal contacts 304 .
- the apertures 304 H may be defined in the dielectric layer 302 using conventional lithography and etching techniques.
- a barrier layer 306 may be formed in the apertures 304 H defined in the dielectric layer 302 .
- the barrier layer 306 may include one or more refractory metal-containing layers such as, for example, titanium, titanium nitride, tantalum, tantalum nitride, tungsten, or tungsten nitride.
- the barrier layer 306 may be formed using a suitable deposition process. For example, titanium nitride may be deposited using a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process or ALD process wherein titanium tetrachloride and ammonia are reacted.
- a noble metal layer 308 (e.g., ruthenium) is formed on the barrier layer 306 .
- the noble metal layer is formed using the cyclical deposition techniques described above with reference to FIGS. 3-4 .
- the thickness for the noble metal layer is variable depending on the device structure to be fabricated. Typically, the thickness of the noble metal layer is less than about 100 ⁇ , preferably, within a range from about 10 ⁇ to about 60 ⁇ . In one embodiment, a ruthenium layer has a thickness of about 30 ⁇ .
- the apertures 304 H may be filled with copper 310 to complete the copper interconnect.
- the copper 310 may be formed using one or more suitable deposition processes.
- a copper seed layer may be formed on the ruthenium layer by using a CVD process followed by deposition of bulk copper to fill the interconnects using an electrochemical plating (ECP) process.
- ECP electrochemical plating
- a copper seed layer is deposited to the ruthenium layer via physical vapor deposition (PVD), thereafter an electroless copper plating is utilized to deposit a copper bulk fill.
- the ruthenium layer serves as a seed layer to which a copper bulk fill is directly deposited with ECP or electroless copper plating.
- ruthenium layer within the interconnect Several integration sequence are conducted in order to form a ruthenium layer within the interconnect.
- the subsequent steps follow: a) pre-clean of the substrate; b) deposition of a barrier layer (e.g., ALD of TaN); c) deposition of ruthenium by ALD; and d) deposition of copper by ECP or Cu-PVD followed by ECP.
- the subsequent steps follow: a) deposition of a barrier layer (e.g., ALD of TaN); b) punch-through step; c) deposition of ruthenium by ALD; and d) deposition of copper by ECP or Cu-PVD followed by ECP.
- the subsequent steps follow: a) deposition of ruthenium by ALD; b) punch-through step; c) deposition of ruthenium by ALD; and d) deposition of copper by ECP or Cu-PVD followed by ECP or Cu-PVD.
- the subsequent steps follow: a) deposition of ruthenium by ALD; b) punch-through step; c) deposition of ruthenium by ALD; and d) deposition of copper by ECP.
- the subsequent steps follow: a) pre-clean of the substrate; b) deposition of ruthenium by ALD; and c) deposition of copper by ECP or Cu-PVD followed by ECP.
- the pre-clean steps include methods to clean or purify the via, such as the removal of residue at the bottom of the via (e.g., carbon) or reduction of copper oxide to copper metal.
- Punch-through steps include a sputtering method to remove material (e.g., barrier layer) with a plasma from the bottom of the via to expose conductive layer, such as copper. Further disclosure of punch-through steps are described in more detail in the commonly assigned, U.S. Pat. No. 6,498,091, and is herein incorporated by reference.
- the punch-through steps may be conducted in a process chamber, such as either a barrier chamber or a clean chamber. In embodiments of the invention, clean steps and punch-through steps are applied to ruthenium barrier layers.
Abstract
In one embodiment, a method for forming a material on a substrate is provided which includes positioning a substrate containing a dielectric material having vias formed therein within a process chamber, forming a barrier layer within the vias and on the dielectric material during a barrier deposition process, forming a ruthenium layer on the barrier layer during a ruthenium deposition process, and filling the vias with a copper material during a copper deposition process. The copper material may be formed by depositing a copper bulk layer over a copper seed layer. The method further provides that the ruthenium layer may be formed by an atomic layer deposition process (ALD) or a physical vapor deposition (PVD) process and the copper material may be formed by an electroless chemical plating process, an electroplating process, a chemical vapor deposition process, an ALD process and/or a PVD process.
Description
- This application is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 10/634,662 (APPM/005975.P1), filed Aug. 4, 2003, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 10/443,648 (APPM/005975), filed May 22, 2003, which claims benefit of U.S. Ser. No. 60/385,499 (APPM/005975L), filed Jun. 4, 2002, which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.
- 1. Field of the Invention
- Embodiments of the invention generally relate to a method for forming noble metal layers, and more particularly to methods for forming ruthenium layers used in copper integration.
- 2. Description of the Related Art
- Sub-quarter micron, multi-level metallization is one of the key technologies for the next generation of very large scale integration (VLSI) and ultra large scale integration (ULSI) semiconductor devices. The multilevel interconnects that lie at the heart of this technology require the filling of contacts, vias, lines, and other features formed in high aspect ratio apertures. Reliable formation of these features is very important to the success of both VLSI and ULSI as well as to the continued effort to increase client density and quality on individual substrates and die.
- As circuit densities increase, the widths of contacts, vias, lines and other features, as well as the dielectric materials between them may decrease to less than about 250 nm, whereas the thickness of the dielectric layers remains substantially constant with the result that the aspect ratios for the features, i.e., their height divided by width, increases. Many conventional deposition processes have difficulty filling structures where the aspect ratio exceeds 6:1, and particularly where the aspect ratio exceeds 10:1. As such, there is a great amount of ongoing effort being directed at the formation of void-free, nanometer-sized structures having aspect ratios wherein the ratio of feature height to feature width can be 6:1 or higher.
- Additionally, as the feature widths decrease, the device current typically remains constant or increases, which results in an increased current density for such feature. Elemental aluminum and aluminum alloys have been the traditional metals used to form vias and lines in semiconductor devices because aluminum has a perceived low electrical resistivity, superior adhesion to most dielectric materials, ease of patterning, and the ability to obtain aluminum in a highly pure form. However, aluminum has a higher electrical resistivity than other more conductive metals such as copper. Aluminum can also suffer from electromigration leading to the formation of voids in the conductor.
- Copper and copper alloys have lower resistivities than aluminum, as well as a significantly higher electromigration resistance compared to aluminum. These characteristics are important for supporting the higher current densities experienced at high levels of integration and increased device speed. Copper also has good thermal conductivity. Therefore, copper is becoming a choice metal for filling sub-quarter micron, high aspect ratio interconnect features on semiconductor substrates.
- A thin film of a noble metal such as, for example, palladium, platinum, cobalt, nickel and rhodium, among others may be used as an underlayer for the copper vias and lines. Such noble metals, which are resistant to corrosion and oxidation, may provide a smooth surface upon which a copper seed layer is subsequently deposited using for example, an electrochemical plating (ECP) process.
- The noble metal is typically deposited using a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process or a physical vapor deposition (PVD) process. Unfortunately, noble metals deposited on high aspect ratio interconnect features using CVD and/or PVD processes generally have poor step coverage (e.g., deposition of a non-continuous material layer). The poor step coverage for the noble metal material layer may cause the subsequent copper seed layer deposition using an ECP process to be non-uniform.
- Therefore, a need exists for a method to deposit a noble metal, such as ruthenium, within a high aspect ratio interconnect feature while maintaining good step coverage.
- A method of noble metal layer formation for high aspect ratio interconnect features is described herein. The noble metal layer is formed using a cyclical deposition process, such as atomic layer deposition (ALD). The cyclical deposition process includes alternately adsorbing a noble metal-containing precursor and a reducing gas on a substrate structure. The adsorbed noble metal-containing precursor reacts with the reducing gas to form the noble metal layer on the substrate. Suitable noble metals may include, for example, ruthenium, palladium, platinum, cobalt, nickel, or rhodium.
- The noble metal layer formation is compatible with integrated circuit fabrication processes. In one integrated circuit fabrication process, the noble metal layer may be used as an underlayer for a copper seed layer within a copper interconnect. For such an embodiment, a preferred process sequence includes providing a substrate having an interconnect pattern defined in one or more dielectric layers formed thereon. The interconnect pattern includes a barrier layer conformably deposited thereon. A noble metal layer (e.g., ruthenium) is conformably deposited on the barrier layer. The noble metal layer is deposited using a cyclical deposition process by alternately exposing the substrate to a noble metal-containing gas and a reducing gas. Thereafter, the copper interconnects are completed by depositing a copper seed layer on the noble metal layer and filling the vias with bulk copper metal.
- In one embodiment, a method for forming a film on a substrate is provided which includes positioning the substrate within a process chamber and forming a ruthenium layer on at least a portion of the substrate by sequentially chemisorbing monolayers of a ruthenium-containing compound and a reducing gas on the substrate to form the ruthenium layer.
- In another embodiment, a method for forming a ruthenium layer on a substrate for use in integrated circuit fabrication is provided which includes positioning the substrate within a process chamber, wherein the process chamber is in fluid communication with a gas delivery system, delivering a ruthenium-containing compound from the gas delivery system to the process chamber, chemisorbing a ruthenium-containing layer on the substrate, delivering a reducing gas from the gas delivery system to the process chamber and reacting the reducing gas with the ruthenium-containing layer to form the ruthenium layer on the substrate.
- In another embodiment, a method for forming a layer containing ruthenium material on a substrate surface is provided which includes exposing the substrate surface to a ruthenium-containing compound to form a ruthenium-containing layer on the substrate surface, purging the chamber with a purge gas, reacting a reducing gas with the ruthenium-containing layer, and purging the chamber with the purge gas.
- In another embodiment, a method for forming a ruthenium layer on a substrate is provided which includes positioning the substrate within a process chamber and forming the ruthenium layer on at least a portion of the substrate by sequentially chemisorbing monolayers of a ruthenium-containing compound and a reducing gas. The method further includes that the process chamber contains a substrate support, a chamber lid with a passageway at a central portion of the chamber lid and having a bottom surface extending from the passageway to a peripheral portion of the chamber lid. The bottom surface is shaped and sized to substantially cover the substrate. The process chamber further contains one or more valves coupled to the passageway, one or more gas sources coupled to each valve and a reaction zone. The reaction zone is defined between the chamber lid and the substrate and occupies a small volume.
- So that the manner in which the above recited features of the invention are attained and can be understood in detail, a more particular description of the invention, briefly summarized above, may be had by reference to the embodiments thereof which are illustrated in the appended drawings. It is to be noted, however, that the appended drawings illustrate only typical embodiments of this invention and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope, for the invention may admit to other equally effective embodiments.
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FIG. 1 depicts a schematic cross-sectional view of a process chamber that may be used to perform a cyclical deposition process described herein; -
FIG. 2 depicts a schematic cross-sectional view of another process chamber that may be used to perform a cyclical deposition process described herein; -
FIG. 3 illustrates a process sequence for noble metal layer formation using cyclical deposition techniques according to one embodiment described herein; -
FIG. 4 illustrates a process sequence for noble metal layer formation using cyclical deposition techniques according to an alternate embodiment described herein; and -
FIGS. 5A-5C illustrate schematic cross-sectional views of an integrated circuit fabrication sequence. -
FIG. 1 depicts a schematic cross-sectional view of aprocess chamber 10 that can be used to perform integrated circuit fabrication in accordance with embodiments described herein. Theprocess chamber 10 generally houses asubstrate support pedestal 48, which is used to support a substrate (not shown). Thesubstrate support pedestal 48 is movable in a vertical direction inside theprocess chamber 10 using adisplacement mechanism 48A. - Depending on the specific process, the substrate can be heated to some desired temperature prior to or during deposition. For example, the
substrate support pedestal 48 may be heated using an embeddedheating element 52A. Thesubstrate support pedestal 48 may be resistively heated by applying an electric current from anAC power supply 52 to theheating element 52A. The substrate (not shown) is, in turn, heated by thepedestal 48. Alternatively, thesubstrate support pedestal 48 may be heated using radiant heaters such as, for example, lamps (not shown). - A
temperature sensor 50A, such as a thermocouple, is also embedded in thesubstrate support pedestal 48 to monitor the temperature of thepedestal 48 in a conventional manner. The measured temperature is used in a feedback loop to control theAC power supply 52 for theheating element 52A, such that the substrate temperature can be maintained or controlled at a desired temperature which is suitable for the particular process application. - A
vacuum pump 18 and theconduit system 46A are used to evacuate theprocess chamber 10 and to maintain the pressure inside theprocess chamber 10. Agas manifold 34, through which process gases are introduced into theprocess chamber 10, is located above thesubstrate support pedestal 48. Thegas manifold 34 is connected to a gas panel (not shown), which controls and supplies various process gases to theprocess chamber 10. - Proper control and regulation of the gas flows to the
gas manifold 34 are performed by mass flow controllers (not shown) and amicroprocessor controller 70. Thegas manifold 34 allows process gases to be introduced and uniformly distributed in theprocess chamber 10. Additionally, thegas manifold 34 may optionally be heated to prevent condensation of any reactive gases within the manifold. - The
gas manifold 34 includes a plurality of electronic control valves (not shown). The electronic control valves as used herein refer to any control valve capable of providing rapid and precise gas flow to theprocess chamber 10 with valve open and close cycles within a range from about 0.01 seconds to about 10 seconds, preferably, from about 0.05 seconds to about 2 seconds, and more preferably, from about 0.1 seconds to about 1 second. - The
microprocessor controller 70 may be one of any form of general purpose computer processor (CPU) that can be used in an industrial setting for controlling various chambers and sub-processors. The computer may use any suitable memory, such as random access memory, read only memory, floppy disk drive, compact disc drive, hard disk, or any other form of digital storage, local or remote. Various support circuits may be coupled to the CPU for supporting the processor in a conventional manner. Software routines as required, may be stored in the memory or executed by a second, remotely located CPU. - The software routines are executed to initiate process recipes or sequences. The software routines, when executed, transform the general purpose computer into a specific process computer that controls the chamber operation so that a chamber process is performed. For example, software routines may be used to precisely control the activation of the electronic control valves for the execution of process sequences according to the present invention. Alternatively, the software routines may be performed in hardware, as an application specific integrated circuit or other type of hardware implementation, or a combination of software or hardware.
-
FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of one embodiment of achamber 80 including agas delivery apparatus 130 adapted for cyclic deposition, such as atomic layer deposition or rapid chemical vapor deposition. A detailed description for achamber 80 is described in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 6,916,398, and commonly assigned and co-pending U.S. Ser. No. 10/281,079, entitled “Gas Delivery Apparatus for Atomic Layer Deposition,” filed Oct. 25, 2002, and published as US 2003-0121608, which are both incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. The terms “atomic layer deposition” (ALD) and “rapid chemical vapor deposition,” as used herein, refer to the sequential introduction of reactants to deposit a thin layer over a substrate structure. The sequential introduction of reactants may be repeated to deposit a plurality of thin layers to form a conformal layer to a desired thickness. Thechamber 80 may also be adapted for other deposition techniques. - The
chamber 80 contains achamber body 82 havingsidewalls 84 and a bottom 86. Aslit valve 88 in thechamber 80 provides access for a robot (not shown) to deliver and retrieve asubstrate 90, such as a 200 mm or 300 mm semiconductor wafer or a glass substrate, from thechamber 80. - A
substrate support 92 supports thesubstrate 90 on asubstrate receiving surface 91 in thechamber 80. Thesubstrate support 92 is mounted to alift motor 114 to raise and lower thesubstrate support 92 and asubstrate 90 disposed thereon. Alift plate 116 connected to alift motor 118 is mounted in thechamber 80 and raises and lowerspins 120 movably disposed through thesubstrate support 92. Thepins 120 raise and lower thesubstrate 90 over the surface of thesubstrate support 92. Thesubstrate support 92 may include a vacuum chuck, an electrostatic chuck, or a clamp ring for securing thesubstrate 90 to thesubstrate support 92 during processes. - The
substrate support 92 may be heated to heat asubstrate 90 disposed thereon. For example, thesubstrate support 92 may be heated using an embedded heating element, such as a resistive heater, or may be heated using radiant heat, such as heating lamps disposed above thesubstrate support 92. Apurge ring 122 may be disposed on thesubstrate support 92 to define apurge channel 124 which provides a purge gas to a peripheral portion of thesubstrate 90 to prevent deposition thereon. - A
gas delivery apparatus 130 is disposed at an upper portion of thechamber body 82 to provide a gas, such as a process gas and/or a purge gas, to thechamber 80. Avacuum system 178 is in communication with apumping channel 179 to evacuate any desired gases from thechamber 80 and to help maintain a desired pressure or a desired pressure range inside apumping zone 166 of thechamber 80. - In one embodiment, the chambers depicted by
FIGS. 1 and 2 permit the process gas and/or purge gas to enter thechamber 80 normal (i.e., 900) with respect to the plane of thesubstrate 90 via thegas delivery apparatus 130. Therefore, the surface ofsubstrate 90 is symmetrically exposed to gases that allow uniform film formation on substrates. In another embodiment, the process gas may have a circular flow pattern, such as a “vortex,” “helix,” or “spiral” flow passing through the expanding channel 134 towards the substrate. The circular flow may establish a more efficient purge of the expanding channel 134 due to the sweeping action of the vortex flow pattern across the inner surface of the expanding channel 134 and a laminar flow efficiently purging the surface of thechamber lid 132 and thesubstrate 90. The process gas includes a ruthenium-containing precursor during one pulse and includes a reducing gas in another pulse. -
Chamber 80, depicted inFIG. 2 , produces a more uniform film thanchamber 10, depicted inFIG. 1 . Also,chamber 80 employs a smaller cycle time thanchamber 10, sincechamber 80 takes less time to purge and less time to dose the wafer to saturation with precursor thanchamber 10. The lesser dosing time is important because many of the ruthenium-containing compounds have the inherent characteristic of a low vapor pressure. The low vapor pressure correlates to less precursor saturating the carrier gas per time and temperature, therefore, more time is needed to saturate the surface of the wafer with ruthenium-containing compound (e.g., Cp2Ru) than a traditional precursor with a higher vapor pressure (e.g., TiCl4). Therefore,chamber 10 may dose a ruthenium-containing compound for about 1 second or less, whilechamber 80 may dose the same ruthenium-containing compound for about 0.2 seconds or less. - In one embodiment, the
gas delivery apparatus 130 comprises achamber lid 132. Thechamber lid 132 includes an expanding channel 134 extending from a central portion of thechamber lid 132 and a bottom surface 160 extending from the expanding channel 134 to a peripheral portion of thechamber lid 132. The bottom surface 160 is sized and shaped to substantially cover asubstrate 90 disposed on thesubstrate support 92. The expanding channel 134 hasgas inlets valves 142A/152A, 142B/152B, which may be provided together and/or separately. - In one configuration,
valve 142A andvalve 142B are coupled to separate reactant gas sources but are preferably coupled to the same purge gas source. For example,valve 142A is coupled toreactant gas source 138 andvalve 142B is coupled toreactant gas source 139, and bothvalves gas source 140. Eachvalve delivery line valve seat assembly valves purge line valve seat assembly delivery line reactant gas source gas inlet valve seat assembly delivery line reactant gas source purge line purge gas source 140 and intersects thedelivery lines valve seat assembly valves valve seat assembly purge line purge gas source 140 to thedelivery line reactant gas source - Each
valve seat assembly Programmable logic controllers valves valve seat assemblies valves - Each
valve delivery line valve seat assembly purge line valve seat assembly delivery line valve seat assembly purge line delivery line purge line valve seat assembly delivery line valve seat assembly - Each
valve pair 142A/152A, 142B/152B may be adapted to provide a combined gas flow and/or separate gas flows of thereactant gas purge gas 140. In reference tovalve pair 142A/152A, one example of a combined gas flow of thereactant gas 138 and thepurge gas 140 provided byvalve 142A comprises a continuous flow of a purge gas from thepurge gas source 140 throughpurge line 145A and pulses of a reactant gas from thereactant gas source 138 throughdelivery line 143A. The continuous flow of the purge gas may be provided by leaving diaphragm of thevalve seat assembly 146A of thepurge line 145A open. The pulses of the reactant gas from thereactant gas source 138 may be provided by opening and closing the diaphragm of thevalve seat 144A of thedelivery line 143A. In reference tovalve pair 142A/152A, one example of separate gas flows of thereactant gas 138 and thepurge gas 140 provided byvalve 142A comprises pulses of a purge gas from thepurge gas source 140 throughpurge line 145A and pulses of a reactant gas from thereactant gas source 138 throughdelivery line 143A. The pulses of the purge gas may be provided by opening and closing the diaphragm of thevalve seat assembly 146A of thepurge line 145A open. The pulses of the reactant gas from thereactant gas source 138 may be provided by opening and closing thediaphragm valve seat 144A of thedelivery line 143A. - The delivery lines 143A, 143B of the
valves gas inlets gas conduits gas conduits valves valves delivery line gas conduits valves gas inlets - In
FIG. 2 , the expanding channel 134 comprises a channel which has an inner diameter which increases from anupper portion 137 of cap 172 to alower portion 135 of the expanding channel 134 adjacent the bottom surface 160 of thechamber lid 132. - In one specific embodiment, the inner diameter of the expanding channel 134 for a chamber adapted to process 200 mm diameter substrates is between about 0.2 inches (0.51 cm) and about 1.0 inch (2.54 cm), more preferably between about 0.3 inches (0.76 cm) and about 0.9 inches (2.29 cm) and more preferably between about 0.3 inches (0.76 cm) and about 0.5 inches (1.27 cm) at the
upper portion 137 of the expanding channel 134 and between about 0.5 inches (1.27 cm) and about 3.0 inches (7.62 cm), preferably between about 0.75 inches (1.91 cm) and about 2.5 inches (6.35 cm) and more preferably between about 1.1 inches (2.79 cm) and about 2.0 inches (5.08 cm) at thelower portion 135 of the expanding channel 134. - In another specific embodiment, the inner diameter of the expanding channel 134 for a chamber adapted to process 300 mm diameter substrates is between about 0.2 inches (0.51 cm) and about 1.0 inch (2.54 cm), more preferably between about 0.3 inches (0.76 cm) and about 0.9 inches (2.29 cm) and more preferably between about 0.3 inches (0.76 cm) and about 0.5 inches (1.27 cm) at the
upper portion 137 of the expanding channel 134 and between about 0.5 inches (1.27 cm) and about 3.0 inches (7.62 cm), preferably between about 0.75 inches (1.91 cm) and about 2.5 inches (6.35 cm) and more preferably between about 1.2 inches (3.05 cm) and about 2.2 inches (5.59 cm) at thelower portion 135 of the expanding channel 134 for a 300 mm substrate. In general, the above dimension apply to an expanding channel adapted to provide a total gas flow of between about 500 sccm and about 3,000 sccm. - In other specific embodiments, the dimension may be altered to accommodate a certain gas flow therethrough. In general, a larger gas flow will require a larger diameter expanding channel. In one embodiment, the expanding channel 134 may be shaped as a truncated cone (including shapes resembling a truncated cone). Whether a gas is provided toward the walls of the expanding channel 134 or directly downward towards the substrate, the velocity of the gas flow decreases as the gas flow travels through the expanding channel 134 due to the expansion of the gas. The reduction of the velocity of the gas flow helps reduce the likelihood the gas flow will blow off reactants absorbed on the surface of the
substrate 90. - Not wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the diameter of the expanding channel 134, which is gradually increasing from the
upper portion 137 to thelower portion 135 of the expanding channel, allows less of an adiabatic expansion of a gas through the expanding channel 134 which helps to control the temperature of the gas. For instance, a sudden adiabatic expansion of a gas delivered through thegas inlet - In one embodiment, the
gas inlets upper portion 137 of the expanding channel 134. In other embodiments, one or more gas inlets may be located along the length of the expanding channel 134 between theupper portion 137 and thelower portion 135. - In
FIG. 2 , acontrol unit 180, such as a programmed personal computer, work station computer, or the like, may be coupled to thechamber 80 to control processing conditions. For example, thecontrol unit 180 may be configured to control flow of various process gases and purge gases fromgas sources valves control unit 180 comprises a central processing unit (CPU) 182,support circuitry 184, andmemory 186 containing associatedcontrol software 183. - The
control unit 180 may be one of any form of general purpose computer processor that can be used in an industrial setting for controlling various chambers and sub-processors. TheCPU 182 may use anysuitable memory 186, such as random access memory, read only memory, floppy disk drive, compact disc drive, hard disk, or any other form of digital storage, local or remote. Various support circuits may be coupled to theCPU 182 for supporting thechamber 80. Thecontrol unit 180 may be coupled to another controller that is located adjacent individual chamber components, such as theprogrammable logic controllers valves control unit 180 and various other components of thechamber 80 are handled through numerous signal cables collectively referred to assignal buses 188, some of which are illustrated inFIG. 2 . In addition to control of process gases and purge gases fromgas sources programmable logic controllers valves control unit 180 may be configured to be responsible for automated control of other activities used in wafer processing—such as wafer transport, temperature control, chamber evacuation, among other activities, some of which are described elsewhere herein. - Noble Metal Layer Formation
- A method of noble metal layer formation for high aspect ratio interconnect features is described. The noble metal layer is deposited using a cyclical deposition process. The cyclical deposition process provides alternately adsorbing a noble metal-containing precursor and a reducing gas on a substrate structure. The noble metal-containing precursor and the reducing gas undergo a reaction to form the noble metal layer on the substrate. Suitable noble metals may include, for example, ruthenium, palladium, platinum, cobalt, nickel, or rhodium, preferably ruthenium. The ruthenium layer may have a thickness of less than about 500 Å, preferably, within a range from about 10 Å to about 100 Å, such as about 30 Å.
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FIG. 3 illustrates aprocess sequence 100 detailing the various steps used for the deposition of the silicon layer. These steps may be performed in a process chamber similar to that described above with reference toFIGS. 1 and 2 . As shown instep 102, a substrate is provided to the process chamber. The substrate may be for example, a silicon substrate having an interconnect pattern defined in one or more dielectric material layers formed thereon. The process chamber conditions such as, for example, the temperature and pressure are adjusted to enhance the adsorption of the process gases on the substrate so as to facilitate the reaction of the noble metal-containing precursor (e.g., ruthenium metallocene) and the reducing gas. In general, for noble metal layer deposition, the substrate should be maintained at a temperature of less than about 500° C., preferably, within a range from about 200° C. to about 400° C., such as about 350° C. The process chamber pressure is maintained within a range from about 0.1 Torr to about 80 Torr, preferably, from about 1 Torr to about 10 Torr. The noble metal-containing precursor may be provided having a flow rate within a range from about 0.01 sccm to about 20 sccm, preferably, from about 0.1 sccm to about 5 sccm, and more preferably, from about 0.1 sccm to about 1 sccm. The reducing gas may be provided having a flow rate within a range from about 1 sccm to about 100 sccm, preferably, from about 10 sccm to about 50 sccm. - In one embodiment where a constant carrier gas flow is desired, a carrier gas stream is established within the process chamber as indicated in
step 104. Carrier gases may be selected so as to also act as a purge gas for the removal of volatile reactants and/or by-products from the process chamber. A carrier gas or a purge gas that may be used during processes described herein include helium (He), argon (Ar), nitrogen (N2), hydrogen (H2), or combinations thereof. The pulse of the purge gas lasts for a predetermined time interval, such as, within a range from about 0.01 seconds to about 10 seconds, preferably, from about 0.07 seconds to about 2 seconds, and more preferably, from about 0.1 seconds to about 1 second. The carrier gas and purge gases may be provided having a flow rate within a range from about 500 sccm to about 5,000 sccm, preferably, from about 500 sccm to about 2,500 sccm for 200 mm substrates and from about 1,000 sccm to about 5,000 sccm for 300 mm substrates. - Referring to step 106, after the carrier gas stream is established within the process chamber, a pulse of a noble metal-containing precursor is added to the carrier gas stream. The term pulse as used herein refers to a dose of material injected into the process chamber or into the carrier gas stream. The pulse of the noble metal-containing precursor lasts for a predetermined time interval, such as, within a range from about 0.01 seconds to about 10 seconds, preferably, from about 0.05 seconds to about 1.5 seconds, and more preferably, from about 0.1 seconds to about 1 second.
- The noble metal-containing precursors may contain noble metals, such as ruthenium, palladium, platinum, cobalt, nickel, or rhodium. Suitable ruthenium-containing precursors include tris(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionato) ruthenium, bis(2,4-dimethylpentadienyl) ruthenium, dicarbonyl pentadienyl ruthenium, ruthenium acetyl acetonate, (2,4-dimethylpentadienyl) ruthenium (cyclopentadienyl), bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionato) ruthenium (1,5-cyclooctadiene), (2,4-dimethylpentadienyl)ruthenium(methylcyclopentadienyl), (1,5-cyclooctadiene)ruthenium(cyclopentadienyl), (1,5-cyclooctadiene)ruthenium(methylcyclopentadienyl), (1,5-cyclooctadiene)ruthenium(ethylcyclopentadienyl), (2,4-dimethylpentadienyl) ruthenium(ethylcyclopentadienyl), (2,4-dimethylpentadienyl)ruthenium(isopropylcyclopentadienyl), bis(N,N-dimethyl 1,3-tetramethyl diiminato)ruthenium(1,5-cyclooctadiene), bis(N,N-dimethyl 1,3-dimethyl diiminato)ruthenium(1,5-cyclooctadiene), bis(allyl)ruthenium(1,5-cyclooctadiene), (η6-C6H6) ruthenium (1,3-cyclohexadiene), bis(1,1-dimethyl-2-aminoethoxylato)ruthenium(1,5-cyclooctadiene), or bis(1,1-dimethyl-2-aminoethylaminato)ruthenium (1,5-cyclooctadiene). Suitable palladium-containing precursors include bis(allyl)palladium, bis(2-methylallyl)palladium, or (cyclopentadienyl)palladium(allyl). Suitable platinum-containing precursors include dimethyl platinum (cyclooctadiene), trimethyl platinum (cyclopentadienyl), trimethyl(methylcyclopentadienyl) platinum, cyclopentadienyl(allyl) platinum, methyl(carbonyl) platinum cyclopentadienyl, trimethyl platinum (acetylacetonato), and bis(acetylacetonato) platinum. Suitable cobalt-containing precursors include bis(cyclopentadienyl) cobalt, (cyclopentadienyl) cobalt (cyclohexadienyl), cyclopentadienyl(1,3-hexadienyl) cobalt, (cyclobutadienyl) cobalt (cyclopentadienyl), bis(methylcyclopentadienyl) cobalt, (cyclopentadienyl) cobalt (5-methylcyclopentadienyl), or bis(ethylene) cobalt (pentamethylcyclopentadienyl). A suitable nickel-containing precursor includes bis(methylcyclopentadienyl) nickel. Suitable rhodium-containing precursors include bis(carbonyl) rhodium (cyclopentadienyl), bis(propylene) rhodium, bis(carbonyl) rhodium (ethylcyclopentadienyl), or bis(carbonyl) rhodium (methylcyclopentadienyl).
- The time interval for the pulse of the noble metal-containing precursor is variable depending upon a number of factors such as, for example, the volume capacity of the process chamber employed, the vacuum system coupled thereto and the volatility/reactivity of the reactants used. For example, (1) a large-volume process chamber may lead to a longer time to stabilize the process conditions such as, for example, carrier/purge gas flow and temperature, requiring a longer pulse time; (2) a lower flow rate for the process gas may also lead to a longer time to stabilize the process conditions requiring a longer pulse time; and (3) a lower chamber pressure means that the process gas is evacuated from the process chamber more quickly requiring a longer pulse time. In general, the process conditions are advantageously selected so that a pulse of the noble metal-containing precursor provides a sufficient amount of precursor so that at least a monolayer of the noble metal-containing precursor is adsorbed on the substrate. Thereafter, excess noble metal-containing precursor remaining in the chamber may be removed from the process chamber by the constant carrier gas stream in combination with the vacuum system.
- In
step 108, after the excess noble metal-containing precursor has been flushed from the process chamber by the carrier gas stream, a pulse of a reducing gas is added to the carrier gas stream. The pulse of the reducing gas also lasts for a predetermined time interval. In general, the time interval for the pulse of the reducing gas should be long enough for adsorption of at least a monolayer of the reducing gas on the noble metal-containing precursor. The pulse of reducing gas lasts for a predetermined time interval, such as, within a range from about 0.01 seconds to about 10 seconds, preferably, from about 0.1 seconds to about 2 seconds, and more preferably, from about 0.1 seconds to about 1 second. Thereafter, excess reducing gas is flushed from the process chamber by the carrier gas stream. Suitable reducing gases may include, for example, hydrogen (e.g., H2 or atomic-H), ammonia (NH3), silane (SiH4), disilane (Si2H6), trisilane (Si3H8), tetrasilane (Si4H10), dimethylsilane (SiC2H8), methyl silane (SiCH6), ethylsilane (SiC2H8), chlorosilane (ClSiH3), dichlorosilane (Cl2SiH2), hexachlorodisilane (Si2Cl6), borane, diborane, triborane, tetraborane, pentaborane, triethylborane, or combinations thereof. - In one embodiment, a deposition cycle for forming a noble metal layer is depicted by steps 104-108 in
FIG. 3 . A constant flow of carrier gas is provided to the process chamber modulated by alternating periods of pulsing and non-pulsing where the periods of pulsing alternate between the noble metal-containing precursor and the reducing gas along with the carrier gas stream, while the periods of non-pulsing include only the carrier gas stream. - The time interval for each of the pulses of the noble metal-containing precursor and the reducing gas may have the same duration. That is, the duration of the pulse of the noble metal-containing precursor may be identical to the duration of the pulse of the reducing gas. For such an embodiment, a time interval (T1) for the pulse of the noble metal-containing precursor is equal to a time interval (T2) for the pulse of the reducing gas.
- Alternatively, the time interval for each of the pulses of the noble metal-containing precursor and the reducing gas may have different durations. That is, the duration of the pulse of the noble metal-containing precursor may be shorter or longer than the duration of the pulse of the reducing gas. For such an embodiment, a time interval (T1) for the pulse of the noble metal-containing precursor is different than the time interval (T2) for the pulse of the reducing gas.
- In addition, the periods of non-pulsing between each of the pulses of the noble metal-containing precursor and the reducing gas may have the same duration. That is, the duration of the period of non-pulsing between each pulse of the noble metal-containing precursor and each pulse of the reducing gas is identical. For such an embodiment, a time interval (T3) of non-pulsing between the pulse of the noble metal-containing precursor and the pulse of the reducing gas is equal to a time interval (T4) of non-pulsing between the pulse of the reducing gas and the pulse of the noble metal-containing precursor. During the time periods of non-pulsing only the constant carrier gas stream is provided to the process chamber.
- Alternatively, the periods of non-pulsing between each of the pulses of the noble metal-containing precursor and the reducing gas may have different duration. That is, the duration of the period of non-pulsing between each pulse of the noble metal-containing precursor and each pulse of the reducing gas may be shorter or longer than the duration of the period of non-pulsing between each pulse of the reducing gas and the noble metal-containing precursor. For such an embodiment, a time interval (T3) of non-pulsing between the pulse of the noble metal-containing precursor and the pulse of the reducing gas is different from a time interval (T4) of non-pulsing between the pulse of the reducing gas and the pulse of noble metal-containing precursor. During the time periods of non-pulsing only the constant carrier gas stream is provided to the process chamber.
- Additionally, the time intervals for each pulse of the noble metal-containing precursor, the reducing gas and the periods of non-pulsing therebetween for each deposition cycle may have the same duration. For such an embodiment, a time interval (T1) for the noble metal-containing precursor, a time interval (T2) for the reducing gas, a time interval (T3) of non-pulsing between the pulse of the noble metal-containing precursor and the pulse of the reducing gas and a time interval (T4) of non-pulsing between the pulse of the reducing gas and the pulse of the noble metal-containing precursor each have the same value for each deposition cycle. For example, in a first deposition cycle (C1), a time interval (T1) for the pulse of the noble metal-containing precursor has the same duration as the time interval (T1) for the pulse of the noble metal-containing precursor in subsequent deposition cycles (C2 . . . Cn). Similarly, the duration of each pulse of the reducing gas and the periods of non-pulsing between the pulse of the noble metal-containing precursor and the reducing gas in the first deposition cycle (C1) is the same as the duration of each pulse of the reducing gas and the periods of non-pulsing between the pulse of the noble metal-containing precursor and the reducing gas in subsequent deposition cycles (C2 . . . Cn), respectively.
- Alternatively, the time intervals for at least one pulse of the noble metal-containing precursor, the reducing gas and the periods of non-pulsing therebetween for one or more of the deposition cycles of the noble metal layer deposition process may have different durations. For such an embodiment, one or more of the time intervals (T1) for the pulses of the noble metal-containing precursor, the time intervals (T2) for the pulses of the reducing gas, the time intervals (T3) of non-pulsing between the pulse of the noble metal-containing precursor and the reducing gas and the time intervals (T4) of non-pulsing between the pulses of the reducing gas and the noble metal-containing precursor may have different values for one or more deposition cycles of the cyclical deposition process. For example, in a first deposition cycle (C1), the time interval (T1) for the pulse of the noble metal-containing precursor may be longer or shorter than one or more time interval (T1) for the pulse of the noble metal-containing precursor in subsequent deposition cycles (C2 . . . Cn). Similarly, the durations of the pulses of the reducing gas and the periods of non-pulsing between the pulse of the noble metal-containing precursor and the reducing gas in the first deposition cycle (C1) may be the same or different than the duration of each pulse of the reducing gas and the periods of non-pulsing between the pulse of the noble metal-containing precursor and the reducing gas in subsequent deposition cycles (C2 . . . Cn).
- Referring to step 110, after each deposition cycle (
steps 104 through 108) a thickness of the noble metal will be formed on the substrate. Depending on specific device requirements, subsequent deposition cycles may be needed to achieve a desired thickness. As such,steps 104 through 108 are repeated until the desired thickness for the noble metal layer is achieved. Thereafter, when the desired thickness for the noble metal layer is achieved the process is stopped as indicated bystep 112. - In an alternate process sequence described with respect to
FIG. 4 , the noble metal layer deposition cycle comprises separate pulses for each of the noble metal-containing precursor, the reducing gas and a purge gas. For such an embodiment, the noble metallayer deposition sequence 200 includes providing a substrate to the process chamber (step 202), providing a first pulse of a purge gas to the process chamber (step 204), providing a pulse of a noble metal-containing precursor to the process chamber (step 206), providing a second pulse of the purge gas to the process chamber (step 208), providing a pulse of a reducing gas to the process chamber (step 210), and then repeatingsteps 204 through 210, or stopping the deposition process (step 214) depending on whether a desired thickness for the noble metal layer has been achieved (step 212). - The time intervals for each of the pulses of the noble metal-containing precursor, the reducing gas and the purge gas may have the same or different durations as discussed above with respect to
FIG. 3 . Alternatively, corresponding time intervals for one or more pulses of the noble metal-containing precursor, the reducing gas and the purge gas in one or more of the deposition cycles of the noble metal layer deposition process may have different durations. - In
FIGS. 3-4 , the noble metal layer deposition cycle is depicted as beginning with a pulse of the noble metal-containing precursor followed by a pulse of the reducing gas. Alternatively, the noble metal layer deposition cycle may start with a pulse of the reducing gas followed by a pulse of the noble metal-containing precursor. - In one example, a method for depositing a ruthenium layer by an ALD process includes positioning a substrate (e.g., 300 mm diameter) into the
process chamber 80 ofFIG. 2 . The method includes providing pulses of a ruthenium-containing compound, such as bis(2,4-dimethylpentadienyl) ruthenium, fromgas source 138 throughvalve 142A, having a flow rate within a large from about 0.01 sccm to about 5 sccm, preferably, from about 0.1 sccm to about 1 sccm. A pulse time of about 1.5 seconds or less, such as about 0.1 seconds or less, and as low as about 0.05 seconds or less may be used for the ruthenium-containing compound due to the smaller volume of the reaction zone 164 (as compared to chamber 8 ofFIG. 1 ). The process further includes providing pulses of a reducing gas, such as diborane (B2H6), fromgas source 139 throughvalve 142B, having a flow rate within a range from about 1 sccm to about 80 sccm, preferably, from about 10 sccm to about 50 sccm. A pulse time of about 2 seconds or less, about 1 second or less, or about 0.1 seconds or less may be used for the reducing gas due to a smaller volume of thereaction zone 164. An argon purge gas having a flow rate within a range from about 500 sccm to about 5,000 sccm, preferably, from about 1,500 sccm to about 3,500 sccm, may be continuously provided fromgas source 140 throughvalves reaction zone 164. It is believed to fill a reaction zone with a reactant gas and/or purge gas, pulse times as low as about 0.016 seconds are sufficient, with correspondingly shorter pulse times for areaction zone 164 sized for smaller wafers (e.g., 200 mm). The substrate may be heated to a temperature within a range from about 200° C. to about 400° C., preferably, about 350° C., and the chamber may be pressurized at a pressure within a range from about 1.0 to about 10 Torr, preferably, about 4 Torr. A process provides a ruthenium layer having a thickness within a range from about 0.5 Å to about 1.0 Å per cycle. The alternating sequence of the cycle may be repeated to obtain a desired thickness of the ruthenium layer. - In one embodiment, the ruthenium layer is deposited on a sidewall with a thickness coverage of about 50 Å or less. In another embodiment, the ruthenium layer is deposited on a sidewall with a thickness coverage of about 20 Å or less. In still another embodiment, the ruthenium layer is deposited on a sidewall with a thickness coverage of about 10 Å or less. A ruthenium layer having a thickness of about 10 Å or less is believed to be a sufficient thickness as an underlayer to adhere copper deposition (i.e., seed layer) and to prevent copper diffusion (i.e., barrier layer). In one aspect, a thin ruthenium underlayer may be advantageously used prior to filling sub-micron (e.g., less than 0.15 μm) and smaller features having high aspect ratios (e.g., greater than 5 to 1). Of course, a layer may also be used that has a sidewall with a thickness coverage of greater than 50 Å. In one embodiment, a ruthenium material is deposited as a seed layer. In another embodiment, a ruthenium material is deposited as a barrier layer.
- Formation of Copper Interconnects
-
FIGS. 5A-5C illustrate cross-sectional views of different stages of a copper interconnect being fabricated by sequences that incorporate a noble metal layer formed during a process as described herein.FIG. 5A , for example, illustrates a cross-sectional view of asubstrate 300 havingmetal contacts 304 and adielectric layer 302 formed thereon. Thesubstrate 300 may contain a semiconductor material such as, for example, silicon, germanium, or gallium arsenide. Thedielectric layer 302 may contain an insulating material such as, for example, silicon oxide or silicon nitride. Themetal contacts 304 may contain for example, copper.Apertures 304H may be defined in thedielectric layer 302 to provide openings over themetal contacts 304. Theapertures 304H may be defined in thedielectric layer 302 using conventional lithography and etching techniques. - A
barrier layer 306 may be formed in theapertures 304H defined in thedielectric layer 302. Thebarrier layer 306 may include one or more refractory metal-containing layers such as, for example, titanium, titanium nitride, tantalum, tantalum nitride, tungsten, or tungsten nitride. Thebarrier layer 306 may be formed using a suitable deposition process. For example, titanium nitride may be deposited using a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process or ALD process wherein titanium tetrachloride and ammonia are reacted. - Referring to
FIG. 5B , a noble metal layer 308 (e.g., ruthenium) is formed on thebarrier layer 306. The noble metal layer is formed using the cyclical deposition techniques described above with reference toFIGS. 3-4 . The thickness for the noble metal layer is variable depending on the device structure to be fabricated. Typically, the thickness of the noble metal layer is less than about 100 Å, preferably, within a range from about 10 Å to about 60 Å. In one embodiment, a ruthenium layer has a thickness of about 30 Å. - Thereafter, referring to
FIG. 5C , theapertures 304H may be filled withcopper 310 to complete the copper interconnect. Thecopper 310 may be formed using one or more suitable deposition processes. In one embodiment, for example, a copper seed layer may be formed on the ruthenium layer by using a CVD process followed by deposition of bulk copper to fill the interconnects using an electrochemical plating (ECP) process. In another embodiment, a copper seed layer is deposited to the ruthenium layer via physical vapor deposition (PVD), thereafter an electroless copper plating is utilized to deposit a copper bulk fill. In another embodiment, the ruthenium layer serves as a seed layer to which a copper bulk fill is directly deposited with ECP or electroless copper plating. - Several integration sequence are conducted in order to form a ruthenium layer within the interconnect. In one embodiment, the subsequent steps follow: a) pre-clean of the substrate; b) deposition of a barrier layer (e.g., ALD of TaN); c) deposition of ruthenium by ALD; and d) deposition of copper by ECP or Cu-PVD followed by ECP. In another embodiment, the subsequent steps follow: a) deposition of a barrier layer (e.g., ALD of TaN); b) punch-through step; c) deposition of ruthenium by ALD; and d) deposition of copper by ECP or Cu-PVD followed by ECP. In another embodiment, the subsequent steps follow: a) deposition of ruthenium by ALD; b) punch-through step; c) deposition of ruthenium by ALD; and d) deposition of copper by ECP or Cu-PVD followed by ECP or Cu-PVD. In another embodiment, the subsequent steps follow: a) deposition of ruthenium by ALD; b) punch-through step; c) deposition of ruthenium by ALD; and d) deposition of copper by ECP. In another embodiment, the subsequent steps follow: a) pre-clean of the substrate; b) deposition of ruthenium by ALD; and c) deposition of copper by ECP or Cu-PVD followed by ECP.
- The pre-clean steps include methods to clean or purify the via, such as the removal of residue at the bottom of the via (e.g., carbon) or reduction of copper oxide to copper metal. Punch-through steps include a sputtering method to remove material (e.g., barrier layer) with a plasma from the bottom of the via to expose conductive layer, such as copper. Further disclosure of punch-through steps are described in more detail in the commonly assigned, U.S. Pat. No. 6,498,091, and is herein incorporated by reference. The punch-through steps may be conducted in a process chamber, such as either a barrier chamber or a clean chamber. In embodiments of the invention, clean steps and punch-through steps are applied to ruthenium barrier layers. Further disclosure of overall integrated methods are described in more detail in the commonly assigned, U.S. Ser. No. 60/478,663, entitled “Integration of ALD Tantalum Nitride for Copper Metallization”, filed Jun. 13, 2003, and is herein incorporated by reference.
- While foregoing is directed to the preferred embodiment of the invention, other and further embodiments of the invention may be devised without departing from the basic scope thereof, and the scope thereof is determined by the claims that follow.
Claims (36)
1. A method for forming a material on a substrate, comprising:
positioning a substrate containing a dielectric material within a process chamber, wherein vias are contained within the dielectric material and each via has a bottom surface and sidewalls;
forming a barrier layer within the vias and on the dielectric material during a barrier layer deposition process;
forming a ruthenium layer on the barrier layer during a ruthenium deposition process;
exposing a contact layer within the vias by removing material from the bottom surface during a punch-through step; and
filling the vias with a copper material during a copper deposition process.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the barrier layer contains at least one material selected from the group consisting of titanium, titanium nitride, tantalum, tantalum nitride, tungsten, tungsten nitride, a derivative thereof, and a combination thereof.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the barrier layer contains a tantalum layer and a tantalum nitride layer.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the copper material contains a copper seed layer and a copper bulk layer.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the copper seed layer is deposited by an electroless chemical plating process and the copper bulk layer is deposited by an electrochemical plating process.
6. The method of claim 4 , wherein the copper seed layer and the copper bulk layer are deposited by electroless chemical plating processes.
7. The method of claim 4 , wherein the copper seed layer is deposited by a chemical vapor deposition process and the copper bulk layer is deposited by an electrochemical plating process.
8. The method of claim 4 , wherein the copper seed layer is deposited by a physical vapor deposition process and the copper bulk layer is deposited by an electrochemical plating process.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ruthenium layer is deposited by exposing the substrate to a ruthenium precursor during an atomic layer deposition process.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the ruthenium precursor contains a 2,4-dimethylpentadienyl ligand.
11. The method of claim 9 , wherein the ruthenium precursor is selected from the group consisting of bis(2,4-dimethylpentadienyl) ruthenium, (2,4-dimethylpentadienyl) ruthenium (cyclopentadienyl), (2,4-dimethylpentadienyl) ruthenium (methylcyclopentadienyl), (2,4-dimethylpentadienyl) ruthenium (ethylcyclopentadienyl), (2,4-dimethylpentadienyl) ruthenium (isopropylcyclopentadienyl), derivatives thereof, and combinations thereof.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ruthenium layer is deposited by sequentially exposing the substrate to a ruthenium precursor and a reagent during an atomic layer deposition process.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the ruthenium precursor is selected from the group consisting of bis(2,4-dimethylpentadienyl)ruthenium, (2,4-dimethylpentadienyl)ruthenium(cyclopentadienyl), (2,4-dimethylpentadienyl)ruthenium(methylcyclopentadienyl), (2,4-dimethylpentadienyl)ruthenium(ethylcyclopentadienyl), (2,4-dimethylpentadienyl) ruthenium (isopropylcyclopentadienyl), derivatives thereof, and combinations thereof.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the reagent is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, atomic hydrogen, ammonia, derivatives thereof, and combinations thereof.
15. The method of claim 12 , wherein the ruthenium-containing compound is selected from the group consisting of tris(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionato) ruthenium, bis(2,4-dimethylpentadienyl)ruthenium, dicarbonyl pentadienyl ruthenium, ruthenium acetyl acetonate, (2,4-dimethylpentadienyl) ruthenium(cyclopentadienyl), bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionato)ruthenium(1,5-cyclooctadiene), (2,4-dimethylpentadienyl)ruthenium(methylcyclopentadienyl), (1,5-cyclooctadiene)ruthenium(cyclopentadienyl), (1,5-cyclooctadiene)ruthenium(methylcyclopentadienyl), (1,5-cyclooctadiene)ruthenium(ethylcyclopentadienyl), (2,4-dimethylpentadienyl)ruthenium(ethylcyclopentadienyl), (2,4-dimethylpentadienyl)ruthenium(isopropylcyclopentadienyl), bis(N,N-dimethyl 1,3-tetramethyl diiminato)ruthenium(1,5-cyclooctadiene), bis(N,N-dimethyl 1,3-dimethyl diiminato)ruthenium(1,5-cyclooctadiene), bis(allyl)ruthenium(1,5-cyclooctadiene), ((6-C6H6)ruthenium(1,3-cyclohexadiene), bis(1,1-dimethyl-2-aminoethoxylato)ruthenium(1,5-cyclooctadiene), bis(1,1-dimethyl-2-aminoethylaminato)ruthenium(1,5-cyclooctadiene), derivatives thereof, and combinations thereof.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the reagent is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, atomic hydrogen, ammonia, nitrogen, silane, disilane, dimethylsilane, methylsilane, borane, diborane, triethylborane, derivatives thereof, and combinations thereof.
17. The method of claim 12 , wherein the ruthenium layer has a thickness within a range from about 10 Å to about 60 Å.
18. The method of claim 9 , wherein the ruthenium layer has a thickness of about 30 Å or less.
19. A method for forming a material on a substrate, comprising:
positioning a substrate containing a dielectric material within a process chamber, wherein vias are contained within the dielectric material and each via has a bottom surface and sidewalls;
forming a barrier layer within the vias and on the dielectric material during a barrier layer deposition process;
exposing a contact layer within the vias by removing material from the bottom surface during a punch-through step;
forming a ruthenium layer on the barrier layer and the contact layer during a ruthenium deposition process; and
filling the vias with a copper material during a copper deposition process.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the barrier layer contains at least one material selected from the group consisting of titanium, titanium nitride, tantalum, tantalum nitride, tungsten, tungsten nitride, a derivative thereof, and a combination thereof.
21. The method of claim 20 , wherein the barrier layer contains a tantalum layer and a tantalum nitride layer.
22. The method of claim 19 , wherein the copper material contains a copper seed layer and a copper bulk layer.
23. The method of claim 22 , wherein the copper seed layer is deposited by an electroless chemical plating process and the copper bulk layer is deposited by an electrochemical plating process.
24. The method of claim 22 , wherein the copper seed layer and the copper bulk layer are deposited by electroless chemical plating processes.
25. The method of claim 22 , wherein the copper seed layer is deposited by a chemical vapor deposition process and the copper bulk layer is deposited by an electrochemical plating process.
26. The method of claim 22 , wherein the copper seed layer is deposited by a physical vapor deposition process and the copper bulk layer is deposited by an electrochemical plating process.
27. The method of claim 19 , wherein the ruthenium layer is deposited by exposing the substrate to a ruthenium precursor during an atomic layer deposition process.
28. The method of claim 27 , wherein the ruthenium precursor contains a 2,4-dimethylpentadienyl ligand.
29. The method of claim 27 , wherein the ruthenium precursor is selected from the group consisting of bis(2,4-dimethylpentadienyl)ruthenium, (2,4-dimethylpentadienyl)ruthenium(cyclopentadienyl), (2,4-dimethylpentadienyl)ruthenium(methylcyclopentadienyl), (2,4-dimethylpentadienyl)ruthenium(ethylcyclopentadienyl), (2,4-dimethyl pentadienyl)ruthenium(isopropylcyclopentadienyl), derivatives thereof, and combinations thereof.
30. The method of claim 19 , wherein the ruthenium layer is deposited by sequentially exposing the substrate to a ruthenium precursor and a reagent during an atomic layer deposition process.
31. The method of claim 30 , wherein the ruthenium precursor is selected from the group consisting of bis(2,4-dimethylpentadienyl) ruthenium, (2,4 -dimethylpentadienyl)ruthenium(cyclopentadienyl), (2,4-dimethylpentadienyl)ruthenium(methylcyclopentadienyl), (2,4-dimethylpentadienyl)ruthenium(ethylcyclopentadienyl), (2,4-dimethylpentadienyl) ruthenium(isopropylcyclopentadienyl), derivatives thereof, and combinations thereof.
32. The method of claim 31 , wherein the reagent is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, atomic hydrogen, ammonia, derivatives thereof, and combinations thereof.
33. The method of claim 19 , wherein the ruthenium layer has a thickness within a range from about 10 Å to about 60 Å.
34. The method of claim 27 , wherein the ruthenium layer has a thickness of about 30 Å or less.
35. A method for forming a material on a substrate, comprising:
positioning a substrate containing a dielectric material having vias formed therein within a process chamber;
forming a barrier layer within the vias and on the dielectric material during a barrier deposition process;
forming a ruthenium layer on the barrier layer during an atomic layer deposition process; and
filling the vias with a copper material during an electroless chemical plating process.
36. A method for forming a material on a substrate, comprising:
exposing a substrate to a pre-clean process, wherein the substrate contains a dielectric layer having vias formed therein;
forming a barrier layer on the dielectric layer and within the vias during a barrier layer deposition process;
forming a ruthenium layer on the barrier layer during an atomic layer deposition process or a physical vapor deposition process; and
filling the vias with a copper material during an electroless chemical plating process or an electrochemical plating process.
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Also Published As
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US7264846B2 (en) | 2007-09-04 |
WO2005020317A3 (en) | 2005-04-21 |
WO2005020317A2 (en) | 2005-03-03 |
TW200509303A (en) | 2005-03-01 |
US20040105934A1 (en) | 2004-06-03 |
TWI376014B (en) | 2012-11-01 |
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