US3497729A - Mount for acoustic transducers - Google Patents

Mount for acoustic transducers Download PDF

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US3497729A
US3497729A US615037A US3497729DA US3497729A US 3497729 A US3497729 A US 3497729A US 615037 A US615037 A US 615037A US 3497729D A US3497729D A US 3497729DA US 3497729 A US3497729 A US 3497729A
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transducer
pressure release
release material
mounting
force
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US615037A
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William J Mueller
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US Department of Navy
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    • GPHYSICS
    • G10MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10KSOUND-PRODUCING DEVICES; METHODS OR DEVICES FOR PROTECTING AGAINST, OR FOR DAMPING, NOISE OR OTHER ACOUSTIC WAVES IN GENERAL; ACOUSTICS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G10K11/00Methods or devices for transmitting, conducting or directing sound in general; Methods or devices for protecting against, or for damping, noise or other acoustic waves in general
    • G10K11/004Mounting transducers, e.g. provided with mechanical moving or orienting device

Definitions

  • a mounting structure for underwater acoustic transducers utilizes a clamping device for preloading a compliant pressure release material for suspension of the transducer from fixed structure and the transducer housing.
  • a sandwich arrangement of the pressure release material and portion of the transducer housing provides a push pull type preloading of the release material relative to the fixed structure from which the transducer is suspended or mounted.
  • This invention relates to an underwater transducing device and more particularly to a hydrophone assembly for utilization under deep depth operational conditions.
  • the invention is directed to an improved resilient mounting structure and a new and novel method directed to the manner of preloading the resilient elements of a transducer suspension assembly to provide improved linearity characteristics in the overall response of the transducer.
  • the instant invention relates to a resilient mounting system for a deep submergence depth hydrophone which advantageously may be utilized at various depths. It incoporates instrumentalities and techniques for preloading the resilient members of the suspension system in a man- 3,497,729 Patented Feb. 24, 1970 ice ner to appreciably enhance the linearity characteristic thereof, thereby materially reducing undesirable performance variations of a nature normally resulting from operation of a hydrophone type transducer at various depths of submergence in a fluid medium such as sea water.
  • Transducer elements of the character with which this invention is concerned require a mounting assembly which will maintain an optimum degree of rigidly in holding the transducer in place while at the same time permitting the transducer to vibrate in response to electrical energy appled thereto in the transmitting mode of operation or in the alternative to acoustic signals to which the transducer is subjected in the receiving mode of operation.
  • Attempts to achieve the desired degree of rigidity have been directed to the utilization of layers of compliant materials, herein after referred to as pressure release materials.
  • Materials of this character display nonlinear spring constant characteristics or modulus of elasticity. Under operational conditions occurring at deep submergence depths in a fluid medium the transducer is subjected to high hydrostatic pressure and the mounting system is compressed and becomes stiffer. This compression and resultant increased stiifness produces variations in resonant frequency which adversely afiect the performance of the equipment with which the transducer is utilized.
  • the instant transducer mounting device incorporates instrumentalities for preloading the pressure release material in a manner providing improved operation in a more linear region.
  • .It is a feature of the instant invention to provide an improved hydrophone mounting system wherein all of the advantages of prior type pressure release material and spring suspension systems are obtained while obviating many of the disadvantages of nonlinearity in response of the hydrophone due to suspension system influences.
  • One object of this invention relates to the utilization of instrumentalities for preloading a pressure release material as utilized in a hydrophone mounting assembly to provide improved linearity of the operational characteristics of the hydrophone with operation at deep depths of submergence.
  • An additional object of the invention relates to the provision of structure for providing a push-pull type preloading of the pressure release material of a nature wherein as a result of deep depth operation, one layer of pressure release material is compressed while another layer expands.
  • FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic plane view of a hydrophone mounting apparatus of the instant invention
  • FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic elevation view in vertical section taken along lines 2-2 of FIG. 1, showing typical structure emboding the inventive concept of the invention
  • FIG. 3 is a graphic illustration showing a plotting of displacement vs. force for pressure release materials as utilized in conjunction with a deep submergence depth hydrophone system;
  • FIGS. 4, 5 and 6 are graphs of a family of curves showing a plotting of displacement vs. depth for preloaded pressure release materials.
  • the transducer assembly 11 is shown as comprised of a plurality of active transducer elements 12, a front mass element 13 and a rear mass element 14.
  • the hydrophone assembly 11 is provided with a radially extending flange member 15 disposed to project from the periphery of the assembly for purposes of suspension from a mounting plate 16 by virtue of the pressure release material 17.
  • the pressure release material preferrably is disposed in a sandwich arrangement with a first layer or ring of pressure release material disposed at 18 between the flange member 15 and the mounting plate 16.
  • a second ring or layer of pressure reelase material is disposed as indicated at 19, below the flange member 1 6 and the lower most mounting ring 20.
  • a suitable clamping device is mounted relative to the mounting plate 16 and the mounting ring 20.
  • a screw device is indicated at 21 as an example of a suitable clamping device.
  • Other more elaborate clamping devices may be utilized as desired. Only one clamp is indicated in FIG. 2 of the drawings although it is to be understood that a plurality of such screws are utilized as indicated in FIG. 1, in order to provide a substantially equal pressure across the layers of pressure release material.
  • the pressure release material may be of any material suitable for the purpose such for example as a stack of laminations of onion skin paper.
  • Adjustment of the screw elements of the clamping assembly provides for variation in the degree of preloading of the pressure release material in a manner deemed to be obvious to one skilled in the art and to a. degree permitting operation over any desired portion of the overall operational range.
  • a typical curve for a pressure release material of a conventional nature is indicated at a which illustrates the nonlinear characteristics thereof.
  • Transducers are normally operated over a region as indicated at A.
  • the spring constant or force required for unit deflection varies from 0.47 units to 1.5 units over this operating region.
  • the value of the spring constant may be obtained by taking the reciprocal of the slope of the curve of FIG. 3.
  • the techniques utilized in the practice of the instant inventive concept envisions operation in the region of the portion of the curve a as indicated at B. In region B the spring constant varies by less than a factor of 3 as compared to an equivalent variation of more than 3 in the region of the curve indicated at A.
  • the resulting curve for operation in the range at B is indicated in FIG. 4.
  • the preloading system of the instant invention is considered for purposes of illustration as applying a preloading force of 20 units to the pressure release material.
  • the zero point on the depth (or the force from an external pressure) scale in FIG. 4 occurs at the position equivalent to the position of 22 units of displacement in FIG. 3 due to the initial displacement resulting from the preloading.
  • the instant push pull mounting arrangement of FIGS. 1 and 2 provides considerably greater reductions in this variation or nonlinearity.
  • the displacement is one unit
  • the total displacement for the lower stack of laminations of pressure relief material is 15 units.
  • the displacement of the upper ring is 13 units, with a resulting downward force of 9.2 units.
  • the unbalance of force, or the restoring force is 11.1 minus 9.2 or 1.9 units of force.
  • the reduction in spring constant variations for a mounting system incorporating the instant inventive concept is indicated by the nearly straight lines formed by the plotted points of FIGS. 4, 5 and 6.
  • the inventions are approximately 10% and 20% respectively with the 10 and 20 unit force biasing as compared to variations of approximately 300% for a single layer of pressure release material.
  • the reduction in spring constant variation by factors of 15 to 30 times provides a similar reduction in the variation in resonant frequency of the mounting system.
  • an operating region may be determined for purposes of minimization of variations. In the event a particular pressure release material provides a force vs. displacement curve having a knee portion, it has been found desirable to adjust the biasing to place the bias force in a relationship as indicated at the knee or far enough above the knee to exclude it from the operating region.
  • an acoustic transducer having a pressure responsive surface
  • said means for mounting including;
  • a first layer of pressure release material disposed between one side of said supporting member and a portion of said housing;
  • said last-mentioned means coacting with said layers and said supporting means to further compress one of said layers of material While simultaneously relieving the compression on the other of said layers whenever said supporting means is forced to move in a direction prependicular to said pressure responsive surface by increasing static pressure on said transducer.
  • Apparatus for suspending a transducer within a housing so as to ensure movement of said transducer along its longitudinal axis as said transducer and housing are submerged to various depths within a fluid me dium comprising:
  • said mounting means including;
  • At least one layer of pressure release material disposed between said member and a portion of said housing for allowing relative movement therebetween whenever said transducer is subjected to high static pressures;
  • biasing means for initially compressing said pressure release material by a predetermined amount.

Description

Feb. 24, 1970' i w. J. MUELLER MOUNT FOR ACOUSTIC TRANSDUCERS Filed Jan. 20, 1967 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 INVENTOR William J. Mueller 30. l BY TORNEY 4% AGENT Feb. 24, 1970 Q I w. J. MUELLER 29 MOUNT FOR ACOUSTIC TRANSDUCERS Filed Jan. 20, 19s? 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 FIG 3 DISPLACEMENT 0 0 l0 0 2o 30 40 5o FORCE 0 I6 20 3o DIIEPTH I DISPLACEME F] G. 5
0 lb 2'0 5 0 D EPTH DISPLACEMENT FF G 6 I o l -l 0 I0 20' 3o DEPTH United States Patent O 3,497,729 MOUNT FOR ACOUSTIC TRANSDUCERS William J. Mueller, Portsmouth, R.I., asslgnor to the United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Navy Filed Jan. 20, 1967, Ser. No. 615,037 Int. Cl. H04]: 13/02 US. Cl. 3109.1 4 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE A mounting structure for underwater acoustic transducers utilizes a clamping device for preloading a compliant pressure release material for suspension of the transducer from fixed structure and the transducer housing. A sandwich arrangement of the pressure release material and portion of the transducer housing provides a push pull type preloading of the release material relative to the fixed structure from which the transducer is suspended or mounted.
The invention described herein may be manufactured and used by or for the Government of the United States of America for governmental purposes without payment of any royalties thereon or therefor.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to an underwater transducing device and more particularly to a hydrophone assembly for utilization under deep depth operational conditions.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION More specifically the invention is directed to an improved resilient mounting structure and a new and novel method directed to the manner of preloading the resilient elements of a transducer suspension assembly to provide improved linearity characteristics in the overall response of the transducer.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART In prior art transducer mounting structures various types of spring suspensions, diaphragm or bellows supports, rubber mounts and various combinations thereof have been utilized for a variety of purposes. The suspension designs vary with environmental conditions, the desired operational bandwidth characteristics, the sensitivity and/ or response pattern of interest, the type of transducer and other factors known to practitioners in the art.
Spring type suspension systems have been utilized for a variety of purposes including a tuning of the resonance of the overall transducer response to a resonant condition at the frequency of intended operation. A suspension and bafile arrangement of this type is shown in US. Patent 3,225,326 which issued to Frank Massa on Dec. 31, 1965. A transducer mounting assembly incorporating an axial loading system for a pair of ceramic crystals together with a Sylphon bellows for signal baffling and a sponge rubber doughnut type overload prevention device is illustrated in US. Patent 3,048,815 which issued to Edward G. Thurston and Donald W. Knester on Aug. 7, 1962.
The aforementioned patents are exemplary of techniques utilized for underwater hydrophone applications.
SUMMARY OF INVENTION The instant invention relates to a resilient mounting system for a deep submergence depth hydrophone which advantageously may be utilized at various depths. It incoporates instrumentalities and techniques for preloading the resilient members of the suspension system in a man- 3,497,729 Patented Feb. 24, 1970 ice ner to appreciably enhance the linearity characteristic thereof, thereby materially reducing undesirable performance variations of a nature normally resulting from operation of a hydrophone type transducer at various depths of submergence in a fluid medium such as sea water.
Transducer elements of the character with which this invention is concerned require a mounting assembly which will maintain an optimum degree of rigidly in holding the transducer in place while at the same time permitting the transducer to vibrate in response to electrical energy appled thereto in the transmitting mode of operation or in the alternative to acoustic signals to which the transducer is subjected in the receiving mode of operation. Attempts to achieve the desired degree of rigidity have been directed to the utilization of layers of compliant materials, herein after referred to as pressure release materials. Materials of this character display nonlinear spring constant characteristics or modulus of elasticity. Under operational conditions occurring at deep submergence depths in a fluid medium the transducer is subjected to high hydrostatic pressure and the mounting system is compressed and becomes stiffer. This compression and resultant increased stiifness produces variations in resonant frequency which adversely afiect the performance of the equipment with which the transducer is utilized.
The instant transducer mounting device incorporates instrumentalities for preloading the pressure release material in a manner providing improved operation in a more linear region.
.It is a feature of the instant invention to provide an improved hydrophone mounting system wherein all of the advantages of prior type pressure release material and spring suspension systems are obtained while obviating many of the disadvantages of nonlinearity in response of the hydrophone due to suspension system influences.
One object of this invention relates to the utilization of instrumentalities for preloading a pressure release material as utilized in a hydrophone mounting assembly to provide improved linearity of the operational characteristics of the hydrophone with operation at deep depths of submergence.
An additional object of the invention relates to the provision of structure for providing a push-pull type preloading of the pressure release material of a nature wherein as a result of deep depth operation, one layer of pressure release material is compressed while another layer expands.
In correlation with the immediately foregoing object, it is a further object to optimize the linearity of response of the pressure release material in a manner whereby the spring constant of one layer of such material decreases as the spring constant of the other layer increases thereby efiecting a cancellation of a large part of the otherwise existent variation in response thereof.
Other objects, advantageous and novel features of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description when taken in view of the accompanying drawings wherein:
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic plane view of a hydrophone mounting apparatus of the instant invention;
FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic elevation view in vertical section taken along lines 2-2 of FIG. 1, showing typical structure emboding the inventive concept of the invention;
FIG. 3 is a graphic illustration showing a plotting of displacement vs. force for pressure release materials as utilized in conjunction with a deep submergence depth hydrophone system;
FIGS. 4, 5 and 6 are graphs of a family of curves showing a plotting of displacement vs. depth for preloaded pressure release materials.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Referring now to FIGS. 1 and 2 wherein the hydrophone mounting system is indicated generally at 10, the transducer assembly 11 is shown as comprised of a plurality of active transducer elements 12, a front mass element 13 and a rear mass element 14.
The hydrophone assembly 11 is provided with a radially extending flange member 15 disposed to project from the periphery of the assembly for purposes of suspension from a mounting plate 16 by virtue of the pressure release material 17.
The pressure release material preferrably is disposed in a sandwich arrangement with a first layer or ring of pressure release material disposed at 18 between the flange member 15 and the mounting plate 16. A second ring or layer of pressure reelase material is disposed as indicated at 19, below the flange member 1 6 and the lower most mounting ring 20.
In order to provide a desired degree of preloading of the pressure release material 17 a suitable clamping device is mounted relative to the mounting plate 16 and the mounting ring 20. A screw device is indicated at 21 as an example of a suitable clamping device. Other more elaborate clamping devices may be utilized as desired. Only one clamp is indicated in FIG. 2 of the drawings although it is to be understood that a plurality of such screws are utilized as indicated in FIG. 1, in order to provide a substantially equal pressure across the layers of pressure release material. The pressure release material may be of any material suitable for the purpose such for example as a stack of laminations of onion skin paper.
Adjustment of the screw elements of the clamping assembly provides for variation in the degree of preloading of the pressure release material in a manner deemed to be obvious to one skilled in the art and to a. degree permitting operation over any desired portion of the overall operational range.
In the operation of a hydrophone incorporating a transducer and transducer mounting system of the aforementioned character, as it is placed at a desired depth in a body of Water, pressure is applied to the transducer element or multiple element unit as the case may be. As a result of the deep operational conditions to which the transducer is subjected, one layer of pressure release material i.e. stack of laminations for a preferred embodiment, is compressed while the other stacking layer of pressure release material is permitted to expand. Accordingly, one spring constant characteristic increases for one layer, While that of the other layer decreases, This push-pull arrangement results in a cancellation of a large part of the otherwise existant variation in performance of the mounting system and hence an improvement in the overall response of the transducer.
It has been determined that variations may be reduced by factors of about 15 to 30.
Referring to FIG. 3 a typical curve for a pressure release material of a conventional nature is indicated at a which illustrates the nonlinear characteristics thereof. Transducers are normally operated over a region as indicated at A. The spring constant or force required for unit deflection varies from 0.47 units to 1.5 units over this operating region. The value of the spring constant may be obtained by taking the reciprocal of the slope of the curve of FIG. 3. The techniques utilized in the practice of the instant inventive concept envisions operation in the region of the portion of the curve a as indicated at B. In region B the spring constant varies by less than a factor of 3 as compared to an equivalent variation of more than 3 in the region of the curve indicated at A. The resulting curve for operation in the range at B is indicated in FIG. 4. The preloading system of the instant invention is considered for purposes of illustration as applying a preloading force of 20 units to the pressure release material. Hence, the zero point on the depth (or the force from an external pressure) scale in FIG. 4 occurs at the position equivalent to the position of 22 units of displacement in FIG. 3 due to the initial displacement resulting from the preloading. The instant push pull mounting arrangement of FIGS. 1 and 2 provides considerably greater reductions in this variation or nonlinearity.
In order to further illustrate the practice of the instant invention, let it be assumed that the clamping screws are adjusted to compress the pressure release laminations of the layers by 14 units of displacement. Referring to FIG. 3 it may be determined that this degree of compression or displacement of the bottom ring generates an upward force of 10 units on the flange of the front mass and the upper ring layer generates a similar downward force. The foregoing relationship is assumed for zero depth, and accordingly zero force on the upper face of the top mass. As the transducer is submerged in a body of fluid such as sea water and to a desired operational depth, the hydrostatic pressure of the Water produces a force against the face of the top mass which in turn displaces the element in a downward direction, i.e. assuming the orientation of the system as being that illustrated in FIG. 2. In the event the displacement is one unit, the total displacement for the lower stack of laminations of pressure relief material is 15 units. Referring to FIG. 3 a determination may be made that the upward force generated by the lower pressure relief material amounts to 11.1 units. Similarly, the displacement of the upper ring is 13 units, with a resulting downward force of 9.2 units. Accordingly for one unit of displacement the unbalance of force, or the restoring force, is 11.1 minus 9.2 or 1.9 units of force.
This point, along with points obtained in a similar manner for other values of displacement will provide a plot as indicated in FIG. 3. The points are also plotted in FIG. 5 in which the depth and displacement scales are adjusted in accordance with the magnitude of preloading. An additional set of points for an initial bias pressure of 20 units is also illustrated in FIG. 3 and again in FIG. 6 with the corrected scales.
The reduction in spring constant variations for a mounting system incorporating the instant inventive concept is indicated by the nearly straight lines formed by the plotted points of FIGS. 4, 5 and 6. The inventions are approximately 10% and 20% respectively with the 10 and 20 unit force biasing as compared to variations of approximately 300% for a single layer of pressure release material. The reduction in spring constant variation by factors of 15 to 30 times provides a similar reduction in the variation in resonant frequency of the mounting system. By varying the biasing force applied to the pressure release material, an operating region may be determined for purposes of minimization of variations. In the event a particular pressure release material provides a force vs. displacement curve having a knee portion, it has been found desirable to adjust the biasing to place the bias force in a relationship as indicated at the knee or far enough above the knee to exclude it from the operating region.
Although the preferred embodiment disclosed herein is directed to a push-pull system for reduction in variations of the response of apparatus embodying a preloading clamping device, it is to be understood that the novel method and technique of adjustably preloading the pressure release material is equally applicable to a mounting system utilizing a single layer or single stack of laminations in lieu of the dual arrangement illustrated and described.
Obviously many modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the foregoing teachings. It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described.
What is claimed as new and desired to be secured by Letters Patent of the United States is:
1. In combination:
a housing;
an acoustic transducer having a pressure responsive surface;
means for mounting said transducer within said housing so as to expose said pressure responsive surface to incident acoustic energy,
said means for mounting including;
a supporting member secured to said transducer and extending outwardly therefrom in a direction parallel to said pressure responsive surface;
a first layer of pressure release material disposed between one side of said supporting member and a portion of said housing;
a second layer of pressure release material disposed on the other side of said supporting member; and
means for initially establishing a compressive force of a predetermined magnitude across both layers of pressure release material,
said last-mentioned means coacting with said layers and said supporting means to further compress one of said layers of material While simultaneously relieving the compression on the other of said layers whenever said supporting means is forced to move in a direction prependicular to said pressure responsive surface by increasing static pressure on said transducer.
2. The combination as recited in claim 1 wherein said supporting member is a flange-like annular member surrounding said transducer.
3. The combination as recited in claim 1 wherein said pressure release material is composed of layers of onionskin paper.
4. Apparatus for suspending a transducer within a housing so as to ensure movement of said transducer along its longitudinal axis as said transducer and housing are submerged to various depths within a fluid me dium comprising:
means for mounting said transducer in said housing,
said mounting means including;
a supporting member secured to said transducer and extending outwardly therefrom in a direction perpendicular to said axis;
at least one layer of pressure release material disposed between said member and a portion of said housing for allowing relative movement therebetween whenever said transducer is subjected to high static pressures; and
biasing means for initially compressing said pressure release material by a predetermined amount.
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,405,226 8/1946 Mason 34010 2,430,013 11/1947 Hansell 3108.2 2,448,365 8/ 1948 Gillespie 34010 2,498,737 2/1950 Holden 34010 2,711,646 6/1955 Mendousse 340-10 2,891,177 6/1959 Hafner 310-8.2 2,914,686 11/1959 Clements 34010 3,198,489 8/1965 Finch 310-87 3,222,462 12/1965 Karmann 310-9.1 3,360,664 12/1967 Straube 340-10 3,370,187 2/1968 Straube 310--9.1
I D MILLER, Primary Examiner US. Cl. X.R. 3108.6; 34010
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Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2123070A1 (en) * 1970-11-06 1972-09-08 Tocquet Bernard
US3863132A (en) * 1973-11-19 1975-01-28 Us Navy Efficient dc/dc converter for a solid state fuze
FR2307428A1 (en) * 1975-03-20 1976-11-05 Improvecon Corp ULTRASONIC TRANSDUCER AND ITS REALIZATION AND TUNING METHODS
US4941202A (en) * 1982-09-13 1990-07-10 Sanders Associates, Inc. Multiple segment flextensional transducer shell

Citations (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2405226A (en) * 1942-12-28 1946-08-06 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Low frequency projector or hydrophone
US2430013A (en) * 1942-06-10 1947-11-04 Rca Corp Impedance matching means for mechanical waves
US2448365A (en) * 1945-07-27 1948-08-31 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Projector and receiver of supersonic frequencies
US2498737A (en) * 1946-06-07 1950-02-28 William H T Holden Electromechanical transducer
US2711646A (en) * 1950-04-25 1955-06-28 Jean S Mendousse Acoustic impedance measuring device for liquids
US2891177A (en) * 1957-03-04 1959-06-16 Hafner Erich Coaxial crystal mount
US2914686A (en) * 1953-10-06 1959-11-24 Texaco Inc Crystal microphone
US3198489A (en) * 1962-02-16 1965-08-03 Birtcher Corp Compound ultrasonic transducer and mounting means therefor
US3222462A (en) * 1961-09-29 1965-12-07 Siemens Ag Electroacoustic transducer
US3360664A (en) * 1964-10-30 1967-12-26 Gen Dynamics Corp Electromechanical apparatus
US3370187A (en) * 1965-04-30 1968-02-20 Gen Dynamics Corp Electromechanical apparatus

Patent Citations (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2430013A (en) * 1942-06-10 1947-11-04 Rca Corp Impedance matching means for mechanical waves
US2405226A (en) * 1942-12-28 1946-08-06 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Low frequency projector or hydrophone
US2448365A (en) * 1945-07-27 1948-08-31 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Projector and receiver of supersonic frequencies
US2498737A (en) * 1946-06-07 1950-02-28 William H T Holden Electromechanical transducer
US2711646A (en) * 1950-04-25 1955-06-28 Jean S Mendousse Acoustic impedance measuring device for liquids
US2914686A (en) * 1953-10-06 1959-11-24 Texaco Inc Crystal microphone
US2891177A (en) * 1957-03-04 1959-06-16 Hafner Erich Coaxial crystal mount
US3222462A (en) * 1961-09-29 1965-12-07 Siemens Ag Electroacoustic transducer
US3198489A (en) * 1962-02-16 1965-08-03 Birtcher Corp Compound ultrasonic transducer and mounting means therefor
US3360664A (en) * 1964-10-30 1967-12-26 Gen Dynamics Corp Electromechanical apparatus
US3370187A (en) * 1965-04-30 1968-02-20 Gen Dynamics Corp Electromechanical apparatus

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2123070A1 (en) * 1970-11-06 1972-09-08 Tocquet Bernard
US3863132A (en) * 1973-11-19 1975-01-28 Us Navy Efficient dc/dc converter for a solid state fuze
FR2307428A1 (en) * 1975-03-20 1976-11-05 Improvecon Corp ULTRASONIC TRANSDUCER AND ITS REALIZATION AND TUNING METHODS
US4941202A (en) * 1982-09-13 1990-07-10 Sanders Associates, Inc. Multiple segment flextensional transducer shell

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