US20150237843A1 - Heatable enclosure for pest eradication - Google Patents
Heatable enclosure for pest eradication Download PDFInfo
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- US20150237843A1 US20150237843A1 US14/711,524 US201514711524A US2015237843A1 US 20150237843 A1 US20150237843 A1 US 20150237843A1 US 201514711524 A US201514711524 A US 201514711524A US 2015237843 A1 US2015237843 A1 US 2015237843A1
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- enclosure
- heating
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- heating films
- pests
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01M—CATCHING, TRAPPING OR SCARING OF ANIMALS; APPARATUS FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF NOXIOUS ANIMALS OR NOXIOUS PLANTS
- A01M1/00—Stationary means for catching or killing insects
- A01M1/20—Poisoning, narcotising, or burning insects
- A01M1/2094—Poisoning, narcotising, or burning insects killing insects by using temperature, e.g. flames, steam or freezing
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01M—CATCHING, TRAPPING OR SCARING OF ANIMALS; APPARATUS FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF NOXIOUS ANIMALS OR NOXIOUS PLANTS
- A01M1/00—Stationary means for catching or killing insects
- A01M1/20—Poisoning, narcotising, or burning insects
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01M—CATCHING, TRAPPING OR SCARING OF ANIMALS; APPARATUS FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF NOXIOUS ANIMALS OR NOXIOUS PLANTS
- A01M1/00—Stationary means for catching or killing insects
- A01M1/22—Killing insects by electric means
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01M—CATCHING, TRAPPING OR SCARING OF ANIMALS; APPARATUS FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF NOXIOUS ANIMALS OR NOXIOUS PLANTS
- A01M19/00—Apparatus for the destruction of noxious animals, other than insects, by hot water, steam, hot air, or electricity
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Insects & Arthropods (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Catching Or Destruction (AREA)
Abstract
Disclosed are heatable enclosures useful in treating materials for eradication of pests. Specifically, a heating layer which can be fitted or retrofitted into a numerous and wide variety of containers and enclosures, such as suitcases, boxes, trucks and trailers, which are operable to heat the enclosed space of the container to treat heatable materials over a period of time to eradicate pests. Heating films can be utilized that are inexpensive and lightweight.
Description
- The present patent application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/232,156, filed Sep. 14, 2011, which application is based upon and claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/403,411 filed Sep. 14, 2010. The above-identified applications are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
- Pest and insect damage to materials, fabrics, and garments is a growing problem. As a non-limiting example, insect damage to textiles in the United States is estimated at $200 million annually. Fabric and garment insect infestations are making a comeback because most of the insecticides formerly used to control insects and pests, such as dieldrin and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (“DDT”), have been banned.
- Accordingly, as people travel, or as containers are shipped from location to location, there is a growing incidence of pest or insect infestation of garments transported in luggage and materials shipped in containers. For example, bed bugs may be found in many hotels, motels, homes, or other accommodations, even in highly sanitary conditions. During the day, nocturnal insects, such as bedbugs, disappear in crevices associated with mattresses, box springs, sheets, upholstery, garments, clothes, pillows, towels, or the like. Even when these materials are examined, it is common for these insects, or the eggs of these insects, to go undetected and packed with garments and transported in luggage.
- An embodiment of the present invention may therefore comprise a system for killing pests on heatable materials comprising: an enclosure that is adapted to receive the heatable materials, the enclosure having an exterior surface and an interior surface that surrounds an interior space of the enclosure; a heating film that generates infrared radiation comprising a resistive material that is disposed on a substrate, the heating film disposed in the interior space of the enclosure; an insulating layer disposed between the heating film and the interior surface of the enclosure; and a control device, that is operatively coupled to the heating film, that controls current flowing through the heating film so that the infrared radiation penetrates and heats the heatable materials disposed in the enclosure to a sufficiently high temperature, for a sufficiently long period, to kill the pests.
- An embodiment of the present invention may further comprise a method of killing pests on heat treatable materials comprising: providing an enclosure that is adapted to receive the heatable materials, the enclosure having an exterior surface and an interior surface that surrounds an interior space of the enclosure; providing a heating film that generates infrared radiation comprising a resistive material that is disposed on a substrate, the heating film disposed in the interior space of the enclosure; providing an insulating layer disposed between the heating film and the interior surface of the enclosure; and providing a control device that is operatively coupled to the heating film, that controls current flowing through the heating film so that the infrared radiation penetrates and heats the heatable materials disposed in the enclosure to a sufficiently high temperature for a sufficiently long period to kill the pests.
- An embodiment of the present invention may further comprise a system for killing pests on heatable materials comprising: an enclosure that is adapted to receive the heatable materials, the enclosure having an exterior surface and an interior surface that surrounds an interior space of the enclosure; a resistive wire heating layer that generates heat by Joule heating comprising a resistive material that is disposed on a substrate, the heating layer disposed in the interior space on multiple surfaces of the enclosure; an insulating layer disposed between the heating film and the interior surface of the enclosure; and a control device, that is operatively coupled to the heating layer, that controls current flowing through the heating layer so that the infrared radiation penetrates and heats the heatable materials disposed in the enclosure to a sufficiently high temperature, for a sufficiently long period, to kill the pests.
- An embodiment of the present invention may further comprise a method of killing pests on heat treatable materials comprising: providing an enclosure that is adapted to receive the heatable materials, the enclosure having an exterior surface and an interior surface that surrounds an interior space of the enclosure; providing a resistive wire heating layer that generates heat by Joule heating comprising a resistive material that is disposed on a substrate, the heating film disposed in the interior space on multiple surfaces of the enclosure; providing an insulating layer disposed between the heating layer and the interior surface of the enclosure; and providing a control device that is operatively coupled to the heating layer, that controls current flowing through the heating layer so that the heat penetrates and heats the heatable materials disposed in the enclosure to a sufficiently high temperature for a sufficiently long period to kill the pests.
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FIG. 1 is an illustration of an embodiment of a heatable enclosure for pest eradication. -
FIG. 2 is an end view of the embodiment of the heatable enclosure ofFIG. 1 . -
FIG. 3 is a left side view of the embodiment of the heatable enclosure ofFIG. 1 . -
FIG. 4 is a top view of the embodiment of the heatable enclosure ofFIG. 1 having a releasably sealable access element in a closed condition. -
FIG. 5 is a right side view of the embodiment of the heatable enclosure ofFIG. 1 . -
FIG. 6 is a top view of the embodiment of the heatable enclosure ofFIG. 1 having a releasably sealable access element in ah open condition. -
FIG. 7 is an opposite end view of the embodiment of the heatable enclosure ofFIG. 1 . -
FIG. 8 is a cross section of the embodiment ofFIG. 1 . -
FIG. 9 is an isometric, enlarged view of the heatable enclosure user interface utilized in the embodiment of the heatable enclosure illustrated inFIG. 1 . -
FIG. 10 is a flow diagram of an embodiment of a method of using a heatable enclosure. -
FIG. 11 is an exploded view of another embodiment of a heatable enclosure. -
FIG. 12 is a side view of a truck that is outfitted to be a heated enclosure. -
FIG. 13 is a back view of the truck ofFIG. 12 illustrating a heating film, protective layer and insulating layer that are utilized to convert the truck to a heated enclosure. -
FIG. 14 is an exploded view of layers, which may comprise a portion of an enclosure. -
FIG. 15 is an exposed view of layers, which may comprise a portion of another embodiment of an enclosure. -
FIG. 16 is a top view of a heating element that uses resistive wires. -
FIG. 17 is a graph of the response of a bi-metallic thermal switch. -
FIG. 18 is a block diagram illustrating the structure and layout of an embodiment of a control system. -
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an embodiment of asuitcase enclosure 100 that can be heated to killpests 112. Heat-treatable materials, such as shirts, clothing and other items, can be placed in themain enclosure 104 of thesuitcase enclosure 100 for heat treatment. Certain pests such as bedbugs may hide in clothing and other items that are transported by suitcases, or on the external surfaces of the suitcase. To ensure that the transported items, such as the heattreatable material 110, do not contain pests such as bedbugs, the heattreatable material 110 is placed within thesuitcase enclosure 100, which heats the heattreatable material 110 to a temperature that kills the pests. Thesuitcase enclosure 100 includes amain enclosure 104 and ahinged lid 102 that attaches to themain enclosure 104 using matablylatchable parts 106. The surfaces of themain enclosure 104 and hingedlid 102 includeheating layer 132 that heat themain enclosure 104 to specified temperature for a sufficient amount of time to kill the pests.Surface temperature sensor 120 senses the interior surface temperature of various surfaces within thesuitcase enclosure 100, including thehinged lid 102. Apower cord 122 is connected to theuser interface 114 of thesuitcase enclosure 100.Power cord 122 is plugged into anexternal power source 124 to obtain power to heat thesuitcase enclosure 100 using theheating layer 132.User interface 114 is used to control the process of heating thesuitcase enclosure 100. Acentral temperature sensor 118 senses the temperature in a central portion of themain enclosure 104. Thecentral temperature sensor 118 can be placed in any desired location in themain enclosure 104 to detect temperatures within thesuitcase enclosure 100 to ensure that a sufficiently high temperature is reached for a sufficiently long time to kill the pests. - For example, a user may wish to obtain central target temperatures ranging from approximately 120° F. to approximately 150° F. for a period of between 30 minutes and an hour for the purpose of killing pests, such as bedbugs, contained within the
main enclosure 104. To fulfill this requirement, simple programming controls can be entered by a user through theuser interface 114. Theuser interface 114 can be used to program the central target temperature, wall temperatures, and/or length of time that heat is applied to thesuitcase enclosure 100. It has been empirically determined that maintaining a temperature of 120 degrees for a period of one minute will kill bedbugs. However, extended heat treatment, such as disclosed above, will ensure that the required elevated temperatures are reached in all portions of themain enclosure 104 for a sufficient time to kill pests, such as bedbugs and their eggs. Further, when elevated temperatures are maintained for a period of time in thesuitcase enclosure 100, the heat permeates the structure of thesuitcase enclosure 100, so that the external surfaces of thesuitcase enclosure 100 also become heated. As the external surfaces of thesuitcase enclosure 100 become heated, the pests, including bedbugs, will egress from the outer surfaces andexternal features 126 of thesuitcase enclosure 100 and eggs will be destroyed. In this manner, thepests 112 are exterminated in the inside and egress, or are exterminated on outer surfaces of thesuitcase enclosure 100. This process can be performed at a remote location from the user's home to prevent transportation of the pests to the user's home. For example, the user may activate theuser interface 114 in a hotel room prior to leaving the hotel room, or in an airport or other remote location. Alternatively, the process can be performed at the user's home employing methods to contain thepests 112 to prevent egress into the home. Thepests 112 are either killed or egress from the outside surfaces of thesuitcase enclosure 100 prior to being transported back to the user's home. In that regard, theuser interface 114 can be used to change both the duration time of the heating cycle and/or the temperature of the heating cycle within thesuitcase enclosure 100. During the heating cycle that is set by theuser interface 114, thehinged lid 102 is preferably secured to themain enclosure 104 using the matablylatchable parts 106. In this manner, theheating layer 132 can concentrate the heat within the interior portion of themain enclosure 104.User interface 114 can provide a display that presents the interior temperature sensed by central temperature sensor 18, surface temperatures sensed bysurface temperature sensor 120, and elapsed time. After the heat cycle has been performed, additional heat cycles can be employed if desired by the user. Further, heattreatable material 110 can be then removed from thesuitcase enclosure 100, and additional heattreatable material 110 can be placed in thesuitcase enclosure 100 for treatment. -
FIGS. 2-7 comprise various views of thesuitcase enclosure 100.FIG. 2 is a top end view of thesuitcase enclosure 100. As shown inFIG. 2 , the matably latchableparts 106 secure the hingedlid 102 to themain enclosure 104. The matably latchableparts 106 may comprise a zipper, latches, snaps, seal or other means of mating the hingedlid 102 tomain enclosure 104.FIGS. 3 , 4, 5, 6 and 7 illustrate the different sides of thesuitcase enclosure 100 and show external features 126, such as seams, corner guards, or wheels. In that regard, thesuitcase enclosure 100 may take any desired form or shape. In addition, thesuitcase enclosure 100 may comprise other types of portable enclosures for treating heattreatable material 110. In addition,suitcase enclosure 100 may be large enough to treat not only clothing, shoes and other types of personal items, but also items such as sheets and blankets, jackets and coats and other larger items. Clearly, one of the advantages of thesuitcase enclosure 100 is that it is a portable, self-contained unit that is capable of connecting to a power source, such as a wall plug. In addition, the suitcase enclosure can be implemented to attach to other power sources, such as 12 or 24 volt outputs, such as through a cigarette lighter disposed on a vehicle, such as a car, truck, boat, etc. -
FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of thesuitcase enclosure 100 illustrating the various parts and construction of thesuitcase enclosure 100. As illustrated inFIG. 8 , thesuitcase enclosure 100 includes a hingedlid 102 andmain enclosure 104 that form aninternal space 108. A movablecentral temperature sensor 118 is connected to aconductive tether 116, which allows thecentral temperature sensor 118 to be placed in any desired location within theinternal space 108 of thesuitcase enclosure 100. Themain enclosure 104, as well as the hingedlid 102, include a plurality oflayers 140.Exterior surface layer 134 can be made from a canvas, plastic, leather, or other materials commonly used in the manufacturing of luggage. An insulatinglayer 136 is disposed on theexternal layer 134. The insulatinglayer 136 assists in insulating theinternal space 108 from theexterior surface layer 134 and traps the majority of the heat generated within theinternal space 108 while transferring some amount of heat to theexterior surface layer 134. Aheating layer 132 is disposed over the insulatinglayer 136. Theheating layer 132 may comprise a heating film, such as heating film available from Korean Heating Company, Ltd., 1513-5 Dadae-Dong, Saha-Gu, Busan, South Korea; telephone number 82-51-264-2626; fax number 82-51-264-1626, Daewoo Electric Heating Company, Ltd., 188-1, Jangsa-Dong, Jongro-Gu, Seoul, South Korea; telephone number 82-2-2268-2011; fax number 82-2-6442-1963, or SEGGI CENTURY, Rm 908, Mugwang office building 1141-1, Jung-dong, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-SI, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea; telephone number 82-32-3286699; fax number 82-32-3286464. As illustrated inFIG. 8 , theheating layer 132 is disposed on all sides of thesuitcase enclosure 100. The application of heat from multiple surfaces allows the entire contents of the enclosure to be treated, to ensure that thepests 112 are killed and that pests on the outside of thesuitcase enclosure 100 are either killed or egress from the surfaces of thesuitcase enclosure 100. - A heating film can be produced by screen printing an electrically resistive ink onto a substrate so that a plurality of narrow circuit lines are produced in the substrate. The resistive ink then generates radiated heat in the IR spectrum that is capable of penetrating much of the contents of
enclosure 100. In this manner, standard convection of air through, theinternal space 108 ofsuitcase enclosure 100 is not relied upon for distribution of heat. Infrared radiation absorbed by the heattreatable materials 110 in conjunction with thermal conduction ensures that the necessary temperatures are achieved throughout theinternal space 108 in themain enclosure 104. Of course, the materials used as resistive materials in the resistive ink of the heating film can be varied to create longer wave IR signals that are even more efficient at penetrating the heattreatable material 110. - Alternatively,
heating layer 132 can be constructed from a resistive wire heating element, which is more fully disclosed with respect toFIG. 16 . A thermalconductive layer 138 is placed over the heating layer to increase the heat uniformity to theinternal space 108. Aliner 139 may be placed over the thermalconductive layer 138. Theliner 139 is capable of transmitting heat generated from the thermalconductive layer 138 to theinternal space 108. - The heating film has additional advantages for application in the
suitcase enclosure 100. The heating film is mass-produced using inexpensive screen printing techniques. A very uniform heating profile can be generated using heating films as a result of easily instituted process controls that easily maintain consistent mixtures and uniform distribution of the resistive materials throughout the screen applied inks. Alternatively, non-uniform heating profiles may be designed into the screen printing process to address hot spots or cold spots in the application. Further, the heating films are extremely thin, i.e., on the order of 0.25 mm. As such, the heating films are lightweight and moderately pliable to shapes that will fit thesuitcase enclosure 100. The operating temperatures of the film are in the range of 70 to 80° C., which is ideally suited for killingpests 112. The extremely light weight of the heat films adds virtually no detectable weight to theoverall suitcase enclosure 100 and other portable devices in which the heating film can be used. Of course, the weight of a suitcase and other portable devices is an important factor to the marketing and sale of these devices. The addition of a very small and virtually undetectable amount of weight to a suitcase that has the ability to kill pests, as well as providing these solutions at only a moderately higher price, is an advantage in the sale and marketing of thesuitcase enclosure 100. The implementation of heat films in commercial products, in addition, does not face substantial impediments. Heat films are UL, CE and CSA approved. The construction of the films allows for easy modification for various power densities and voltages. Application techniques to the substrate allow for minimum gap between the heating elements in a simple and cost effective manner. Current films are available in 30, 50, 60, 80 and 100 cm widths that are easily modified to provide designs that fit exactly into any desired enclosure. - Alternatively, a heating film can be directly applied to a substrate layer that forms a portion of the
main enclosure 104 and hingedlid 102 of thesuitcase enclosure 100. As indicated above, the heating film may be applied to a substrate layer, which may simply comprise theexterior surface layer 134, using lithographic techniques, silk screening techniques or other techniques in which the resistive ink is applied directly to the substrate. In addition, a protective layer that has a reasonably high thermal conductivity can be applied directly over the applied resistive ink to provide a protective layer for the resistive ink. Spray-on plastics and other materials can be used to protect the resistive ink. For example, polyurethanes and polyureas can be used, as well as other protective films. Any thin film polymer, including polyethylene, polypropylene and similar polymers, can provide sufficient protection of the conductive/resistive ink layer. The polymer can have a thickness that is sufficient to conduct the infrared radiation, while still providing protection to the conductive/resistive ink. The polymer layer can be thin enough to allow conduction of the heat through the polymer layer and not providing a significant insulation to the heating element. -
FIG. 8 also illustrates thesuitcase controller 142 and theuser interface 114. Thesuitcase controller 142 may comprise a simple and inexpensive microprocessor controller that is easily programmable to operate with theuser interface 114. The user interface may comprise an inexpensive touch screen display, or a combination of LEDs and buttons, that can be utilized for input of user data. Both theuser interface 114 and thesuitcase controller 142 are inexpensive and can be readily programmed to perform the required control functions. -
FIG. 9 is a perspective view of one embodiment of auser interface 114. As shown inFIG. 9 , the user interface is disposed in a location beneath theretractable handle 143, which assists in protecting theuser interface 114 from damage or accidental activation. In the embodiment illustrated inFIG. 9 , anactivation element 144, in the form of a button, is utilized for the input of user data or to initiate a heat cycle.Bulkhead connector 146 provides a connector for connecting the external power source. Status indicator 148 may comprise any desired type of display for displaying operational data of thesuitcase enclosure 100. -
FIG. 10 is a flow diagram illustrating the operational steps ofsuitcase controller 142, as well as the workflow steps of a user of thesuitcase enclosure 100. Atstep 150, the user closes a bag and inserts a power cord into the jack that is disposed in thebulkhead connector 146. Atstep 152, thesuitcase controller 142 checks for system faults and determines whether the source of power is either 120 volts or 240 volts AC. Additionally, the controller can also test for 12 volt DC and 24 volt DC power inputs. If it is determined that faults exist, or there are other operational problems with the system, the user interface can provide an indication of the fault. In one example, the user interface may flash a red LED and maintain the heating element in an off condition. If it is determined atstep 152 that no faults or system problems exist, the heating elements are turned on and the heating process begins. An indication that the bag is operating and other data may also be displayed. In one example, a yellow LED may be illuminated. Atstep 158, the wall temperatures of thesuitcase enclosure 100 are raised to a predetermined temperature level at a safe ramp rate. In the embodiment illustrated inFIG. 10 , the wall temperatures are raised to a temperature of 150° F. Atstep 160, thesuitcase controller 142 initiates a timer for a pre-selected time period for operation of the heating element. Alternatively, a user may specify a time period and may specify a repeating interval for heating thesuitcase enclosure 100. In addition, thesuitcase controller 142 monitors the temperatures from thecentral temperature sensor 118 and thesurface temperature sensor 120. Thesuitcase controller 142 may turn the heating element on and off to maintain the desired temperature, for example, 150° F., during the heating interval. Once the heating interval is completed, theuser interface 114 may indicate a successful heating internal process to the user. In one embodiment, a green light may be illuminated by thesuitcase controller 142 in theuser interface 114. If the heating interval is interrupted because a problem exists, such as thecentral temperature sensor 118 or thesurface temperature sensor 120 detects overheating, the heating element is switched off and the failure of the heating interval is indicated on theuser interface 114. In the example ofFIG. 10 , a red LED is illuminated. -
FIG. 11 illustrates another embodiment of an enclosure, which comprises abox 200. Thebox 200 comprises anexterior carton 218 that has abulkhead receptacle 220 that is adapted to receive thepower cord 212. Thepower cord 212 can plug into the power source 214 to provide power to thebox 200. The insulatingfloor 208 and insulatingwalls 206 are placed in theinternal space 216 of theexterior carton 218. Aheating film 202, that is formed to fit inside the insulatingwalls 206, is placed on the interior surface of insulatingwalls 206. An insulatinglid 204 is then placed on top of the box-shapedheating film 202. Closing flaps 210 can be closed upon activation of thepower cord 212. Thebox 200 ofFIG. 11 is a simpler design and less expensive design than thesuitcase enclosure 100 ofFIG. 1 .Power cord 212 can simply be plugged into a power source 214 for a set period of time, which eliminates the need for a controller. Further, a user interface is not required with thebox 200, but rather, the user simply keeps thepower cord 212 plugged into the power source 214 andbulkhead receptacle 220 for a given period of time, such as 60 to 480 minutes. Bi-metallic switches can be used to control the current and temperature in the manner described with respect toFIG. 16 .Box 200 provides a simple and cost effective manner of creating an enclosure to kill pests and can be easily constructed in an inexpensive manner. Again, theheating film 202 is disposed on multiple sides of thebox 200 to ensure that heat is being applied from multiple surfaces, to ensure that the pests are killed or egress from the outer surfaces of thebox 200. -
FIG. 12 is a side view of a truck/trailer 300 that includes anenclosure 310 that forms part of the truck/trailer 300. Auser interface 308 is provided on an outside surface of theenclosure 310. -
FIG. 13 is a rear view of the truck/trailer 300 showing thedoor 312 in an open position. A rear view inFIG. 13 is a partial cutaway view showing portions of theprotective layer 306 that covers theheating film 302. Theheating film 302 is placed on the interior walls of the truck/trailer 300 and on a floor portion of the truck/trailer 300. An insulatinglayer 304 is shown in a cut-away portion of the sidewalls of the truck/trailer 300. The insulatinglayer 304 may comprise any desired type of insulating material that can be placed in the walls of the truck/trailer 300. Insulatinglayer 304 may be attached directly to the inside surface of the walls of the truck/trailer 300 or may constitute foam insulation that is injected into the walls of the truck/trailer 300. Theheating film 302 can be formed in large sheets that are constructed to fit on the walls and the truck bed of truck/trailer 300. Each of the sections of theheating film 302 can then be wired to theuser interface 308. Theprotective layer 306 may comprise a spray-on protective coating, such as used in truck bed liners. Theprotective layer 306 may be a homogeneous protective surface that is applied directly to theheating film 302 to provide a durable working surface to transport items for heat treatment. Various polymers can be used for the protective layer that can be sprayed on or directly applied to theheating film 302. These polymers may comprise polyurethanes, polyureas, pure polyureas and similar materials that have durable characteristics between −50° F. and 200° F. Coatings may include Rhino Extreme 21-55 available from Rhino Linings Corp., 9151 Rehco Road, San Diego, Calif. 92121. Other protective coatings can be used, such as Line-X Excess-350 available from Line-X Protective Coatings, 6 Hutton Center Drive,Suite 500, Santa Ana, Calif. 92707. Both of these protective coatings comprise spray-on elastomers that are easily applied over theheating film 302. AlthoughFIGS. 12 and 13 illustrate a truck/trailer 300 having anenclosure 310, the identical process can also be used with stand-alone trailers. - Since bedbugs can be easily spread in furniture and other household and office items, the use of a truck or a trailer to kill pests, such as bedbugs, is extremely beneficial. For example, if bedbugs have infested furniture, including beds, couches, chairs, etc. in a home, the furniture can be removed and placed in the truck or trailer and subjected to one or more heat cycles within the trailer to kill the bedbugs. The furniture can then be placed back in the house with the assurance that the bedbugs have been exterminated. Further, if a user is moving from one location to another, the truck/
trailer 300, or a similarly constructed trailer, can be used to transport furniture that may be infected with bedbugs. One or more heating cycles may be used to ensure that bedbugs are exterminated from the furniture and other household items during the transportation of the items to a new location. Further, new furniture that is being transported to a purchaser can also be treated to ensure that there has no been infestation of bedbugs or other pests. As further illustrated inFIG. 13 , theheating film 302 is applied to multiple surfaces, including the floor surface of the truck/trailer 300, to ensure that the contents of the truck/trailer 300 are fully exposed to heat applied by theheating film 302. This ensures that pests are killed on the contents of the truck/trailer 300. -
FIG. 14 is an exploded view of a portion of an enclosure with asurface heater 401 that utilizes aheating film 410. The enclosure can comprise any desired type ofsurface heater 401 that has a plurality oflayers 400. As illustrated inFIG. 14 , theheating film 410 has a plurality ofcarbon ink channels 416 that pass the electrical current 438 frombus bar 414. The heat conductive layer 412 is disposed over theheating film 410 to protect theheating film 410 from damage and increase the heat uniformity to theinterior surface 442. The heat conductive layer 412 can comprise any desired material that has at least a moderate degree of thermal conductivity. As such,internal heat transfer 418 to the interior portion of theenclosure 402 occurs preferentially over theexternal heat transfer 420 to exterior space of theenclosure 404 of the enclosure, sinceinsulation layer 408 is disposed between theheating film 410 and theexterior surface layer 406.Exterior surface layer 406 can be used to support theinsulation layer 408. Theexterior surface layer 406 can be selected from a numerous and wide variety of materials, such as those conventionally used in the external wall construction of luggage, including soft and hard luggage, such as metal, fabric, plastic, fiberglass or similar materials, to provide theexterior surface layer 406 with the proper rigidity necessary to create the enclosure. In addition, theexterior surface layer 406 may comprise materials that are conventionally used for the exterior wall construction of various containers as illustrated inFIG. 11 , such as paperboard, cardboard, corrugated plastic, or similar materials commonly used by the packaging industry. Theexterior surface layer 406 may be selected depending upon the intended use of the enclosure and the ability to properly enclose theinsulation layer 408 and theheating film 410. Theinsulation layer 408 may be disposed adjacent to, and mounted on, theexterior surface layer 406. Theinsulation layer 408 may be selected from a numerous and wide variety of materials to provide a heat transfer barrier between the interior portion of theenclosure 402 and theexterior surface layer 406 surrounding enclosure. Theinternal heat transfer 418 to the internal portion of theenclosure 402, versus theexternal heat transfer 420 to the external space of theenclosure 404, is determined by the insulated value of theinsulation layer 408, the thermal conductivity of the heat conductive layer 412, as well as the temperature difference between the interior portion of theenclosure 402 and the exterior space of theenclosure 404. It is desirable to haveexternal heat transfer 420 to theexterior surface layer 406 to cause pests, such as bedbugs, to egress from theexterior surface layer 406. At the same time, it is desirable to have aninsulation layer 408 that is sufficient to cause theinternal heat transfer 418 to the interior portion of theenclosure 402, so that a sufficient amount of heat is generated in the interior portion of theenclosure 402 to kill pests, such as bedbugs. Accordingly, theinsulation layer 408 may comprise a plastic sheet material that is applied to theexterior surface layer 406, such as foam board, closed or open cell foam, sheet or a spray foamed material, such as polyurethane foam, corrugated cardboard, fiber fill, such as bamboo fill, cotton fill, synthetic fiber fill, such as polyester fill, air filled sheets, or bubble material or similar materials. -
FIG. 15 is another view of the construction of an enclosure with asurface heater 401 that utilizes resistivewire heating elements 422.FIG. 15 discloses a plurality oflayers 400 that form an enclosure. An electrical current 438 is applied to resistivewire heating elements 422, which generate heat by method of Joule heating. The resistive wire heating elements are supported bystructural layer 440. Aninsulation layer 408 is disposed between thestructural layer 440 and theexterior surface 406. The insulative qualities of theinsulation layer 408 control the amount ofinternal heat transfer 418 to the interior portion ofenclosure 402, versus the amount ofexternal heat transfer 420 to the exterior space of theenclosure 404. A heat conductive layer 412 is placed over the resistivewire heating elements 422 to protect the resistivewire heating elements 422 from damage. Heat conductive layer 412 may comprise any desired heat conductive layer, including plastic materials and other suitable material. The resistivewire heating elements 422 can be made from resistive carbon fiber wire, electrically resistive ribbons, or other similar materials that are capable of generating heat in response to the flow of electrical current 438. Electrically resistant wires and ribbons can be made from nickel, iron, nickel-chrome alloys, nickel-iron alloys, and similar materials. Wires and ribbons suitable for use with the invention include Balco alloy, Evanoham, Alloy R, Karma Mid-Ohm and similar products. Pelican Wire Co Inc, 3650 Shaw Boulevard, Naples, Fla. 34117-8408, telephone 1 (239) 597-8555;Kanthal 1 Commerce Blvd, Palm Coast, Fla. 32164; Telephone: +1 (386) 445 20 00; Fax: +1 (386) 446 22 44 -
FIG. 16 is an illustration of a surface heater that uses resistivewire heating elements 422.FIG. 16 is one embodiment illustrating the manner in which a resistive wire heating layer can be constructed to fit within conventional containers, enclosures, luggage, suitcases, garment bags, briefcases, duffle bags, backpacks, or the like. As shown inFIG. 16 , thesidewall section 430 can be disposed along the sidewall of a container, such as a box.Floor section 426 can be disposed along a lower portion, while thelid section 428 can be disposed on an upper portion, of a container.Structural layer 440 may comprise an insulating layer, a thermal conductive layer, or a combination of the two. As illustrated inFIG. 16 , one single structure, in the form of aheating shell 444, can be used to surround the interior or exterior sides of a heating enclosure in one simple and easy to implement device. The specific geometry of theheating shell 444, illustrated inFIG. 16 , can be modified to produce various three-dimensional shapes when folded. Box shapes, rectangular shapes, cylindrical shapes, frusto-conical shapes, pyramid shapes, and other desired shapes can be formed depending upon the particular implementation. -
FIG. 16 also illustrates a pair ofthermal switch 432 devices that function to control the temperature of the heating layer illustrated inFIG. 16 . Thethermal switch 432 may take the form of a bimetallic switch that controls the flow of current based upon the output temperature of the heating layer illustrated inFIG. 16 . In this manner, thethermal switch 432 is capable of controlling the application of current frompower cord 434 to the resistivewire heating elements 422. -
FIG. 17 is a plot of the response of a bimetallicthermal switch 436 based on temperature over a period of time. As shown inFIG. 17 , the bimetallic thermal switch is capable of maintaining the heating element at a temperature between approximately 140° F. and 160° F. Installation of the bimetallic switches in the circuit of the heating element illustrated inFIG. 16 allows the heating element to automatically maintain a predetermined temperature between approximately 140° F. and 160° F. Bimetallic switches are available from Cantherm, 8415 Mountain Sight Avenue, Montreal (Quebec), H4P 2B8, Canada, Typical switches that can be used include Part No. F20A07005ACFA06E, which switches at 70° C. Part No. C5705025Y is a bimetallic thermal switch that switches at 50° C. -
FIG. 18 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of acontrol system 500 that is suitable for use with the present invention. As illustrated inFIG. 18 , thecontrol system 500 includesAC power cord 502,control board 526,heater zone 524,user interface 520, andremote sensors 522, TheAC power cord 502 can be connected to a power source to supply power to abulkhead connector 504.Bulkhead connector 504 may comprise a male prong socket for theAC power cord 502. Power from the bulkhead connector is supplied to an AC toDC converter 506, which converts an AC signal to a DC voltage. Power sources in some countries operate on 220-240 volts, rather than US and Canada which operate at 120 volts AC. In that regard, AC line monitor 508 detects the input voltage and generates a signal that is supplied to thecontroller 510, indicating the voltage range to the input signal from the AC toDC converter 506.Controller 510 receives user inputs fromuser interface 520. User inputs may include control signals to activate the heating system, duration of the heating time, desired temperatures, and other input information.User interface 520 also receives data from thecontroller 510 that is displayed on theuser interface 520 indicating the operation of thecontrol system 500.Controller 510 includes analog to digital circuits and logic circuits for carrying out the logical operations of thecontrol system 500,Driver circuit 512 is controlled by thecontroller 510 to supply current to theheater load 516.Driver circuit 512 may use a triac to control the current applied to theheater load 516,Driver circuit 512 is connected directly to the power supply from thebulkhead connector 504 to supply power directly to theheater load 516, which is disposed in theheater zone 524. Afault detection circuit 514 is connected to theheater load 516 to determine if there are any faults in theheater load 516. If so, a signal is transmitted from thefault detection circuit 514 to thecontroller 510 to turn off the power supplied by thedriver circuit 512.Temperature sensors 518 provide data to thecontroller 510 for operation ofcontrol system 500, In addition,remote sensors 522 provide additional information that assists thecontroller 510 in proper operation of thecontrol system 500.Temperature sensors 518 may comprise surface temperature sensors, such assurface temperature sensor 120.Remote sensors 522 may comprise a central temperature sensor, such ascentral temperature sensor 118, illustrated inFIG. 1 , -
Controller 510, illustrated inFIG. 18 , regulates the power supplied to theheater load 516. In this manner, the temperature generated by theheater load 516 then can be increased or decreased in response to the information provided bytemperature sensors 518, andremote sensors 522.Controller 510 can increase the temperature of theheater load 516 at a predetermined rate to aggressively approach a surface target temperature.Controller 510, together with thetemperature sensors 518, andremote sensors 522, can be considered to be a closed proportional-integral derivative circuit. Using a controlled fixed rate of increase in the power applied toheater load 516 can reduce the thermal shock to the heat treatable materials that are disposed within the interior space of the heating enclosure. A triac used in thedriver circuit 512 clips the sinusoidal waveform of the AC circuit that is applied from thebulkhead connector 504 to reduce delivered power. For example, to cut the delivered power by 50 percent on a 60 hertz system, the triac would clip half of the waveform. Although only asingle heater zone 524 is illustrated, multiple heater zones may be utilized. In that case,controller 510 can function to reduce instantaneous power consumption by zero-cross switching and distributing the AC power across the multiple heating zones. For example, if a first heating zone requires 25 percent power and a second heating zone requires 50 percent power, the controller can synchronize a first triac to conduct for 15 cycles per second. The controller can also control a second triac to conduct 30 cycles per second and stop conducting for the next 15 cycles per second. In this manner, multiple triacs can be used to supply power to different heating loads. - Referring to Table 1, a preselected temperature and the period of time for treatment can vary depending on the pest which is being caused to egress from within, or from the external surface of, the enclosure body, or which is being killed within the enclosure body, or on the external surface of the enclosure body, in association with the heat treatable material. For the purposes of this invention the term “pest” encompasses a wide range of pathogens, molds, or insects (whether as adult, larvae, or eggs).
-
TABLE 1 Temperature Time Pathogen Enteric viruses 60 C. Rapidly Salmonellae 60 C. 20 Hours Shigellae 55 C. 60 Minutes E. coli 60 C. Rapidly Entamoebahystolytica cysts 50 C. 5 Minutes Hookworm eggs 50 C. 5 Minutes Roundworm eggs 55 C. 120 Minutes Molds Wood Fungi (Staining Fungi) 66 C. 75 Minutes Basidiomycotina 50 C. N/A Poria-Wood Eating Fungi 66 C. 75 Minutes (MeruliporiaIncrassata) Fomes (FomitopsisRosea) 66 C. 75 Minutes StachybotrysChartarum 60 C. 30 Minutes AspergillusAlutaceus 62 C. 20 Minutes AspergillusAcandidus 62 C. N/A AspergillusUstus 62 C. 25 Minutes AspergillusWenti 63 C. 25 Minutes Aspergillus Niger 63 C. 25 Minutes Alternaria Alternata 63 C. 25 Minutes Insects Bed Bug Adults & Nymphs 45 C. 15 Minutes Bed Bug Eggs 45 C. 60 Minutes German Cockroach-Adult Male 49 C. 27 Minutes 54 C. 7 Minutes Flour Beetle 49 C. 16 Minutes 54 C. 4 Minutes Drywood Termite Nymphs 49 C. 30 Minutes 54 C. 6 Minutes Agentine Ant (Adults) 49 C. 4 Minutes 54 C. 1 Minute - Hence, the various embodiments disclosed herein provide various ways of killing bedbugs, or other pests, in containers and causing such pests to egress from surfaces of the container. Various types of containers are disclosed, including suitcases, standard boxes, trailers, trucks and similar devices. The various types of containers and enclosures can be retrofit with a heating film or a resistive wire heating element to create an enclosure that is capable of killing pests. These enclosures can also be retrofit with various controllers, including a user interface, as well as simple controllers, such as a bimetallic switch. This system uses simple surface heaters on multiple sides of the enclosure, such as heating film and resistive wire heating layers. Inexpensive control systems are used, including bimetallic switches, closed loop controllers, and other systems. Heating films are ideal for use on the various enclosures since they are low cost, extremely thin, lightweight and pliable, and can produce optimal temperature ranges for killing pests. Further, infrared wavelengths, on the order of to 1000 nanometers, that are generated by the heating film, allow the heat to penetrate materials within the enclosure, rather than relying upon convective air currents. Heating films are safe to use and can be either custom designed for application directly to an enclosure or provided in a pre-made film having various widths.
- The foregoing description of the invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed, and other modifications and variations may be possible in light of the above teachings. The embodiment was chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and its practical application to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the invention in various embodiments and various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the appended claims be construed to include other alternative embodiments of the invention except insofar as limited by the prior art.
Claims (6)
1. A system for killing pests on heatable materials comprising:
a enclosure including an exterior carton that is configured to receive said heatable materials, said enclosure having an exterior surface and an interior surface and being formed of four side wall portions that surrounds an interior space of said enclosure, a bottom portion and a lid portion;
a plurality of heating films that generates infrared radiation comprising a resistive material that is disposed on a substrate, said heating films disposed in said interior space along each of said four side wall portions;
four insulating walls, an insulating floor and an insulating lid configured for placement into said box enclosure and disposed between said heating films and said wall portions, said bottom portion and said lid portion; and
a control device, that is operatively coupled to said heating films, that controls current flowing through said heating films so that said infrared radiation penetrates and heats said heatable materials when disposed in said enclosure to a sufficiently high temperature, for a sufficiently long period, to kill said pests.
2. The system of claim 1 wherein said resistive material includes resistive wire heating elements.
3. The system of claim 1 wherein said control device comprises:
at least one temperature sensor disposed in said box enclosure that detects temperatures in an interior portion of said enclosure and generates temperature signals indicative of said temperatures;
a controller that receives said signals and controls said current flowing through said heating films.
4. The system of claim 1 wherein said control device comprises a bi-metallic switch coupled to control said current flowing through said heating films.
5. The system of claim 1 wherein said plurality of heating films is retrofit into said interior space of said enclosure.
6. The system of claim 1 wherein said plurality of heating films are form fit integral components of said enclosure.
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US20140290124A1 (en) * | 2013-03-27 | 2014-10-02 | Christopher M. Aidan | Bed Bug Elimination Systems and Methods |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CA2848630A1 (en) | 2013-03-21 |
EP2755470A1 (en) | 2014-07-23 |
EP2755470A4 (en) | 2015-04-22 |
US9326498B2 (en) | 2016-05-03 |
WO2013039784A1 (en) | 2013-03-21 |
US20120060407A1 (en) | 2012-03-15 |
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