US3894512A

US3894512A - Electrostatic developing apparatus

Info

Publication number: US3894512A
Application number: US227025A
Authority: US
Inventors: Genji Ohno
Original assignee: Ohno Res & Dev Lab
Current assignee: Ohno Res & Dev Lab
Priority date: 1971-02-18
Filing date: 1972-02-17
Publication date: 1975-07-15
Anticipated expiration: 1992-07-15
Also published as: JPS5518906B1

Abstract

Apparatus is disclosed for developing electrostatic latent images, comprising a developer supply unit formed of a liquid repellent layer having a thickness in the range of 3 Mu to 400 Mu (preferably 5 Mu to 330 Mu ), and a substrate, and having uniformly distributed pores disposed therethrough. A liquid developer is supplied to the back surface of this unit, and an exposing unit is disposed to form electrostatic latent images onto the front surface of the developer supply unit. As a result, the liquid developer applied to the back surface of the liquid repellent layer is distributed on the front surface by the action of the electric field established by the latent image.

Description

United States Patent 01 July 15, 1975 [54] ELECTROSTATIC DEVELOPING 3,635,195 1/1972 Levy 118/637 9 3,647,291 3 1972 Pressman et al 355/3 APPARATUS 3,669,073 6/1972 Savit et al. 118/637 Inventor: Genii Yokohama. Japan 3,696,782 10/1972 McConnell 118/637 Assignee: Research & Development 3,741,760 6/1973 Snellmg 96/1.2

Laboratories of Ohno Co., Ltd., Japan Primary Examiner-Lou1s K. Rimrodt Assistant Examiner-Leo Millstein Flledi 1972 Attorney, Agent, or FirmStaas & Halsey [21] App]. No.: 227,025

[57] ABSTRACT [30] Foreign Application Priority Data Apparatus is disclosed for developing electrostatic la- Feb 18, 1971 Japan 46-7076 t g comprising a developer supply unit formed of a liquid repellent layer having a thickness in [52] US. Cl. 118/637; 117/37 LE; 118/D1G. 23 the range of 3a to 400 2 (preferably 51L to 330,113), and {51] Int. Cl G03g 13/00 a substrate, and ng uniformly ributed pores [58] Field of Search 118/266, DIG. 23, 637; disposed herethrough. A liquid developer is supplied 117/175, 37 LE, 93.4 A; 355/10 to the back surface of this unit, and an exposing unit is disposed to form electrostatic latent images onto the [56] Referen e Cit d front surface of the developer supply unit. As a result, UNITED STATES PATENTS the liquid developer applied to the back surface of the liquid repellent layer is distributed on the front surface by the action of the electric field established by the 3,472,676 10/1969 Cassiersetal.... 117 37 latent 3,486,922 12/1969 Cassiers et a]. 117/37 3,618,567 11/1971 Levy 118/637 12 Clams 7 Dmwmg figures mmliiiiziiiai man. 15 m5 FIG. 2

FIG.

FIG. 3

FIG. 7

1 ELECTROSTATIC DEVELOPING APPARATUS BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention This invention relates to an apparatus for developing electrostatic, latent images.

2. Description of the Prior Art Known methods have been used to develop electrostatic latent images formed on the surface of a photoconductive insulating plate of an insulating film. Typically, an electrostatic image is formed on the insulating member, and the image is developed by charged, colored particles adhering to the electrostatic latent images. Such methods employing dry developers have such defects as the scattering of the colored particles and the use of complex and expensive apparatus. In such methods the use of liquid developers incurs the risk of fire, and the liquid developer may be poisonous and have an objectionable odor. Typically, liquid developers require the use of an organic solvent which has a high resistance and low dielectric constant. The liquid development method is satisfactory in providing copies of high resolution compared with dry development methods, but those portions where no image appears on the latent image forming unit may be contaminated because the whole surface of this unit receives the liquid developer. Further, a liquid developer requires a hot drying process after developing or the use of a low boiling point solvent.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is a further object of this invention to provide a new liquid, electrostatic, latent image developing apparatus which reduces the risk of fire and does not require the use of a liquid developer having poisonous character of an objectionable odor.

It is a still further object of this invention to eliminate the drying processes and to apply liquid developer only to the latent image without damping the whole surface of the latent image forming unit.

These and other objects of this invention are accomplished by providing an apparatus for developing images in which the developer adheres only to those portions where the latent images have been formed without damping the other portions of the latent image forming unit. In particular, the liquid developer is applied to the back of a developer supply unit and is prevented from exuding onto the unit surface due to a liquid repellent surface provided by a layer of this unit. Thus, the liquid developer does not adhere to those portions of the surface of the electrostatic latent image forming unit, comprised illustratively of a photoconductive sensitive plate or an insulating film where no electrostatic latent image exists. Conversely, the developer exudes from the surface of the developer supply unit, and adheres to those portions of the plate surface where the latent image has been established. The liquid developer is absorbed and developes these portions of the surface, because of the electrostatic polarization or induction of the developer by the electric charges of the latent images. The electrostatic, latent image lowers the contact angle between the developer and the liquid repellent layer, upon those portions where the electrostatic latent image has been established.

Illustratively, a developer supply unit has a liquid repellent layer of 3a to 400p. thickness (Sp. to 330a thickness is preferable) disposed on a surface of a porous substrate except for the portions of the minute pores. The porous substrate is disposed to confront a photoconductive, sensitive plate or an insulating film upon which the electrostatic latent images are established. The sensitive plate has a plurality of pores distributed uniformly a close spacings, over the entire surface thereof; the openings are penetrated from the back to the front surface openings.

As a result of this invention, it is not required to have such high resistance and low dielectric constant as the carrier liquid of the charged, fine particles used in the conventional methods. Therefore, the developer of this invention could be water, or other incombustible, odorless and innoxious solutions containing water.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS While the specification concludes with claims particularly pointing out and distinctly claiming the subject matter which is regarded as the invention, a preferred embodiment is disclosed in the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of the contact angle of a liquid drop on the surface of a liquid repellent film;

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the change of the said contact angle, when the liquid repellent film is charged;

FIG. 3 is a perspective, enlarged view of a fine porous developer supply unit in accordance with the teachings of this invention;

FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the developer supply unit shown in FIG. 3;

FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 6 is a further cross-sectional view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 5; and

FIG. 7 is a side view of another embodiment of this invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Referring now to FIG. 1, there is shown a liquid drop 2 of water disposed on an uncharged liquid repellent film 1. The contact angle 6 between the film surface uncharged and the drop is greater than and the film surface is not wetted. Referring to FIG. 2, however, the liquid repellent insulating film is charged; as a result the contact angle 0 decreases to less than 90, and the liquid drop is able to wet the film surface. The wetting effect is dependent upon the liquid repellent intensity of the film surface, the kind of liquid, and the applied voltages. When a water drop is placed on a film of 3-fiuoro ethylene chloride resin, for example, the contact angle 0 of an uncharged film is 108. When a film of this material is charged to 500V, the angle 0 decreases to 56 and the film surface is wetted.

FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a photosensitive plate used in accordance with the teachings of this invention. A layer 5 having a liquid repellent surface and a specified thickness is formed on a substrate 4 to form a composite assembly. A plurality of minute pore openings 6 extend through the composite assembly and are distributed uniformly at close spacings over the entire surface thereof. The composite assembly shown in FIG. 3 forms unit 7.

FIG. 4 shows the arrangement of the liquid developer supply unit 7 indicated in FIG. 3 in relation to an electrostatic-latent image forming unit The electrostatic latent image forming unit 8 is a sensitive plate composed basically of a conductive supporting substrate 9, a photoconductive layer 10, and an insulating layer lll, as illustratively described in US. Pat. application Ser. No. 528,624. The photosensitive plate ti may be charged with electrostatic latent images 3 (indicated by dotted lines), and disposed in the front of the developer supply unit '7.

Now, the substrate 4 of the unit 7 is selected properly so that the contact angle of the developing liquid therewith is less than 90 to thereby wet the substrate surface. Also, the characteristics of the liquid repellent layer 5 is selectively chosen that the contact angle of the developing liquid exceeds 90 in the absence of a charge, but becomes less than 90 in the presence of a weak electric field to permit the surface of the liquid repellent layer to be wetted.

In the image developing process, the liquid developer is supplied from the back surface of the developing supply unit '7, whereby the developer enters the minute pores 6 of the substrate 4 to be selectively directed to the liquid repellent surface of layer 5. in particular, the flow of the developer through the pores 6 is retarder to a greater extent at those portions of the unit '7 where no electrostatic latent image has been established. Conversely, the liquid developer is drawn through the minute pores 6 of the substrate 4 under the influence of the charges of the latent images, which generate an electrostatic induction or an electrostatic polarization to attract the liquid developer. At the same time, the contact angle of the liquid developer with respect to the liquid repellent layer is decreased at those portions of the unit 7 adjacent to the electrostatic images formed on the unit 8. The developer, therefore, wets the inside of the minute pores 6 of the liquid repellent layer to exude onto the surface of this layer 5. As mentioned above, the liquid repellent layer 5 of the developer supply unit '7 entirely restricts developer flow at the portions disposed adjacent to those portions of unit 8 where no latent image is formed, and causes the developer to exude onto those portions adjacent to the latent image.

The thickness of the liquid repellent layer is selected in the range of 3;; to 400,11. and is preferably determined to be from S r to 330p. When the thickness of the liquid repellent layer is less than 3a, the surface portions without a latent image are often contaminated by fine dust and other particles adhering to the minute pores, to effect thereby the uniformity of liquid flow through the minute pores and/or to interrupt the smooth surface of the latent image forming unit. When this thickness exceeds 400a, the effect of the charge of the latent image is weakened and sufficient developer flow does not readily occur. The optimum thickness of the liquid repellent layer varies with the quantity of the charges of the latent images, the velocity of the developer flow, the viscosity of the developer, the dielectric constant and electric resistance of the developer, the surface tension of the developer and the distance between the developer supply unit and the surface of the latent image, etc. According to results of conducted experiments, good results may be obtained when the thickness of the liquid repellent layer is selected in the range of 5,u to 330p.

When the liquid developer supply unit 7 is contaced with or closely spaced from the electrostatic latent image forming unit 8, the developer exuded onto the surface of the liquid repellent layer d is attracted to those surface portions adjacent to the latent image to thereby develop the latent images. As mentioned above, the developer does not come into contact with the surface of the latent image forming unit, where no latent image appears so that the latent image forming unit does not necessarily require a surface having a liquid repelling property; therefore, various types of latent image forming units may be used in this invention.

The size of the minute pores or openings of the substrate of the liquid developer supply unit varies with the resolution of the copied image required and is selected in the range of 10 .t to 100,11 and is preferably chosen to be in the range of 10p to 50,11. for business copy. The spacing between pores is selected in the range of 10,41. to 100p When the size of a minute pore becomes less than 10g, the pores are blocked with accumulations of developers when the developer supply unit is used repeatedly. When the pore diameter is greater than 100 ,u, the liquid repelling force of the layer becomes weak and the portions of the surface of this layer where no latent image exists become contaminated and the printed image becomes visually rough.

The substrate with minute pores, may be easily made by wellknown methods of manufacturing a metallic porous filter by perforating the minute pores of the desired sizes on the entire surface, or by photoetching on a copper (or other suitable metallic) plate; alternatively a metallic mesh with interstices of the desired size may also be used as the substrate of the invention.

The substrate 41 may be made liquid repellent: l) by spraying to form the coating; 2) by connecting the substrate to one polarity of a DC power source, and 3) by applying electric charges of opposite polarity to the sprayed liquid particles at the time when the solution such as polyethylene, polystyrene, alkyd resin or silicone varnish, etc., is being sprayed thereon. When the composing liquid of the developer is water or contains water, the coating may be formed by applying a thin film of oil and fat such as mineral oil, wax, etc., onto the surface of the substrate.

in addition to the materials metnioned above, those materials having a Contact angle with respect to the liquid component of the developer, is over with no charge and is less than 90 under the effect of the electric charges of the latent image, and can be used to form the liquid repellent layer of this invention.

The developer of this invention is composed of a liquid as main agent and of such agents to adjust coloring, surface tension, and viscosity, etc. The composing liquid of the developer must have an affinity with the substrate, to achieve a contact angle not less than 90 to the liquid repellent surface of the developer supply unit, and less than 90 when exposed to the effects of the electric charges of the latent image to permit wetting of the liquid repellent layer on the surface portions adjacent to the latent images of the latent image forming unit. Water, glycerine, ethylene, glycol, etc. are suitable for use as the composing liquid of the devel oper, when the materials of the liquid repellent layer are polyethylene, polysylene, 4-fluoro ethylene, 3- fluoro ethylene chloride, silicone varnish, and alkyd resin.

The coloring agent may be disposed in either a liquid state or in a suspension state, or may be the mixture of both states. if the developer liquid is water or includes water as a component such water-soluble dyes as malachite green, methyl violet, victoria blue, persian orange, etc., may be used. If the developer liquid includes alcohol, such alcohol-soluble dyes as pigment green, carmine FB, etc., may be used.

The surface tension adjusting agent is employed to adjust the optimum contact angle according to the properties of the liquid repellent layer and the developing velocity, and is adjusted by mixing two kinds of liquid having different surface tension, or by utilizing a very small amount of a well known surface active agent.

The viscosity adjusting agent is added to adjust the liquidity of the developer according to the developing velocity. However, if the developer liquid is water or includes water as a component, a liquid soluble resin such as polyvinyl alcohol, dextrin, gelatin, methyl melamin, etc., may be added with the solution state. The viscosity adjusting agent can also serve to fix the coloring agent when the developer drys after being transferred to the electrostatic latent image forming unit or to a piece of blank print paper (medium).

The electrostatic latent image, which is developed in accordance with the method of this invention, may be applied to many different electrostatic reproducing processes such as the method wherein images are formed by an electric discharge on the surface of an insulating film, etc., or the method wherein a latent image is formed by electric charge or light irradiation onto a photoconductive sensitive plate composed of zinc oxide, cadmium sulfide, selenium, organic semiconductor, etc. The latent images however, must be maintained at least until the development is performed. For this reason, the methods of forming an electrostatic latent image by distributing internal electric charges or space electric charges, as described in Japanese Patent Publications No. 23,910/1967, No. 1552/1968, and No. 6385/1969, or by the PIP method may be preferred.

FIG. 5 shows an embodiment of the developing apparatus of the invention, having a developer supply unit of cylindrical configuration. FIG. 6 is a cross-section view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 5. FIG. 7 shows an embodiment of the developer supply unit including an endless belt member. 7

In FIGS. 5, 6 and 7, like mumbers will be used to designate corresponding elements. Unit 13 supplies the developer to the inside surface of a cylindrical unit 12 or endless belt developer supply unit 12a. In turn the

units

12 and 12a supply the liquid developer through the pores to selected portions of the surface of the repellent layer 5. As noted above, the repellent layer 5 is disposed over the entire surface of the porous substrate 4 except for those portions of the fine pores.

As shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, the unit 13 causes the developer to drain from a small hole 16 located at the tip of a pipe which is disposed along the axis of the unit 12. In FIG. 7 the developer is supplied to the back surface of a flexible belt 12a by a roller 17 which is employed to draw developer from a reservoir thereof and apply it to the back surface of the flexible belt 12a. It is noted that both

units

12 and 12a include the porous substrate 4 and the repellent layer 5.

When the developer supply unit 12 is rotated in the direction of the arrow by a driving device (not shown), the unit 12 applies the developer from its back surface to those portions of its front surface opposite the electrostatic latent images formed on the image forming unit 8. As the unit 8 is moved in the direction shown by the arrow and the

units

12 and 12a rotate, successive portions of the latent image are brought in close relation to the developer supply unit 12 to thereby transfer the developer onto those surface portions of the unit 8 charged with the latent image.

EXAMPLE I The porous substrate of 3-mm thickness was made by pressing and sintering brass powder having grain diameters in the order of 50p. The surface of the substrate was ground smoothly, and openings or pores disposed therethrough having a mean diameter in the order of l4;1.. The substrate was connected to an electrode of l KV D.C. source while the other source electrode is connected to a spray nozzle. A silicone varnish (with 5 percent parts of resin) is sprayed by the nozzle to be electrodeposited on the substrate; the dried varnish forms the liquid repellent layer of about p. thickness. This substrate was used as a developer supply unit.

Next, a liquid developer, composed of Methylene blue 6g Polyvinyl alcohol (3% solution) 50cc Water 50cc was supplied uniformly to the back of the supply unit. Next, the surface of the liquid repellent layer of this unit was press-contacted with a zinc oxide sensitized paper, upon which the electrostatic latent image was formed. The parts of the latent images were developed onto the sensitized paper as clear blue images corresponding to the original picture image.

EXAMPLE 2 A liquid repellent layer of 81L thickness was made by the same method as the Example 1 on one surface of a brass screen of 30 cm width and 250 meshes; the covering screen was used as the endless developer supply unit 120 of the FIG. 7. A developer composed of:

Carbon black 7g Victoria blue 0. l 5 g Gelatin 2g Glycerine 15g Water 100cc was supplied to the inside surface of the thus covered screen.

The latent image forming unit 8 was formed in the following manner. A coating material composed of:

Cadmium sulfide activated by copper g Vinyl chloride 20g Xylene 50cc Dichlrol ethane 10cc EXAMPLE 3 As in Example 2, a benzol solution of low molecular weight polyethylene was electrodeposited by the method set out in Example 1, on the surface of a substrate perforated by minute pores having a diameter of about 5051.. The pores were formed by photoetching to a density of 100 pores per mm through a copper plate of 50p. thickness. Next, the substrate was heated sufficiently, fused, and adhered to provide the developer supply unit 12. Using this supply unit 12, electrostatic latent images formed on a zinc oxide sensitized paper were developed at the speed of 7 cm per second by a developer composed of,

Victoria blue 3g Persian orange 5g Methylol melamine 5g Water 100cc A clear image was obtained on the zinc oxide print medium.

Numerous modifications and adaptations of the system of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art and thus it is intended by the dependent claims to cover all such modifications and adaptations as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.

What is claimed is:

1. Apparatus for electrostatically reproducing an original image onto an image bearing medium, said apparatus comprising:

supply means for supplying a liquid developer;

transfer means including a first layer having a first exposed surface, and a second layer disposed upon said first layer to form a composite assembly, said second layer having a liquid repellent, second surface, said composite assembly having a plurality of openings disposed therethrough, each of said openings through said first layer presenting a surface wettable whereby the flow of liquid developer from said supply means is facilitated;

means for receiving an electrostatic latent image theron corresponding to the original image and disposed with respect to said transfer means;

means for forming a surface tension contact angle being more than 90 with said second surface in said openings; and

means for effecting liquid developer flow through selected openings of said composite assembly in response to an electric field emanating from said electrostatic latent image.

2. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein at least one of said transfer means and said receiving means is moved so that successive portions of said transfer means are exposed to the electric field emanating from the electrostatic latent image.

3. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein said transfer means comprises a cylindrical member including said first and second layers.

4. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein said transfer means comprises a continuous, flexible belt including said first and second layers.

5. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein said second layer has a thickness in the range of 3p. to 40011..

6. Apparatus as claimed in claim 5, wherein said second layer has a preferred thickness in the range of Sn 7. Electrostatic printing apparatus for developing electrostatic images on a photoconductive plate with a liquid developer containing fine colored particles suspended in an aqueous liquid carrier which comprises:

a developer supply unit having a back surface and a repellent surface layer 3400p. thick over the back surface forming a front surface, said developer supply unit having uniformly closely spaced l0-l00u pores in said back surface and said repellent layer penetrating from the front surface through the back surface;

means for providing liquid developer to the back surface of the developer supply unit;

means for contacting a photoconductive plate having an electrostatic pattern thereon with liquid developer closely spaced to the front surface of the developer supply unit; and

means for forming a surface tension contact angle at said surface layer adjacent said substrate in said pores with said liquid developer, said contact angle being more than and means for exposing said liquid developer to an electrostatic pattern in said photoconductive plate to provide electrostatic induction influencing said surface tension angle at said repellent surface layer for attracting said liquid developer through said pores toward said electrostatic pattern for developing said electrostatic pattern.

8. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein the repellent layer comprises polyethylene, polystyrene, poly-4- fluoroethylene, poly-3-fluoroethylene chloride, silicone varnish or alkyd resin.

9. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the developer supply unit comprises a cylindrical member including said substrate and said repellent layer forming an outer surface of said cylindrical member.

10. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein the developer supply unit comprises a flexible endless belt substrate.

11. Electrostatic apparatus for developing latent images on a photoconductive member with a liquid developer containing particles suspended in a watercontaining carrier which comprises:

a developer supply unit having a substrate with a liquid-repellent layer disposed on the substrate, said developer supply unit having a plurality of pores through the substrate and repellent layer, said substrate exhibiting affinity for the liquid developer;

means for providing the liquid developer to the developer supply unit; and

means for contacting a photoconductive member having an electrostatic latent image preformed thereon with liquid developer;

said developer supply unit having means comprising said liquid repellent material forming a contact angle in said pores greater than 90 with watercontaining liquid developer in the absence of an electrostatic field and less than 90 under the influence of said electrostatic latent image, thereby permitting flow of the liquid developer through said pores adjacent said latent image.

12. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein said repellent layer is about 3-400p. thick and said pores have openings of about l0lOOp..

Claims

1. Apparatus for electrostatically reproducing an original image onto an image bearing medium, said apparatus comprising: supply means for supplying a liquid developer; transfer means including a first layer having a first exposed surface, and a second layer disposed upon said first layer to form a composite assembly, said second layer having a liquid repellent, second surface, said composite assembly having a plurality of openings disposed therethrough, each of said openings through said first layer presenting a surface wettable whereby the flow of liquid developer from said supply means is facilitated; means for receiving an electrostatic latent image theron corresponding to the original image and disposed with respect to said transfer means; means for forming a surface tension contact angle being more than 90* with said second surface in said openings; and means for effectIng liquid developer flow through selected openings of said composite assembly in response to an electric field emanating from said electrostatic latent image.

5. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein said second layer has a thickness in the range of 3 Mu to 400 Mu .

6. Apparatus as claimed in claim 5, wherein said second layer has a preferred thickness in the range of 5 Mu to 330 Mu .

7. Electrostatic printing apparatus for developing electrostatic images on a photoconductive plate with a liquid developer containing fine colored particles suspended in an aqueous liquid carrier which comprises: a developer supply unit having a back surface and a repellent surface layer 3-400 Mu thick over the back surface forming a front surface, said developer supply unit having uniformly closely spaced 10-100 Mu pores in said back surface and said repellent layer penetrating from the front surface through the back surface; means for providing liquid developer to the back surface of the developer supply unit; means for contacting a photoconductive plate having an electrostatic pattern thereon with liquid developer closely spaced to the front surface of the developer supply unit; and means for forming a surface tension contact angle at said surface layer adjacent said substrate in said pores with said liquid developer, said contact angle being more than 90*; and means for exposing said liquid developer to an electrostatic pattern in said photoconductive plate to provide electrostatic induction influencing said surface tension angle at said repellent surface layer for attracting said liquid developer through said pores toward said electrostatic pattern for developing said electrostatic pattern.

8. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein the repellent layer comprises polyethylene, polystyrene, poly-4-fluoroethylene, poly-3-fluoroethylene chloride, silicone varnish or alkyd resin.

11. Electrostatic apparatus for developing latent images on a photoconductive member with a liquid developer containing particles suspended in a water-containing carrier which comprises: a developer supply unit having a substrate with a liquid-repellent layer disposed on the substrate, said developer supply unit having a plurality of pores through the substrate and repellent layer, said substrate exhibiting affinity for the liquid developer; means for providing the liquid developer to the developer supply unit; and means for contacting a photoconductive member having an electrostatic latent image preformed thereon with liquid developer; said developer supply unit having means comprising said liquid repellent material forming a contact angle in said pores greater than 90* with water-containing liquid developer in the absence of an electrostatic field and less than 90* under the influence of said electrostatic latent image, thereby permitting flow of the liquid developer through said pores adjacent said latent image.

12. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein said repellent layer is about 3-400 Mu thick and said pores have openings of about 10-100 Mu .