US4935019A - Radiopaque polymeric composition - Google Patents
Radiopaque polymeric composition Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US4935019A US4935019A US07/189,078 US18907888A US4935019A US 4935019 A US4935019 A US 4935019A US 18907888 A US18907888 A US 18907888A US 4935019 A US4935019 A US 4935019A
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- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- composition
- radiopaque
- fabric
- microns
- barium sulfate
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- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L15/00—Chemical aspects of, or use of materials for, bandages, dressings or absorbent pads
- A61L15/16—Bandages, dressings or absorbent pads for physiological fluids such as urine or blood, e.g. sanitary towels, tampons
- A61L15/18—Bandages, dressings or absorbent pads for physiological fluids such as urine or blood, e.g. sanitary towels, tampons containing inorganic materials
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L31/00—Materials for other surgical articles, e.g. stents, stent-grafts, shunts, surgical drapes, guide wires, materials for adhesion prevention, occluding devices, surgical gloves, tissue fixation devices
- A61L31/14—Materials characterised by their function or physical properties, e.g. injectable or lubricating compositions, shape-memory materials, surface modified materials
- A61L31/18—Materials at least partially X-ray or laser opaque
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B90/00—Instruments, implements or accessories specially adapted for surgery or diagnosis and not covered by any of the groups A61B1/00 - A61B50/00, e.g. for luxation treatment or for protecting wound edges
- A61B90/39—Markers, e.g. radio-opaque or breast lesions markers
Definitions
- This invention relates to X-ray detectable fabrics and, more particularly, to a radiopaque polymeric composition which may be applied to the surface of the fabric by printing or extrusion to form an integral component of the sponge fabric.
- Typical absorbent fabric materials are used in surgical procedures for packing, wiping, and cleansing in or around the operating site.
- Typical products include surgical sponges such as 4 ⁇ 4 inch folded surgical gauze of nonwoven fabric, and woven, nonwoven and knitted laparotomy pads.
- surgical sponges such as 4 ⁇ 4 inch folded surgical gauze of nonwoven fabric, and woven, nonwoven and knitted laparotomy pads.
- an occasional sponge may inadvertently be left in the patient.
- a common X-ray detectable marker used in conjunction with surgical sponges is a polymeric filament or ribbon loaded with an X-ray opaque filler material such as barium sulfate.
- Suitable polymeric materials include polyisobutylene, polyvinyl chloride and copolymers of vinyl acetate and vinyl chloride.
- Such X-ray detectable elements have been incorporated into sponge material by a variety of techniques.
- gauze swabs a filament has been interwoven into the fabric of the gauze or fused to the surface of the fabric and folded into the sponge construction.
- laparotomy pads an X-ray detectable ribbon has been enclosed in a seam stitched along one end of the pad, or an X-ray detectable filament has been incorporated into the woven handle strap of the pad or into the body of the pad fabric.
- the filament has been either heat fused onto the surface of the fabric or incorporated into the fabric by introducing the radiopaque element during the fabric manufacturing process.
- the X-ray detectable element has been preformed as a ribbon, yarn or monofilament, and it has been essential to securely attach the element to the sponge fabric since if the element is separated from the fabric during use, not only is the fabric no longer visible by X-ray, but the separated element is easily lost in the surgical field.
- a final consideration is that the X-ray detectable marker be easily identified in an X-ray image.
- a surgical sponge in accordance with the present invention comprises a fabric and a radiopaque marker bonded to said fabric in a visually distinctive pattern.
- the radiopaque marker is applied to the fabric by extruding or printing a radiopaque polymeric suspension or melt onto the surface of the fabric in such a way that the surface fibers of the substrate fabric are encapsulated.
- the radiopaque material Upon heat-setting, curing or coalescing, the radiopaque material is securely bound to the fabric so that it becomes an integral part of the fabric and cannot be readily removed.
- Emulsion polymers such as plastisols and latexes which are soft, rubbery materials even when heavily loaded with barium sulfate or other radiopaque salt are well suited for use in the present invention.
- the pattern of the X-ray detectable marker is determined by the structure of the underlying fabric and the nature of the application means.
- the marker may be applied to the fabric in a continuous process at a high rate of speed by printing with a gravure roll.
- Suitable compositions for the marker comprise biocompatible polymers containing an effective amount of a radiopaque filler such as barium sulfate and having a viscosity suitable for printing or other application means.
- the radiopaque filler preferably has an average particle size of 5 microns or greater and is present in an amount of from about 15 to 90 parts by weight of solids.
- FIG. 1 is a view in perspective of a folded surgical sponge having an X-ray detectable marker in accordance with the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a print of an X-ray image of a double thickness of a nonwoven fabric having two narrow X-ray detectable bands printed thereon.
- FIG. 3 is a photograph of a nonwoven fabric having a radiopaque marker applied to the surface thereof.
- FIG. 4 is a print of an X-ray image of the fabric of FIG. 3 illustrating the pattern of the X-ray marker.
- FIG. 5 is a photograph of another nonwoven fabric having a radiopaque marker applied to the surface thereof.
- FIG. 6 is a print of an X-ray image of the fabric of FIG. 5 illustrating the pattern of the X-ray marker.
- FIG. 7 is a photograph of a surgical gauze having a radiopaque marker applied to the surface thereof and also containing a conventional X-ray detectable monofilament.
- FIG. 8 is a print of an X-ray image of the fabric of FIG. 7.
- the present invention consists of applying a polymeric material comprising a polymeric carrier and from about 15 to about 90 percent by weight of solids of a heavy metal radiopaque, salt such as barium sulfate onto the surface of surgical sponge fabrics.
- the polymeric material may be applied as a hot melt extrusion, or by printing or cold extruding a latex emulsion or a plastisol onto the surface of the fabric in a continuous or intermittent pattern.
- the upper layer of fibers of the underlying fabric are encapsulated by the radiopaque material so that the marker is securely bound to the surface of the fabric and will not separate during normal handling or use.
- the radiopaque marker may be applied to the fabric in a distinctive pattern which is readily identified in an X-ray image.
- the radiopaque material may be applied to the fabric in such a way as to preserve the open spaces in the fabric whereupon the fabric structure itself becomes the distinctive pattern of the X-ray marker.
- Radiopaque material In the case of fabrics having no distinguishable pattern such as closely knit or tightly-woven fabrics or nonapertured nonwoven fabrics, it is preferable to apply the radiopaque material to the surface of the fabric in a predetermined pattern which is controlled by the configuration of the printing roll or other application means.
- Latex emulsions and plastisol formulations may be applied to the fabric by padding, gravure printing, screen printing, or other convenient method.
- Patterned nonwoven fabrics useful in the practice of the present invention may be prepared according to conventional hydraulic entanglement methods.
- these methods consist of providing a fibrous web of randomly oriented staple length fibers, positioning the web on a patterned, apertured belt, and subjecting the web to a plurality of high pressure hydraulic jets to entangle the fibers into a pattern conforming to that of the supporting belt.
- the entangled fibers are thereupon separated from the belt and dried on hot drums to produce a patterned nonwoven fabric.
- This method of manufacturing is described in detail in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,068,547; 3,129,466; 3,485,706; 3,494,821; and 3,681,184 and is well known to those skilled in the art.
- the nonwoven fabric may comprise any suitable combination of natural and/or synthetic textile materials including cotton, rayon, acrylics, polyester and nylon.
- a particularly preferred fiber composition is a blend of 70% rayon (1.5 denier, approximately 3 cm staple length) and 30% polyester (1.5 denier, approximately 3 cm staple length).
- the staple fibers are blended and converted to a fibrous web on conventional textile processing equipment such as a Rando-Webber which produces a web having random fiber orientation.
- the nonwoven fabric preferably has a dry weight of from about 1.0 to 3.0 ozs per square yard (30 to 100 g/m 2 ), with the lighter weights limited by the processability of the fibrous web and the heavier weights limited by the desired utility and construction of the sponge or swab, although higher weights may be preferred for some product applications such as laparotomy pads.
- the radiopaque composition is preferably dyed or pigmented blue or other suitable color which contrasts sharply with blood.
- the color permits ready identification of the X-ray detectable element in the sponge, facilitates sponge counting in the operating room and further helps locate the sponge when saturated with blood during use.
- the radiopaque material may be applied primarily to one surface of the fabric, and is consequently visually more apparent from that side. This increased visibility may be capitalized on when folding the sponge by placing the radiopaque material to the outside of the sponge.
- FIG. 1 there is illustrated a surgical sponge, indicated generally by the numeral 10, which consists of folded fabric 11 having a radiopaque marker consisting of a pair of lines 12 and 13.
- the radiopaque marker lines are continuous over the length of the folded sponge and applied to the fabric during manufacture by, for example, printing a radiopaque plastisol directly onto the surface of the fabric. While lines 12 and 13 appear generally as two continuous lines of uniform width and depth, closer inspection reveals that the lines conform to the open pattern of the fabric and have a variable thickness on the surface of the fabric.
- the pattern of the radiopaque material on the fabric of the sponge results in the formation of a distinctive X-ray image of the radiopaque marker.
- FIG. 10 consists of folded fabric 11 having a radiopaque marker consisting of a pair of lines 12 and 13.
- the radiopaque marker lines are continuous over the length of the folded sponge and applied to the fabric during manufacture by, for example, printing a radiopaque plastisol directly onto the surface of the fabric
- FIG. 2 is a print of the X-ray image of a double thickness of a fabric having two narrow X-ray detectable bands printed thereon. While the X-ray pattern is created entirely by the pattern of the underlying fabric, the fabric pattern itself is not apparent from the X-ray image due to the narrow width of the radiopaque lines.
- FIG. 3 is a photograph of an open patterned nonwoven fabric which is characterized by a series of small, widely-spaced fiber masses interconnected by radial threads in what is commonly referred to as a "rosebud" pattern.
- FIG. 5 is a photograph of another nonwoven fabric having a radiopaque marker applied to the surface thereof.
- the X-ray image of the fabric as illustrated in FIG. 6 clearly shows the pattern of the fabric to be different than that of FIG. 4.
- FIG. 7 illustrates a conventional 20 ⁇ 8 woven surgical gauze printed with a band of radiopaque plastisol material which appears as the dark bands in the photograph of FIG. 7.
- the radiopaque material uniformly coats each yarn of the gauze within the area of the coating and the pattern of the gauze is readily identified in an X-ray image of the fabric as illustrated in FIG. 8.
- FIGS. 7 and 8 also include a conventional monofilament marker which is clearly visible as the wavy line in the X-ray image of FIG. 8, and less evident in the photograph of the fabric of FIG. 7. It should also be noted that while the photograph and the X-ray are of the same fabric, the displayed areas are not precisely the same.
- the radiopaque material may be applied to an open mesh fabric over an area sufficient to reveal the actual pattern of the underlying fabric in an X-ray image, or over an area which is too narrow to disclose the repeating pattern of the fabric, but nevertheless displays a distinctive pattern of its own in an X-ray image as a result of the underlying fabric pattern.
- the radiopaque material is applied in a predetermined pattern controlled by the application means.
- a plastisol may be applied to the fabric by screen printing or by gravure system in a continuous line or in discontinuous bands and in any desirable pattern.
- An infinite variety of patterns is, of course, possible and may be utilized in the practice of the present invention.
- One desirable pattern would be in the name or initials of the supplier of the surgical product and perhaps the order number of the product, which would not only provide X-ray detectability but also indicate the source of the product to the surgeon during the operating procedure.
- a plastisol printing composition containing 61.5% BaSO 4 is prepared from polyvinyl chloride resin according to the following formulation:
- GeonTM 125-A PVC resin is a low molecular weight, low viscosity polyvinylchloride powder available from B.F. Goodrich, Avon Lake, Ohio.
- the BaSO 4 is suitably No. 1 BarytesTM HP available from Pfizer, Inc., Easton, Pa.
- the blue pigment is suitably Ultramarine Blue available from Sun Chemical Co., Cincinnati, Ohio.
- the PVC resin is sifted with stirring into the dioctyl phthalate plasticizer containing the blue dye, followed by addition of the BaSO 4 .
- the resulting composition contains about 81% total solids and has a Brookfield viscosity of about 20,000 cps at room temperature which is suitable for printing. Desirable viscosities for printing are generally in the range of 2,000 to 20,000 cps although higher or lower viscosities may be utilized in some applications.
- the resulting polymeric composition contains about 76% BaSO 4 .
- An emulsion latex printing composition containing 67.2% BaSO 4 is prepared according to the following formulation:
- the latex printing composition containing about 81% total solids is prepared by first combining the water, ammonia, antifoam, rheology modifier, pigment and RhoplexTM K-3, then slowly adding the BaSO 4 with stirring.
- the ammonia functions to increase the pH to about 8
- the antifoam may be Colloids 999 available from Colloids, Inc., Newark, NJ
- the rheology modifier may be a poly (ethylene oxide) such as Poly-oxTM available from Union Carbide, Danbury, Conn.
- Rhoplex K-3 is a 46% aqueous acrylic emulsion available from Rohm & Haas, Philadelphia, Pa. After application to the fabric and removal of volatiles, the BaSO 4 content in the resulting polymeric composition is approximately 80 percent.
- a high loading acrylic latex emulsion containing 68.2% BaSO 4 is prepared according to the following formulation:
- the acrylic emulsion containing about 83% solids is prepared by combining and blending the components as described in Example 2.
- the antifoam was Dow Corning Y-30 silicone emulsion
- the blue pigment was dry, cosmetic grade Sun Chemical Ultramarine Lake Blue
- the BaSO 4 was Pfizer Barytes #1 HP.
- Rohm & Haas 7R-934 is a milky white aqueous emulsion containing 45% acrylic polymer.
- National Starch 4401 is a vinyl acetate/acrylic copolymer emulsion of 49% solids. After removing the volatiles from the formulated mixture, the resulting polymeric composition contains 17.3% latex, 82% BaSO 4 , and 0.7% pigment.
- the radiopaque polymeric composition with BaSo 4 is naturally white, but may be pigmented blue or other color for enhanced visibility, or left uncolored except for some indication of its presence such as a thin blue line printed onto the marker after curing.
- a wide, unpigmented band of radiopaque material with a narrow blue line or the logo of the manufacturer printed thereon, may be more aesthetically pleasing to the surgeon and still provide all the advantages of a wide, X-ray detectable marker as described herein.
- the plastisol or latex printing composition is applied to the surgical fabric using conventional printing equipment and techniques as, for example, by gravure rolls.
- the printed fabric is passed through a heating station to Polymerize the resin and remove volatile components.
- the resulting polymeric deposit is securely adhered to the underlying fabric and typically comprises from about 60-90% BaSO 4 solids in the resin binder.
- the BaSO 4 used in the printing formulations of the present invention preferably has an average particle size of at least 5 microns, and most preferably 10 microns or greater, in order to obtain printing compositions having the desired flow characteristics when containing up to about 70% BaSO 4 solids.
- the average particle size is substantially less than 5 microns, as for example 2 microns, formulations containing such high levels of BaSO 4 solids are essentially dry mixes not suitable for application to fabric by conventional printing means.
- the average particle size is about 10 microns with 75 percent of the particles being 5 microns or greater.
- the X-ray detectability of a cured latex or plastisol containing from 60 to 70 percent barium sulfate compares favorably with that of a conventional monofilament marker which usually contains about 60 percent barium sulfate.
- the X-ray visibility of the radiopaque material is greater in the case of the present invention, since if the X-ray is taken in plan view, the pattern of the marker stands out while if the X-ray is taken in side view, the effective thickness of the marker is increased and the brightness of the marker in the X-ray image is enhanced.
- the fabric may be printed on one or both sides with the radiopaque material and superimposed printing on both sides has the advantage of presenting thinner layers with greater surface area to speed drying or curing of the radiopaque material.
- Wide lengths of fabric may be printed with parallel bands of radiopaque material spaced to conform to the desired final width of the sponge so that the fabric may be slit within the bands.
- the radiopaque material thereby performs the dual function of stabilizing the cut edges of the fabric against loose yarns or linting, while at the same time imparting X-ray detectability to the fabric.
Abstract
Description
Claims (16)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US07/189,078 US4935019A (en) | 1986-12-22 | 1988-05-02 | Radiopaque polymeric composition |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US06/944,135 US5045080A (en) | 1986-12-22 | 1986-12-22 | Surgical fabric with printed X-ray marker |
US07/189,078 US4935019A (en) | 1986-12-22 | 1988-05-02 | Radiopaque polymeric composition |
Related Parent Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US06/944,135 Continuation-In-Part US5045080A (en) | 1986-12-22 | 1986-12-22 | Surgical fabric with printed X-ray marker |
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US4935019A true US4935019A (en) | 1990-06-19 |
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Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US07/189,078 Expired - Lifetime US4935019A (en) | 1986-12-22 | 1988-05-02 | Radiopaque polymeric composition |
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Cited By (51)
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US5366480A (en) * | 1990-12-24 | 1994-11-22 | American Cyanamid Company | Synthetic elastomeric buttressing pledget |
US5725488A (en) * | 1992-02-14 | 1998-03-10 | Johnson & Johnson Professional, Inc. | Printed fiberglass bandages as orthopaedic casting tapes |
US5725517A (en) * | 1995-10-05 | 1998-03-10 | Deroyal Industries, Inc. | Absorbent woven article including radiopaque element woven therein and anchored at the ends thereof |
US5897696A (en) * | 1996-02-16 | 1999-04-27 | Boston University | Radio-opaque paint for medical stents |
US20030196837A1 (en) * | 2002-04-17 | 2003-10-23 | Ballard M. Daniel | System and method of tracking surgical sponges |
US20040054413A1 (en) * | 2002-09-16 | 2004-03-18 | Howmedica Osteonics Corp. | Radiovisible hydrogel intervertebral disc nucleus |
US20040262546A1 (en) * | 2003-06-25 | 2004-12-30 | Axel Thiess | Radiation protection material, especially for use as radiation protection gloves |
US20050049563A1 (en) * | 2003-08-29 | 2005-03-03 | Fabian Carl E. | Radiopaque marker for a surgical sponge |
US20050064223A1 (en) * | 2003-09-22 | 2005-03-24 | Bavaro Vincent Peter | Polymeric marker with high radiopacity |
US20050065434A1 (en) * | 2003-09-22 | 2005-03-24 | Bavaro Vincent P. | Polymeric marker with high radiopacity for use in medical devices |
US20050075564A1 (en) * | 2002-04-17 | 2005-04-07 | Ballard Marlin Daniel | Method and system configured for counting surgical articles |
US20050109347A1 (en) * | 2003-11-25 | 2005-05-26 | Falls William H.Jr. | Surgical towel with x-ray detectable material |
US20050182319A1 (en) * | 2004-02-17 | 2005-08-18 | Glossop Neil D. | Method and apparatus for registration, verification, and referencing of internal organs |
US20060065273A1 (en) * | 2004-09-27 | 2006-03-30 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | X-ray marker for medical drapes |
US20060173291A1 (en) * | 2005-01-18 | 2006-08-03 | Glossop Neil D | Electromagnetically tracked K-wire device |
US20060262631A1 (en) * | 2004-11-12 | 2006-11-23 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | Bank selection signal control circuit for use in semiconductor memory device, and bank selection control method |
US20060292077A1 (en) * | 2005-03-18 | 2006-12-28 | Zhao Jonathon Z | Dendritic and star-shaped contrast agents for medical devices and bioabsorbable radiopaque bulk material and method for producing same |
US20070055128A1 (en) * | 2005-08-24 | 2007-03-08 | Glossop Neil D | System, method and devices for navigated flexible endoscopy |
WO2007081309A1 (en) * | 2006-01-06 | 2007-07-19 | Fabian Carl E | Radiopaque marker for a surgical sponge |
US20070219516A1 (en) * | 2006-03-14 | 2007-09-20 | Tyco Healthcare Group Lp | X-ray detectable element for association with surgical absorbent substrates and method of making |
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US20100080972A1 (en) * | 2008-09-30 | 2010-04-01 | Sabic Innovative Plastics Ip B.V. | Thermoplastic composition having improved x-ray contrast, method of making, and articles prepared therefrom |
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US8611983B2 (en) | 2005-01-18 | 2013-12-17 | Philips Electronics Ltd | Method and apparatus for guiding an instrument to a target in the lung |
US8632461B2 (en) | 2005-06-21 | 2014-01-21 | Koninklijke Philips N.V. | System, method and apparatus for navigated therapy and diagnosis |
US8710957B2 (en) | 2007-02-28 | 2014-04-29 | Rf Surgical Systems, Inc. | Method, apparatus and article for detection of transponder tagged objects, for example during surgery |
US8721643B2 (en) | 2005-08-23 | 2014-05-13 | Smith & Nephew, Inc. | Telemetric orthopaedic implant |
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US9226686B2 (en) | 2009-11-23 | 2016-01-05 | Rf Surgical Systems, Inc. | Method and apparatus to account for transponder tagged objects used during medical procedures |
US9398892B2 (en) | 2005-06-21 | 2016-07-26 | Koninklijke Philips N.V. | Device and method for a trackable ultrasound |
US9492210B2 (en) | 2008-10-15 | 2016-11-15 | Smith & Nephew, Inc. | Composite internal fixators |
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US9717565B2 (en) | 2015-01-21 | 2017-08-01 | Covidien Lp | Wirelessly detectable objects for use in medical procedures and methods of making same |
US9901366B2 (en) | 2013-07-27 | 2018-02-27 | Lawrence A. Colby | Systems and methods for enhancing the visibility of medical items |
US10287710B2 (en) * | 2013-07-25 | 2019-05-14 | Carenow Medical Private Limited | Radio opaque fibers, filaments, and textiles |
US10285775B2 (en) | 2015-02-26 | 2019-05-14 | Covidien Lp | Apparatuses to physically couple transponder to objects, such as surgical objects, and methods of using same |
US10619268B2 (en) | 2013-11-13 | 2020-04-14 | Illinois Tool Works, Inc. | Metal detectable fiber and articles formed from the same |
US10660726B2 (en) | 2015-01-21 | 2020-05-26 | Covidien Lp | Sterilizable wirelessly detectable objects for use in medical procedures and methods of making same |
US10753022B2 (en) | 2014-07-25 | 2020-08-25 | Illinois Tool Works, Inc. | Particle-filled fiber and articles formed from the same |
US10874560B2 (en) | 2015-01-21 | 2020-12-29 | Covidien Lp | Detectable sponges for use in medical procedures and methods of making, packaging, and accounting for same |
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Cited By (93)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5366480A (en) * | 1990-12-24 | 1994-11-22 | American Cyanamid Company | Synthetic elastomeric buttressing pledget |
US5725488A (en) * | 1992-02-14 | 1998-03-10 | Johnson & Johnson Professional, Inc. | Printed fiberglass bandages as orthopaedic casting tapes |
US5725517A (en) * | 1995-10-05 | 1998-03-10 | Deroyal Industries, Inc. | Absorbent woven article including radiopaque element woven therein and anchored at the ends thereof |
US5897696A (en) * | 1996-02-16 | 1999-04-27 | Boston University | Radio-opaque paint for medical stents |
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