US2851764A - Method for cooling and lubricating cutting tools - Google Patents

Method for cooling and lubricating cutting tools Download PDF

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US2851764A
US2851764A US316754A US31675452A US2851764A US 2851764 A US2851764 A US 2851764A US 316754 A US316754 A US 316754A US 31675452 A US31675452 A US 31675452A US 2851764 A US2851764 A US 2851764A
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cutting
tool
stream
cooling
liquid
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US316754A
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Ernest G White
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Standard Oil Co
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Standard Oil Co
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23QDETAILS, COMPONENTS, OR ACCESSORIES FOR MACHINE TOOLS, e.g. ARRANGEMENTS FOR COPYING OR CONTROLLING; MACHINE TOOLS IN GENERAL CHARACTERISED BY THE CONSTRUCTION OF PARTICULAR DETAILS OR COMPONENTS; COMBINATIONS OR ASSOCIATIONS OF METAL-WORKING MACHINES, NOT DIRECTED TO A PARTICULAR RESULT
    • B23Q11/00Accessories fitted to machine tools for keeping tools or parts of the machine in good working condition or for cooling work; Safety devices specially combined with or arranged in, or specially adapted for use in connection with, machine tools
    • B23Q11/10Arrangements for cooling or lubricating tools or work
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10STECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S29/00Metal working
    • Y10S29/088Metal working by projecting, squirting or dripping
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T407/00Cutters, for shaping
    • Y10T407/14Cutters, for shaping with means to apply fluid to cutting tool

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to cutting methods and of .the :upper cover plate 1 9.
  • the chamber 14 is con- .nected through a flexible tube 24 to a liquid pump .25
  • a continuously replenished volume of cutting liquid at a moderate hydrostatic pressure is subjected to ultrasonic longitudinal vibrations which establish high dynamic pressures in a jet issuing from a chamber.
  • the dynamic pressures force the jet into intimate contact with the tool close to the cutting edge thereof.
  • a rotatable workpiece 11 against which a cutting tool 12 is held by a tool holder 13, which is arranged by a conventional mechanism (not shown) to be moved toward and away from the workpiece 11 and to be translated parallel to the axis of rotation thereof.
  • a chamber 14, adapted to contain cutting liquid, is secured by an adjustable bracket 15 to the tool holder 13 generally beneath the tool 12 and on the side facing the wedge-shaped opening 16 formed between the tool andthe work and having the cutting edge 17 as an apex.
  • the chamber 14 may be slid toward or away from the opening 16 and fixed at the most effective distance by a thumbscrew 20.
  • the transverse position of the chamber 14 may be varied within limits by means of appropriate slots 32 in the bracket 15 and their associated wing nuts 33. Further mechanical adjustments may be provided for if desired.
  • the chamber 14 in the illustrated form of the invention comprises a hollow cylindrical tube 18 having an upper cover plate 19 and a'base assembly 21, secured thereto and substantially enclosing the same with the exception of an aperture 22, which may be provided with one or more nozzles 23 located substantially in the center which draws cutting liquid from a sump 26 beneath the workpiece 11 and supplies the same under pressure to the chamber 14 to maintain the same filled with liquid.
  • a stream 27 .of cutting liquid emerges from the nozzle 23 and is directed into the wedge-shaped opening 16.
  • the stream 27 may comprise a sheet of liquid parallel to the cutting edge 17 or it'may be composed of :a plurality of spaced parallel jets.
  • the pressure of the liquid supplied by the pump 25 need only be such as will direct the stream 27 to the tool.
  • the pressure is not critical but systems operating on low pressure, such as about 50 pounds .per square :inch and under, are more economical to construct and are preferred.
  • the cutting liquid is vaporized as a result of the high temperature adjacent the cutting edge.
  • the heatrequired for vaporization substantially cools the cutting edge and the vapor passes through minute spaces caused by relative vibration between the tool and the workpiece or by slight irregularities in both the cutting edge and the work surface.
  • the vapor then condenses on the top of the tool undereath the .chip 28 that comes from the workpiece in an area where the cutting liquid is most effective in reducing the frictional resistance to themovement of the-chip.
  • the apparatus of the present invention is adapted to obtain intimate contact between the stream of cutting liquid by the extremely high pressures inherent in ultrasonic longitudinal vibrations which are superimposed upon the stream 27.
  • a transducer of longitudinal vibrations is associated with the chamber '14.
  • the transducer may take the form of an X-cut piezoelectric crystal 29 which is supported by an electrically insulating holder 39 forming a portion of the base assembly 21. Both faces of the crystal 29 are conductively coated, the front face being in contact with the liquid in the chamber 14 and the rear face being supported by the holder 30 which resists the hydrostatic pressure.
  • the front coating is electrically connected to the tube 18 which is maintained at ground potential to avoid shock hazard.
  • the rear coating of the crystal 29 is connected to an oscillator 31 adapted to generate ultrasonic electrical waves, which excite corresponding mechanical vibrations in the crystal.
  • the distance from the face of the crystal 29 to the inner surface of the cover plate 19 is so related to the wave length of the vibrations in the cutting liquid that the reflections from the plate 19 are additive to the motion of the crystal.
  • the abovementioned distance is some whole number of half wave lengths, and the energy transmitted'into the cutting liquid is maximum.
  • the energy is radiated in a beam having a solid angle that is directly proportional to the wave length and inversely proportional to the transverse dimension of the crystal. Accordingly, a high frequency and a large crystal face are seen to be favorable.
  • a crystal having a concaveface may be employed to focus the vibrations on the aperture 22.
  • the hydrostatic head tends to dampen the crystal vibrations; consequently the lowest static pressure that still provides an accurately dirigible stream 27 is most advantageous.
  • the cutting liquid is thus forced by the ultrasonic alternating pressure present in the stream 27 into intimate contact with the tool 12 close to the cutting edge 17 thereof and through the extremely small clearance between the tool and the workpiece to permit lubrication of the tool-chip interface.
  • an overhead coolant spray may be provided to catch the stream of cutting liquid when the tool is not engaged with the workpiece and to absorb the smoke and vapor generated by the cutting operthe chip from intercepting the stream.
  • a method of cooling and lubricating cutting tools comprising the steps of directing a stream of cutting liquid at a pressure of not over pounds per square inch into the wedge-shaped space formed by a workpiece and the relief angle of a cutting tool so that the stream impinges substantially on the cutting edge of said tool along the line of its contact with the workpiece, and inducing ultrasonic longitudinal vibrations within said stream.

Description

- Spt. 16, 1958 E. G. WHITE I 2,851,764
METHOD FOR COOLING AND LUBRICATING CUTTING TOOLS 7 Fi led Oct. 24, 1952 Osc/u/HOR PUMP 25 51 INVENTOR. Emvzsr 4. WHITE BY W g Fm M United Stat m? METHOD FOR COOLING AND LUBRICAI'ING CUTTING TOOL Ernest G. White, Cleveland, hio,-assignOr-to .TheStandand Oil Company, Cleveland, Ohio, a corporation'of Ohio Application October 24, 1952, Serial"No. 316,754
1 Claim. to]. 29-496,)
The present invention relates to cutting methods and of .the :upper cover plate 1 9. The chamber 14 is con- .nected through a flexible tube 24 to a liquid pump .25
apparatus and, more particularly, to improvements in cooling of cutting tools and chip lubrication.
In the cutting of metals, such as on a lathe, planer, threader, etc., it has long been appreciated that the use of a cutting fluid has the effect of improving the smoothness of the cut surface and of increasing tool life. Many proposals have been made with respect to the manner in which such a cutting operation can be improved, but most of these involve cooling the tool and the work surface and lubricating the relatively moving parts. All of these involve some method of applying the cutting fluid to the cutting site. i
The most common method is to permit a stream of fluid to flow over the tool and the work. Other proposals direct a stream of the fluid under pressure from various directions. All of these methods are more or less adeficient in achieving satisfactory cooling and zlnhrieating in the space between the tool and the wolf-k, where ade quate lubrication is the most essential.
Accordingly, it is a primary QbjeOlHQf the -present invention to force a cutting liquid to penetrate more effectively to the cutting edge of a tool.
In accordance with the invention a continuously replenished volume of cutting liquid at a moderate hydrostatic pressure is subjected to ultrasonic longitudinal vibrations which establish high dynamic pressures in a jet issuing from a chamber. The dynamic pressures force the jet into intimate contact with the tool close to the cutting edge thereof.
In order that this invention may be more fully understood, it will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawing wherein the single figure is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of the invention.
Referring now to the drawing, a rotatable workpiece 11 is shown against which a cutting tool 12 is held by a tool holder 13, which is arranged by a conventional mechanism (not shown) to be moved toward and away from the workpiece 11 and to be translated parallel to the axis of rotation thereof. A chamber 14, adapted to contain cutting liquid, is secured by an adjustable bracket 15 to the tool holder 13 generally beneath the tool 12 and on the side facing the wedge-shaped opening 16 formed between the tool andthe work and having the cutting edge 17 as an apex. The chamber 14 may be slid toward or away from the opening 16 and fixed at the most effective distance by a thumbscrew 20. The transverse position of the chamber 14 may be varied within limits by means of appropriate slots 32 in the bracket 15 and their associated wing nuts 33. Further mechanical adjustments may be provided for if desired.
The chamber 14 in the illustrated form of the invention comprises a hollow cylindrical tube 18 having an upper cover plate 19 and a'base assembly 21, secured thereto and substantially enclosing the same with the exception of an aperture 22, which may be provided with one or more nozzles 23 located substantially in the center which draws cutting liquid from a sump 26 beneath the workpiece 11 and supplies the same under pressure to the chamber 14 to maintain the same filled with liquid.
As aresult a stream 27 .of cutting liquid emerges from the nozzle 23 and is directed into the wedge-shaped opening 16. The stream 27 may comprise a sheet of liquid parallel to the cutting edge 17 or it'may be composed of :a plurality of spaced parallel jets. The pressure of the liquid supplied by the pump 25 need only be such as will direct the stream 27 to the tool. The pressure is not critical but systems operating on low pressure, such as about 50 pounds .per square :inch and under, are more economical to construct and are preferred.
In accordance with a theory advanced to explain the effect of cutting liquids in increasing tool life, the cutting liquid is vaporized as a result of the high temperature adjacent the cutting edge. The heatrequired for vaporization substantially cools the cutting edge and the vapor passes through minute spaces caused by relative vibration between the tool and the workpiece or by slight irregularities in both the cutting edge and the work surface. The vapor then condenses on the top of the tool undereath the .chip 28 that comes from the workpiece in an area where the cutting liquid is most effective in reducing the frictional resistance to themovement of the-chip.
The apparatus of the present invention .is adapted to obtain intimate contact between the stream of cutting liquid by the extremely high pressures inherent in ultrasonic longitudinal vibrations which are superimposed upon the stream 27. For this purpose a transducer of longitudinal vibrations is associated with the chamber '14.
The transducer may take the form of an X-cut piezoelectric crystal 29 which is supported by an electrically insulating holder 39 forming a portion of the base assembly 21. Both faces of the crystal 29 are conductively coated, the front face being in contact with the liquid in the chamber 14 and the rear face being supported by the holder 30 which resists the hydrostatic pressure. The front coating is electrically connected to the tube 18 which is maintained at ground potential to avoid shock hazard. The rear coating of the crystal 29 is connected to an oscillator 31 adapted to generate ultrasonic electrical waves, which excite corresponding mechanical vibrations in the crystal.
Preferably the distance from the face of the crystal 29 to the inner surface of the cover plate 19 is so related to the wave length of the vibrations in the cutting liquid that the reflections from the plate 19 are additive to the motion of the crystal. Under this condition, the abovementioned distance is some whole number of half wave lengths, and the energy transmitted'into the cutting liquid is maximum.
It is also desirable to concentrate the energy in the direction of the aperture 22 and to avoid as much as possible reflections from the side of the tube 18. In the usual crystal, the energy is radiated in a beam having a solid angle that is directly proportional to the wave length and inversely proportional to the transverse dimension of the crystal. Accordingly, a high frequency and a large crystal face are seen to be favorable. A crystal having a concaveface may be employed to focus the vibrations on the aperture 22.
The hydrostatic head tends to dampen the crystal vibrations; consequently the lowest static pressure that still provides an accurately dirigible stream 27 is most advantageous.
When ultrasonic waves are projected against a boundary, which in this case is the apex of the wedge-shaped opening 16, an alternating pressure is produced at the This alternating ation. Likewise a chip guard may be employed to prevent on the basis of its cooling and lubricating properties, little I control is had over the acoustic impedance. However, a high frequency may be selected to provide high pressures. Also, since the square of the amplitude is proportional to the radiated power, the power of the oscillator 31 is preferably substantial. Although the alternating motion of the liquid is extremely small, the alternating pressures may readily be made extremely large.
The cutting liquid is thus forced by the ultrasonic alternating pressure present in the stream 27 into intimate contact with the tool 12 close to the cutting edge 17 thereof and through the extremely small clearance between the tool and the workpiece to permit lubrication of the tool-chip interface.
It isto be pointed out that according to the findings of the prior art, if the speed of the stream is greater than a certain value, the boiling action at the apex of the wedgeshaped opening 16 is reduced and the heat transference and lubrication are impaired. Apparently this elfect is a result of an excessive quantity of cutting liquid in the opening 16. On the other hand, a high stream speed has heretofore been proposed as one Way of achieving the necessary penetration to the vicinity of the cutting edge. These conflictingrcriteria are made substantially compatible by employing ultrasonic alternating pressure superimposed upon the moving stream 27 in accordance with the present invention.
It is to be understood that an overhead coolant spray may be provided to catch the stream of cutting liquid when the tool is not engaged with the workpiece and to absorb the smoke and vapor generated by the cutting operthe chip from intercepting the stream.
While I have described my invention in a preferred embodiment employing a crystal as the source of ultrasonic energy, other means for this purpose known in the art, such as a magnetostrictor, may be employed.
Although the invention has been disclosed with reference to a simple lathe type of cutting operation, it will be appreciated that it is applicable to many other types of machine operations such as, for example, milling wherein the workpiece is stationary and the tool moves relative thereto.
I claim:
A method of cooling and lubricating cutting tools comprising the steps of directing a stream of cutting liquid at a pressure of not over pounds per square inch into the wedge-shaped space formed by a workpiece and the relief angle of a cutting tool so that the stream impinges substantially on the cutting edge of said tool along the line of its contact with the workpiece, and inducing ultrasonic longitudinal vibrations within said stream.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 354,498 Kerchove Dec. 14, 1886 1,789,841 Rennick Jan. 20, 1931 2,452,211 Rosenthal Oct. 26, 1948 2,498,737 Holden Feb. 28, 1950 2,578,505 Carlin Dec. 11, 1951 2,585,103 Fitzgerald Feb. 12, 1952 2,653,517 Pigott Sept. 29, 1953 OTHER REFERENCES Pamphlet, Ultrasonic Fundamentals by S. Young White, reprinted from Audio Engineering Magazine, published by Radio Magazines, Inc., 342 Madison Ave., New York 17, N. Y. Copyright 1949.
1 Text, Ultrasonics by Bergmanpublished by John Wiley & Sons, November 1946.
US316754A 1952-10-24 1952-10-24 Method for cooling and lubricating cutting tools Expired - Lifetime US2851764A (en)

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Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3342086A (en) * 1965-06-24 1967-09-19 Balcrank Division Of The Wheel Drilling method and apparatus
JPS5079081U (en) * 1973-11-19 1975-07-08
US3971114A (en) * 1972-01-27 1976-07-27 Dudley George M Machine tool having internally routed cryogenic fluid for cooling interface between cutting edge of tool and workpiece
US5272945A (en) * 1992-08-26 1993-12-28 Kennametal Inc. Toolholder assembly and method
US5355921A (en) * 1992-06-08 1994-10-18 Fisher Gerald M Process and apparatus for self sharpening a pellet lathe knife
WO1998012017A1 (en) * 1996-09-23 1998-03-26 Serguei Iachine Method and apparatus for cooling and/or lubrication of a work head
US5832585A (en) * 1996-08-13 1998-11-10 National Semiconductor Corporation Method of separating micro-devices formed on a substrate
US5923995A (en) * 1997-04-18 1999-07-13 National Semiconductor Corporation Methods and apparatuses for singulation of microelectromechanical systems
US6000387A (en) * 1998-04-20 1999-12-14 Lee; Wy Peron Power saw with fluid cooling bearing assembly
US6769335B2 (en) * 2000-04-06 2004-08-03 Skf Sverige Ab Method for cutting a work piece
US20100126490A1 (en) * 2008-11-25 2010-05-27 Abhaya Kumar Bakshi Method and apparatus for cutting and cleaning wafers in a wire saw
US20100126489A1 (en) * 2008-11-25 2010-05-27 Abhaya Kumar Bakshi In-situ wafer processing system and method
US20100150674A1 (en) * 2008-12-08 2010-06-17 The Hong Kong University Of Science And Technology System, apparatus and method for providing cooling
US20140356082A1 (en) * 2013-05-31 2014-12-04 Ntm, Inc. Tool holder for machine tool, machine tool assembly, and methods

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US354498A (en) * 1886-12-14 Prosper van dhh jvekchove
US1789841A (en) * 1927-09-15 1931-01-20 Sf Bowser & Co Inc Automatically-controlled circulating system for oils or other liquids
US2452211A (en) * 1944-10-17 1948-10-26 Scophony Corp Of America Machine for mechanically working materials
US2498737A (en) * 1946-06-07 1950-02-28 William H T Holden Electromechanical transducer
US2578505A (en) * 1948-03-02 1951-12-11 Sperry Prod Inc Supersonic agitation
US2585103A (en) * 1948-03-08 1952-02-12 Otis A Brown Apparatus for ultrasonic treatment of liquids
US2653517A (en) * 1951-05-29 1953-09-29 Gulf Research Development Co Method of applying cutting liquids

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US354498A (en) * 1886-12-14 Prosper van dhh jvekchove
US1789841A (en) * 1927-09-15 1931-01-20 Sf Bowser & Co Inc Automatically-controlled circulating system for oils or other liquids
US2452211A (en) * 1944-10-17 1948-10-26 Scophony Corp Of America Machine for mechanically working materials
US2498737A (en) * 1946-06-07 1950-02-28 William H T Holden Electromechanical transducer
US2578505A (en) * 1948-03-02 1951-12-11 Sperry Prod Inc Supersonic agitation
US2585103A (en) * 1948-03-08 1952-02-12 Otis A Brown Apparatus for ultrasonic treatment of liquids
US2653517A (en) * 1951-05-29 1953-09-29 Gulf Research Development Co Method of applying cutting liquids

Cited By (21)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1552498A1 (en) * 1965-06-24 1970-07-23 Wheelabrator Corp Method and device for drilling holes
US3342086A (en) * 1965-06-24 1967-09-19 Balcrank Division Of The Wheel Drilling method and apparatus
US3971114A (en) * 1972-01-27 1976-07-27 Dudley George M Machine tool having internally routed cryogenic fluid for cooling interface between cutting edge of tool and workpiece
JPS5079081U (en) * 1973-11-19 1975-07-08
JPS5528432Y2 (en) * 1973-11-19 1980-07-07
US5355921A (en) * 1992-06-08 1994-10-18 Fisher Gerald M Process and apparatus for self sharpening a pellet lathe knife
US5272945A (en) * 1992-08-26 1993-12-28 Kennametal Inc. Toolholder assembly and method
US5832585A (en) * 1996-08-13 1998-11-10 National Semiconductor Corporation Method of separating micro-devices formed on a substrate
US6174224B1 (en) 1996-09-23 2001-01-16 Serguei Iachine Method and apparatus for cooling and/or lubrication of a work head
WO1998012017A1 (en) * 1996-09-23 1998-03-26 Serguei Iachine Method and apparatus for cooling and/or lubrication of a work head
US5923995A (en) * 1997-04-18 1999-07-13 National Semiconductor Corporation Methods and apparatuses for singulation of microelectromechanical systems
US6000387A (en) * 1998-04-20 1999-12-14 Lee; Wy Peron Power saw with fluid cooling bearing assembly
US6769335B2 (en) * 2000-04-06 2004-08-03 Skf Sverige Ab Method for cutting a work piece
US20100126490A1 (en) * 2008-11-25 2010-05-27 Abhaya Kumar Bakshi Method and apparatus for cutting and cleaning wafers in a wire saw
US20100126489A1 (en) * 2008-11-25 2010-05-27 Abhaya Kumar Bakshi In-situ wafer processing system and method
US8065995B2 (en) * 2008-11-25 2011-11-29 Cambridge Energy Resources Inc Method and apparatus for cutting and cleaning wafers in a wire saw
US8261730B2 (en) * 2008-11-25 2012-09-11 Cambridge Energy Resources Inc In-situ wafer processing system and method
US20100150674A1 (en) * 2008-12-08 2010-06-17 The Hong Kong University Of Science And Technology System, apparatus and method for providing cooling
US8893519B2 (en) * 2008-12-08 2014-11-25 The Hong Kong University Of Science And Technology Providing cooling in a machining process using a plurality of activated coolant streams
US20140356082A1 (en) * 2013-05-31 2014-12-04 Ntm, Inc. Tool holder for machine tool, machine tool assembly, and methods
US9387538B2 (en) * 2013-05-31 2016-07-12 Ntm, Inc. Tool holder for machine tool, machine tool assembly, and methods

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