US2542035A - Ionizing device for electrical precipitators - Google Patents

Ionizing device for electrical precipitators Download PDF

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US2542035A
US2542035A US678155A US67815546A US2542035A US 2542035 A US2542035 A US 2542035A US 678155 A US678155 A US 678155A US 67815546 A US67815546 A US 67815546A US 2542035 A US2542035 A US 2542035A
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electrodes
ionizing
air
source
ionized
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Klemperer Hans
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Raytheon Co
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Raytheon Manufacturing Co
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03CMAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C3/00Separating dispersed particles from gases or vapour, e.g. air, by electrostatic effect
    • B03C3/34Constructional details or accessories or operation thereof
    • B03C3/66Applications of electricity supply techniques

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  • This invention relates to electrical precipitators, for electrically separating smoke and dust from air, flue gases and the like.
  • electrical precipitators for electrically separating smoke and dust from air, flue gases and the like.
  • As heretofore constructed it has been necessary to supply high voltage direct current to the ionizing wires of the precipitators.
  • This requires rectifying tubes capable of handling such high voltages in order to supply the direct current from the usual alternating current supply source.
  • alternating current directly for ionizing purposes, only the positive peaks of the 60 cycle waves ionize the air and the time. be tween peaks is lost for ionizing action.
  • va precipitator in which the ionizing device maybe. supplied with alternating current without the necessity of providing rectifiers.
  • Fig. 1 is a diagrammatic view of an electrical precipitator constructed in accordance with the invention
  • Fig. 2 is a diagram useful in explaining the 0pvelation of the invention.
  • Fig. 3 is a time-voltage graph illustrating the operation of the invention.
  • reference numeral l0 indicates generally a three-phase transformer having A-connected primary windings E l and Y- connected secondary windings L2.
  • the outer terminals it, i l and 15 of the Y secondary windings of the transformer Ill are directly connected, respectively, to the ionizing Wires A, B and C of an ionizing .device it.
  • the neutral point ll of the secondary windings is connected directl to the outer metallic casing iii of the ionizing chamber l6.
  • the connection between the centerpoint Hand the casing is is grounded.
  • the wire electrodes A, B and C of the ionizing device are arranged in parallel relation and so spaced with respect to the direction of air how and the speed of the air passing through the chamber 18 that during operation the air passing through the chamber is subjected, at all times, to the ionizingaotion .of at least one of the electrodes A, B and C.
  • the proper spacing of the electrodes in .order that each of them will be effective in ionizing the air is given 'by the formula where a isthe distance between two successive electrodes; 12 is the speed of air; n the number of phases of the power supply; and f the frequency in cycles per second.
  • the body of ionized air between A and B will at the same time move to the space between B and C while a body of un-ionized air flows into the space between A and B, the condition of the air at the end of the'second positive peak being shown in column II of Fig. 2. If the positive peak of the third phase is now effective at B, then the unionized air between A and B will be ionized during this period as it moves past B. The condition of the ionized air at the end of the third phase is shown in column 111 of Fig. 2. The cycle may then be repeated, the first phase of the second cycle being effective at A to ionize a body of incoming air as it passes into the space between A and B.
  • each of the ionizing wires will be effective dur- .odes of tubes 22, 23 and 24. .and 24 are preferably of the gas-filled type having the periods when un-ionized air is passing energized electrode and all portions of the air passing through the device are acted upon by at least one of the ionizing electrodes.
  • the three phases from the transformer secondary windings I2 are illustrated graphically, about an axis DD.
  • the positive peaks of the first phase are denominated l P and the negative peaks IN.
  • the positive and negative peaks of the second and third phases are correspondingly 2P, 2N, 3P and 3N, respectively.
  • the positive voltage values above line E-E are above the level at which ionization of particles lying between any one of the electrodes A, B or C and casing [8 takes place.
  • the areas of the curves above this line are shaded.
  • the negative voltage values below line F-F are also above the level (in the negative direction) at which ionization of particles lying between the electrodes A, B or C and easing I8 takes place.
  • the phase between electrode A and casing I8 is regarded as the first phase
  • the second phase is between electrode C and the casing
  • the third phase is between electrode B and the casing, as is indi cated in Fig. 3.
  • the air passing between A and casing l8, that is, from A to B is ionized during the shaded portion of the peak.
  • the air flowing between C and casing [8, that is, from C out of the casing is ionized during the shaded portion of the positive peak of the second phase.
  • the air which is flowing between B and casing 18, that is, from B to C is ionized during the shaded portion of the positive peak of the third phase.
  • the ionized air on passing from the ionizing chamber It may be precipitated on the plates of a precipitator chamber which may be of conventional design.
  • a precipitator chamber which may be of conventional design.
  • are provided on each of the windings of the secondary E2 and connected, respectively, to the oath- The tubes 22, 23
  • wire electrodes A, B and C may be of the order of 12,000 volts and this voltage is applied without the intervention of rectifiers between .the
  • 4 potential on the charged plates l3 may be of the order of 6000 volts.
  • An ionizing device for an electrical precipitator comprising a plurality of spaced ionizing electrodes, a source of raw polyphase alternating potential for energizing said electrodes, the number of phases of said source being equal to the number of said electrodes and a separate one of said electrodes being connected directly to each of the phases of said source, whereby the peaks of said alternating potential are applied to first one and then another of said electrodes in a predetermined sequence and whereby all of said electrodes are supplied with alternating potential'of the same frequency, means for passing the gas to be cleaned past each of said electrodes in suc-' cession, said electrodesbeing so spaced with re lation to the velocity of said gas that each of said electrodes acts on an un-ionized portion of said gas and all portions of said gas are acted upon by at least one of said electrodes.
  • An ionizing device for an electrical precip itator comprising a plurality of spaced ionizing electrodes, a source of raw polyphase alternating potential for energizing said electrodes, the num; ber of phases of said source being equal to the number of said electrodes and a separate one of said electrodes being connected directly to each of the phases of said source, whereby the peaks of said alternating potential are applied to first one and then another of said electrodes in a predetermined sequence and whereby all of said elec trodes are supplied with alternating potential of the same frequency, a grounded electrode coacting with all of said ionizing electrodes to provide ionizing discharges therebetween, said grounded electrode defining a channel for passing the gas to be cleaned past each of said ionizing electrodes in succession, said ionizing electrodes being so spaced with relation to the velocity of said gas that each of said ionizing electrodes acts on an un-ionized portion of said gas and all portions of said gas are acted upon by at least one of said
  • An ionizing device for an electrical precipi tator comprising a plurality of fine wire ioniz ing electrodes extending in spaced parallel rela-' tion in a common plane, a source of raw poly+ phase alternating potential for energizing said electrodes, the number of phases of said source being equal to the number of said electrodes and a separate one of said electrodes being connected directly to each of the phases of said source, whereby the peaks of said alternating potential are applied to first one and then another of said electrodes in a predetermined sequence and whereby all of said electrodes are supplied with alternating potential of the same frequency, a grounded electrode coacting with all of said ionizing electrodes to provide ionizing discharges therebetween, said grounded electrode defining a channel for passing the gas to be cleaned past each of said ionizing electrodes in succession in a direction parallel to the common plane thereof; said ionizing electrodes being so spaced with relation to the velocity of said gas that each of said ionizing electrodes acts on an un
  • An ionizing device for an electrical precipitator comprising a plurality of spaced ionizing electrodes, a source of raw polyphase alternating potential of a predetermined frequency for energizing said electrodes, the number of phases of said source being equal to the number of said electrodes and a separate one of said electrodes being connected directly to each of the phases of said source, whereby the peaks of said alternating potential are applied to first one and then another of said electrodes in a predetermined sequence, a grounded electrode coacting with-all of said ionizing electrodes to provide ionizing discharges therebetween, said grounded electrode defining a channel for passing the gas to be cleaned past each of said ionizing electrodes in succession at a predetermined velocity, the
  • spacing between said electrodes being equal to f where o is the velocity of said gas, n is the number of phases of said source, and f is the frequency of said source.

Description

Feb. 20, 1951 H. KLEMPERER 2,542,035
IONIZING DEVICE FOR ELECTRICAL PRECIPITATORS Filed June 20, 1946 1296. I A C B A C B A C B A C B ICBACB.A
//v vEN TOR HANS KL EMPER ER Patented Feb. 20, 1951 IONIZING DEVICE FOR ELECTRICAL PRECIPITATORS Hans 'Klemperer, Belmont, Mass., assignor to Raytheon Manufacturing Company, Newton, Mass., a corporation of Delaware Application June 20, 1946, Serial No. 678,155
Claims. 1
This invention relates to electrical precipitators, for electrically separating smoke and dust from air, flue gases and the like. As heretofore constructed it has been necessary to supply high voltage direct current to the ionizing wires of the precipitators. This requires rectifying tubes capable of handling such high voltages in order to supply the direct current from the usual alternating current supply source. Where it is attempted to use alternating current directly for ionizing purposes, only the positive peaks of the 60 cycle waves ionize the air and the time. be tween peaks is lost for ionizing action.
.It is among the objects of the present invention tov provide va precipitator in which the ionizing device maybe. supplied with alternating current without the necessity of providing rectifiers.
The above and other objects and features of the invention will be made fully apparent to those skilled in the art from a consideration of the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawing in which:
i .Fig. 1 is a diagrammatic view of an electrical precipitator constructed in accordance with the invention;
Fig. 2 is a diagram useful in explaining the 0pvelation of the invention; and
Fig. 3 is a time-voltage graph illustrating the operation of the invention.
Referring to the drawing, reference numeral l0 indicates generally a three-phase transformer having A-connected primary windings E l and Y- connected secondary windings L2. The outer terminals it, i l and 15 of the Y secondary windings of the transformer Ill are directly connected, respectively, to the ionizing Wires A, B and C of an ionizing .device it. The neutral point ll of the secondary windings is connected directl to the outer metallic casing iii of the ionizing chamber l6. Preferably'the connection between the centerpoint Hand the casing is is grounded. The wire electrodes A, B and C of the ionizing device are arranged in parallel relation and so spaced with respect to the direction of air how and the speed of the air passing through the chamber 18 that during operation the air passing through the chamber is subjected, at all times, to the ionizingaotion .of at least one of the electrodes A, B and C. The proper spacing of the electrodes in .order that each of them will be effective in ionizing the air is given 'by the formula where a isthe distance between two successive electrodes; 12 is the speed of air; n the number of phases of the power supply; and f the frequency in cycles per second.
When the wires are so spaced it will be seen that if the positive peak of one phase is effective at A, the body of air flowing from A to B will be ionized during this positive peak. The air between B and C will be un-ionized, the condition of the air at the end of this first positive peak effective at A being shown in column I of Fig. 2 in which the stipplin'g represents ionized air. If the positive peak of the next successive phase is effective at C, the air flowing between B and C will now be ionized as it passes C. The body of ionized air between A and B will at the same time move to the space between B and C while a body of un-ionized air flows into the space between A and B, the condition of the air at the end of the'second positive peak being shown in column II of Fig. 2. If the positive peak of the third phase is now effective at B, then the unionized air between A and B will be ionized during this period as it moves past B. The condition of the ionized air at the end of the third phase is shown in column 111 of Fig. 2. The cycle may then be repeated, the first phase of the second cycle being effective at A to ionize a body of incoming air as it passes into the space between A and B. At the end of the first phase of the second cycle the condition of the air will be as indicated in column IV of Fig. 2, in which it will be seen that the column of air ionized during the preceding cycle has moved past C. A body of un-ionized air is present between B and C while the body of air between A and B has been ionized. On the next succeeding phase the positive peak will again be effective at C to ionize the body of ionized air between B to C as it moves pastC, andthe ionized air spaced between A and .B will during this period move in the space between B and C. The condition of the air at the end of this second phase of the second cycle will "VI of Fig. 2. The cycle thus repeats itself, and
it will be seen that if the positive peaks of the thirdphase are efiective in the order A, C, B, then each of the ionizing wires will be effective dur- .odes of tubes 22, 23 and 24. .and 24 are preferably of the gas-filled type having the periods when un-ionized air is passing energized electrode and all portions of the air passing through the device are acted upon by at least one of the ionizing electrodes.
Referring to Fig. 3, the three phases from the transformer secondary windings I2 are illustrated graphically, about an axis DD. The positive peaks of the first phase are denominated l P and the negative peaks IN. The positive and negative peaks of the second and third phases are correspondingly 2P, 2N, 3P and 3N, respectively. The positive voltage values above line E-E are above the level at which ionization of particles lying between any one of the electrodes A, B or C and casing [8 takes place. The areas of the curves above this line are shaded. The negative voltage values below line F-F are also above the level (in the negative direction) at which ionization of particles lying between the electrodes A, B or C and easing I8 takes place. It has long been recognized thatwith asymmetric electrodes such as A and casing l8 ionization occurs more readily when the smaller electrode is positive with respect to the larger electrode than when the polarity is reversed. This gives rise to a rectifying action due to the electrodes themselves. See for example Lissman Patent No. 2,326,237. Thus, with a given peak-to-peak voltage, the negative peaks may be made substantially completely ineifective, so that line F-F in Fig. 3 is moved below the negative peaks. As is apparent from the foregoing description, when the phase between electrode A and casing I8 is regarded as the first phase, the second phase is between electrode C and the casing, and the third phase is between electrode B and the casing, as is indi cated in Fig. 3. Considering, therefore, only the positive peaks, it is apparent that the air passing between A and casing l8, that is, from A to B, is ionized during the shaded portion of the peak. Thereafter, the air flowing between C and casing [8, that is, from C out of the casing, is ionized during the shaded portion of the positive peak of the second phase. Thereafter, the air which is flowing between B and casing 18, that is, from B to C, is ionized during the shaded portion of the positive peak of the third phase.
The ionized air on passing from the ionizing chamber It may be precipitated on the plates of a precipitator chamber which may be of conventional design. In the instance shown, in order to supply a precipitating volta e to the precipitator plates at a lower voltage than that supplied to the ionizing device. center taps I9, 20 and 2| are provided on each of the windings of the secondary E2 and connected, respectively, to the oath- The tubes 22, 23
wire electrodes A, B and C may be of the order of 12,000 volts and this voltage is applied without the intervention of rectifiers between .the
source of supply and the ionizing wires. The
4 potential on the charged plates l3 may be of the order of 6000 volts.
While there has been herein described a preferred embodiment of the invention, other embodiments within the scope of the appended claims will be obvious to those skilled in the art from a consideration of the form shown and the teachings hereof.
What is claimed is:
1. An ionizing device for an electrical precipitator comprising a plurality of spaced ionizing electrodes, a source of raw polyphase alternating potential for energizing said electrodes, the number of phases of said source being equal to the number of said electrodes and a separate one of said electrodes being connected directly to each of the phases of said source, whereby the peaks of said alternating potential are applied to first one and then another of said electrodes in a predetermined sequence and whereby all of said electrodes are supplied with alternating potential'of the same frequency, means for passing the gas to be cleaned past each of said electrodes in suc-' cession, said electrodesbeing so spaced with re lation to the velocity of said gas that each of said electrodes acts on an un-ionized portion of said gas and all portions of said gas are acted upon by at least one of said electrodes. 1
2. An ionizing device for an electrical precip itator comprising a plurality of spaced ionizing electrodes, a source of raw polyphase alternating potential for energizing said electrodes, the num; ber of phases of said source being equal to the number of said electrodes and a separate one of said electrodes being connected directly to each of the phases of said source, whereby the peaks of said alternating potential are applied to first one and then another of said electrodes in a predetermined sequence and whereby all of said elec trodes are supplied with alternating potential of the same frequency, a grounded electrode coacting with all of said ionizing electrodes to provide ionizing discharges therebetween, said grounded electrode defining a channel for passing the gas to be cleaned past each of said ionizing electrodes in succession, said ionizing electrodes being so spaced with relation to the velocity of said gas that each of said ionizing electrodes acts on an un-ionized portion of said gas and all portions of said gas are acted upon by at least one of said ionizing electrodes.
3. An ionizing device for an electrical precipi tator comprising a plurality of fine wire ioniz ing electrodes extending in spaced parallel rela-' tion in a common plane, a source of raw poly+ phase alternating potential for energizing said electrodes, the number of phases of said source being equal to the number of said electrodes and a separate one of said electrodes being connected directly to each of the phases of said source, whereby the peaks of said alternating potential are applied to first one and then another of said electrodes in a predetermined sequence and whereby all of said electrodes are supplied with alternating potential of the same frequency, a grounded electrode coacting with all of said ionizing electrodes to provide ionizing discharges therebetween, said grounded electrode defining a channel for passing the gas to be cleaned past each of said ionizing electrodes in succession in a direction parallel to the common plane thereof; said ionizing electrodes being so spaced with relation to the velocity of said gas that each of said ionizing electrodes acts on an un-ionized portion of said gas and all portions of said gasareelectrodes, a source of raw polyphase alternatingpotential of a predeterminedfrequency for energizing said electrodes, the number of phases of said source being equal to the number of said electrodes and a separate onev of said electrodes being connected directly to each of the phases of said source, whereby the peaks of said alternating potential are applied to first one and then another of said electrodes in a predetermined sequence, means for passing the gas to be cleaned past each of said electrodes in succession at a predetermined velocity, the spacing between said electrodes being equal to f where v is the velocity of said gas, n is the number of phases of said source, and f is the frequency of said source.
5. An ionizing device for an electrical precipitator comprising a plurality of spaced ionizing electrodes, a source of raw polyphase alternating potential of a predetermined frequency for energizing said electrodes, the number of phases of said source being equal to the number of said electrodes and a separate one of said electrodes being connected directly to each of the phases of said source, whereby the peaks of said alternating potential are applied to first one and then another of said electrodes in a predetermined sequence, a grounded electrode coacting with-all of said ionizing electrodes to provide ionizing discharges therebetween, said grounded electrode defining a channel for passing the gas to be cleaned past each of said ionizing electrodes in succession at a predetermined velocity, the
spacing between said electrodes being equal to f where o is the velocity of said gas, n is the number of phases of said source, and f is the frequency of said source.
HANS KLEMPERER.
REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:
UNITED STATES PATENTS
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Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2861648A (en) * 1956-04-30 1958-11-25 Westinghouse Electric Corp Electrostatic precipitators
US3279602A (en) * 1963-02-18 1966-10-18 Al Inc Magnetic separation process and equipment therefor
DE3437122A1 (en) * 1984-10-10 1985-05-30 Hilarius 4300 Essen Drzisga Method for increasing the effective voltage in an electrostatic filter

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE374207C (en) * 1923-04-20 Emil Muessig Process for cleaning gases or vapors through electrical charging and deposition of the particles to be separated
DE399219C (en) * 1920-12-12 1924-08-01 Gelsenkirchener Bergwerks Akt Process for the purification of gases using multiphase flow
CH114909A (en) * 1925-07-04 1926-05-01 Metrum Ag Process for separating solid or liquid particles from vapors or gases.
US1961658A (en) * 1930-03-27 1934-06-05 Int Precipitation Co Electrical precipitation apparatus

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE374207C (en) * 1923-04-20 Emil Muessig Process for cleaning gases or vapors through electrical charging and deposition of the particles to be separated
DE399219C (en) * 1920-12-12 1924-08-01 Gelsenkirchener Bergwerks Akt Process for the purification of gases using multiphase flow
CH114909A (en) * 1925-07-04 1926-05-01 Metrum Ag Process for separating solid or liquid particles from vapors or gases.
US1961658A (en) * 1930-03-27 1934-06-05 Int Precipitation Co Electrical precipitation apparatus

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2861648A (en) * 1956-04-30 1958-11-25 Westinghouse Electric Corp Electrostatic precipitators
US3279602A (en) * 1963-02-18 1966-10-18 Al Inc Magnetic separation process and equipment therefor
DE3437122A1 (en) * 1984-10-10 1985-05-30 Hilarius 4300 Essen Drzisga Method for increasing the effective voltage in an electrostatic filter

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