US3831137A - Acousto-optic underwater detector - Google Patents

Acousto-optic underwater detector Download PDF

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US3831137A
US3831137A US00246092A US24609272A US3831137A US 3831137 A US3831137 A US 3831137A US 00246092 A US00246092 A US 00246092A US 24609272 A US24609272 A US 24609272A US 3831137 A US3831137 A US 3831137A
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reflector
light
bifurcated
fiber optics
box
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US00246092A
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F Cuomo
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US Department of Navy
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V1/00—Seismology; Seismic or acoustic prospecting or detecting
    • G01V1/16—Receiving elements for seismic signals; Arrangements or adaptations of receiving elements
    • G01V1/18—Receiving elements, e.g. seismometer, geophone or torque detectors, for localised single point measurements
    • G01V1/186—Hydrophones
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01H—MEASUREMENT OF MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS OR ULTRASONIC, SONIC OR INFRASONIC WAVES
    • G01H9/00—Measuring mechanical vibrations or ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves by using radiation-sensitive means, e.g. optical means
    • G01H9/004—Measuring mechanical vibrations or ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves by using radiation-sensitive means, e.g. optical means using fibre optic sensors
    • G01H9/006—Measuring mechanical vibrations or ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves by using radiation-sensitive means, e.g. optical means using fibre optic sensors the vibrations causing a variation in the relative position of the end of a fibre and another element

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT A low frequency or pressure-gradient hydrophone comprising an optical reflector experiencing displacements responsive to acoustic waves.
  • a beam lightfrom a light source is carried by a first group of fiber optics guides and is incident upon the optical reflector.
  • the light reflected from the reflector is carried by a second group of fiber optics guides to a light detector. Any displacements of the reflector due to pressure gradient due to acoustic waves impinging on the opposite sides of the reflector are detected by changes in intensity of reflected light from the light source.
  • the present invention relates to underwater communication and particularly pertains to low frequency hydrophones wherein any displacements of an optical reflector resulting from pressure gradient on the opposite sides of the reflector because of impinging acoustic waves are detected by changes in intensity of light reflected by the reflector.
  • Transducers used in underwater communication for detecting acoustic waves generated by various sources usually employ piezoelectric crystals of materials such as barium titanate, lead zirconate as acoustic elements.
  • piezoelectric crystals of materials such as barium titanate, lead zirconate as acoustic elements.
  • such transducers are not very efficient at low frequencies, e.g., a few hundred hertz, or below. This is because of relatively high resonant frequencies of piezoelectric crystals used and their relatively low detec tion efficiency at these frequencies.
  • they display omnidirectional patterns and have sizes of 12 inches or longer in order to have receiving responses averaging 90 decibels (abbreviated as dB) for generating signals of 1 volt per microbar pressure of acoustic waves.
  • dB decibels
  • these transducers do not have a uniform low frequency response and different piezoelectric crystals need be used to cover low frequency region. Consequently, their omnidirectional characteristics, relatively large size, and inefficient operation at low frequencies impair their usefulness in some underwater acoustic detection systems with particular reference to torpedo applications.
  • an acousto-optic transducer which comprises a bifurcated fiber-optic bundle housed in a light-tight box, a lightweight optical reflector which is flexibly attached to the light-tight box by means of a plurality of springs, a source of light, and a light detector.
  • Light from the light source is carried through the box by the first group of the bifurcated fiber optics bundle to the reflector.
  • the second group of the bifurcated fiber optics bundle carries the reflected light through the box to the light detector, the light-tight box preventing any extraneous light from interfering.
  • Pressure exerted by an incoming acoustic wave displaces the optical reflector with resulting displacement of the reflector being proportional to the pressure differential on the opposite sides of the reflector and thus varies the intensity of the light reflected from the reflector.
  • An object of this invention is to have an acoustooptic transducer having a uniform low frequency response.
  • Another object of this invention is to have an acousto-optic transducer which has a directionality characteristic instead of being omnidirectional.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates schematically an acousto-optic transducer of subject invention
  • FIG. 2 illustrates a partially exploded perspective view of the transducer
  • FIG. 3 illustrates a cross-sectional view of the transducer taken along the line 33 of FIG. 2;
  • FIG. 4 illustrates a cross sectional view of the transducer taken along the line 4-4 of FIG. 2.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates an acousto-optic transducer 10 which comprises a light-tight box 12, a bifurcated fiber optics bundle 14 having branches 16 and 18, a light source 20, an optical detector 22, an optical reflector 24 attached to box 12 by means of spring biased pistons 26 and 28 schematically shown in FIG. I. and in a perspective view in FIG. 2.
  • Bifurcated bundle comprises a multiplicity of optical fibers as shown in FIG. 4 which is a cross sectional view of FIG. 2 along line 4-4.
  • each transmitting fiber which transmits light from light source 20 to the optical reflector 24 is completely surrounded by receiving fibers which carry the light reflected by the optical reflector 24 to detector 22 for increasing the efficiency of the transducer.
  • Cable 30 shown in FIG. 2 provides power to light source 20 and detector 22.
  • FIG. 3 shows a cross sectional view along line 3-3 of the transducer shown in FIG. 2.
  • Two generally identical pistons 26 and 28 are spring biased and mounted in holes 32 and 34 respectively in wall 36 of box 12 and cover plate 37 which is attached to box 12 by set of screws not shown in the drawings.
  • Piston 26 comprises a wider section 38 fitting tightly in hole 32, a narrower section 40, and a threaded section 42.
  • piston 28 comprises a wider section 44, a narrower section 46, and a threaded section 48.
  • Springs 50 and 52 are inserted in holes 32 and 34 respectively.
  • Spring 54 is slipped on section 40 of piston 26 abutting common shoulder 56 of sections 38 and 40.
  • spring 58 is slipped on section 46 of piston 28 abutting common shoulder 60 of sections 44 and 46.
  • Pistons 26 and 28 are then inserted into holes 32 and 34 respectively, the end of piston 26 abutting spring 50 and the end of piston 28 abutting spring 52.
  • Reflector 24 is supported by a back plate 64 attached thereto all around except a small area 66 of the reflector 24.
  • Back plate 64 is attached to the threaded sections 42 and 48 of pistons 26 and 28 respectively by means of nuts 68, 70 and 72, 74.
  • 0 rings 76 and 78 are used to protect fibers 14 from water.
  • the reflector 24 is light and is generally made of materials such as glass, brass, and mylar coated with a reflector paint. However, it should be understood any reflector which is lightweight and having a high reflection coefficient can be used regardless of the material from which it is made.
  • the transducer can be either free flooding by making water flow on both sides of the reflector 24 or by making water flow only one side of the reflector 24 by adjusting the spacing between box 12 and reflector 24.
  • an optical reflector which is adjustably attached to a light box having a bundle of fiber optics transmitters and receivers passing therethrough is displaced by an acoustic wave resulting from the pressure differential on the opposite sides of the reflector.
  • This displacement of the optical reflector causes changes in intensity of light reflected by the optical reflector and carried by fiber optics receivers to a light detector. Due to flexibility in the choice of mass of the optical reflectors used, it is possible to change low frequency response of the transducer.
  • a pressure-gradient hydrophone comprising:
  • a light-tight box having a first side and a second side opposite said first side;
  • a bifurcated fiber optics bundle comprising a first bifurcated branch having a first multiplicity of fiber optics guides and a second bifurcated branch having a second multiplicity of fiber optics guides, an end of said first bifurcated branch being in communication with said source of light and an end of second bifurcated branch being in communication with said light detector, said first multiplicity of fiber optics guides of said first branch and said second multiplicity of fiber optics guides being intermingled at the opposite ends of said first and second bifurcated branches proximate said cover plate and passing therethrough; and
  • an optical reflector having opposite sides, said reflector being adjustably attached to the side of said cover plate distal said bifurcated bundles, said sides being disposed to allow an incident acoustic wave to impinge thereon;

Abstract

A low frequency or pressure-gradient hydrophone comprising an optical reflector experiencing displacements responsive to acoustic waves. A beam light from a light source is carried by a first group of fiber optics guides and is incident upon the optical reflector. The light reflected from the reflector is carried by a second group of fiber optics guides to a light detector. Any displacements of the reflector due to pressure gradient due to acoustic waves impinging on the opposite sides of the reflector are detected by changes in intensity of reflected light from the light source.

Description

Quonne tee tent 1191 Aug. 20, 1974 1 ACOUSTO-OPTIC UNDERWATER DETECTOR [75] Inventor: Frank W. Cuomo, East Providence,
[73] Assignee: The United States of America as represented by the Secretary 01 the Navy, Washington, DC.
22 Filed: Apr. 14,1972
21 App]. 110.; 246,092
52 us. (:1 340/8 R, 73/71. 1, 250/227,
, 340/13, 350/96 B 51 1m. (:1 ..G01v l/16 58 Field of Search 350/96, 193; 181/.5 NP,
[56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,533,056 10/1970 Clark 340/8 X 3,541,848 11/1970 Thurstone 73/67.5
3,580,082 5/1971 Strack 73/7l.3 3,584,227 6/1971 Matsas 3,642,090 2/1972 Bennett 181/.5 H
Primary Examiner-Benjamin A. Borchelt Assistant ExaminerH. J. Tudor Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Richard S. Sciascia; Arthur A. McGill; Prithvi C. Lall [57] ABSTRACT A low frequency or pressure-gradient hydrophone comprising an optical reflector experiencing displacements responsive to acoustic waves. A beam lightfrom a light source is carried by a first group of fiber optics guides and is incident upon the optical reflector. The light reflected from the reflector is carried by a second group of fiber optics guides to a light detector. Any displacements of the reflector due to pressure gradient due to acoustic waves impinging on the opposite sides of the reflector are detected by changes in intensity of reflected light from the light source.
4 Claims, 4 Drawing Figures I ACOUSTO-OPT 1C UNDERWATER DETECTOR STATEMENT OF GOVERNMENT INTEREST BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to underwater communication and particularly pertains to low frequency hydrophones wherein any displacements of an optical reflector resulting from pressure gradient on the opposite sides of the reflector because of impinging acoustic waves are detected by changes in intensity of light reflected by the reflector.
Transducers used in underwater communication for detecting acoustic waves generated by various sources usually employ piezoelectric crystals of materials such as barium titanate, lead zirconate as acoustic elements. However, such transducers are not very efficient at low frequencies, e.g., a few hundred hertz, or below. This is because of relatively high resonant frequencies of piezoelectric crystals used and their relatively low detec tion efficiency at these frequencies. Furthermore, they display omnidirectional patterns and have sizes of 12 inches or longer in order to have receiving responses averaging 90 decibels (abbreviated as dB) for generating signals of 1 volt per microbar pressure of acoustic waves. Besides, these transducers do not have a uniform low frequency response and different piezoelectric crystals need be used to cover low frequency region. Consequently, their omnidirectional characteristics, relatively large size, and inefficient operation at low frequencies impair their usefulness in some underwater acoustic detection systems with particular reference to torpedo applications.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The objects and advantages of the present invention are accomplished by utilizing an acousto-optic transducer which comprises a bifurcated fiber-optic bundle housed in a light-tight box, a lightweight optical reflector which is flexibly attached to the light-tight box by means of a plurality of springs, a source of light, and a light detector. Light from the light source is carried through the box by the first group of the bifurcated fiber optics bundle to the reflector. The second group of the bifurcated fiber optics bundle carries the reflected light through the box to the light detector, the light-tight box preventing any extraneous light from interfering. Pressure exerted by an incoming acoustic wave displaces the optical reflector with resulting displacement of the reflector being proportional to the pressure differential on the opposite sides of the reflector and thus varies the intensity of the light reflected from the reflector. By changing the springs used for attaching the reflector to the box, it is possible to change the resonant frequency of the detector and thus the frequency band of the transducer for a uniform response. The frequency response of the transducer can also be varied by using optical reflectors of different masses.
An object of this invention is to have an acoustooptic transducer having a uniform low frequency response.
Another object of this invention is to have an acousto-optic transducer which has a directionality characteristic instead of being omnidirectional.
Other objects, advantages and novel features of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the invention when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 illustrates schematically an acousto-optic transducer of subject invention;
FIG. 2 illustrates a partially exploded perspective view of the transducer;
FIG. 3 illustrates a cross-sectional view of the transducer taken along the line 33 of FIG. 2; and
FIG. 4 illustrates a cross sectional view of the transducer taken along the line 4-4 of FIG. 2.
DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Referring more specifically to the drawings, FIG. 1 illustrates an acousto-optic transducer 10 which comprises a light-tight box 12, a bifurcated fiber optics bundle 14 having branches 16 and 18, a light source 20, an optical detector 22, an optical reflector 24 attached to box 12 by means of spring biased pistons 26 and 28 schematically shown in FIG. I. and in a perspective view in FIG. 2. Bifurcated bundle comprises a multiplicity of optical fibers as shown in FIG. 4 which is a cross sectional view of FIG. 2 along line 4-4. The optical fibers as shown in FIG. 4 are arranged in such a way that each transmitting fiber which transmits light from light source 20 to the optical reflector 24 is completely surrounded by receiving fibers which carry the light reflected by the optical reflector 24 to detector 22 for increasing the efficiency of the transducer. Cable 30 shown in FIG. 2 provides power to light source 20 and detector 22.
FIG. 3 shows a cross sectional view along line 3-3 of the transducer shown in FIG. 2. Two generally identical pistons 26 and 28 are spring biased and mounted in holes 32 and 34 respectively in wall 36 of box 12 and cover plate 37 which is attached to box 12 by set of screws not shown in the drawings. Piston 26 comprises a wider section 38 fitting tightly in hole 32, a narrower section 40, and a threaded section 42. Likewise piston 28 comprises a wider section 44, a narrower section 46, and a threaded section 48. Springs 50 and 52 are inserted in holes 32 and 34 respectively. Spring 54 is slipped on section 40 of piston 26 abutting common shoulder 56 of sections 38 and 40. Likewise spring 58 is slipped on section 46 of piston 28 abutting common shoulder 60 of sections 44 and 46. Pistons 26 and 28 are then inserted into holes 32 and 34 respectively, the end of piston 26 abutting spring 50 and the end of piston 28 abutting spring 52. Reflector 24 is supported by a back plate 64 attached thereto all around except a small area 66 of the reflector 24. Back plate 64 is attached to the threaded sections 42 and 48 of pistons 26 and 28 respectively by means of nuts 68, 70 and 72, 74. 0 rings 76 and 78 are used to protect fibers 14 from water. The reflector 24 is light and is generally made of materials such as glass, brass, and mylar coated with a reflector paint. However, it should be understood any reflector which is lightweight and having a high reflection coefficient can be used regardless of the material from which it is made. By adjusting the position of the back plate 64 of the optical reflector 24 or by changing springs 50, 52, 54, and 58, it is possible to change resonant frequency of the transducer and thereby change frequency band for a uniform low frequency response of the transducer. Furthermore, by using reflectors of 5 different masses, it is also possible to change frequency characteristics of the transducer. Replacement of the springs and the reflectors can be achieved without making any major modifications in the transducer. The transducer can be either free flooding by making water flow on both sides of the reflector 24 or by making water flow only one side of the reflector 24 by adjusting the spacing between box 12 and reflector 24.
Thus, an optical reflector which is adjustably attached to a light box having a bundle of fiber optics transmitters and receivers passing therethrough is displaced by an acoustic wave resulting from the pressure differential on the opposite sides of the reflector. This displacement of the optical reflector causes changes in intensity of light reflected by the optical reflector and carried by fiber optics receivers to a light detector. Due to flexibility in the choice of mass of the optical reflectors used, it is possible to change low frequency response of the transducer.
Obviously many modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in the light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described.
I claim:
1. A pressure-gradient hydrophone comprising:
a light-tight box having a first side and a second side opposite said first side;
a cover plate attached to said second side;
a source of light secured to said box;
a light detector secured to said box;
a bifurcated fiber optics bundle comprising a first bifurcated branch having a first multiplicity of fiber optics guides and a second bifurcated branch having a second multiplicity of fiber optics guides, an end of said first bifurcated branch being in communication with said source of light and an end of second bifurcated branch being in communication with said light detector, said first multiplicity of fiber optics guides of said first branch and said second multiplicity of fiber optics guides being intermingled at the opposite ends of said first and second bifurcated branches proximate said cover plate and passing therethrough; and
an optical reflector having opposite sides, said reflector being adjustably attached to the side of said cover plate distal said bifurcated bundles, said sides being disposed to allow an incident acoustic wave to impinge thereon;
whereby light is transmitted from said source of light through said first bifurcated branch and reflected by said optical reflector, intensity of light reflected by said reflector being proportional to displacement of said reflector because of pressure gradient across the both sides of said reflector due to said incident acoustic wave impinging thereon, then carried by said second bifurcated branch and detected by said detector.
2. The hydrophone of claim 1 wherein said reflector is attached to said box by a plurality of pistons, said plurality of pistons being secured to said optical reflector on one side thereof and to said cover plate on said second side of said box;
3. The hydrophone of claim 2 wherein said plurality of pistons are spring biased at ends connected to said cover plate.
4. The hydrophone of claim 3 wherein said bifurcated fiber optics bundle is attached to said cover plate, passing therethrough, and having its end facing said reflector.

Claims (4)

1. A pressure-gradient hydrophone comprising: a light-tight box having a first side and a second side opposite said first side; a cover plate attached to said second side; a source of light secured to said box; a light detector secured to said box; a bifurcated fiber optics bundle comprising a first bifurcated branch having a first multiplicity of fiber optics guides and a second bifurcated branch having a second multiplicity of fiber optics guides, an end of said first bifurcated branch being in communication with said source of light and an end of second bifurcated branch being in communication with said light detector, said first multiplicity of fiber optics guides of said first branch and said second multiplicity of fiber optics guides being intermingled at the opposite ends of said first and second bifurcated branches proximate said cover plate and passing therethrough; and an optical reflector having opposite sides, said reflector being adjustably attached to the side of said cover plate distal said bifurcated bundles, said sides being disposed to allow an incident acoustic wave to impinge thereon; whereby light is transmitted from said source of light through said first bifurcated branch and reflected by said optical reflector, intensity of light reflected by said reflector being proportional to displacement of said reflector because of pressure gradient across the both sides of said reflector due to said incident acoustic wave impinging thereon, then carried by said second bifurcated branch and detected by said detector.
2. The hydrophone of claim 1 wherein said reflector is attached to said box by a plurality of pistons, said plurality of pistons being secured to said optical reflector on one side thereof and to said cover plate on said second side of said box;
3. The hydrophone of claim 2 wherein said plurality of pistons are spring biased at ends connected to said cover plate.
4. The hydrophone of claim 3 wherein said bifurcated fiber optics bundle is attached to said cover plate, passing therethrough, and having its end facing said reflector.
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Cited By (39)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3903496A (en) * 1974-06-14 1975-09-02 Morton Stimler Opto-acoustic hydrophone
US3903497A (en) * 1974-06-14 1975-09-02 Us Navy Opto-acoustic hydrophone
US3992631A (en) * 1975-02-27 1976-11-16 International Diagnostic Technology, Inc. Fluorometric system, method and test article
FR2368024A1 (en) * 1976-10-15 1978-05-12 Oki Electric Ind Co Ltd VIBRATION DETECTOR
FR2390716A2 (en) * 1977-05-09 1978-12-08 Oki Electric Ind Co Ltd VIBRATION DETECTOR
US4155065A (en) * 1977-09-12 1979-05-15 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Optic scattering acoustic transducer
US4193130A (en) * 1978-09-07 1980-03-11 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Fiber optic hydrophone for use as an underwater electroacoustic standard
EP0024831A1 (en) * 1979-09-04 1981-03-11 British Aerospace Public Limited Company Fiber optic transducer and method of manufacture therefor
US4286468A (en) * 1979-09-04 1981-09-01 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Frustrated total internal reflection fiber-optic small-motion sensor for hydrophone use
US4310905A (en) * 1980-02-20 1982-01-12 General Dynamics, Pomona Division Acoustical modulator for fiber optic transmission
US4311391A (en) * 1979-12-27 1982-01-19 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Passive fiber optic sonar system
US4345482A (en) * 1978-11-16 1982-08-24 Asea Aktiebolag Fiber optical devices for measuring physical phenomenon
US4354735A (en) * 1979-12-26 1982-10-19 Gould Inc. Optical transducer
US4363533A (en) * 1979-12-26 1982-12-14 Gould Inc. Concentric fiber optical transducer
US4446543A (en) * 1979-07-02 1984-05-01 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Optical resonator single-mode fiber hydrophone
US4449210A (en) * 1981-12-21 1984-05-15 Hughes Aircraft Company Fiber optic hydrophone transducers
US4472022A (en) * 1981-05-14 1984-09-18 Itt Industries, Inc. Vortex flowmeter
US4492121A (en) * 1982-09-30 1985-01-08 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Gauge for measuring high transient pressures
US4500979A (en) * 1981-09-16 1985-02-19 Western Geophysical Co Of America Optical seismic transducer
US4591712A (en) * 1982-03-29 1986-05-27 Elektro-Apparatebau Olten Ag Photoelectric fiber optic sensing apparatus with illuminated actuator
US4599711A (en) * 1984-10-29 1986-07-08 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Multi-lever miniature fiber optic transducer
US4648082A (en) * 1985-03-04 1987-03-03 Western Geophysical Company Of America Marine acoustic gradient sensor
US4703174A (en) * 1984-03-02 1987-10-27 Fiberdynamics, Inc. Fiberoptic temperature/pressure sensor system
US5146083A (en) * 1990-09-21 1992-09-08 The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration High temperature fiber optic microphone having a pressure-sensing reflective membrane under tensile stress
US5249163A (en) * 1992-06-08 1993-09-28 Erickson Jon W Optical lever for acoustic and ultrasound sensor
US5574699A (en) * 1983-10-31 1996-11-12 Cuomo; Frank W. Fiber optic lever towed array
US5600070A (en) * 1993-07-01 1997-02-04 Wlodarczyk; Marek Fiber optic combustion pressure sensor with improved long-term reliability
US5606170A (en) * 1995-02-03 1997-02-25 Research International, Inc. Multifunctional sensor system
US6118534A (en) * 1998-07-30 2000-09-12 B. F. Goodrich Company Sensor and method for measuring changes in environmental conditions
US6349791B1 (en) * 2000-04-03 2002-02-26 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Submarine bow dome acoustic sensor assembly
WO2007130152A1 (en) * 2006-05-04 2007-11-15 The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University Device and method using asymmetric optical resonances
US20090208163A1 (en) * 2005-04-29 2009-08-20 The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University High-sensitivity fiber-compatible optical acoustic sensor
US20100092125A1 (en) * 2007-01-09 2010-04-15 The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University Optical structure on an optical fiber and method of fabrication
US8542956B2 (en) 2010-03-15 2013-09-24 The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University Optical-fiber-compatible acoustic sensor
US20150219776A1 (en) * 2014-01-31 2015-08-06 Pgs Geophysical As Hydrophone
US10359573B2 (en) 1999-11-05 2019-07-23 Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System Resonant waveguide-granting devices and methods for using same
US20210325236A1 (en) * 2020-04-17 2021-10-21 Alcatel Submarine Networks Fibre-optic hydrophone with internal filter
US11215481B2 (en) 2018-03-23 2022-01-04 The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University Diaphragm-based fiber acoustic sensor
US11566647B2 (en) * 2020-02-13 2023-01-31 Eagle Technology, Llc Acousto-optic device with captive fastener and related assemblies and methods

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US3580082A (en) * 1969-11-07 1971-05-25 Bendix Corp Pressure transducer
US3584227A (en) * 1969-11-17 1971-06-08 Donald J Matsas Scanner comprising a light conducting element leading to a photocell remote from the optic axis

Cited By (59)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3903497A (en) * 1974-06-14 1975-09-02 Us Navy Opto-acoustic hydrophone
US3903496A (en) * 1974-06-14 1975-09-02 Morton Stimler Opto-acoustic hydrophone
US3992631A (en) * 1975-02-27 1976-11-16 International Diagnostic Technology, Inc. Fluorometric system, method and test article
FR2368024A1 (en) * 1976-10-15 1978-05-12 Oki Electric Ind Co Ltd VIBRATION DETECTOR
FR2390716A2 (en) * 1977-05-09 1978-12-08 Oki Electric Ind Co Ltd VIBRATION DETECTOR
US4155065A (en) * 1977-09-12 1979-05-15 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Optic scattering acoustic transducer
US4193130A (en) * 1978-09-07 1980-03-11 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Fiber optic hydrophone for use as an underwater electroacoustic standard
US4345482A (en) * 1978-11-16 1982-08-24 Asea Aktiebolag Fiber optical devices for measuring physical phenomenon
US4446543A (en) * 1979-07-02 1984-05-01 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Optical resonator single-mode fiber hydrophone
EP0024831A1 (en) * 1979-09-04 1981-03-11 British Aerospace Public Limited Company Fiber optic transducer and method of manufacture therefor
US4286468A (en) * 1979-09-04 1981-09-01 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Frustrated total internal reflection fiber-optic small-motion sensor for hydrophone use
US4354735A (en) * 1979-12-26 1982-10-19 Gould Inc. Optical transducer
US4363533A (en) * 1979-12-26 1982-12-14 Gould Inc. Concentric fiber optical transducer
US4311391A (en) * 1979-12-27 1982-01-19 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Passive fiber optic sonar system
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