US3781526A - Heating apparatus - Google Patents

Heating apparatus Download PDF

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US3781526A
US3781526A US00191989A US3781526DA US3781526A US 3781526 A US3781526 A US 3781526A US 00191989 A US00191989 A US 00191989A US 3781526D A US3781526D A US 3781526DA US 3781526 A US3781526 A US 3781526A
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paper
sheet
sheets
impervious
edges
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US00191989A
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J Damron
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MULVILLE TIMMOTHY I
Dana International Ltd
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Dana International Ltd
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60HARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
    • B60H1/00Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices
    • B60H1/00271HVAC devices specially adapted for particular vehicle parts or components and being connected to the vehicle HVAC unit
    • B60H1/00285HVAC devices specially adapted for particular vehicle parts or components and being connected to the vehicle HVAC unit for vehicle seats
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60HARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
    • B60H1/00Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices
    • B60H1/00271HVAC devices specially adapted for particular vehicle parts or components and being connected to the vehicle HVAC unit
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64DEQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLIGHT SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENTS OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT
    • B64D15/00De-icing or preventing icing on exterior surfaces of aircraft
    • B64D15/12De-icing or preventing icing on exterior surfaces of aircraft by electric heating
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24DDOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
    • F24D13/00Electric heating systems
    • F24D13/02Electric heating systems solely using resistance heating, e.g. underfloor heating
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H05ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05BELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00Ohmic-resistance heating
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H05ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05BELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/10Heater elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor
    • H05B3/12Heater elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material
    • H05B3/14Heater elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material the material being non-metallic
    • H05B3/145Carbon only, e.g. carbon black, graphite
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H05ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05BELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/20Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H05ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05BELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/002Heaters using a particular layout for the resistive material or resistive elements
    • H05B2203/006Heaters using a particular layout for the resistive material or resistive elements using interdigitated electrodes
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H05ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05BELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2214/00Aspects relating to resistive heating, induction heating and heating using microwaves, covered by groups H05B3/00, H05B6/00
    • H05B2214/02Heaters specially designed for de-icing or protection against icing
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02BCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B30/00Energy efficient heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC]

Definitions

  • Field of Search 219/213, 345,, 52s, Spaced P y conductors extend along pp 219/535, 536, 538, 546, 548549, 552, 553 sides of the sheet of paper, each having spaced branch conductors extending transversely therefrom and each [56] References Ci d branch conductor extending from one primary con- UNITED STATES PATENTS ductor being positioned between branch conductors 3,657,516 4/1972 Fujihara 219 213 x extending from another pnma'y conductor 3,397,302 8/1968 Hosford 219/549 X 9 Claims, 5 Drawing Figures HEATING APPARATUS BACKGROUND OF INVENTION Super cooled water droplets striking leading surfaces of airfoils, airplane wings, fins, and stabilizers, change instantly into ice, forming rime ice which is a porous and opaque ice
  • de-icing devices for airplane wings have been devised heretofore.
  • the most commonly used de-icer comprises a mechanism consisting of spaced hollow tubes, or boots, overlying leading edges of wing and tail surfaces, which are alternately inflated and deflated for cracking ice formed thereon.
  • Such devices are relatively expensive to install and to maintain.
  • Pneumatic type de-icers are primarily composed of a perishable natural rubber which deteriorates, forming cracks in stretch surfaces of the inflatable tubes. Air is supplied from air pumps driven from engines of the airplane and motor driven distributor valves and pilot control valves are required to control air flow. Congealed oil causes sticking of control and distributor valves requiring removal and cleaning.
  • heating apparatus for use as an airplane wing de-icer comprising a sheet of electrically conductive paper having a finite internal resistance.
  • Conductive impurities for example, 50 to 75 percent carbon, are added to other ingredients during the paper making process to provide a conductive sheet having a finite electrical resistance.
  • Spaced primary conductors extend along opposite edges of the sheet of paper and branch conductors extend transversely across a portion of the sheet. Branch conductors on a first primary conductor are spaced between branch conductors extending'from a second primary conductor such that electrical current passes from a branch conductor connected to a first primary conductor, through the paper to a branch conductor connected to a second primary conductor producing heat.
  • the primary conductors are connectable to the electrical system of the aircraft.
  • the sheet of conductive paper, having conductor elements fastened thereto, is enclosed in an impervious closure, for example, sandwiched between sheets of neoprene, which is secured about a portion of the leading edge of the wing of the aircraft for maintaining same at a temperature sufficient to prevent formation of ice thereon.
  • the heating element covers a substantial portion of the leading edge of the aircraft and is positioned such that a substantial portion of water blown from the heating element will be lifted by the air stream away from trailing surfaces of the wing.
  • the temperature of the heating element is such that the small amount of water engaging trailing edges of the wing will be sufficiently warm to prevent freezing during the time the water engages trailing portions of the wing.
  • a primary object of the invention is to provide a heating element for use as an airplane wing de-icer which is particularly adapted for use on small aircraft.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide a heating element particularly adapted to uniformly increase the temperature of a relatively large area, the heating element being inexpensive to construct and Another object of the invention is to provide a heating element for use as an airplane wing de-icing device enclosed in an insulated cover constructed of elastomeric material which is capable of withstanding substantial impact and abrasive forces without materially damaging the heating capability thereof.
  • a still further object of the invention is to provide a heating element particularly adapted for use as an airplane wing de-icing device comprising conductive paper capable of providing heating though the paper may be torn or openings may be formed therethrough.
  • a still further object of the invention is to provide a heating element constructed of electrically conductive paper having an impervious insulated coating thereabout positionable over or under surfaces upon which formation of ice creates a hazardous condition, such as airplane wings, sidewalks and bridges, to prevent freez-
  • a still further object of the invention is to provide a heating element constructed of electrically conductive paper having openings formed therethrough about which formable plastic is bonded to form an article, such as a stadium seat, which can be maintained and at a substantially constant temperature.
  • FIG. I is a schematic view of the profile of an airplane wing having a heating element attached thereto;
  • FIG. II is a fragmentary perspective view of the heating element, portions being broken away to more clearly illustrate the details of construction
  • FIG. III is a cross-sectional view of the carpet having the heating element attached to the backside thereof;
  • FIG. IV is a fragmentary perspective view of a vehicle having the heating element mounted inside the hood thereof.
  • FIG. V is a fragmentary perspective view of a stadium seat having the heating element laminated therein.
  • the numeral 1 generally designates a heating element comprising spaced sheets 2 and 4 of elastomer material having a sheet 6 of conductive paper positioned therebetween.
  • Sheets 2 and 4 of insulator material are preferably impervious to prevent passage of moisture therethrough in sufficient quantities to cause conduction of electricity therethrough and to prevent accumulation of moisture between sheets 2 and 4 which might cause arcing between conductor elements 8 and 10 secured to a surface of conductive paper 6.
  • Sheets 2 and 4 are preferably constructed of neoprene, for example, material of the type commercially available from B. F. Goodrich Company, Akron, Ohio, distributed under the trademark CR-7O Neoprene Sheet which is resistant to oil, heat, abrasion and ozone. Such material has a tensile strength of approximately 1,200 pounds per square inch at an average elongation of 350 percent. Such sheet material, having 2.3 pounds per square yard.
  • Outer sheet 2 constructed of the above indicated neoprene material, is preferably approximately one thirty-second inch in thickness and has tapered edges 12 and 14 providing a smooth transition of the outer surface of sheet 2 toward the outer surface of the wing of an airplane.
  • Inner sheet 4 constructed of the above indicated neoprene material, is preferably approximately onesixteenth inch in thickness for insulating conductors 8 and 10 from the surface of the wing of the aircraft.
  • the sheet 6 of conductive paper comprises binder material having conductive elements mixed therein to provide a sheet having conductive properties while exhibiting a finite electrical resistance.
  • the resistance of the paper is preferably approximately 400 ohms per square foot, though the resistance may be varied depending upon the conductive elements incorporated in the paper during'the manufacture thereof. Resistance should preferably be maintained in a range between 100 and 1,500 ohms per square foot.
  • the paper fibers serve as a binder for the conductive carbon.
  • the thickness of the sheet and the percentage of conductive element in the paper will control resistance.
  • conductor elements 8 are preferably flat flexible ribbons of conductive material extending longitudinally of sheet 6 a thickness of 1/32 of an inch, weighs approximately and are disposed adjacent edges thereof.
  • the ribbons preferably have a substantial width for example, onefourth inch, to provide sufficient area of contact between each ribbon and the paper to prevent excessive heating which could burn the paper.
  • Primary conductor 16 has spaced branch conductors 18 extending laterally therefrom across a portion of the width of sheet 6.
  • Conductor element 10 is similarly constructed comprising a primary conductor 20 having branch conductors 22 extending laterally therefrom. Branch conductors 22 are positioned between branch conductors 18 which extend laterally from primary conductor 16. It should be appreciated that electrical current passes from branch conductors 18 through paper 6a to branch conductor 22. Resistance of the paper 6 is such that heating results when current is passed therethrough.
  • Conductor elements 8 and 10 may be constructed of strips of metallic conductive material joined in the configuration illustrated in the drawing and bonded to paper 6 with a suitable electrically conductive bonding material.
  • An alternate method of forming conductive elements 8 and 10 comprises spreading conductive epoxy paste-like material, of the type employed for forming printed circuit boards, which when heated is converted to a silver based conductive material.
  • a preferred manufacturing process comprises forming sheets 2, 4 and 6 of desired dimension and attaching conductors 8 and 10 to the sheet 6 of conductive paper.
  • a suitable bonding agent is neoprene putty, for example, that commercially available from Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company of St. Paul, Minn., distributed under the trademark, 1300 L Adhesive. The bonding agent is applied to surfaces of sheets 2, 4 and 6 and the sheets are joined in a vacuum chamber such that when removed from the vacuum chamber atmospheric pressure urges sheets 2 and 4 together and the bonding agent is drawn into surface pores thereof.
  • apertures 19 may be formed in sheet 6 permitting bonding of surfaces of sheets 2 and 4 through intermediate portions of sheet 6.
  • the heating element illustrated in FIG. II when attached to the wing of an aircraft as illustrated in FIG. I, provides uniform heating of the leading edge of the wing of the airplane.
  • a modified form of the heating apparatus illustrated in FIG. III, comprises a sheet 26 of conductive paper of the type designated by numeral 6 in FIG. II of the drawing.
  • Sheet 26 of conductive paper is sandwiched between sheets 22 and 24 of impervious material such as neoprene bonded together.
  • Conductor elements 28 and 29 having branch conductors connected thereto as illustrated in FIG. II are employed for delivering electrical current to spaced portions of sheet 26 of conductive material to provide heating as hereinbefore described.
  • a sheet of conventional floor covering, such as carpet material 30, is bonded to sheet 22 to provide a surface having good traction particularly adapting the embodiment of the heating element illustrated in FIG. III
  • FIG. IV The third form of the invention is illustrated in FIG. IV connected inside the hood 40 of a vehicle.
  • the heating element is similar to that illustrated in FIG. ll comprising a sheet 6 of conductive material electrically insulated between sheets 2' and 4' of electrical insulating material.
  • FIG. V A fourth form of the invention is illustrated in FIG. V wherein a sheet 6" of electrically conductive material of the type hereinbefore described is laminated between sheets 2" and 4" of plastic material to provide heating for a stadium seat 50, for example, of the type installed in football stadiums and the like. Conductive elements are arranged as illustrated in FIG. ll for delivering electrical current to spaced portions of sheet 6".
  • the heating element which I have developed has several uses in addition to those illustrated in the drawing.
  • the heating device employing a sheet of electrically conductive paper 6, be employed to prevent freezing of ice onto surfaces of bridges by installing a sheet 6 of conductive paper over a road surface and covering same with a layer of bituminous material.
  • Heating apparatus comprising, a sheet of electrically conductive paper having a finite electrical resistance, said sheet of paper having apertures extending therethrough; spaced conductor elements extending along opposite edges of said sheet of paper; first and second sheets of impervious electrical insulator material positioned on opposite sides of the sheet of paper and having edges extending beyond edges of the sheet of paper; and bonding material securing surfaces of each of the sheets of insulator material to surfaces of the sheet of paper and securing surfaces of the sheets of insulator material together adjacent edges thereof to form an impervious electrically insulated covering around the paper, the spaced conductor elements being connectable to a source of electricity to pass electrical current through said paper to heat said impervious sheets, wherein the bond between the sheets of impervious material extends through said apertures.
  • the spaced conductor elements comprise substantially flat elongated ribbons of conductive material, each of said ribbons having a width of at least one-fourth inch in engagement with the surface of the said sheet of paper.
  • each of the conductor elements comprises an elongated primary conductor extending along opposite edges of the sheet of paper and with the addition of spaced branch conductors extending laterally from each primary conductor, said branch conductors extending from one primary conductor being positioned between branch conductors extending from the other primary conductor to induce an electrical potential across the paper extending therebetween.
  • Heating apparatus comprising, a sheet of electrically conductive paper having a finite electrical resistance; spaced conductor elements of electrically conductive epoxy extending along opposite edges of said sheet of paper; first and second sheets of impervious electrical insulator material positioned on opposite sides of the sheet of paper and having edges extending beyond edges of the sheet of paper; and bonding material securing surfaces of each of the sheets of insulator material to surfaces of the sheet of paper and securing surfaces of the sheets of insulator material together adjacent edges thereof to form an impervious electrically insulated covering around the paper, the spaced conductor elements being connectable to a source of electricity to pass electrical current through said paper to heat said impervious sheets.

Abstract

Heating apparatus for use as an airplane wing de-icer comprising spaced sheets of impervious electrical insulator material bonded to opposite sides of a sheet of conductive paper having a finite internal resistance. Spaced primary conductors extend along opposite sides of the sheet of paper, each having spaced branch conductors extending transversely therefrom and each branch conductor extending from one primary conductor being positioned between branch conductors extending from another primary conductor.

Description

D United States Patent 11 1 1111 3,781,526 Damron 5] Dec. 25, 1973 [5 HEATING APPARATUS 2,503,457 4/1950 Speir et al 219/552 x 3,178,560 4/1965 Mapp et al [75] Invenmn Damn", Dallas 3,156,813 11/1964 Trainor 219/202 x [73] Assignee: Dana International Ltd., Dallas,
T Primary Examiner-C. L. Albritton An H d E. M t 1. 22 Filed: 0a. 26, 1971 we 8 a [21] Appl. No.: 191,989 [57] ABSTRACT Heating apparatus for use as an airplane wing de-icer 52 US. Cl 219/538, 219/213, 219/528, comprising spaced Sheets of impervious electrical 219 535 219 549 2 9 553 sulator material bonded to opposite sides of a sheet of 51 Int. Cl. H05b 3/02 conductive p p having a finite internal resistance- [58] Field of Search 219/213, 345,, 52s, Spaced P y conductors extend along pp 219/535, 536, 538, 546, 548549, 552, 553 sides of the sheet of paper, each having spaced branch conductors extending transversely therefrom and each [56] References Ci d branch conductor extending from one primary con- UNITED STATES PATENTS ductor being positioned between branch conductors 3,657,516 4/1972 Fujihara 219 213 x extending from another pnma'y conductor 3,397,302 8/1968 Hosford 219/549 X 9 Claims, 5 Drawing Figures HEATING APPARATUS BACKGROUND OF INVENTION Super cooled water droplets striking leading surfaces of airfoils, airplane wings, fins, and stabilizers, change instantly into ice, forming rime ice which is a porous and opaque ice having irregular rough shapes. Icing of leading edges of airfoils increases the weight of the aircraft and changes critical profiles of structural members which adversely affects lift, maneuverability and stability of the airplane.
Various types of de-icing devices for airplane wings have been devised heretofore. The most commonly used de-icer comprises a mechanism consisting of spaced hollow tubes, or boots, overlying leading edges of wing and tail surfaces, which are alternately inflated and deflated for cracking ice formed thereon. Such devices are relatively expensive to install and to maintain. Pneumatic type de-icers are primarily composed of a perishable natural rubber which deteriorates, forming cracks in stretch surfaces of the inflatable tubes. Air is supplied from air pumps driven from engines of the airplane and motor driven distributor valves and pilot control valves are required to control air flow. Congealed oil causes sticking of control and distributor valves requiring removal and cleaning.
Other approaches to prevent formation of ice have involved apparatus to spray antifreeze or to heat wings by various methods.Such methods have been unduly expensive and otherwise impractical for use on small aircraft because of space and weight limitations.
SUMMARY OF INVENTION I have developed heating apparatus for use as an airplane wing de-icer comprising a sheet of electrically conductive paper having a finite internal resistance. Conductive impurities, for example, 50 to 75 percent carbon, are added to other ingredients during the paper making process to provide a conductive sheet having a finite electrical resistance. Spaced primary conductors extend along opposite edges of the sheet of paper and branch conductors extend transversely across a portion of the sheet. Branch conductors on a first primary conductor are spaced between branch conductors extending'from a second primary conductor such that electrical current passes from a branch conductor connected to a first primary conductor, through the paper to a branch conductor connected to a second primary conductor producing heat. The primary conductors are connectable to the electrical system of the aircraft.
The sheet of conductive paper, having conductor elements fastened thereto, is enclosed in an impervious closure, for example, sandwiched between sheets of neoprene, which is secured about a portion of the leading edge of the wing of the aircraft for maintaining same at a temperature sufficient to prevent formation of ice thereon. The heating element covers a substantial portion of the leading edge of the aircraft and is positioned such that a substantial portion of water blown from the heating element will be lifted by the air stream away from trailing surfaces of the wing. The temperature of the heating element is such that the small amount of water engaging trailing edges of the wing will be sufficiently warm to prevent freezing during the time the water engages trailing portions of the wing.
A primary object of the invention is to provide a heating element for use as an airplane wing de-icer which is particularly adapted for use on small aircraft.
Another object of the invention is to provide a heating element particularly adapted to uniformly increase the temperature of a relatively large area, the heating element being inexpensive to construct and Another object of the invention is to provide a heating element for use as an airplane wing de-icing device enclosed in an insulated cover constructed of elastomeric material which is capable of withstanding substantial impact and abrasive forces without materially damaging the heating capability thereof.
A still further object of the invention is to provide a heating element particularly adapted for use as an airplane wing de-icing device comprising conductive paper capable of providing heating though the paper may be torn or openings may be formed therethrough.
A still further object of the invention is to provide a heating element constructed of electrically conductive paper having an impervious insulated coating thereabout positionable over or under surfaces upon which formation of ice creates a hazardous condition, such as airplane wings, sidewalks and bridges, to prevent freez- A still further object of the invention is to provide a heating element constructed of electrically conductive paper having openings formed therethrough about which formable plastic is bonded to form an article, such as a stadium seat, which can be maintained and at a substantially constant temperature.
Other and further objects of the invention will become apparent by referring to the detailed description hereinafter following and the drawings annexed hereto.
DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS Drawings of a preferred embodiment of the invention are annexed hereto so that the invention may be better and more fully understood, in which;
FIG. I is a schematic view of the profile of an airplane wing having a heating element attached thereto;
FIG. II is a fragmentary perspective view of the heating element, portions being broken away to more clearly illustrate the details of construction;
FIG. III is a cross-sectional view of the carpet having the heating element attached to the backside thereof;
FIG. IV is a fragmentary perspective view of a vehicle having the heating element mounted inside the hood thereof; and
FIG. V is a fragmentary perspective view of a stadium seat having the heating element laminated therein.
Numeral references are employed to designate like parts throughout the various figures of thedrawing.
DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Referring to FIGS. I and II of the drawing, the numeral 1 generally designates a heating element comprising spaced sheets 2 and 4 of elastomer material having a sheet 6 of conductive paper positioned therebetween.
Sheets 2 and 4 of insulator material are preferably impervious to prevent passage of moisture therethrough in sufficient quantities to cause conduction of electricity therethrough and to prevent accumulation of moisture between sheets 2 and 4 which might cause arcing between conductor elements 8 and 10 secured to a surface of conductive paper 6.
Sheets 2 and 4 are preferably constructed of neoprene, for example, material of the type commercially available from B. F. Goodrich Company, Akron, Ohio, distributed under the trademark CR-7O Neoprene Sheet which is resistant to oil, heat, abrasion and ozone. Such material has a tensile strength of approximately 1,200 pounds per square inch at an average elongation of 350 percent. Such sheet material, having 2.3 pounds per square yard.
Outer sheet 2, constructed of the above indicated neoprene material, is preferably approximately one thirty-second inch in thickness and has tapered edges 12 and 14 providing a smooth transition of the outer surface of sheet 2 toward the outer surface of the wing of an airplane.
Inner sheet 4, constructed of the above indicated neoprene material, is preferably approximately onesixteenth inch in thickness for insulating conductors 8 and 10 from the surface of the wing of the aircraft.
The sheet 6 of conductive paper comprises binder material having conductive elements mixed therein to provide a sheet having conductive properties while exhibiting a finite electrical resistance. The resistance of the paper is preferably approximately 400 ohms per square foot, though the resistance may be varied depending upon the conductive elements incorporated in the paper during'the manufacture thereof. Resistance should preferably be maintained in a range between 100 and 1,500 ohms per square foot.
The following table lists a mixture of conductive elements present in a suitable embodiment of the paper.
CONDUCTIVE ELEMENT Boron .0001 Manganese .0003 Lead .0002 Chrome .002] M agnesium .0232 Silicone .0 I 92 Galium .000l Iron .0 l 43 Aluminum .2000 Copper .0003 Silver .0001 Titanium .0003 Sodium .0428 Zerconium .000l
Carbon lnats y. .12% fibe q nstt s manufacture f paper, providin g conductive paper having a resista n6e of approximately 300-400 OI-IMS per square. Such paper can be readily heated to l20-l30F.
The paper fibers serve as a binder for the conductive carbon. The thickness of the sheet and the percentage of conductive element in the paper will control resistance. I
It should be appreciated that the components of the conductive material set forth in the above table may be varied to increase or decrease the resistance of the sheet 6.
Referring to FIG. II of the drawing, conductor elements 8 and are preferably flat flexible ribbons of conductive material extending longitudinally of sheet 6 a thickness of 1/32 of an inch, weighs approximately and are disposed adjacent edges thereof. The ribbons preferably have a substantial width for example, onefourth inch, to provide sufficient area of contact between each ribbon and the paper to prevent excessive heating which could burn the paper.
Primary conductor 16 has spaced branch conductors 18 extending laterally therefrom across a portion of the width of sheet 6. Conductor element 10 is similarly constructed comprising a primary conductor 20 having branch conductors 22 extending laterally therefrom. Branch conductors 22 are positioned between branch conductors 18 which extend laterally from primary conductor 16. It should be appreciated that electrical current passes from branch conductors 18 through paper 6a to branch conductor 22. Resistance of the paper 6 is such that heating results when current is passed therethrough.
Conductor elements 8 and 10 may be constructed of strips of metallic conductive material joined in the configuration illustrated in the drawing and bonded to paper 6 with a suitable electrically conductive bonding material. An alternate method of forming conductive elements 8 and 10 comprises spreading conductive epoxy paste-like material, of the type employed for forming printed circuit boards, which when heated is converted to a silver based conductive material.
In fabricating the heating apparatus, hereinbefore described, it is desirable that the quantity of air trapped between the sheets 2 and 4 be minimized to reduce defective bonding, to prevent expansion and contraction of entrapped gas, and to minimize formation of ozone. Therefore, a preferred manufacturing process comprises forming sheets 2, 4 and 6 of desired dimension and attaching conductors 8 and 10 to the sheet 6 of conductive paper. A suitable bonding agent is neoprene putty, for example, that commercially available from Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company of St. Paul, Minn., distributed under the trademark, 1300 L Adhesive. The bonding agent is applied to surfaces of sheets 2, 4 and 6 and the sheets are joined in a vacuum chamber such that when removed from the vacuum chamber atmospheric pressure urges sheets 2 and 4 together and the bonding agent is drawn into surface pores thereof.
If it is deemed expedient to do so, apertures 19 may be formed in sheet 6 permitting bonding of surfaces of sheets 2 and 4 through intermediate portions of sheet 6.
From the foregoing it should be readily apparent that the heating element illustrated in FIG. II, when attached to the wing of an aircraft as illustrated in FIG. I, provides uniform heating of the leading edge of the wing of the airplane.
A modified form of the heating apparatus, illustrated in FIG. III, comprises a sheet 26 of conductive paper of the type designated by numeral 6 in FIG. II of the drawing. Sheet 26 of conductive paper is sandwiched between sheets 22 and 24 of impervious material such as neoprene bonded together. Conductor elements 28 and 29 having branch conductors connected thereto as illustrated in FIG. II are employed for delivering electrical current to spaced portions of sheet 26 of conductive material to provide heating as hereinbefore described.
A sheet of conventional floor covering, such as carpet material 30, is bonded to sheet 22 to provide a surface having good traction particularly adapting the embodiment of the heating element illustrated in FIG. III
for use as a heated carpet for use on sidewalks and other paths where ice and snow tend to accumulate creating a hazardous condition.
The third form of the invention is illustrated in FIG. IV connected inside the hood 40 of a vehicle. The heating element is similar to that illustrated in FIG. ll comprising a sheet 6 of conductive material electrically insulated between sheets 2' and 4' of electrical insulating material.
A fourth form of the invention is illustrated in FIG. V wherein a sheet 6" of electrically conductive material of the type hereinbefore described is laminated between sheets 2" and 4" of plastic material to provide heating for a stadium seat 50, for example, of the type installed in football stadiums and the like. Conductive elements are arranged as illustrated in FIG. ll for delivering electrical current to spaced portions of sheet 6".
From the foregoing it should be readily apprent that the heating element which I have developed has several uses in addition to those illustrated in the drawing. For example, it is contemplated that the heating device, employing a sheet of electrically conductive paper 6, be employed to prevent freezing of ice onto surfaces of bridges by installing a sheet 6 of conductive paper over a road surface and covering same with a layer of bituminous material.
It should be appreciated that other and further embodiments of the invention may be devised without departing from basic concept of the invention hereinbefore described.
Having described my invention I claim:
1. Heating apparatus comprising, a sheet of electrically conductive paper having a finite electrical resistance, said sheet of paper having apertures extending therethrough; spaced conductor elements extending along opposite edges of said sheet of paper; first and second sheets of impervious electrical insulator material positioned on opposite sides of the sheet of paper and having edges extending beyond edges of the sheet of paper; and bonding material securing surfaces of each of the sheets of insulator material to surfaces of the sheet of paper and securing surfaces of the sheets of insulator material together adjacent edges thereof to form an impervious electrically insulated covering around the paper, the spaced conductor elements being connectable to a source of electricity to pass electrical current through said paper to heat said impervious sheets, wherein the bond between the sheets of impervious material extends through said apertures.
2. The combination called for in claim 1 wherein the spaced conductor elements comprise substantially flat elongated ribbons of conductive material, each of said ribbons having a width of at least one-fourth inch in engagement with the surface of the said sheet of paper.
3. The combination called for in claim 1 wherein each of the conductor elements comprises an elongated primary conductor extending along opposite edges of the sheet of paper and with the addition of spaced branch conductors extending laterally from each primary conductor, said branch conductors extending from one primary conductor being positioned between branch conductors extending from the other primary conductor to induce an electrical potential across the paper extending therebetween.
4. The combination called for in claim 1 wherein the impervious sheets are constructed of flexible elastomeric material.
5. The combination called for in claim 1 wherein the sheets of impervious material comprise sheets of neoprene.
6. The combination called for in claim I wherein the sheets of impervious material comprise molded polyester material.
7. The combination called for in claim 1 wherein the sheets of impervious material comprise bituminous material, at least one of said sheets being arranged to form a road surface.
8. The combination called for in claim 1 with the addition of tapered surfaces adjacent edges of at least one of said sheets and means to secure said sheet of impervious material to a leading edge of a wing of an airplane.
9. Heating apparatus comprising, a sheet of electrically conductive paper having a finite electrical resistance; spaced conductor elements of electrically conductive epoxy extending along opposite edges of said sheet of paper; first and second sheets of impervious electrical insulator material positioned on opposite sides of the sheet of paper and having edges extending beyond edges of the sheet of paper; and bonding material securing surfaces of each of the sheets of insulator material to surfaces of the sheet of paper and securing surfaces of the sheets of insulator material together adjacent edges thereof to form an impervious electrically insulated covering around the paper, the spaced conductor elements being connectable to a source of electricity to pass electrical current through said paper to heat said impervious sheets.

Claims (9)

1. Heating apparatus comprising, a sheet of eLectrically conductive paper having a finite electrical resistance, said sheet of paper having apertures extending therethrough; spaced conductor elements extending along opposite edges of said sheet of paper; first and second sheets of impervious electrical insulator material positioned on opposite sides of the sheet of paper and having edges extending beyond edges of the sheet of paper; and bonding material securing surfaces of each of the sheets of insulator material to surfaces of the sheet of paper and securing surfaces of the sheets of insulator material together adjacent edges thereof to form an impervious electrically insulated covering around the paper, the spaced conductor elements being connectable to a source of electricity to pass electrical current through said paper to heat said impervious sheets, wherein the bond between the sheets of impervious material extends through said apertures.
2. The combination called for in claim 1 wherein the spaced conductor elements comprise substantially flat elongated ribbons of conductive material, each of said ribbons having a width of at least one-fourth inch in engagement with the surface of the said sheet of paper.
3. The combination called for in claim 1 wherein each of the conductor elements comprises an elongated primary conductor extending along opposite edges of the sheet of paper and with the addition of spaced branch conductors extending laterally from each primary conductor, said branch conductors extending from one primary conductor being positioned between branch conductors extending from the other primary conductor to induce an electrical potential across the paper extending therebetween.
4. The combination called for in claim 1 wherein the impervious sheets are constructed of flexible elastomeric material.
5. The combination called for in claim 1 wherein the sheets of impervious material comprise sheets of neoprene.
6. The combination called for in claim 1 wherein the sheets of impervious material comprise molded polyester material.
7. The combination called for in claim 1 wherein the sheets of impervious material comprise bituminous material, at least one of said sheets being arranged to form a road surface.
8. The combination called for in claim 1 with the addition of tapered surfaces adjacent edges of at least one of said sheets and means to secure said sheet of impervious material to a leading edge of a wing of an airplane.
9. Heating apparatus comprising, a sheet of electrically conductive paper having a finite electrical resistance; spaced conductor elements of electrically conductive epoxy extending along opposite edges of said sheet of paper; first and second sheets of impervious electrical insulator material positioned on opposite sides of the sheet of paper and having edges extending beyond edges of the sheet of paper; and bonding material securing surfaces of each of the sheets of insulator material to surfaces of the sheet of paper and securing surfaces of the sheets of insulator material together adjacent edges thereof to form an impervious electrically insulated covering around the paper, the spaced conductor elements being connectable to a source of electricity to pass electrical current through said paper to heat said impervious sheets.
US00191989A 1971-10-26 1971-10-26 Heating apparatus Expired - Lifetime US3781526A (en)

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Cited By (32)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2339313A1 (en) * 1976-01-23 1977-08-19 Murata Manufacturing Co SEMICONDUCTOR HEATING ELEMENT WITH POSITIVE TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT
US4162395A (en) * 1975-11-07 1979-07-24 Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd. Heating unit for heating fluid
US4374312A (en) * 1981-03-16 1983-02-15 Damron John W Panel type heating apparatus
US4513197A (en) * 1982-02-26 1985-04-23 Battelle Memorial Institute Heated seal of resiliently compressible foam for matching the edge of a hollow portion of an article to an irregular surface
US4570055A (en) * 1984-05-07 1986-02-11 Raychem Corporation Electrically heat-recoverable assembly
EP0175550A1 (en) * 1984-09-14 1986-03-26 RAYCHEM CORPORATION (a California corporation) Sheet heaters having dissociated insulation
US4581521A (en) * 1980-08-28 1986-04-08 Grise Frederick Gerard J Electrically heated pipe assembly
US4628187A (en) * 1984-03-02 1986-12-09 Tokyo Cosmos Electric Co., Ltd. Planar resistance heating element
US4700054A (en) * 1983-11-17 1987-10-13 Raychem Corporation Electrical devices comprising fabrics
US4719335A (en) * 1984-01-23 1988-01-12 Raychem Corporation Devices comprising conductive polymer compositions
US4761541A (en) * 1984-01-23 1988-08-02 Raychem Corporation Devices comprising conductive polymer compositions
US4777351A (en) * 1984-09-14 1988-10-11 Raychem Corporation Devices comprising conductive polymer compositions
US4845343A (en) * 1983-11-17 1989-07-04 Raychem Corporation Electrical devices comprising fabrics
WO1990003713A1 (en) * 1988-09-30 1990-04-05 Raychem Corporation Flexible heater comprising a conductive polymer
US5023433A (en) * 1989-05-25 1991-06-11 Gordon Richard A Electrical heating unit
US5111025A (en) * 1990-02-09 1992-05-05 Raychem Corporation Seat heater
US5144113A (en) * 1988-11-30 1992-09-01 Safeway Products, Inc. Electrically heated deicer for aircraft blades
US5211223A (en) * 1992-03-02 1993-05-18 Tim Mulville Down hole oil well heater employing electro-thermal paper
US5679277A (en) * 1995-03-02 1997-10-21 Niibe; Akitoshi Flame-resistant heating body and method for making same
US5897802A (en) * 1996-12-10 1999-04-27 Jones; Robert C. Heated debris shield
US6392208B1 (en) 1999-08-06 2002-05-21 Watlow Polymer Technologies Electrofusing of thermoplastic heating elements and elements made thereby
US6392206B1 (en) 2000-04-07 2002-05-21 Waltow Polymer Technologies Modular heat exchanger
US6415501B1 (en) 1999-10-13 2002-07-09 John W. Schlesselman Heating element containing sewn resistance material
US6433317B1 (en) 2000-04-07 2002-08-13 Watlow Polymer Technologies Molded assembly with heating element captured therein
US6432344B1 (en) 1994-12-29 2002-08-13 Watlow Polymer Technology Method of making an improved polymeric immersion heating element with skeletal support and optional heat transfer fins
US6434328B2 (en) 1999-05-11 2002-08-13 Watlow Polymer Technology Fibrous supported polymer encapsulated electrical component
US6516142B2 (en) 2001-01-08 2003-02-04 Watlow Polymer Technologies Internal heating element for pipes and tubes
US6519835B1 (en) 2000-08-18 2003-02-18 Watlow Polymer Technologies Method of formable thermoplastic laminate heated element assembly
US20040195226A1 (en) * 2001-06-20 2004-10-07 Aldo Stabile Electrothermic membrane with metal core
US20050098684A1 (en) * 2003-03-14 2005-05-12 Watlow Polymer Technologies Polymer-encapsulated heating elements for controlling the temperature of an aircraft compartment
US20110067726A1 (en) * 2009-09-18 2011-03-24 Cochran Don W Narrowband de-icing and ice release system and method
US11136132B2 (en) * 2016-08-30 2021-10-05 The Boeing Company Electrically conductive materials for heating and deicing airfoils

Cited By (38)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4162395A (en) * 1975-11-07 1979-07-24 Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd. Heating unit for heating fluid
FR2339313A1 (en) * 1976-01-23 1977-08-19 Murata Manufacturing Co SEMICONDUCTOR HEATING ELEMENT WITH POSITIVE TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT
US4581521A (en) * 1980-08-28 1986-04-08 Grise Frederick Gerard J Electrically heated pipe assembly
US4374312A (en) * 1981-03-16 1983-02-15 Damron John W Panel type heating apparatus
US4513197A (en) * 1982-02-26 1985-04-23 Battelle Memorial Institute Heated seal of resiliently compressible foam for matching the edge of a hollow portion of an article to an irregular surface
US4845343A (en) * 1983-11-17 1989-07-04 Raychem Corporation Electrical devices comprising fabrics
US4700054A (en) * 1983-11-17 1987-10-13 Raychem Corporation Electrical devices comprising fabrics
US4719335A (en) * 1984-01-23 1988-01-12 Raychem Corporation Devices comprising conductive polymer compositions
US4761541A (en) * 1984-01-23 1988-08-02 Raychem Corporation Devices comprising conductive polymer compositions
US4628187A (en) * 1984-03-02 1986-12-09 Tokyo Cosmos Electric Co., Ltd. Planar resistance heating element
US4570055A (en) * 1984-05-07 1986-02-11 Raychem Corporation Electrically heat-recoverable assembly
US4777351A (en) * 1984-09-14 1988-10-11 Raychem Corporation Devices comprising conductive polymer compositions
EP0175550A1 (en) * 1984-09-14 1986-03-26 RAYCHEM CORPORATION (a California corporation) Sheet heaters having dissociated insulation
WO1990003713A1 (en) * 1988-09-30 1990-04-05 Raychem Corporation Flexible heater comprising a conductive polymer
US5144113A (en) * 1988-11-30 1992-09-01 Safeway Products, Inc. Electrically heated deicer for aircraft blades
US5023433A (en) * 1989-05-25 1991-06-11 Gordon Richard A Electrical heating unit
US5111025A (en) * 1990-02-09 1992-05-05 Raychem Corporation Seat heater
US5211223A (en) * 1992-03-02 1993-05-18 Tim Mulville Down hole oil well heater employing electro-thermal paper
US6432344B1 (en) 1994-12-29 2002-08-13 Watlow Polymer Technology Method of making an improved polymeric immersion heating element with skeletal support and optional heat transfer fins
US5679277A (en) * 1995-03-02 1997-10-21 Niibe; Akitoshi Flame-resistant heating body and method for making same
US5897802A (en) * 1996-12-10 1999-04-27 Jones; Robert C. Heated debris shield
US6434328B2 (en) 1999-05-11 2002-08-13 Watlow Polymer Technology Fibrous supported polymer encapsulated electrical component
US6392208B1 (en) 1999-08-06 2002-05-21 Watlow Polymer Technologies Electrofusing of thermoplastic heating elements and elements made thereby
US6415501B1 (en) 1999-10-13 2002-07-09 John W. Schlesselman Heating element containing sewn resistance material
US6392206B1 (en) 2000-04-07 2002-05-21 Waltow Polymer Technologies Modular heat exchanger
US6433317B1 (en) 2000-04-07 2002-08-13 Watlow Polymer Technologies Molded assembly with heating element captured therein
US6748646B2 (en) * 2000-04-07 2004-06-15 Watlow Polymer Technologies Method of manufacturing a molded heating element assembly
US6541744B2 (en) 2000-08-18 2003-04-01 Watlow Polymer Technologies Packaging having self-contained heater
US6519835B1 (en) 2000-08-18 2003-02-18 Watlow Polymer Technologies Method of formable thermoplastic laminate heated element assembly
US6539171B2 (en) 2001-01-08 2003-03-25 Watlow Polymer Technologies Flexible spirally shaped heating element
US6744978B2 (en) 2001-01-08 2004-06-01 Watlow Polymer Technologies Small diameter low watt density immersion heating element
US6516142B2 (en) 2001-01-08 2003-02-04 Watlow Polymer Technologies Internal heating element for pipes and tubes
US20040195226A1 (en) * 2001-06-20 2004-10-07 Aldo Stabile Electrothermic membrane with metal core
US20050098684A1 (en) * 2003-03-14 2005-05-12 Watlow Polymer Technologies Polymer-encapsulated heating elements for controlling the temperature of an aircraft compartment
US20110067726A1 (en) * 2009-09-18 2011-03-24 Cochran Don W Narrowband de-icing and ice release system and method
US11052435B2 (en) 2009-09-18 2021-07-06 Pressco Ip Llc Narrowband de-icing and ice release system and method
US11136132B2 (en) * 2016-08-30 2021-10-05 The Boeing Company Electrically conductive materials for heating and deicing airfoils
US11884395B2 (en) 2016-08-30 2024-01-30 The Boeing Company Electrically conductive materials for heating and deicing airfoils

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