US3801877A - Apparatus for producing a region free from interfering magnetic fields - Google Patents

Apparatus for producing a region free from interfering magnetic fields Download PDF

Info

Publication number
US3801877A
US3801877A US00289257A US3801877DA US3801877A US 3801877 A US3801877 A US 3801877A US 00289257 A US00289257 A US 00289257A US 3801877D A US3801877D A US 3801877DA US 3801877 A US3801877 A US 3801877A
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
fields
probe
probe means
region
field
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US00289257A
Inventor
A Griese
A Kalisch
H Luz
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Institut Dr Friedrich Foerster Pruefgeraetebau GmbH and Co KG
Original Assignee
Institut Dr Friedrich Foerster Pruefgeraetebau GmbH and Co KG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Institut Dr Friedrich Foerster Pruefgeraetebau GmbH and Co KG filed Critical Institut Dr Friedrich Foerster Pruefgeraetebau GmbH and Co KG
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3801877A publication Critical patent/US3801877A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01FMAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F7/00Magnets
    • H01F7/06Electromagnets; Actuators including electromagnets
    • H01F7/20Electromagnets; Actuators including electromagnets without armatures
    • H01F7/202Electromagnets for high magnetic field strength
    • H01F7/204Circuits for energising or de-energising

Definitions

  • U.S.Cl. ..317/157.5 in the mit free from interference fields is P 51 Int. Cl. ..n01r13/00 Pressed by installing at each P lcatins
  • References Cited amplifiers may be manually adjusted to compensate for fixed fields generated by other equipment being UNITED STATES PATENTS I used in the region v 2,697,186 12/1954 Anderson 317/1575 11 Claims, 3 Drawing Figures fiffldffii/A y /7 1 QMB c/ecu/r 32 2 y 29 3Q f'iff -17 t.
  • Another known technique for achieving a field-free region is to arrange individual field generating coils, such as Helmholtz coils, in the X, Y and Z coordinates encompassing the region.
  • separate field sensing probes are arranged along the same X, Y and Z coordinates for detecting the presence of interfering magnetic fields and controlling associated power circuits to the field generating coils for producing a field counter to the interference field. That is,-the apparatus in accordance with this technique senses the presence of an interfering magnetic field and an oppositely directed field of the same magnitude is generated thereby bringing the resultant field within the controlled region to zero.
  • the field sensing probes must be located sufficiently far from the monitored region to prevent interaction with the compensating coils on the probes. That is, the probes are not measuring the field within the magnetic free region alone, but a larger space that includes the region.
  • a remote location of the sensors can be tolerated for relatively homogeneous interference fields, such as the magnetic field of the earth, this may not be possible where the fields are generated by such things as motors, generators, or electric current conducting lines, for example.
  • a further object is the provision of apparatus for producing a magnetic field free region having field counteracting means producing a resultant zero field within the region even where the operational characteristics of the various apparatus component elements vary within broad limits.
  • Another object is the provision of apparatus for producing a field free region as in the above objects in which monitoring of interference fields within the region can be accomplished relatively easily and inexpensively.
  • a still further object is the provision of apparatus for creating a region free from interfering magnetic fields in which field sensors include compensation coils to obviate interaction with counter-field generating coils.
  • magnetic field generating coils are provided, arranged at opposite sides of the region to be made free of magnetic field and along each of the three coordinate axes.
  • a set of field sensing probes or transducers are provided having compensation coils to prevent interaction with the field generating coils arranged along other axes.
  • means are provided for manually biasing control amplifiers to compensate for fixed fields generated by other equipment being used in the region.
  • FIG. 1 shows in schematic form the apparatus of the present invention illustrated particularly for the elimination of interfering magnetic fields in a region including an electron microscope.
  • FIG. 2 discloses a system similar to FIG. 1 including a modified probe.
  • FIG. 3 depicts a means for producing dynamic control for either of the versions of FIGS. 1 or 2.
  • FIG. 1 there is depictedlin schematic form the circuit apparatus and coil arrangement of the subject invention for providing a region substantially completely free from interfering, externally generated magnetic fields. More particularly, theregion is seen to include, for illustrative purposes only, in its central portion an electron microscope vacuum cylinder and a substantial volume immediately adjacent thereto.
  • the region being monitored and treated by the apparatus to be described is encompassed by a three-dimensional set of Helmholtz coils 11, including pairs of coils l2, l3, l4, l5, l6 and 17, each pair aligned in one of the X, Y and Z coordinate directions.
  • the coils 12 and 13 when energized will provide a field parallel to the X-axis, coils 14 and 15 parallel to the Y-axis, and coils 16 and 17 parallel to the Z-axis.
  • each of the probes 18-20 can include a magnetometer, e.g., a flux-gate magnetometer which generates a signal of value related to the strength of the magnetic field'existing in the direction of the respective probe axis.
  • a magnetometer e.g., a flux-gate magnetometer which generates a signal of value related to the strength of the magnetic field'existing in the direction of the respective probe axis.
  • Signals from each of the probes 18-20 are connected via leads 21, 22 and 23, respectively, to processing circuits 24, 25 and 26 for producing signals generally proportional to the probe signals
  • the processing circuits are connected to driving amplifiers 27, 28 and '29, the outputs of which are fed 'overleads 30, 3 1 and 32, to the pairs of Helmholtz coils for generating fields within the region opposite to that detectedby the probes.
  • the Helmholtz coils 12-17 have been shown as comprising a single turn, however, it is to be understood that in a practical embodiment of the invention, such coils willusually each comprise a considerably larger number of windings.
  • Helmholtz refers to the fact that the coils of each pair, i.e., l2 and 13 for the X-axis, are maintained spaced at a distance substantially equal to the effective radius of the coils. It can be shown that with such an arrangement the magnetic field so generated is highly uniform throughou the space between the coils. i
  • the leads 30 are seen to provide energizing power touch of Helmholtz coils l2 and 13 such that the magnetic field generated therein will have a resultant field in 'a' single direction normal to the planes ofjthe two fields and parallel to the X-axis.
  • closed loop energization of the field generating coils for the ,Y- and Z- axes is also available. It can be shown that if the probes are maintainedrelatively close to the cylinder 10, the magnetic field sensed by the probes will be substantially thesame as that in the vacuum cylinder 10.
  • the X system as an illustration, if no interfering field is present, and thus none sensed by the X probe 18, no signal is applied to the processing circuit 24 or to the amplifier 27, so that the X-axis Helmholtz coils l2 and 13 will not be energized.
  • the magnetic field generating coils of one coordinate axis may produce componentfields in the probes of the other coordinate axes, mainly because an accurate arrangement of the probes cannot always be practically achieved. Also, when the probes are located outside the region of uniform magnetic field of the Helmholtz coils, the problem is accentuated.
  • v 1
  • each of the processing circuits 36-38 is fed via leads 42, 43 and 44 to power or driver amplifiers 45, 46 and 47, which amplifiers, as in the first described embodiment, generate currents functionally related to the magnetic fields interacting with the respective probes 33-35.
  • each of paired leads 48-50 includes a serially arranged resistor 54, 55 and 56.
  • the voltage drops produced in the resistors 54-56 by driving currents are applied across compensating windings wound on the probes for each of the other two coordinate axes. That is, the voltage drop across resistor 54 (which is in the X-axis circuit) is applied through a variable resistor 57 to a compensating winding 58 on the X probe, and also via a further variable resistor 59 to a compensating winding 60 on the Z probe 35.
  • variable resistor 61 the voltage across resistor 55 in the circuit to the Y coil is applied through variable resistor 61 to a compensating winding 62 on the Z probe, as well as through a variable resistor 63 to a compensating winding 64 on the X probe.
  • voltage developed across-resistor 56 by current powering the Z coils is applied under controlof the variable resistor 65 to a compensating winding 66 on the X probe and via a variable resistor 67 to a compensating winding 68 on the Y probe.
  • Three other compensation windings for the X, Y and Z probes, respectively, are identified by the numerals 69, 70 and 71, and which are fed by current from the field current of the equipment being used, such as the field current of the magnetic lense system of an electron microscope 72, for example. Threshold adjustment for the windings 69-71 is under the individual control of variable resistors 73, 74 and 75, specific adjustment of which will be described.
  • Operation of the apparatus depicted in FIG. 2 is generally the same as that in the embodiment of FIG. 1 already described, except that compensation of stray field components detected by the probes from operation of the different coils is achieved.
  • the three separate closed circuits for the X, Y and Z coils are temporarily disconnected at the lines 42, 43 and 44.
  • the lens systems of the electron microscope 72 is turned off and only one of the sets of Helmholtz coils is maintained in operation, the X coil 51, for example.
  • a prescribed amount of current is caused to flow in the X coil 51 and the devices 40 and 41 are referred to to determine if stray field effect is produced in either the Y or Z probes as a result of the X field generation.
  • variableresistors 57 and 59 Assuming that there is such an interaction, then proper adjustment of variableresistors 57 and 59 as well as insuring correct polarity by the reversing connections to the terminals 76 and 77 if needed, will zero the readings in the devices 40and 41 whereby all effect of the X coil field on the Y and Z probes is counteracted.
  • This same procedure is followed with respect to the other probes by sequential energization of the Y and Z coils.
  • cross compensation all effect of components from the X, Y and Z coil magnetic fields on the probes is eliminated.
  • the leads 42-44 are temporarily disconnected as before.
  • the devices 39-41 will experience a deviation from zero as a result of the field produced by the microscope lens system.
  • Zeroing of the devices 39-41 is accomplished by individual adjustment of the variable resistors 73, 74 and 75, and, where needed, reversal of connection at terminals 78-80 to produce the correct polarity for required compensation.
  • the leads 42, 43 and 44 are again connected as shown in FIG. 2.
  • the apparatus is now ready for general use to counteract the effect of interference magnetic fields generated by sources located externally of the region encompassed by the Helmholtz coils.
  • FIG. 3 Another version of the invention for removing the influence of relatively constant fields produced by equipment such as an electron microscope, is that shown in FIG. 3.
  • coupling capacitors 81, 82 and 83 are serially arranged, respectively, between the processing circuits 36-38 and their associated driver amplifiers 45-47.
  • the input of each amplifier 45-47 is connected via a manually adjustable slidewire contact of a resistance potentiometer arranged across a D. C. source: potentiometer 84, amplifier 45; potentiometer 85, amplifier 46; and potentiometer 86, amplifier 47.
  • the remainder of circuit apparatus can be the same as in FIG. 2.
  • the value of these capacitors be chosen in order that the lower frequency limit be in the range 0.1 Hz, which will exclude slower changes of magnetic field from being balanced out by the system.
  • the measuring time required for most electron microscope operation is usually below 10 seconds, a frequency limit approximating the lower frequency limit specified above is most feasible, while changes of magnetic field at a higher rate which could impair resolution of the elec- I tron microscope will, on the other hand, be satisfactorily controlled.
  • Apparatus for producing a space free from magnetic interference fields within which space systems sensitive to interference fields are located comprising:
  • probe means responsive to magnetic fields being located in the space to be free from interference fields for receiving the sum total of all the magnetic fields existing at the probe means location, said probe means generating electric signals generally proportional to the ambient magnetic field;
  • Apparatus for eliminating interference magnetic fields from a prescribed region in which field generating equipment is operated comprising:
  • first, second and third coil means arranged along the respective x, y and z orthogonal axes of said region;
  • first, second and third magnetic'field probe means located within said prescribed region and each respectively arranged to sense magnetic fields along one of the orthogonal axes of said region;
  • each processing circuit and the associated coil means for powering said coil means to produce a magnetic field in said region cancelling interference fields sensed by the probe means.
  • each probe means is provided with compensating winding means, and an individually selectively variable source of electric power is connected to each said compensating winding means for cancelling out in each probemeans the effects of fields produced by said field generating equipment.
  • capacitor means interconnect each processing circuit with its associated amplifying means so that current changes in the coil means are only produced on changes in magnetic fields sensed by the probe means.

Abstract

Magnetic field generating coils are arranged at opposite sides of a region to be made free of interference magnetic fields along each of the three coordinate axes. A set of field sensing probes or transducers are also provided along the respective axes with compensation coils to prevent interaction with the field generating coils arranged along the other axes. As a further aspect, undesired interaction of the probes with control circuits of other equipment or devices being used in the region free from interference fields is suppressed by installing at each of the probe locations one or more compensating coils for nullifying the effect of these fields on the probes. Optionally, control amplifiers may be manually adjusted to compensate for fixed fields generated by other equipment being used in the region.

Description

United States Patent 4 1w:
Griese et al.
1 Apr. 2, 1974 APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING A REGION FREE FROM INTERFERING MAGNETIC FIELDS [75] Inventors: Alfons Griese, Rommelsbach; Alfons A. Kalisch; Hans G. Luz, both of Reutlingen, all of Germany [73] Assignee: Institut Dr. Friedrich Forster,
. Prufgeratebau, Reutlingen,
Germany 22 Filed: Sept. 15,1972
21 App1.No.: 289,257
Primary ExaminerL. T. Hix Attorney, Agent, or Firm-George J. Netter, Esq.
[57] ABSTRACT trol circuits of other equipment or devices being used 52 U.S.Cl. ..317/157.5 in the regim free from interference fields is P 51 Int. Cl. ..n01r13/00 Pressed by installing at each P lcatins ['58] Field of Search .1 317/123 157.5 cmpensating the fect of these fields on the probes. Optionally, control [56] References Cited amplifiers may be manually adjusted to compensate for fixed fields generated by other equipment being UNITED STATES PATENTS I used in the region v 2,697,186 12/1954 Anderson 317/1575 11 Claims, 3 Drawing Figures fiffldffii/A y /7 1 QMB c/ecu/r 32 2 y 29 3Q f'iff -17 t.
Z0 V 1 Z pzoa'ges/A/g m M anew/7- 24 flzaa fisw J a'zau/r PAIENTEDAPR 21914 SHEET 2 OF 3 APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING A REGION FREE FROM INTERFERING MAGNETIC FIELDS FIELD OF THE INVENTION within which magnetically sensitive devices may be operated.
There are many electrical apparatus having a high sensitivity to ambient magnetic fields and which, if not compensated for in some manner, severely influence the apparatus operation. For example, modern electron microscopes have a very high resolution which under ideal conditions can approach the theoretical limit of 2.3 Angstroms where by ideal conditions is meant that the region within which the electron microscope is operated is substantially free from all interfering externally generated magnetic fields, even the magnetic field of the earth. The importance of this will be appreciated when it is noted that magnetic fields as low as 0.5-1 millioersteds produce detectable deflections in the electron beam of an electron microscope. With such apparatus constant interference fields will only produce a displacement of the image and can be compensated for as long as the relative orientation of the interference field and the microscope are maintained unchanged. However, a more serious problem is created when the interference field is alternating, in that it will affect image definition and in that way the ultimate resolution obtainable by the microscope.
Moreover, it has been found that considerable distortion in color is obtained in color television tubes when the electron beam is shifted by even a very small amount, and, for this reason, those involved in research and development of such picture tubes require areas within which to work with the tubes that are free from external magnetic fields. Similarly, spectroscopes must be free from interference fields for optimal perform:
ance.
- One method of suppressing interference fields for relatively large enclosures in the past has been by shielding the regions against external fields. This was done by enclosing the area with several layers of a material such as mu-metal or some other highly conductive metal.
. However, although this approach is satisfactory for many situations, the cost can be objectionably high, particularly where the shielded region is relatively large.
Another known technique for achieving a field-free region is to arrange individual field generating coils, such as Helmholtz coils, in the X, Y and Z coordinates encompassing the region. In addition, separate field sensing probes are arranged along the same X, Y and Z coordinates for detecting the presence of interfering magnetic fields and controlling associated power circuits to the field generating coils for producing a field counter to the interference field. That is,-the apparatus in accordance with this technique senses the presence of an interfering magnetic field and an oppositely directed field of the same magnitude is generated thereby bringing the resultant field within the controlled region to zero.
Although the counter field technique just described is satisfactory, it has several serious drawbacks. First of all, the field sensing probes must be located sufficiently far from the monitored region to prevent interaction with the compensating coils on the probes. That is, the probes are not measuring the field within the magnetic free region alone, but a larger space that includes the region. Moreover, although a remote location of the sensors can be tolerated for relatively homogeneous interference fields, such as the magnetic field of the earth, this may not be possible where the fields are generated by such things as motors, generators, or electric current conducting lines, for example. Moreover, to operate satisfactorily, it is necessary that the probe signals and associated circuitry driving the compensating coils be very stable since any change in amplification of any one of the probe channels could result in a severe unbalance in the system. Finally, if the space or region to be maintained interference free is to be monitored continuously, it is necessary in the practice of this technique that special probes be installed within the space or region, which is a disadvantage.
It is, therefore, a primary object and aim of the present invention to provide apparatus for establishing a region or working space that is free from interfering magnetic fields, all of which is obtained inexpensively and reliably.
A further object is the provision of apparatus for producing a magnetic field free region having field counteracting means producing a resultant zero field within the region even where the operational characteristics of the various apparatus component elements vary within broad limits.
Another object is the provision of apparatus for producing a field free region as in the above objects in which monitoring of interference fields within the region can be accomplished relatively easily and inexpensively.
A still further object is the provision of apparatus for creating a region free from interfering magnetic fields in which field sensors include compensation coils to obviate interaction with counter-field generating coils.
In the practice of the present invention, magnetic field generating coils are provided, arranged at opposite sides of the region to be made free of magnetic field and along each of the three coordinate axes. A set of field sensing probes or transducers are provided having compensation coils to prevent interaction with the field generating coils arranged along other axes.
As a further aspect, undesired interaction of the probes with control circuits of other equipment or devices being used in the region free from interference fields is suppressed by installing at each of the probe locations one or more compensating coils which nullifies the effect of these fields on the probes.
'In' yet another aspect of the invention, means are provided for manually biasing control amplifiers to compensate for fixed fields generated by other equipment being used in the region.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 shows in schematic form the apparatus of the present invention illustrated particularly for the elimination of interfering magnetic fields in a region including an electron microscope.
FIG. 2 discloses a system similar to FIG. 1 including a modified probe.
. 3' FIG. 3 depicts a means for producing dynamic control for either of the versions of FIGS. 1 or 2.
DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Turning now to the drawings and particularly FIG. 1, there is depictedlin schematic form the circuit apparatus and coil arrangement of the subject invention for providing a region substantially completely free from interfering, externally generated magnetic fields. More particularly, theregion is seen to include, for illustrative purposes only, in its central portion an electron microscope vacuum cylinder and a substantial volume immediately adjacent thereto. The region being monitored and treated by the apparatus to be described is encompassed by a three-dimensional set of Helmholtz coils 11, including pairs of coils l2, l3, l4, l5, l6 and 17, each pair aligned in one of the X, Y and Z coordinate directions. That is, with reference to the coordinate axes diagram, the coils 12 and 13, when energized will provide a field parallel to the X-axis, coils 14 and 15 parallel to the Y-axis, and coils 16 and 17 parallel to the Z-axis.
In addition, a set of 'X, Y and Z oriented magnetic field sensing probes 18, 19 and 20 are located within the region to be maintained free from interference fields and closely adjacent the cylinder 10. Preferably, each of the probes 18-20 can include a magnetometer, e.g., a flux-gate magnetometer which generates a signal of value related to the strength of the magnetic field'existing in the direction of the respective probe axis. Signals from each of the probes 18-20 are connected via leads 21, 22 and 23, respectively, to processing circuits 24, 25 and 26 for producing signals generally proportional to the probe signals The processing circuits are connected to driving amplifiers 27, 28 and '29, the outputs of which are fed 'overleads 30, 3 1 and 32, to the pairs of Helmholtz coils for generating fields within the region opposite to that detectedby the probes. For simplicity'of illustration, the Helmholtz coils 12-17 have been shown as comprising a single turn, however, it is to be understood that in a practical embodiment of the invention, such coils willusually each comprise a considerably larger number of windings.
The term Helmholtz, as applied to the various magnetic field generating coils of this invention, refers to the factthat the coils of each pair, i.e., l2 and 13 for the X-axis, are maintained spaced at a distance substantially equal to the effective radius of the coils. It can be shown that with such an arrangement the magnetic field so generated is highly uniform throughou the space between the coils. i
Referring to the output from amplifier 27, for example, the leads 30 are seen to provide energizing power touch of Helmholtz coils l2 and 13 such that the magnetic field generated therein will have a resultant field in 'a' single direction normal to the planes ofjthe two fields and parallel to the X-axis. In a similar manner, closed loop energization of the field generating coils for the ,Y- and Z- axes is also available. It can be shown that if the probes are maintainedrelatively close to the cylinder 10, the magnetic field sensed by the probes will be substantially thesame as that in the vacuum cylinder 10. f t
Each of the pairs of the field generating coils, its associated processing circuit and driver amplifier, form a closed loop system. Using'the X system as an illustration, if no interfering field is present, and thus none sensed by the X probe 18, no signal is applied to the processing circuit 24 or to the amplifier 27, so that the X-axis Helmholtz coils l2 and 13 will not be energized. On the other hand, when an interference magnetic field is detected by the X probe 18, a signal of polarity corresponding to the direction of the interference field will be applied to the processing circuitry 24, which will produce at the output lines 30 of the amplifier 27 a driving current applied to .the Helmholtz coils 12 and 13 of such magnitude and in such direction as to direct a magnetic field in the region of the vacuum cylinder 10 opposite to that of the interference field. Specifically, the resultant of the interference field with that generated by coils l2 and 13 responsive thereto, is ideally zcro. Operation for the other axes is the same. In the usual case, an-interfercncc field will not be directed exactly along any of the orthogonal axes, but rather at an angle theretosuch that more than one probe is 'affected by the respective interference field component.
It is important to note that changes in sensitivity of the probes, amplification of the driver amplifiers, or field generating coil efficiency have practically noinfluence on the resultant operation of the described apparatus; There must, however, be sufficient overall sensitivity and amplification in each of the closed loops to provide counteraction for the lowest magnitude of interference field that can adversely affect operation of other equipment in the work region. I
Although operation of the FIG. 1 embodiment is generally satisfactory, certain difficulties are encountered in practical operation. First of all, the magnetic field generating coils of one coordinate axis may produce componentfields in the probes of the other coordinate axes, mainly because an accurate arrangement of the probes cannot always be practically achieved. Also, when the probes are located outside the region of uniform magnetic field of the Helmholtz coils, the problem is accentuated. v 1
Another problem arises from the fact that equipment operating within the region being maintained free from interfering fields, such as an electron microscope for example, frequently generates a magnetic field of its own which is sensed by the probes and interpreted thereby as an interference field resulting in a further counteracting field being generated in the manner already described. For example, typically, an electron microscope will produce a magnetic field which at the outer surface of the vacuum cylinder may attain a magnitude as great as 10 oersteds. Accordingly, special measures must be taken when such equipment is operated within the work region to obviate an erroneous counter field being generated resulting from the detection of the equipment generated field. A particularly effectivetechn'ique for this purpose and the onedescribed herein, is thev introductionof compensating windings onto the probes. v 3
Turning now to FIG. 2 of the drawings, probes'33, 34'
and 35 for monitoring the field condition in a given region, are assumed orientedas inthe FIG. 1 arrangement to detect fields parallel to the X-axis, Y-axis and Z-axis, respectively. As before, conventional electric connections are provided from these probes to processing circuits 36, 37 and 38, the modulation of which are individually controlled in a conventional manner by adjustment of the devices 39, 40 and 41. The output of each of the processing circuits 36-38 is fed via leads 42, 43 and 44 to power or driver amplifiers 45, 46 and 47, which amplifiers, as in the first described embodiment, generate currents functionally related to the magnetic fields interacting with the respective probes 33-35.
Current from the amplifiers -47 is directed along leads 48, 49 and 50 to drive the X, Y and Z field generating coils 51, 52 and 53, the latter being shown schematically as a single turn'each. One lead of each of paired leads 48-50 includes a serially arranged resistor 54, 55 and 56. The voltage drops produced in the resistors 54-56 by driving currents are applied across compensating windings wound on the probes for each of the other two coordinate axes. That is, the voltage drop across resistor 54 (which is in the X-axis circuit) is applied through a variable resistor 57 to a compensating winding 58 on the X probe, and also via a further variable resistor 59 to a compensating winding 60 on the Z probe 35. Similarly, the voltage across resistor 55 in the circuit to the Y coil is applied through variable resistor 61 to a compensating winding 62 on the Z probe, as well as through a variable resistor 63 to a compensating winding 64 on the X probe. Finally, voltage developed across-resistor 56 by current powering the Z coils is applied under controlof the variable resistor 65 to a compensating winding 66 on the X probe and via a variable resistor 67 to a compensating winding 68 on the Y probe.
Three other compensation windings for the X, Y and Z probes, respectively, are identified by the numerals 69, 70 and 71, and which are fed by current from the field current of the equipment being used, such as the field current of the magnetic lense system of an electron microscope 72, for example. Threshold adjustment for the windings 69-71 is under the individual control of variable resistors 73, 74 and 75, specific adjustment of which will be described.
Operation of the apparatus depicted in FIG. 2 is generally the same as that in the embodiment of FIG. 1 already described, except that compensation of stray field components detected by the probes from operation of the different coils is achieved. Initially the three separate closed circuits for the X, Y and Z coils are temporarily disconnected at the lines 42, 43 and 44. Also, at this time, the lens systems of the electron microscope 72 is turned off and only one of the sets of Helmholtz coils is maintained in operation, the X coil 51, for example. A prescribed amount of current is caused to flow in the X coil 51 and the devices 40 and 41 are referred to to determine if stray field effect is produced in either the Y or Z probes as a result of the X field generation. Assuming that there is such an interaction, then proper adjustment of variableresistors 57 and 59 as well as insuring correct polarity by the reversing connections to the terminals 76 and 77 if needed, will zero the readings in the devices 40and 41 whereby all effect of the X coil field on the Y and Z probes is counteracted. This same procedure is followed with respect to the other probes by sequential energization of the Y and Z coils. By this technique whichcanbe referredto as cross compensation, all effect of components from the X, Y and Z coil magnetic fields on the probes is eliminated.
For compensating or counteractingany fixed field generated by the, electron microscope 72, the leads 42-44 are temporarily disconnected as before. When the electron microscope is switched on, the devices 39-41 will experience a deviation from zero as a result of the field produced by the microscope lens system.
Zeroing of the devices 39-41 is accomplished by individual adjustment of the variable resistors 73, 74 and 75, and, where needed, reversal of connection at terminals 78-80 to produce the correct polarity for required compensation.
After initial calibration or compensation for stray fields from the Helmholtz coils and from the equipment being used in the field-free region (electron microscope), the leads 42, 43 and 44 are again connected as shown in FIG. 2. The apparatus is now ready for general use to counteract the effect of interference magnetic fields generated by sources located externally of the region encompassed by the Helmholtz coils.
In certain circumstances it may be possible to avoid interaction of the probes with fields generated by the electron microscope by locating the probes where the effect of the electron microscopes field is minimal.
Another version of the invention for removing the influence of relatively constant fields produced by equipment such as an electron microscope, is that shown in FIG. 3. As illustrated there, coupling capacitors 81, 82 and 83 are serially arranged, respectively, between the processing circuits 36-38 and their associated driver amplifiers 45-47. In addition, the input of each amplifier 45-47 is connected via a manually adjustable slidewire contact of a resistance potentiometer arranged across a D. C. source: potentiometer 84, amplifier 45; potentiometer 85, amplifier 46; and potentiometer 86, amplifier 47. The remainder of circuit apparatus can be the same as in FIG. 2.
Manual compensation for the field produced by the electron microscope or other such equipment in the FIG. 3 embodiment is effected by manually adjusting each of the slide-wire contacts of the potentiometers 84-86 until zero is indicated on each of the devices 39-41. After zeroing in this manner, the apparatus of the invention is now fully compensated for all constant magnetic fields existing at the location of the probes which, although it has been assumed are generated by the electron microscope or other equipment, can in actuality be any constant field such as, for example, the magnetic field of the earthv The capacitors 81-83 in conjunction with the input resistance of the respective amplifiers 4547 form a time constant as is well known in the electronic arts. It is advisable that the value of these capacitors be chosen in order that the lower frequency limit be in the range 0.1 Hz, which will exclude slower changes of magnetic field from being balanced out by the system. However, since the measuring time required for most electron microscope operation is usually below 10 seconds, a frequency limit approximating the lower frequency limit specified above is most feasible, while changes of magnetic field at a higher rate which could impair resolution of the elec- I tron microscope will, on the other hand, be satisfactorily controlled.
What is claimed is:
1. Apparatus for producing a space free from magnetic interference fields within which space systems sensitive to interference fields are located, such as electron microscopes, spectroscopes, and'the like, comprising:
probe means responsive to magnetic fields being located in the space to be free from interference fields for receiving the sum total of all the magnetic fields existing at the probe means location, said probe means generating electric signals generally proportional to the ambient magnetic field;
means connected with said probe means for generating an electric current as a function of the sum total of all the magnetic fields received by the probe means; and
coil means powered by the electric current for producing further electric fields in directions and of respective magnitudes such that the sum total of all the magnetic fields existing at the probe means location is substantially zer'o.
2. Apparatus as in claim 1, in which the probe means are located in the immediate vicinity of the systems sensitive to interference fields.
3. Apparatus as in claim 1, in which the probe means are arranged to sense magnetic fields preferentially along the directions of an orthogonal set of coordinates and the coil means are arranged so that magnetic fields generated thereby are directed along the field-sensitive directions of the probe means.
4. Apparatus as in claim 1, in which interaction of the coil means with the probe means is suppressed by the provision of compensating winding means on said probe means, and means providing a current to said compensating winding means of such polarity and magnitude as to cancel out the interaction.
5. Apparatus as in claim 1, in which interactions of fields produced by said systems sensitive to interference fields with the probe means are suppressed by compensating winding means wound on said probe means, and further means are provided for directing an electric current through said compensating winding means of such magnitude and polarity as to counteract the systems generated fields.
6. Apparatus for eliminating interference magnetic fields from a prescribed region in which field generating equipment is operated, comprising:
first, second and third coil means arranged along the respective x, y and z orthogonal axes of said region;
first, second and third magnetic'field probe means located within said prescribed region and each respectively arranged to sense magnetic fields along one of the orthogonal axes of said region;
individual processing circuits connected to said probe means for providing electric signals substantially proportional to the magnetic fields sensed by the associated probe means; and
separate amplifying means interconnecting each processing circuit and the associated coil means for powering said coil means to produce a magnetic field in said region cancelling interference fields sensed by the probe means.
7. Apparatus as in claim 6, in which each probe .means is provided with compensating winding means,
and an individually selectively variable source of electric power is connected to each said compensating winding means for cancelling out in each probe means the effect of fields generated by the coil means located in the other coordinate axes. I
8. Apparatus as in claim 6, in which each probe means is provided with compensating winding means, and an individually selectively variable source of electric power is connected to each said compensating winding means for cancelling out in each probemeans the effects of fields produced by said field generating equipment.
9. Apparatus as in claim 6, in which there are provided first and second compensating windings on each probe means, and individual selectively adjustable electric power sources connected to each compensating winding the adjustment of which effectively cancels out for each probe means both the field effect of coil means in the other coordinate axes and that of the field generating equipment.
10. Apparatus as in claim 6, in which individual selectively variable electric power source means are connected to each amplifying means, individual adjustment of which compensates for relatively constant interference fields.
11. Apparatus as in claim 6, in which capacitor means interconnect each processing circuit with its associated amplifying means so that current changes in the coil means are only produced on changes in magnetic fields sensed by the probe means.
UNITED STATES. PATENT OFFICE CERTIFICATE OF CORRECTION Patent No. 377 Dated jpril 2. 1974 Inventor) ALFONS GRIESE, ALFONS A. KALISCH, HANS s. LUZ
It is certified that error appears in the above-identified patent and that said Letters Patent are hereby corrected as shown below:
The following information should be inserted on the title page} [30] Foreign Application Priority Data Sep. 15, 1971 Germany .2l4607l.9
(SEAL) Attest:
MCCOY M. GIBSON, JR. Attesting Officer 0. MARSHALL DANN Commissioner of Patents F ORM PO-IOSO (IO-69) I u.s. covznuuaur PRINTING OFFICE an 0-36-384,
Signed and sealed this 30th day of July 1974.
' UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE CERTIFICATE OF CORRECTION Patent No. .3 f 301 8'77 Dated April 2 l 1974 Inventofls) ALFONS GRIESE, ALFONS A. KALISCH, HANS G. LUZ
It is certified that error appears in the above-identified patent and that said Letters Patent are hereby corrected as shown below:
The following information should be inserted on the title page;
[30] Foreign Application Priority Data Sep. 15, 1971 Germany ..2l4607l.9
(SEAL) Attest:
MCCOY M. GIBSON, JR. c. MARSHALL DANN Attesting Officer I Commissioner of Patents USCOMM-DC GOS'IQ-PUO FORM PO-OSO (IO-69) u.s. covnuuspumanna omce nu o-au-au.

Claims (11)

1. Apparatus for producing a space free from magnetic interference fields within which space systems sensitive to interference fields are located, such as electron microscopes, spectroscopes, and the like, comprising: probe means responsive to magnetic fields being located in the space to be free from interference fields for receiving the sum total of all the magnetic fields existing at the probe means location, said probe means generating electric signals generally proportional to the ambient magnetic field; means connected with said probe means for generating an electric current as a function of the sum total of all the magnetic fields received by the probe means; and coil means powered by the electric current for producing further electric fields in directions and of respective magnitudes such that the sum total of all the magnetic fields existing at the probe means location is substantially zero.
2. Apparatus as in claim 1, in which the probe means are located in the immediate vicinity of the systems sensitive to interference fields.
3. Apparatus as in claim 1, in which the probe means are arranged to sense magnetic fields preferentially along the directions of an orthogonal set of coordinates and the coil means are arranged so that magnetic fields generated thereby are directed along the field-sensitive directions of the probe means.
4. Apparatus as in claim 1, in which interaction of the coil means with the probe means is suppressed by the provision of compensating winding means on said probe means, and means providing a current to said compensating winding means of such polarity and magnitude as to cancel out the interaction.
5. Apparatus as in claim 1, in which interactions of fields produced by said systems sensitive to interference fields with the probe means are suppressed by compensating winding means wound on said probe means, and further means are provided for directing an electric current through said compensating winding means of such magnitude and polarity as to counteract the systems generated fields.
6. Apparatus for eliminating interference magnetic fields from a prescribed region in which field generating equipment is operated, comprising: first, second and third coil means arranged along the respective x, y and z orthogonal axes of said region; first, second and third magnetic field probe means located within said prescribed region and each respectively arranged to sense magnetic fields along one of the orthogonal axes of said region; individual processing circuits connected to said probe means for providing electric signals substantially proportional to the magnetic fields sensed by the associated probe means; and separate amplifying means interconnecting each processing circuit and the associated coil means for powering said coil means to produce a magnetic field in said region cancelling interference fields sensed by the probe means.
7. Apparatus as in claim 6, in which each probe means is provided with compensating winding means, and an individually selectively variable source of electric power is connected to each said compensating winding means for cancelling out in each probe means the effect of fields generated by the coil means located in the other coordinate axes.
8. Apparatus as in claim 6, in which each probe means is provided with compensating winding means, and an individually selectively variable source of electric power is connected to each said compensating winding means for cancelling out in each probe means the effects of fields produced by said field generating equipment.
9. Apparatus as in claim 6, in which there are provided first and second compensating windings on each probe means, and individual selectively adjustable electric power sources connected to each compensating winding the adjustment of which effectively cancels out for each probe means both the field effect of coil means in the other coordinate axes and that of the field generating equipment.
10. Apparatus as in claim 6, in which individual selectively variable electric power source means are connected to each amplifying means, individual adjustment of which compensates for relatively constant interference fields.
11. Apparatus as in claim 6, in which capacitor means interconnect each processing circuit with its associated amplifying means so that current changes in the coil means are only produced on changes in magnetic fields sensed by the probe means.
US00289257A 1972-09-15 1972-09-15 Apparatus for producing a region free from interfering magnetic fields Expired - Lifetime US3801877A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US28925772A 1972-09-15 1972-09-15

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3801877A true US3801877A (en) 1974-04-02

Family

ID=23110731

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US00289257A Expired - Lifetime US3801877A (en) 1972-09-15 1972-09-15 Apparatus for producing a region free from interfering magnetic fields

Country Status (1)

Country Link
US (1) US3801877A (en)

Cited By (26)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2443672A1 (en) * 1974-09-12 1976-03-25 Foerster Friedrich Dr PROCESS AND EQUIPMENT FOR STABLE COMPENSATION OF MAGNETIC INTERFERENCE FIELDS
WO1980002017A1 (en) * 1977-10-18 1980-10-02 N Akesson Method for protective magnetization of vessels
DE4006542A1 (en) * 1989-03-13 1990-09-20 Mitsubishi Electric Corp Magnetic field correction device for CRT - has correction coil supplied with decaying AC signal and magnetic field dependant DC signal
US5126669A (en) * 1990-11-27 1992-06-30 The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator, Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration Precision measurement of magnetic characteristics of an article with nullification of external magnetic fields
US5128643A (en) * 1990-09-24 1992-07-07 Newman David E Method and apparatus for producing a region of low magnetic field
US5225999A (en) * 1990-07-06 1993-07-06 The Trustees Of The University Of Pennsylvania Magnetic environment stabilization for effective operation of magnetically sensitive instruments
DE4300529A1 (en) * 1993-01-12 1994-07-21 Andreas Zierdt Method and device for determining the spatial arrangement of a direction-sensitive magnetic field sensor
DE4307453A1 (en) * 1993-03-10 1994-09-15 Ruhrgas Ag Method and device for locating a line
US5365115A (en) * 1992-06-23 1994-11-15 Stevens Institute Of Technology Method and apparatus for mitigation of magnetic fields from low frequency magnetic field sources
WO1995011541A1 (en) * 1993-10-22 1995-04-27 Norad Corporation Apparatus and method for reducing electromagnetic fields near electrical power lines
US5465012A (en) * 1992-12-30 1995-11-07 Dunnam; Curt Active feedback system for suppression of alternating magnetic fields
US5586064A (en) * 1994-11-03 1996-12-17 The Trustees Of The University Of Pennsylvania Active magnetic field compensation system using a single filter
WO1998050798A1 (en) * 1997-05-02 1998-11-12 Peter Heiland Method and device for active compensation of magnetic and electromagnetic disturbance fields
US5920130A (en) * 1996-10-30 1999-07-06 Abb Research Ltd Overhead line for electrical energy transmission
US5952734A (en) * 1995-02-15 1999-09-14 Fonar Corporation Apparatus and method for magnetic systems
US5965956A (en) * 1996-10-30 1999-10-12 Abb Research Ltd. Overhead line for electric energy transmission
US6798632B1 (en) * 2002-06-13 2004-09-28 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Power frequency electromagnetic field compensation system
US6831281B2 (en) * 2000-12-04 2004-12-14 Nikon Corporation Methods and devices for detecting and canceling magnetic fields external to a charged-particle-beam (CPB) optical system, and CPB microlithography apparatus and methods comprising same
WO2005078467A1 (en) * 2004-02-13 2005-08-25 Elekta Ab (Publ) A method for interference suppression in a measuring device
NL1028845C2 (en) * 2005-04-22 2006-10-24 Rail Road Systems B V Device for creating a substantial magnetic field-free area surrounded by an area with a magnetic field gradient.
US20060253804A1 (en) * 2004-10-19 2006-11-09 Masamitsu Fukushima Three-dimensional-information detecting system and three-dimensional-information inputting device
US20090072834A1 (en) * 2005-10-17 2009-03-19 David Bruce Dickson Method and apparatus for conducting electromagnetic exploration
ES2323923A1 (en) * 2007-01-05 2009-07-27 Universidad De Sevilla Active system of compensation of the magnetic field generated by linear electrical installations. (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding)
DE102009024268A1 (en) * 2009-06-05 2010-12-09 Integrated Dynamics Engineering Gmbh magnetic field compensation
US8970217B1 (en) 2010-04-14 2015-03-03 Hypres, Inc. System and method for noise reduction in magnetic resonance imaging
DE102021131970A1 (en) 2021-12-03 2023-06-07 Integrated Dynamics Engineering Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung Apparatus and method for analyzing a sample using electrically charged particles

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2697186A (en) * 1944-07-31 1954-12-14 Wilmer C Anderson Compensator for induced magnetic fields

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2697186A (en) * 1944-07-31 1954-12-14 Wilmer C Anderson Compensator for induced magnetic fields

Cited By (38)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2443672A1 (en) * 1974-09-12 1976-03-25 Foerster Friedrich Dr PROCESS AND EQUIPMENT FOR STABLE COMPENSATION OF MAGNETIC INTERFERENCE FIELDS
WO1980002017A1 (en) * 1977-10-18 1980-10-02 N Akesson Method for protective magnetization of vessels
JPS56500291A (en) * 1977-10-18 1981-03-12
US4373174A (en) * 1977-10-18 1983-02-08 Akesson Nils B Method for protective magnetization of vessels
DE4006542A1 (en) * 1989-03-13 1990-09-20 Mitsubishi Electric Corp Magnetic field correction device for CRT - has correction coil supplied with decaying AC signal and magnetic field dependant DC signal
US5225999A (en) * 1990-07-06 1993-07-06 The Trustees Of The University Of Pennsylvania Magnetic environment stabilization for effective operation of magnetically sensitive instruments
US5128643A (en) * 1990-09-24 1992-07-07 Newman David E Method and apparatus for producing a region of low magnetic field
US5126669A (en) * 1990-11-27 1992-06-30 The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator, Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration Precision measurement of magnetic characteristics of an article with nullification of external magnetic fields
US5365115A (en) * 1992-06-23 1994-11-15 Stevens Institute Of Technology Method and apparatus for mitigation of magnetic fields from low frequency magnetic field sources
US5465012A (en) * 1992-12-30 1995-11-07 Dunnam; Curt Active feedback system for suppression of alternating magnetic fields
DE4300529A1 (en) * 1993-01-12 1994-07-21 Andreas Zierdt Method and device for determining the spatial arrangement of a direction-sensitive magnetic field sensor
DE4307453A1 (en) * 1993-03-10 1994-09-15 Ruhrgas Ag Method and device for locating a line
WO1995011541A1 (en) * 1993-10-22 1995-04-27 Norad Corporation Apparatus and method for reducing electromagnetic fields near electrical power lines
US5586064A (en) * 1994-11-03 1996-12-17 The Trustees Of The University Of Pennsylvania Active magnetic field compensation system using a single filter
US5952734A (en) * 1995-02-15 1999-09-14 Fonar Corporation Apparatus and method for magnetic systems
US5965956A (en) * 1996-10-30 1999-10-12 Abb Research Ltd. Overhead line for electric energy transmission
US5920130A (en) * 1996-10-30 1999-07-06 Abb Research Ltd Overhead line for electrical energy transmission
US7525314B1 (en) 1997-05-02 2009-04-28 Peter Heiland Method and device for active compensation of magnetic and electromagnetic disturbance fields
WO1998050798A1 (en) * 1997-05-02 1998-11-12 Peter Heiland Method and device for active compensation of magnetic and electromagnetic disturbance fields
US6831281B2 (en) * 2000-12-04 2004-12-14 Nikon Corporation Methods and devices for detecting and canceling magnetic fields external to a charged-particle-beam (CPB) optical system, and CPB microlithography apparatus and methods comprising same
US6798632B1 (en) * 2002-06-13 2004-09-28 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Power frequency electromagnetic field compensation system
US7649351B2 (en) 2004-02-13 2010-01-19 Elekta Ab (Publ) Method for interference suppression in a measuring device
WO2005078467A1 (en) * 2004-02-13 2005-08-25 Elekta Ab (Publ) A method for interference suppression in a measuring device
US20060253804A1 (en) * 2004-10-19 2006-11-09 Masamitsu Fukushima Three-dimensional-information detecting system and three-dimensional-information inputting device
US7428469B2 (en) * 2004-10-19 2008-09-23 Wacom Co., Ltd. Three-dimensional-information detecting system and three-dimensional-information inputting device
CN100524182C (en) * 2004-10-19 2009-08-05 株式会社华科姆 Three-dimensional-information detecting system and three-dimensional-information inputting device
NL1028845C2 (en) * 2005-04-22 2006-10-24 Rail Road Systems B V Device for creating a substantial magnetic field-free area surrounded by an area with a magnetic field gradient.
EP1717125A1 (en) * 2005-04-22 2006-11-02 Rail Road Systems Device for creating a region which is free of magnetic field, surrounded by a region with a magnetic field gradient, axle counter and insulation joint with said device
US20060250126A1 (en) * 2005-04-22 2006-11-09 Rail Road Systems Device for creating a region which is substantially free of magnetic field, surrounded by a region with a magnetic field gradient
US20090072834A1 (en) * 2005-10-17 2009-03-19 David Bruce Dickson Method and apparatus for conducting electromagnetic exploration
ES2323923A1 (en) * 2007-01-05 2009-07-27 Universidad De Sevilla Active system of compensation of the magnetic field generated by linear electrical installations. (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding)
DE102009024268A1 (en) * 2009-06-05 2010-12-09 Integrated Dynamics Engineering Gmbh magnetic field compensation
US20100308811A1 (en) * 2009-06-05 2010-12-09 Integrated Dynamics Engineering Gmbh Magnetic field compensation
US8598869B2 (en) 2009-06-05 2013-12-03 Integrated Dynamics Engineering Gmbh Magnetic field compensation
DE102009024268B4 (en) * 2009-06-05 2015-03-05 Integrated Dynamics Engineering Gmbh magnetic field compensation
US8970217B1 (en) 2010-04-14 2015-03-03 Hypres, Inc. System and method for noise reduction in magnetic resonance imaging
US10502802B1 (en) 2010-04-14 2019-12-10 Hypres, Inc. System and method for noise reduction in magnetic resonance imaging
DE102021131970A1 (en) 2021-12-03 2023-06-07 Integrated Dynamics Engineering Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung Apparatus and method for analyzing a sample using electrically charged particles

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US3801877A (en) Apparatus for producing a region free from interfering magnetic fields
US3745452A (en) Magnetic field gradient apparatus and method for detecting pipe line corrosion
US4596950A (en) Compensated transducer
EP0418378B1 (en) A direct current position measuring device
US4059798A (en) Method and apparatus for measuring the current flowing in a workpiece
US5442347A (en) Double-driven shield capacitive type proximity sensor
US4794338A (en) Balanced self-shielded gradient coils
US3471772A (en) Instrument for measuring the range and approximate size of buried or hidden metal objects
US20110121828A1 (en) Magnetoresistive sensor arrangement for current measurement
US2743415A (en) Gradiometer
JPH01500931A (en) Position and direction measuring device using direct current
US4990850A (en) Metal detector with two magnetic field transducers connected in opposing relationship and their sensing directions orthogonal to the magnetic field
KR100458782B1 (en) External magnetic field measuring method, static magnetic field correcting method, external magnetic field measuring apparatus, and mri system
US4380703A (en) Method and device for the regulation of a magnetic deflection system
US20030080735A1 (en) Sensor for detecting defects in a component
US5751112A (en) CRT magnetic compensating circuit with parallel amorphous wires in the sensor
US3488579A (en) Magnetic gradiometer apparatus with misalignment compensation
US3701007A (en) Magnetometer consisting of two sensors with means for unbalancing each sensor at null condition
US4463314A (en) Earth field compensation for a magnetic detector by imparting a permanent magnetization to a magnetic material contiguous the detector
US3434048A (en) Eddy current apparatus for testing the hardness of a ferromagnetic material
GB2041535A (en) A measuring and/or testing device
US3054946A (en) Method for measuring electrical conductivity of fluids
JPH0282612A (en) Apparatus and method of correcting external magnetism of electron beam lithography equipment
JPH0697690A (en) Magnetic shield device
US3529238A (en) Pressure gauge with diaphragm null position means