US20150244441A1 - Tracking system with orthogonal polarizations and a retro-directive array - Google Patents
Tracking system with orthogonal polarizations and a retro-directive array Download PDFInfo
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- US20150244441A1 US20150244441A1 US14/697,424 US201514697424A US2015244441A1 US 20150244441 A1 US20150244441 A1 US 20150244441A1 US 201514697424 A US201514697424 A US 201514697424A US 2015244441 A1 US2015244441 A1 US 2015244441A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
- H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
- H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
- H04B7/06—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station
- H04B7/0602—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using antenna switching
- H04B7/0608—Antenna selection according to transmission parameters
- H04B7/061—Antenna selection according to transmission parameters using feedback from receiving side
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
- H04B1/38—Transceivers, i.e. devices in which transmitter and receiver form a structural unit and in which at least one part is used for functions of transmitting and receiving
- H04B1/40—Circuits
- H04B1/44—Transmit/receive switching
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
- H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
- H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
- H04B7/06—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station
- H04B7/0613—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission
- H04B7/0667—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of delayed versions of same signal
- H04B7/0671—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of delayed versions of same signal using different delays between antennas
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
- H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
- H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
- H04B7/08—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the receiving station
- H04B7/0837—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the receiving station using pre-detection combining
- H04B7/0842—Weighted combining
- H04B7/0848—Joint weighting
- H04B7/0854—Joint weighting using error minimizing algorithms, e.g. minimum mean squared error [MMSE], "cross-correlation" or matrix inversion
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
- H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
- H04B7/10—Polarisation diversity; Directional diversity
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
- H04L27/10—Frequency-modulated carrier systems, i.e. using frequency-shift keying
- H04L27/12—Modulator circuits; Transmitter circuits
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
- H01Q3/26—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture
- H01Q3/2605—Array of radiating elements provided with a feedback control over the element weights, e.g. adaptive arrays
- H01Q3/2647—Retrodirective arrays
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03F—AMPLIFIERS
- H03F2200/00—Indexing scheme relating to amplifiers
- H03F2200/198—A hybrid coupler being used as coupling circuit between stages of an amplifier circuit
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03F—AMPLIFIERS
- H03F2200/00—Indexing scheme relating to amplifiers
- H03F2200/204—A hybrid coupler being used at the output of an amplifier circuit
Definitions
- the disclosed embodiments generally relate to tracking systems that use retro-directive arrays. More specifically, the disclosed embodiments relate to the design of a tracking system that uses orthogonal polarizations to facilitate efficient operation of a retro-directive array and associated transmit-receive switches.
- Tracking systems based on phase arrays have been used for many years in military radar applications. Recent technological developments are beginning to make it practical to apply these technologies to consumer applications, for example to track controller device from game console. In contrast to military radar applications, the targets for consumer applications can cooperate to ease the tracking process. However, the only practical frequency band for such applications is in the millimeter-wavelength range, which facilitates fitting a small antenna array with a reasonable number of elements to provide fine beam resolution inside a consumer electronic device.
- CMOS complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor
- tracking circuitry typically alternates between transmitting and listening to the echo, which means that the circuitry needs to rapidly switch between the transmitter and the receiver.
- FIG. 1A illustrates a portable electronic device communicating with a cell tower in accordance with the disclosed embodiments.
- FIG. 1B illustrates a game console communicating with a game controller in accordance with the disclosed embodiments.
- FIG. 2 illustrates a retro-directive array in accordance with the disclosed embodiments.
- FIG. 3 illustrates the structure of a bi-directional quadrature gain (BQG) module in accordance with the disclosed embodiments.
- BQG quadrature gain
- FIG. 4A illustrates a hybrid coupler in accordance with the disclosed embodiments.
- FIG. 4B illustrates another hybrid coupler in accordance with the disclosed embodiments.
- FIG. 5A illustrates circuitry to support up-link and down-link data transmissions in accordance with the disclosed embodiments.
- FIG. 5B illustrates alternative circuitry to support up-link and down-link data transmissions in accordance with the disclosed embodiments.
- FIG. 6 presents a flow chart illustrating operation of a retro-directive array in accordance with the disclosed embodiments.
- FIG. 7A illustrates a transmit switch in accordance with the disclosed embodiments.
- FIG. 7B illustrates a corresponding retro-directive array in accordance with the disclosed embodiments.
- FIG. 7C illustrates associated transmitted and returned signals in accordance with the disclosed embodiments.
- FIG. 8A illustrates a transmit-receive switch in accordance with the disclosed embodiments.
- FIG. 8B illustrates associated transmitted and returned signals in accordance with the disclosed embodiments.
- FIG. 9A presents a flow chart illustrating operation of a transmit switch in accordance with the disclosed embodiments.
- FIG. 9B presents a flow chart illustrating operation of a receive switch in accordance with the disclosed embodiments.
- FIG. 1A illustrates a cell tower 102 that includes a phase array that transmits and receives directional signals 106 and a portable device 104 , such as a smartphone, which includes a retro-directive array.
- a “directional signal” is a signal which is transmitted through a directional antenna which focuses the energy of the signal in one or more specific directions instead of radiating the signal in all directions.
- FIG. 1B illustrates another example of a tracking system 110 comprising a video game console 101 and an associated game controller 103 which includes a retro-directive array.
- the console 101 includes a phase array that transmits and receives directional signals 105 . Discussion of the retro-directive array is provided next with reference to FIG. 2 .
- the retro-directive array 200 uses orthogonal polarizations (and more specifically circular polarizations). In some embodiments, the use of such polarizations can eliminate the need for frequency conversion.
- the retro-directive array 200 illustrated in FIG. 2 includes four antennas 201 - 204 , each of which is configured to receive two signals with orthogonal polarizations, and further wherein the two signals comprise components of a circularly polarized signal.
- antenna 201 is coupled to antenna 204 through a delay element D 1 213 and a bi-directional quadrature gain (BQG) module 214 .
- antenna 202 is coupled to antenna 203 through a delay element D 2 211 and a BQG module 212 .
- BQG module 214 amplifies quadrature signals in both directions between antennas 201 and 204 . More specifically, BQG module 214 receives a quadrature signal from antenna 201 and amplifies this quadrature signal and sends it to antenna 204 . In the other direction, BQG module 214 receives a quadrature signal from antenna 204 and amplifies this quadrature signal and sends it to antenna 201 . The other BQG module 212 similarly amplifies signals in both directions between antennas 202 and 203 .
- the delay amounts introduced by delay element D 1 213 and delay element D 2 211 are fixed, while in others, the delay amounts can be tuned dynamically, e.g., as part of a calibration.
- the delay elements D 2 211 and D 1 213 can be configured to match the total delays between antennas 201 - 204 and antennas 202 - 203 , respectively. These delay elements can compensate for one or more factors which can affect operation of the retro-directive array, including propagation delays through BQG modules 212 and 214 , and the difference between signal propagation speeds through the conductors connecting the antenna pairs.
- FIG. 3 illustrates the internal structure of a bi-directional quadrature gain (BQG) module 300 in accordance with the disclosed embodiments.
- BQG quadrature gain
- signal lines P 1 301 and P 2 302 are coupled to ports of different polarization on antenna 201 or 202 (as shown in FIG. 2 ).
- P 1 301 is E x
- signal on P 2 302 is E y .
- E x and E y comprise a quadrature signal and have a plus or minus 90° phase difference between them depending upon whether the signal has a left-handed or right-handed circular polarization.
- E x and E y comprise a quadrature signal and have a plus or minus 90° phase difference between them depending upon whether the signal has a left-handed or right-handed circular polarization.
- FIG. 3 illustrates the internal structure of a bi-directional quadrature gain (BQG) module 300 in accordance with the disclosed embodiments.
- signal lines P 1 303 and P 2 304 are coupled to ports of different polarization on antenna 203 or 204 (as shown in FIG. 2 ).
- a signal is said to be “substantially circularly polarized” if components of two polarizations are approximately equal, and their phase relationship remains approximately orthogonal over time.
- BQG module 300 provides amplification in two opposing directions, including a first direction and a second direction.
- first direction a first quadrature signal received through signal lines P 1 301 and P 2 302 is amplified and transmitted through signal lines P 1 303 and P 2 304 .
- second quadrature signal received through signal lines P 1 303 and P 2 304 is amplified and transmitted through signal lines P 1 301 and P 2 302 .
- gain element G 310 receives the output from signal line 316 and produces a boosted second output E xb .
- hybrid coupler H 2 308 receives the second boosted output E xb from signal line 318 and produces two outputs E x ′ and E y ′ that comprise the boosted first quadrature signal which is transmitted to the second antenna.
- H 2 308 receives the second quadrature through signal lines P 1 303 and P 2 304 from the second antenna and produces a first output (with a 0 value) on node 318 and a second output on node 320 .
- gain element 312 boosts the second output on node 320 and feeds the boosted second output through hybrid coupler H 1 306 to produce a boosted second quadrature signal on signal lines P 1 303 and P 2 304 which feeds into the first antenna.
- H 1 306 and H 2 308 share the same orientation with respect to their respective input ports, thus requiring the signal crossing depicted in FIG. 3 . In other embodiments, the orientation can be different.
- the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 3 may improve signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) by reducing the reflected energy from surrounding clutter. More specifically, a reflected wave from an object causes a change from left-handed circular polarization to right-handed circular polarization and vice versa, making reflections from objects orthogonal to a desired signal reflected back by the target.
- SNR signal-to-noise ratio
- FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate different implementations of a hybrid coupler in accordance with the disclosed embodiments. These hybrid couplers can be implemented using interconnected passive 90° delay elements.
- FIG. 4A illustrates a hybrid coupler 400 comprised of a set of interconnected conductors, wherein the length of each conductor is tuned to provide a 90° delay.
- FIG. 4B presents an alternative implementation of a hybrid coupler 402 wherein the 90° delay elements are implemented using inductors and associated capacitors.
- FIG. 5A illustrates circuitry 500 to support up-link and down-link data transmissions in accordance with the disclosed embodiments.
- This circuitry is the same as the circuitry in the BQG module illustrated in FIG. 3 , except for two additions.
- gain elements 506 and 508 are modulated to transmit up-link data 514 to a remote receiver, which for example may be located in a cell tower, such as cell tower 102 .
- the system includes circuitry 510 which implements a self-mixing/zero intermediate frequency (IF) circuit to receive down-link data 512 from a remote transmitter, which may similarly be located in a cell tower, such as cell tower 102 .
- IF intermediate frequency
- FIG. B illustrates alternative circuitry to support up-link and down-link data 1 transmissions in accordance with the disclosed embodiments.
- This circuitry is the same as the circuitry illustrated in FIG. 5A , except that the down-link data signal from gain element 508 is mixed with a local oscillator signal (LO) 520 instead of being self-mixed.
- LO local oscillator signal
- FIG. 6 presents a flow chart illustrating operation of a retro-directive array in accordance with the disclosed embodiments.
- the system illustrated in FIG. 3 first receives an input signal at a first antenna (e.g. 201 or 202 (as shown in FIG. 2 )) in a retro-directive array, wherein the input signal is substantially circularly polarized (step 602 ).
- the system feeds the first quadrature signal through a BQG module 300 which boosts the quadrature signal (step 604 ).
- the system then transmits the boosted first quadrature signal through an associated second antenna (e.g. 203 or 204 (as shown in FIG. 2 )) in the retro-directive array (step 606 ).
- an associated second antenna e.g. 203 or 204 (as shown in FIG. 2 )
- the system performs the same operation in the reverse direction (which is not illustrated in FIG. 6 ).
- the system receives a second quadrature signal from the second antenna (e.g. 203 or 204 (as shown in FIG. 2 )) and uses the BQG module 300 to boost the second quadrature signal before transmitting the boosted second quadrature signal through the first antenna (e.g. 201 or 202 (as shown in FIG. 2 )).
- FIG. 7A illustrates a transmit switch 700 in accordance with the disclosed embodiments.
- Transmit switch 700 uses orthogonal polarizations to perform the functions of a conventional switch in a time-division multiplexed (TDM) system without the associated limitations of a conventional switch with regards to SNR and tracking speed.
- TDM time-division multiplexed
- the transmitter of the tracking device in a first cycle creates orthogonal phases of the transmitted signal and sends them through a hybrid coupler 706 , as shown in FIG. 7A .
- Hybrid coupler 706 then combines S I/Q and S Q/I (as is described above with reference to FIG. 3 ) to produce an output 707 which is proportionate to S, and the output is transmitted through antenna 711 .
- Hybrid coupler 706 also combines S I/Q and S Q/I to produce an output 708 which has a null value.
- the transmitter reverses the phase relationship between the two components by swapping the I and Q control values for phase mixers 702 and 703 .
- the swapping of the I and Q control values can be accomplished by using a multiplexer or some other switching mechanism.
- This swapping of I and Q results in a null output 707 which is similar to turning the switch off from the transmitter.
- This transmitted signal is received at a retro-directive array located on a target, which sends a return signal with a different polarization.
- retro-directive array 720 illustrated in FIG. 7B receives signals through antenna elements 721 - 724 and amplifies the signals using gain elements 729 before returning the signals to the transmitter through antenna elements 721 - 724 .
- antenna P 1 721 is comprised of spatially orthogonal antenna elements P 11 and P 12
- antenna P 2 724 is comprised of spatially orthogonal antenna elements P 21 and P 22 .
- the polarization of the signals is changed from a first polarization to a second orthogonal polarization.
- delay elements D 1 728 and D 2 726 are used to fine-tune the delays between the received and transmitted signals to ensure that the return signal is accurately steered back to the transmitter.
- the target changes the polarization of the signal from P 11 to P 12 , where P 12 ideally is orthogonal to P 11 , and then returns P 12 to the tracking device using retro-directive phase conjugation.
- the signal is then received and processed by the receiver 710 on the tracking device which is connected to an antenna element in antenna 711 with a polarization which matches P 12 . Note that this change in polarization facilitates a high isolation between the transmitter and the receiver of the tracking device without using a conventional transmit-receive switch.
- the entire system can operate using single polarization, which means there is no need for polarization change on the target side.
- the information bit echoed through the channel
- the received power is divided equally between Z in of the receiver and Z out of the transmitter.
- Transmit-receive switch 800 for a system which operates using a single polarization change appears in FIG. 8A .
- Transmit-receive switch 800 is comprised of a transmit switch 801 and a receive switch 802 .
- Transmit switch 801 is the same as transmit switch 700 illustrated in FIG. 7 A.
- Receive switch 802 is similar to transmit switch 700 , except that it operates in the reverse direction. More specifically, receive switch 802 receives as input a signal from antenna 803 producing a receive output 810 . This involves using two phase mixers 804 and 806 to convert the received signal into a quadrature signal comprising two components R Q/I 816 and R I/Q 818 . This quadrature signal feeds into hybrid coupler 808 , which produces receive output 810 .
- transmit switch 801 When transmit-receive switch 800 is in a transmitting mode, transmit switch 801 receives a signal to be transmitted on node S 814 , and feeds a transmit signal to antenna 803 while receive switch 802 produces a null value at receive output 810 . In contrast, when transmit-receive switch is in a receiving mode, transmit switch 801 produce a null output, and receive switch 802 directs a signal received on antenna 803 to node R 812 to produce receive output 810 . During the process of switching between transmit and receive modes, the I and Q phase inputs to transmit switch 801 and receive switch 802 are swapped at the same time.
- FIG. 8B illustrates a transmitted signal P 1 which is transmitted from a tracking device toward a target and a corresponding returned signal P 1 ′ which is reflected back from a target in accordance with the disclosed embodiments. Note that during the receiving mode transmit-receive switch 800 effectively isolates the receiver from the transmitted signal, and during the transmitting mode the transmit-receive switch 800 effectively isolates the receiver from the transmit signal.
- FIG. 9A presents a flow chart illustrating the steps involved in operating transmit switch 801 in accordance with the disclosed embodiments.
- the system feeds the quadrature signals through a hybrid coupler, which combines S I phase shifted by 180° with S Q phase shifted by 90° to produce a transmit output which is proportionate to S (step 904 ).
- the system transmits the transmit output through an antenna toward a target device with a first polarization.
- This target device includes a retro-directive array which receives the transmitted signal and generates a return signal with a second polarization which is orthogonal to the first polarization (step 906 ).
- the process of receiving this return signal is described in more detail below with reference to FIG. 9B .
- the system turns off the transmit output by swapping the phase inputs I and Q to the phase mixers, which swaps the two signal components S I and S Q and causes the hybrid coupler to combine S Q phase shifted by 180° with S I phase shifted by 90° to produce a null transmit output (step 908 ).
- FIG. 9B presents a flow chart illustrating the steps involved in operating the receive switch in accordance with the disclosed embodiments.
- the system feeds the second quadrature signal through a second hybrid coupler to produce a receive input, wherein the receive input combines R Q phase shifted by 180° with R I phase shifted by 90° to produce a null receive input (step 912 ).
- the system turns on the receive switch by swapping the phase inputs I and Q to the phase mixers. This swaps the two signal outputs R I and R Q and causes the second hybrid coupler to combine R I phase shifted by 180° with R Q phase shifted by 90° to produce a receive input proportional with R (step 914 ).
- some of the above-described methods and processes can be embodied as code and/or data, which can be stored in a computer-readable storage medium as described above.
- a computer system reads and executes the code and/or data stored on the computer-readable storage medium, the computer system performs the methods and processes embodied as data structures and code and stored within the computer-readable storage medium.
- the methods and apparatus described can be included in but are not limited to, application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) chips, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), and other programmable-logic devices
Abstract
Description
- This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/002,353 entitled “Tracking System with Orthogonal Polarizations and a Retro-Directive Array,” filed on Aug. 29, 2013, which is a U.S. national phase application for International Patent Cooperation Treaty Application PCT/US12/25312, filed Feb. 15, 2012, entitled “Tracking System with Orthogonal Polarizations and a Retro-Directive Array,” which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/447,844, filed Mar. 1, 2011, entitled “Tracking System with Orthogonal Polarizations and a Retro-Directive Array.” The entirety of each of the foregoing patents, patent applications, and patent application publications is incorporated by reference herein.
- 1. Field
- The disclosed embodiments generally relate to tracking systems that use retro-directive arrays. More specifically, the disclosed embodiments relate to the design of a tracking system that uses orthogonal polarizations to facilitate efficient operation of a retro-directive array and associated transmit-receive switches.
- 2. Related Art
- Tracking systems based on phase arrays have been used for many years in military radar applications. Recent technological developments are beginning to make it practical to apply these technologies to consumer applications, for example to track controller device from game console. In contrast to military radar applications, the targets for consumer applications can cooperate to ease the tracking process. However, the only practical frequency band for such applications is in the millimeter-wavelength range, which facilitates fitting a small antenna array with a reasonable number of elements to provide fine beam resolution inside a consumer electronic device.
- Unfortunately, the poor performance of complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) circuitry at high frequencies can create a significant power burden, which in turn, can adversely affect the battery life of a portable device. It is therefore important to minimize power consumption to enable such technologies to be deployed in mobile applications. This can be done in part by employing a retro-directive array which uses less power on the low-power mobile side of a wireless link. However, conventional retro-directive arrays, which perform frequency conversion using a mixer and a local oscillator running at twice the RF transmission frequency, are not efficient when implemented in CMOS and can consume a considerable amount of power.
- Moreover, on the console (base station) side of the link, tracking circuitry typically alternates between transmitting and listening to the echo, which means that the circuitry needs to rapidly switch between the transmitter and the receiver. However, it is a challenging task to build a decent switch for these high frequencies, with high isolation, low attenuation and high speed.
-
FIG. 1A illustrates a portable electronic device communicating with a cell tower in accordance with the disclosed embodiments. -
FIG. 1B illustrates a game console communicating with a game controller in accordance with the disclosed embodiments. -
FIG. 2 illustrates a retro-directive array in accordance with the disclosed embodiments. -
FIG. 3 illustrates the structure of a bi-directional quadrature gain (BQG) module in accordance with the disclosed embodiments. -
FIG. 4A illustrates a hybrid coupler in accordance with the disclosed embodiments. -
FIG. 4B illustrates another hybrid coupler in accordance with the disclosed embodiments. -
FIG. 5A illustrates circuitry to support up-link and down-link data transmissions in accordance with the disclosed embodiments. -
FIG. 5B illustrates alternative circuitry to support up-link and down-link data transmissions in accordance with the disclosed embodiments. -
FIG. 6 presents a flow chart illustrating operation of a retro-directive array in accordance with the disclosed embodiments. -
FIG. 7A illustrates a transmit switch in accordance with the disclosed embodiments. -
FIG. 7B illustrates a corresponding retro-directive array in accordance with the disclosed embodiments. -
FIG. 7C illustrates associated transmitted and returned signals in accordance with the disclosed embodiments. -
FIG. 8A illustrates a transmit-receive switch in accordance with the disclosed embodiments. -
FIG. 8B illustrates associated transmitted and returned signals in accordance with the disclosed embodiments. -
FIG. 9A presents a flow chart illustrating operation of a transmit switch in accordance with the disclosed embodiments. -
FIG. 9B presents a flow chart illustrating operation of a receive switch in accordance with the disclosed embodiments. - The disclosed embodiments relate to a tracking system that uses orthogonal polarizations to facilitate efficient operation of a retro-directive array and associated transmit-receive switches. An example embodiment of such a
system 100 appears inFIG. 1A , which illustrates a cell tower 102 that includes a phase array that transmits and receivesdirectional signals 106 and aportable device 104, such as a smartphone, which includes a retro-directive array. (Note that a “directional signal” is a signal which is transmitted through a directional antenna which focuses the energy of the signal in one or more specific directions instead of radiating the signal in all directions.)FIG. 1B illustrates another example of atracking system 110 comprising avideo game console 101 and an associatedgame controller 103 which includes a retro-directive array. Theconsole 101 includes a phase array that transmits and receivesdirectional signals 105. Discussion of the retro-directive array is provided next with reference toFIG. 2 . - In some embodiments, the retro-directive array 200 (
FIG. 2 ) uses orthogonal polarizations (and more specifically circular polarizations). In some embodiments, the use of such polarizations can eliminate the need for frequency conversion. Note that the retro-directive array 200 illustrated inFIG. 2 includes four antennas 201-204, each of which is configured to receive two signals with orthogonal polarizations, and further wherein the two signals comprise components of a circularly polarized signal. To facilitate operation of retro-directive array 200,antenna 201 is coupled toantenna 204 through adelay element D 1 213 and a bi-directional quadrature gain (BQG)module 214. Similarly,antenna 202 is coupled toantenna 203 through adelay element D 2 211 and aBQG module 212. - During system operation,
BQG module 214 amplifies quadrature signals in both directions betweenantennas BQG module 214 receives a quadrature signal fromantenna 201 and amplifies this quadrature signal and sends it toantenna 204. In the other direction,BQG module 214 receives a quadrature signal fromantenna 204 and amplifies this quadrature signal and sends it toantenna 201. Theother BQG module 212 similarly amplifies signals in both directions betweenantennas - In some embodiments, the delay amounts introduced by
delay element D 1 213 anddelay element D 2 211 are fixed, while in others, the delay amounts can be tuned dynamically, e.g., as part of a calibration. For instance, thedelay elements D 2 211 andD 1 213 can be configured to match the total delays between antennas 201-204 and antennas 202-203, respectively. These delay elements can compensate for one or more factors which can affect operation of the retro-directive array, including propagation delays throughBQG modules -
FIG. 3 illustrates the internal structure of a bi-directional quadrature gain (BQG)module 300 in accordance with the disclosed embodiments. On the left-hand side ofFIG. 3 ,signal lines P 1 301 andP 2 302 are coupled to ports of different polarization onantenna 201 or 202 (as shown inFIG. 2 ). In one particular case of circular polarization,P 1 301 is Ex and signal onP 2 302 is Ey. Ex and Ey comprise a quadrature signal and have a plus or minus 90° phase difference between them depending upon whether the signal has a left-handed or right-handed circular polarization. Similarly, on the right-hand side ofFIG. 3 ,signal lines P 1 303 and P2 304 are coupled to ports of different polarization onantenna 203 or 204 (as shown inFIG. 2 ). (Note that a signal is said to be “substantially circularly polarized” if components of two polarizations are approximately equal, and their phase relationship remains approximately orthogonal over time.) - During operation,
BQG module 300 provides amplification in two opposing directions, including a first direction and a second direction. In the first direction, a first quadrature signal received throughsignal lines P 1 301 andP 2 302 is amplified and transmitted throughsignal lines P 1 303 and P2 304. At the same time in the second direction, a second quadrature signal received throughsignal lines P 1 303 and P2 304 is amplified and transmitted throughsignal lines P 1 301 andP 2 302. - In one specific case of circular polarization, the amplification of the first quadrature signal in the first direction involves the following operations. First,
hybrid coupler H 1 306 receives the two signal components Ex and Ey which comprise the first quadrature signals from thefirst antenna signal line 314, wherein the vectorial sum of the two inputs Ex and Ey cancel each other to produce the output onsignal line 314 which equals (jEx−Ey)/√{square root over (2=)}(jEx−jEx)/√{square root over (2=)}0. - At the same time,
H 1 306 combines Ex phase shifted by 180° with Ey phase shifted by 90° to produce an output onsignal line 316 which equals (−Ex+jEy)/√{square root over (2=)}(−Ex−Ex)/√{square root over (2=)}−√{square root over (2=)}Ex. Next,gain element G 310 receives the output fromsignal line 316 and produces a boosted second output Exb. Then,hybrid coupler H 2 308 receives the second boosted output Exb fromsignal line 318 and produces two outputs Ex′ and Ey′ that comprise the boosted first quadrature signal which is transmitted to the second antenna. More specifically,H 2 308 generates Exb phase shifted by 90° to produce an output jExb=Ex′ onsignal line P 1 303, and also generates Exb phase shifted by 180° to produce an output −Exb=j(jExb)=j Ex′ and Ey′ on signal line P2 304. - The amplification of the second quadrature signal in the second direction operates in a similar manner. In particular,
H 2 308 receives the second quadrature throughsignal lines P 1 303 and P2 304 from the second antenna and produces a first output (with a 0 value) onnode 318 and a second output onnode 320. Next,gain element 312 boosts the second output onnode 320 and feeds the boosted second output throughhybrid coupler H 1 306 to produce a boosted second quadrature signal onsignal lines P 1 303 and P2 304 which feeds into the first antenna. In the embodiment shown inFIG. 3 ,H 1 306 andH 2 308 share the same orientation with respect to their respective input ports, thus requiring the signal crossing depicted inFIG. 3 . In other embodiments, the orientation can be different. - In addition to providing low power consumption, the embodiment illustrated in
FIG. 3 may improve signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) by reducing the reflected energy from surrounding clutter. More specifically, a reflected wave from an object causes a change from left-handed circular polarization to right-handed circular polarization and vice versa, making reflections from objects orthogonal to a desired signal reflected back by the target. -
FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate different implementations of a hybrid coupler in accordance with the disclosed embodiments. These hybrid couplers can be implemented using interconnected passive 90° delay elements. For example,FIG. 4A illustrates ahybrid coupler 400 comprised of a set of interconnected conductors, wherein the length of each conductor is tuned to provide a 90° delay.FIG. 4B presents an alternative implementation of ahybrid coupler 402 wherein the 90° delay elements are implemented using inductors and associated capacitors. -
FIG. 5A illustratescircuitry 500 to support up-link and down-link data transmissions in accordance with the disclosed embodiments. This circuitry is the same as the circuitry in the BQG module illustrated inFIG. 3 , except for two additions. To facilitate up-link data transfers, gainelements link data 514 to a remote receiver, which for example may be located in a cell tower, such as cell tower 102. To facilitate down-link data transfers, the system includescircuitry 510 which implements a self-mixing/zero intermediate frequency (IF) circuit to receive down-link data 512 from a remote transmitter, which may similarly be located in a cell tower, such as cell tower 102. This self-mixingcircuitry 510 operates by multiplying a signal by itself. For example, multiplying a(t)cos(ω0t)x a(t)cos(ω0t)=[a(t)cos(ω0t)]2=a2(t)/2+(a2(t)/2)cos(2ω0t)]. Next, the (a2(t)/2)cos(2ω0t) term can be filtered out leaving the a2(t)/2 term. - FIG. B illustrates alternative circuitry to support up-link and down-
link data 1 transmissions in accordance with the disclosed embodiments. This circuitry is the same as the circuitry illustrated inFIG. 5A , except that the down-link data signal fromgain element 508 is mixed with a local oscillator signal (LO) 520 instead of being self-mixed. -
FIG. 6 presents a flow chart illustrating operation of a retro-directive array in accordance with the disclosed embodiments. The system illustrated inFIG. 3 first receives an input signal at a first antenna (e.g. 201 or 202 (as shown inFIG. 2 )) in a retro-directive array, wherein the input signal is substantially circularly polarized (step 602). Note that the first antenna separates the input signal into two signal components associated with different orthogonal polarizations (e.g., Ex and Ey), wherein the two signal components comprise a first quadrature signal where Ey=j·Ex. Next, the system feeds the first quadrature signal through aBQG module 300 which boosts the quadrature signal (step 604). The system then transmits the boosted first quadrature signal through an associated second antenna (e.g. 203 or 204 (as shown inFIG. 2 )) in the retro-directive array (step 606). - At the same time, the system performs the same operation in the reverse direction (which is not illustrated in
FIG. 6 ). In the reverse direction, the system receives a second quadrature signal from the second antenna (e.g. 203 or 204 (as shown inFIG. 2 )) and uses theBQG module 300 to boost the second quadrature signal before transmitting the boosted second quadrature signal through the first antenna (e.g. 201 or 202 (as shown inFIG. 2 )). -
FIG. 7A illustrates a transmitswitch 700 in accordance with the disclosed embodiments. Transmitswitch 700 uses orthogonal polarizations to perform the functions of a conventional switch in a time-division multiplexed (TDM) system without the associated limitations of a conventional switch with regards to SNR and tracking speed. - In the illustrated embodiment, in a first cycle the transmitter of the tracking device creates orthogonal phases of the transmitted signal and sends them through a
hybrid coupler 706, as shown inFIG. 7A . This is accomplished by receiving a signal to be transmitted Tx 701 atnode S 712 and feeding this signal through I/Q mixers S I/Q 705 where SQ=jSI and feed intohybrid coupler 706.Hybrid coupler 706 then combines SI/Q and SQ/I (as is described above with reference toFIG. 3 ) to produce an output 707 which is proportionate to S, and the output is transmitted throughantenna 711.Hybrid coupler 706 also combines SI/Q and SQ/I to produce anoutput 708 which has a null value. - Next, in a following cycle, the transmitter reverses the phase relationship between the two components by swapping the I and Q control values for
phase mixers - This transmitted signal is received at a retro-directive array located on a target, which sends a return signal with a different polarization. For example, retro-
directive array 720 illustrated inFIG. 7B receives signals through antenna elements 721-724 and amplifies the signals using gain elements 729 before returning the signals to the transmitter through antenna elements 721-724. (Note thatantenna P 1 721 is comprised of spatially orthogonal antenna elements P11 and P12, andantenna P 2 724 is comprised of spatially orthogonal antenna elements P21 and P22.) During this process, the polarization of the signals is changed from a first polarization to a second orthogonal polarization. Moreover, delayelements D 1 728 andD 2 726 are used to fine-tune the delays between the received and transmitted signals to ensure that the return signal is accurately steered back to the transmitter. - As shown in the graph which appears in
FIG. 7C , the target changes the polarization of the signal from P11 to P12, where P12 ideally is orthogonal to P11, and then returns P12 to the tracking device using retro-directive phase conjugation. The signal is then received and processed by thereceiver 710 on the tracking device which is connected to an antenna element inantenna 711 with a polarization which matches P12. Note that this change in polarization facilitates a high isolation between the transmitter and the receiver of the tracking device without using a conventional transmit-receive switch. - Alternatively for a receiver having a front end which is resilient to high power, the entire system can operate using single polarization, which means there is no need for polarization change on the target side. In this case, because the transmitter and receiver of the tracking device operate with reference to the same clock, the information bit (echoed through the channel) can easily be filtered out from transmitter leakage to the receiver. However, there will be a small signal-to-noise ratio penalty because the received power is divided equally between Zin of the receiver and Zout of the transmitter.
- An exemplary transmit-receive
switch 800 for a system which operates using a single polarization change appears inFIG. 8A . Transmit-receiveswitch 800 is comprised of a transmit switch 801 and a receiveswitch 802. Transmit switch 801 is the same as transmitswitch 700 illustrated inFIG. 7 A. - Receive
switch 802 is similar to transmitswitch 700, except that it operates in the reverse direction. More specifically, receiveswitch 802 receives as input a signal fromantenna 803 producing a receive output 810. This involves using twophase mixers components R Q/I 816 andR I/Q 818. This quadrature signal feeds intohybrid coupler 808, which produces receive output 810. - When transmit-receive
switch 800 is in a transmitting mode, transmit switch 801 receives a signal to be transmitted onnode S 814, and feeds a transmit signal toantenna 803 while receiveswitch 802 produces a null value at receive output 810. In contrast, when transmit-receive switch is in a receiving mode, transmit switch 801 produce a null output, and receiveswitch 802 directs a signal received onantenna 803 to node R 812 to produce receive output 810. During the process of switching between transmit and receive modes, the I and Q phase inputs to transmit switch 801 and receiveswitch 802 are swapped at the same time. -
FIG. 8B illustrates a transmitted signal P1 which is transmitted from a tracking device toward a target and a corresponding returned signal P1′ which is reflected back from a target in accordance with the disclosed embodiments. Note that during the receiving mode transmit-receiveswitch 800 effectively isolates the receiver from the transmitted signal, and during the transmitting mode the transmit-receiveswitch 800 effectively isolates the receiver from the transmit signal. -
FIG. 9A presents a flow chart illustrating the steps involved in operating transmit switch 801 in accordance with the disclosed embodiments. First, the system feeds a signal to be transmitted through two phase mixers with phase inputs I and Q to produce a signal comprising two quadrature signal components SI and SQ wherein SQ=jSI (step 902). Next, the system feeds the quadrature signals through a hybrid coupler, which combines SI phase shifted by 180° with SQ phase shifted by 90° to produce a transmit output which is proportionate to S (step 904). Then, the system transmits the transmit output through an antenna toward a target device with a first polarization. This target device includes a retro-directive array which receives the transmitted signal and generates a return signal with a second polarization which is orthogonal to the first polarization (step 906). (The process of receiving this return signal is described in more detail below with reference toFIG. 9B .) Next, the system turns off the transmit output by swapping the phase inputs I and Q to the phase mixers, which swaps the two signal components SI and SQ and causes the hybrid coupler to combine SQ phase shifted by 180° with SI phase shifted by 90° to produce a null transmit output (step 908). -
FIG. 9B presents a flow chart illustrating the steps involved in operating the receive switch in accordance with the disclosed embodiments. The receive switch is initially turned off During this initial “off” state, the system receives the return signal at the antenna (step 909). Next, the system feeds the return signal through two phase mixers with phase inputs I and Q to produce a second signal comprising two quadrature signal components RI and RQ, respectively, wherein RQ=jRI (step 910). - Then, the system feeds the second quadrature signal through a second hybrid coupler to produce a receive input, wherein the receive input combines RQ phase shifted by 180° with RI phase shifted by 90° to produce a null receive input (step 912). Next, the system turns on the receive switch by swapping the phase inputs I and Q to the phase mixers. This swaps the two signal outputs RI and RQ and causes the second hybrid coupler to combine RI phase shifted by 180° with RQ phase shifted by 90° to produce a receive input proportional with R (step 914).
- The preceding description was presented to enable any person skilled in the art to make and use the disclosed embodiments, and is provided in the context of a particular application and its requirements. Various modifications to the disclosed embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments and applications without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosed embodiments. Thus, the disclosed embodiments are not limited to the embodiments shown, but are to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and features disclosed herein. Accordingly, many modifications and variations will be apparent to practitioners skilled in the art.
- Also, some of the above-described methods and processes can be embodied as code and/or data, which can be stored in a computer-readable storage medium as described above. When a computer system reads and executes the code and/or data stored on the computer-readable storage medium, the computer system performs the methods and processes embodied as data structures and code and stored within the computer-readable storage medium. Furthermore, the methods and apparatus described can be included in but are not limited to, application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) chips, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), and other programmable-logic devices
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US201161447844P | 2011-03-01 | 2011-03-01 | |
US14/002,353 US9026040B2 (en) | 2011-03-01 | 2012-02-15 | Tracking system with orthogonal polarizations and a retro-directive array |
PCT/US2012/025312 WO2012118619A2 (en) | 2011-03-01 | 2012-02-15 | Tracking system with orthogonal polarizations and a retro-directive array |
US14/697,424 US9306647B2 (en) | 2011-03-01 | 2015-04-27 | Tracking system with orthogonal polarizations and a retro-directive array |
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PCT/US2012/025312 Continuation WO2012118619A2 (en) | 2011-03-01 | 2012-02-15 | Tracking system with orthogonal polarizations and a retro-directive array |
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WO2013028296A1 (en) * | 2011-08-24 | 2013-02-28 | Rambus Inc. | Calibrating a retro-directive array for an asymmetric wireless link |
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CN106941212B (en) * | 2017-03-01 | 2019-09-20 | 青岛海信移动通信技术股份有限公司 | Antenna assembly and electronic equipment |
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US9306647B2 (en) | 2016-04-05 |
US9026040B2 (en) | 2015-05-05 |
US20140134963A1 (en) | 2014-05-15 |
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WO2012118619A3 (en) | 2012-11-01 |
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