US4977378A

US4977378A - Rapid-response differential amplifier with rail-to-rail input capability

Info

Publication number: US4977378A
Application number: US07/405,485
Authority: US
Inventors: John P. Tero
Original assignee: North American Philips Corp
Current assignee: Philips North America LLC
Priority date: 1989-09-08
Filing date: 1989-09-08
Publication date: 1990-12-11
Anticipated expiration: 2009-09-08
Also published as: KR0146358B1; HK164996A; JP3110743B2; DE69020266T2; EP0416703B1; DE69020266D1; EP0416703A2; EP0416703A3; KR910007242A; JPH03104407A

Abstract

A differential amplifier contains first and second differential portions (20 and 22) that operate together to achieve rail-to-rail input amplification capability. A main current supply (6) provides a main supply conduit (I_L) for the two differential portions. The circuit transconductance is controlled in a desired manner with a control amplifier (AN) suitably coupled to the differential portions and main current supply. A current-steering circuit typically formed with a pair of voltage clamps (30 and 32) enables a pair of level-shift current supplies (16 and 18) in the second differential portion to remain conductive as the input common-mode voltage traverses the entire supply voltage range. Consequently, the differential amplifier achieves a very fast response to changes in the input voltage difference irrespective of the value of the input commond-mode voltage.

Description

FIELD OF USE

This invention relates to differential amplifiers that can be made in semiconductor integrated circuit form and, more specifically, to a differential amplifier formed with a pair of parallel differential portions that work as a unit to achieve rail-to-rail input capability.

BACKGROUND ART

A differential amplifier formed as part of an integrated circuit often utilizes a low power supply voltage in amplifying a differential input signal. This severely constrains the voltage range of the common-mode portion of the input signal. Consequently, it is desirable that the amplifier have rail-to-rail input capability. That is, the amplified output signal should be representative of the input signal as its common-mode voltage travels the full range of the power supply voltage.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,555,673 describes several embodiments of a differential amplifier that uses complementary pairs of input transistors to attain rail-to-rail input capability. Referring to the drawings, FIG. 1 illustrates one of the bipolar embodiments disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,555,673. This device amplifies an input signal differentially supplied between input terminals T_I1 and T_I2 as input voltages V_I1 and V_I2. The common-mode voltage V_CM of the input signal is (V_I1 +V_I2)/2.

The device in FIG. 1 is connected between a source of a high supply voltage V_HH (the high rail) and a source of a low supply voltage V_LL (the low rail). The voltage difference V_HH - V_LL is the overall power supply voltage VPS for the amplifier. VPS is somewhat greater than 2V_BE, where V_BE is the absolute value of the standard voltage across the base-emitter junction of a bipolar transistor when it is just turned on. V_BE is about 0.6-0.8 volt.

The amplifier contains a main current source 6 connected between a supply point P1 and the V_LL supply. Current source 6 provides a main supply current I_L for a pair of differential amplifying

portions

8 and 10. The circuit in FIG. 1 largely divides current I_L into operating currents I_P1 and I_P2.

Differential portion 8 consists of NPN input transistors Q1 and Q2 that enable the amplifier to perform signal amplification up to the high rail. Voltages V_I1 and V_I2 are provided to the bases of transistors Q1 and Q2. Their emitters are connected together at point PI to receive operating current IPI When the input common-mode voltage V_CM is in a part of the VPS range extending from V_HH down to a prescribed voltage greater than V_LL transistors Q1 and Q2 amplify the input signal by largely dividing current I_P1 into intermediate currents I_A and I_B whose difference is representative of the input signal.

Differential portion 10 contains a voltage level-shift circuit 12 that translates the input signal into a shifted differential signal whose common-mode voltage is at least IV_BE higher than V_CM. Level-shift circuit 12 centers around PNP input transistors Q3 and Q4 that enable the amplifier to provide signal amplification down to the low rail. Voltages V_I1 and V_I2 are supplied to the bases of transistors Q3 and Q4. Their collectors are tied to the V_LL supply.

The emitters of transistors Q3 and Q4 are coupled through level-shift resistors RL1 and RL2 to nodes N1 and N2 at which the shifted differential signal is supplied. The Q3 and Q4 base-emitter junctions provide the 1V_BE part of the level shift. Resistors RL1 and RL2 augment the level shift beyond 1V_BE as necessary.

Current sources

16 and 18 provide supply currents I_H1 and I_H2 for the level shifting. Current source 16 is connected between node N1 and the V_HH supply. Current source 18 is similarly connected between node N2 and the V_HH supply.

The actual signal amplification in differential portion 10 is done with an amplifier circuit 14 consisting of NPN transistors Q5 and Q6. The shifted differential signal at nodes N1 and N2 is supplied to the bases of transistors Q5 and Q6. Their emitters are connected together at a supply point P2 to receive operating current I_P2. When voltage V_CM is in a part of the V_PS range extending from V_LL up to a prescribed voltage less than V_HH, transistors Q5 and Q6 amplify the differential input signal (in its level-shifted form) by largely dividing current I_P2 into intermediate currents IC and ID whose difference is representative of the input signal.

The Q1 and Q5 collectors are connected together to provide an output current I₀₁ at an output terminal T₀₁. Likewise, the Q2 and Q6 collectors are connected together to provide a complementary output current I₀₂ at another output terminal T₀₂.

The final component of the amplifier is an NPN control transistor QN whose emitter and collector are respectively connected to points P1 and P2. In response to a control voltage V_RN supplied to its base, transistor QN regulates the values of currents I_P1 and I_P2 as a function of V_CM. Control voltage V_RN lies in a range extending from V_LL +V_SM +V_BE to V_HH -V_SM -V_BE. V_SM is a small safety-margin voltage typically about 0.2-0.3 volt.

FIG. 2 illustrates an idealized graph useful in understanding the operation of the circuit in FIG. 1. By choosing voltage V_RN in the foregoing way, the parts of the V_PS range in which

differential portions

8 and 10 provide signal amplification partially overlap.

Portions

8 and 10 are both operationally conductive when V_CM is in a narrow intermediate sub-range generally centering on V_RN. In FIG. 2, this sub-range extends from V_RN -VW to V_RN +V_W, where 2V_W is the approximate 100-millivolt width of the sub-range.

As V_CM is raised from V_LL to V_HH, the differential amplifier first goes through a low sub-range extending from V_LL to V_RN -V_W in which differential portion 10 provides all 15 of the signal amplification. Transistors Q3-Q6 are turned on. Transistors Q1 and Q2 are turned off so as to make differential portion 8 non-conductive. The amplifier then goes through the intermediate sub-range extending from V_RN -V_W to V_RN +V_W in which transistor QN progressively steers supply current I_L away from portion 10 and to portion 8. Transistors Q5 and Q6 turn progressively off as transistors Q1 and Q2 turn progressively on.

The differential amplifier finally goes through a high sub-range extending from V_RN +V_W to V_HH in which portion 8 provides all of the signal amplification. Transistors Q1 and Q2 are turned fully on. Transistors Q5 and Q6 are non-conductive so that portion 10 is thus turned off. If V_CM gets sufficiently close to V_HH, transistors Q3 and Q4 also turn off.

The circuit transconductance--i.e., the ratio of an incremental change in the output current difference I₀₁ - I₀₂ to an incremental change in the input voltage difference V_I1 - V_I2 --is proportional to the sum of currents I_P1 and I_P2 in the differential amplifier of FIG. 1. Due to the current steering provided by transistor QN, the sum of I_P1 and I_P2 is approximately equal to I_L at any value of V_CM in the V_PS range. As a result, the transconductance is largely constant. In contrast to the situation in which large changes occur in the transconductance as V_CM traverses the V_PS range, the constant transconductance of the circuit in FIG. 1 enables an optimum frequency response to be achieved irrespective of the value of V_CM when the differential amplifier is used in an operational amplifier with negative feedback.

When V_CM rises to a high enough point that transistors Q3 and Q4 turn off, level-shift

current sources

16 and 18 go into saturation and/or turn off.

Current sources

16 and 18 thereby take a relatively long time to return to their normal non-saturated fully conductive condition when V_CM drops down low enough to turn transistors Q3 and Q4 back on. Consequently, the response of the amplifier circuit to changes in the value of input difference V_I1 - V_I2 is unduly slow. While the turnoff of transistors Q3 and Q4 is basically unavoidable, it would be highly desirable to prevent

current sources

16 and 18 from going into saturation and/or turning off during circuit operation.

GENERAL DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is a differential amplifier that uses a current-steering technique to overcome the foregoing problem. The amplifier centers around first and second differential portions that operate together to amplify an input signal differentially supplied between a pair of input terminals. Power for the amplifier is provided from sources of first and second supply voltages whose difference is a power supply voltage that defines a supply voltage range.

The first differential portion, which is coupled to the input terminals, amplifies the differential input signal by dividing a first operating current provided at a first-supply point into a pair of first intermediate currents. The difference between the first intermediate currents is representative of the differential input signal when its common-mode voltage V_CM is in a part of the supply range extending to the second supply voltage.

The second differential portion contains a voltage level-shift circuit coupled to the input terminals. The level-shift circuit differentially provides a pair of nodes with a shifted signal whose common-mode voltage is closer to the second supply voltage than is the input common-mode voltage V_CM. A level-shift current supply is coupled between the second voltage supply and one of the nodes. Another level-shift current supply is coupled between the second voltage supply and the other node.

The second differential portion further includes an amplifier circuit coupled to the nodes for amplifying the input signal (in its level-shifted form) by dividing a second operating current provided at a second supply point into a pair of second intermediate currents. The difference between the second intermediate currents is representative of the differential input signal when V_CM is in a part of the supply range extending to the first supply voltage. This part of the supply range overlaps with the first-mentioned part of the supply range. Accordingly, the differential amplifier achieves rail-to-rail input capability.

A main current supply, which is coupled between the first supply point and the first voltage supply, provides a main supply current for both differential portions. A control amplifier having a control electrode that receives a control voltage, a first flow electrode coupled to the first supply point, and a second flow electrode coupled to the second supply point steers the main supply current between the two differential portions. The transconductance of the differential amplifier can thereby be regulated in a desired manner.

Importantly, the differential amplifier contains a current-steering circuit that enables the two level-shift current supplies to remain operationally conductive as V_CM traverses the full supply range. When the voltage level-shift circuit turns off, the current-steering circuit opens paths to the first voltage supply for current provided from the level-shift current supplies. This typically entails suitably clamping the voltages at the two nodes. The level-shift current supplies are there by inhibited from going into an undesirable condition, such as saturation or turn-off, when V_CM gets close to the second supply voltage. As a result, the present differential amplifier provides a very fast response to changes in the input voltage difference as V_CM varies across the full supply range.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram of a prior art differential amplifier.

FIG. 2 is a graph illustrating operational characteristics of the differential amplifiers in FIGS. 1 and 4.

FIG. 3 is a circuit diagram of a general differential amplifier in accordance with the invention.

FIG. 4 is a circuit diagram of a bipolar embodiment of the differential amplifier in FIG. 3.

Like reference symbols are employed in the drawings and in the description of the preferred embodiments to represent the same or very similar item or items.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Referring to FIG. 3, it illustrates a general arrangement for a differential amplifier having rail-to-rail input capability and controlled transconductance. The amplifier employs a current-steering mechanism in accordance with the teachings of the invention to achieve a rapid response irrespective of the value of input common-mode voltage V_CM as it varies across the entire V_PS range from V_LL to V_HH.

The amplifying device in FIG. 3 uses various three-electrode amplifiers identified by reference symbols beginning with the letter "A". Each "A" amplifier has a first flow electrode (1E), a second flow electrode (2E), and a control electrode (CE) for controlling current flow between the flow electrodes (1E and 2E). Charge carriers, either electrons or holes,.that move between the flow electrodes of each "A" amplifier originate at its first flow electrode and terminate at its second flow electrode. Current flow begins when the voltage between the control electrode and the first flow electrode passes a specified threshold level. The current (if any) flowing in the control electrode is much smaller than that otherwise moving between the flow electrodes.

Each "A" amplifier preferably consists of a single transistor. In the case of a bipolar transistor, its emitter, collector, and base are respectively the first, second, and control electrodes. These elements are respectively the source, drain, and gate for a field-effect transistor (FET) of either the insulated-gate or junction type.

In some cases, each "A" amplifier could consist of more than one transistor. One example is a bipolar Darlington circuit in which the emitter of an input transistor is connected to the base of a trailing transistor. In this case, the control electrode of the "A" amplifier is (connected to) the base of the input transistor, while the first and second control electrodes are (connected to) the emitter and collector of the trailing transistor.

As used in describing two (or more) of the "A" amplifiers, "like-configured" means that the amplifiers have corresponding elements interconnected in the same way and that each set of corresponding elements is of the same semiconductor polarity. For example, two of the "A" amplifiers are like-configured if both are NPN transistors but not if one is an NPN transistor while the other is a PNP transistor. Likewise, Darlington circuits are like-configured as long as the input transistors are of the same polarity and the trailing transistors are of the same polarity (even if different from that of the input transistors).

If electrons move between the flow electrodes of one "A" amplifier, while holes move between the flow electrodes of another "A" amplifier, the two amplifiers may be referred to as being "complementary" or "of opposite polarity". Thus, an "A" amplifier formed with a PNP transistor is of opposite polarity to an "A" amplifier formed with an NPN transistor.

The differential amplifier in FIG. 3 centers around differential amplifying

portions

20 and 22 that receive main supply current I_L from main current source 6 connected between point P1 and the V_LL supply.

Differential portions

20 and 22 work together to amplify the input signal formed by the difference between input voltages V_I1 and V_I2 Portion 20 is operationally conductive when V_CM is in a part of the V_PS range extending from V_HH down to a prescribed voltage V_AL that is somewhat greater than V_LL. Portion 22 is operationally conductive when V_CM is in a part of the V_PS range extending from V_LL up to another prescribed voltage V_AH that is somewhat less than V_HH. The circuit parameters are chosen in such a way that V_AH is greater than V_AL. That is, the two parts of the V_PS range partially overlap. As a result,

portions

20 and 22 are both conductive in the intermediate V_AL -to-V_AH sub-range so that the differential amplifier attains rail-to-rail input capability.

Differential portion 20 is formed with like-configured input amplifiers A1 and A2 of a first polarity type. The first electrodes of amplifiers A1 and A2 are tied together at supply point P1 to receive operating current I_P1. Input voltages V_I1 and V_I2 are supplied to the control electrodes of amplifiers A1 and A2. Their second electrodes provide complementary intermediate currents I_A and I_B as the output signals of portion 20. When V_CM is in the V_AL -to-V_HH range, amplifiers A1 and A2 largely divide current I_P1 between currents I_A and I_B at values whose difference is representative of the differential input signal.

Differential portion 22 contains a voltage level-shift circuit 24 for translating the differential input signal into a shifted differential signal whose common-mode voltage exceeds V_CM by a specified amount. The main part of level-shift circuit 24 consists of like-configured input amplifiers A3 and A4 of a second polarity type opposite to the first polarity type. Voltages V_I1 and V_I2 are provided to the control electrodes of amplifiers A3 and A4. Their second electrodes are connected to the V_LL supply. Because amplifiers A3 and A4 are complementary to amplifiers A1 and A2, portion 22 performs signal amplification at the opposite end of the V_PS range from portion 20.

The A3 and A4 first electrodes are coupled to nodes N1 and N2 at which the shifted differential signal is supplied. A voltage level shift occurs between the control and first electrodes of each of amplifiers A3 and A4. If this level shift is less than the total level shift needed, a level-shift element 26 is connected between node N1 and the A3 first electrode. A largely identical level-shift element 28 is similarly connected between node N2 and the A4 first electrode.

Level-shift

current sources

16 and 18 are again connected to the V_HH supply to provide supply currents I_H1 and I_H2 at nodes N1 and N2. Currents I_H1 and I_H2 are substantially equal. When amplifiers A3 and A4 are turned on so that level-shift circuit 24 is conductive, currents I_H1 and I_H2 flow through level shifts 26 and 28 and then through amplifiers A3 and A4 to the V_LL supply.

A current-steering circuit provides alternate paths for currents I_H1 and I_H2 to flow to the V_LL supply when V_CM gets sufficiently close to V_HH that amplifiers A3 and A4 turn off so as to make level-shift circuit 24 non-conductive. The action of the current-steering circuit prevents

current sources

16 and 18 from going into an undesired condition, such as saturation or turn-off, when amplifiers A3 and A4 turn off. Consequently,

current sources

16 and 18 remain in their (non-saturated) fully conductive state during the full traverse of V_CM across the V_PS range.

The current-steering action involves preventing the voltages at nodes N1 and N2 from rising to values that would otherwise cause

current sources

16 and 18 to decay into an undesired condition when V_CM gets close to V_HH. More particularly, the current-steering circuit prevents the difference V_C1 between the voltage at node N1 and a clamping reference voltage V_RC from exceeding a specified value V_CMAX. The steering circuit also prevents the difference V_C2 between the voltage at node N2 and voltage V_RC from exceeding V_CMAX.

Current source 16 would go into an undesirable condition (e.g., saturation) if the difference between the N1 voltage and V_HH dropped down to or went below a minimum value V_MINH. Current source 18 would likewise be in an undesirable condition if the difference between the N2 voltage and V_HH were less than or equal to V_MINH. As a result, V_CMAX is slightly less than V_HH -V_MINH -V_RC. V_MINH is typically 0.1-0.3 volt.

For the normal case in which the differential amplifier includes level shifts 26 and 28, the current-steering circuit is preferably implemented by utilizing

clamps

30 and 32 as shown in FIG. 3. Clamp 30 is connected between the V_LL supply and a node N3 lying in the path between level shift 26 and the A3 first electrode. Clamp 32 is similarly connected between the V_LL supply and a node N4 lying in the path between level shift 28 and the A4 first electrode.

In the foregoing situation, clamps 30 and 32 operate directly only on the voltages at nodes N3 and N4. That is, clamp 30 prevents the difference between V_RC and the N3 voltage from exceeding a given value, while clamp 32 prevents the difference between V_RC and the N4 voltage from exceeding that value. The clamping on nodes N1 and N2 is achieved by way of level shifts 26 and 28 whose level shift is added to the clamping voltage of

clamps

30 and 32. Level shifts 26 and 28 thereby form part of the current-steering circuit here. The advantage of this arrangement is that clamps 30 and 32 also prevent

elements

26 and 28 from turning off when V_CM gets too close to V_HH.

Alternatively, clamps 30 and 32 could be connected directly to nodes N1 and N2 as indicated in dotted line in FIG. 3. This alternative can be used regardless of whether level shifts 26 and 28 are absent or not. Of course, if

elements

26 and 28 are present, the above-mentioned advantage is lost.

Clamps

30 and 32 are typically implemented in the manner shown in FIG. 3. The principal elements are like-configured clamping amplifiers AC1 and AC2 of the second polarity type. The first electrodes of amplifiers AC1 and AC2 are coupled to nodes N3 and N4. Reference voltage V_RC is supplied to the control electrodes of amplifiers AC1 and AC2. Their second electrodes are tied to the V_LL supply. Clamp 30 may include a resistor RC1 connected between node N3 and the AC1 first electrode. If so, clamp 32 includes a matching resistor RC2 connected between node N4 and the AC2 second electrode.

As the preceding discussion indicates, amplifiers AC1 and AC2 are of the same polarity as amplifiers A3 and A4. Because amplifiers AC1 and A3 are coupled together through node N3, amplifier AC1 turns on as amplifier A3 turns off and vice versa. Likewise, amplifier AC2 turns on as amplifier A4 turns off and vice versa due to the coupling through node N4.

An amplifier circuit 34 formed with like-configured amplifiers A5 and A6 performs the actual signal amplification in differential portion 22. The shifted differential signal at nodes N1 and N2 is supplied to the control electrodes of amplifiers A5 and A6. Their first electrodes are connected together at supply point P2 to receive operating current I_P2. The A5 and A6 second electrodes supply complementary intermediate currents I_C and I_D as the output signals of portion 22. When V_CM is in the V_LL -to-V_AH range, amplifiers A5 and A6 largely divide current I_P2 between currents I_C and I_D at values whose difference is representative of the voltage difference between nodes N1 and N2 and is therefore representative of the differential input signal.

The A1 and A5 second electrodes are both connected to output terminal T₀₁ so as to provide it with output current I₀₁ at a value equal to I_A +I_C. The A2 and A6 second electrodes are likewise both connected to output terminal T₀₂ in order to provide it with complementary output current I₀₂ at a value equal to I_B +I_D. A low-resistance load 36, tied to the V_HH supply, preferably converts currents I₀₁ and I₀₂ into complementary output voltages V₀₁ and V₀₂. Alternatively, a summing circuit 38 could subtract one of currents I₀₁ and I₀₂ from the other to produce a composite output current I₀ representative of the difference between I₀₁ and I₀₂.

A control amplifier AN of the first polarity type controls the values at which currents I_P1 and I_P2 are supplied to

differential portions

20 and 22. Control amplifier AN has its first and second electrodes respectively connected to points P1 and P2. Control voltage V_RN is provided to the AN control electrode at a value sufficient to enable both of

portions

20 and 22 to be operationally conductive in the intermediate V_AL -to-V_AH sub-range. V_RN is typically near the middle of the V_AL -to-V_AH sub-range. The current control provided by amplifier AN allows the circuit transconductance to be regulated in a desired manner.

The present differential amplifier operates in a manner similar to that of the prior art circuit described above, except that

current sources

16 and 18 do not go into an undesirable condition when V_CM gets close to V_HH. More specifically, the operation proceeds as follows when V_CM is raised from low rail V_LL to high rail V_HH.

As V_CM rises from V_LL to V_AL. amplifier AN is fully conductive and steers all of current I_L to differential portion 22. I_P2 equals I_L Amplifiers A3-A6 are all fully turned on. Portion 22 is in a state of full operational conductivity. I_P1 is zero. Amplifiers A1 and A2 are turned off so that differential portion 20 is non-conductive. The steering circuit formed with

clamps

30 and 32 is inactive. In the particular embodiment shown in FIG. 3, amplifiers AC1 and AC2 are turned off.

When V_CM goes from V_AL (past V_RN) up to V_AH, amplifier AN turns progressively off so as to progressively divert more of the main supply current away from portion 22 and toward portion 20. I_P1 increases progressively to I_L. Amplifiers A1 and A2 turn progressively on as portion 20 goes from its non-conductive state to a state of full operational conductivity. Conversely, I_P2 drops progressively to zero. Amplifiers A5 and A6 turn progressively off, causing portion 22 to go from its fully conductive state to a non-conductive state.

As V_CM rises from V_AH to V_HH, amplifier AN is turned fully off. All of the main supply current is now steered to portion 20. I_P1 equals I_L. Amplifiers A1 and A2 are turned fully on. Portion 20 is in its fully conductive state. I_P2 equals zero. Amplifiers A5 and A6 are both turned off so that portion 22 is non-conductive.

When V_CM gets sufficiently close to V_HH, amplifiers A3 and A4 turn off. As this happens, the current-steering circuit of the invention becomes active to ensure that

current sources

16 and 18 remain in their fully conductive (non-saturated) state. Currents I_H1 and I_H2 are steered through the steering circuit to the V_LL supply.

For the embodiment of

clamps

30 and 32 depicted in FIG. 3, amplifiers AC1 and AC2 turn on as amplifiers A3 and A4 turn off. This occurs when V_CM is in the vicinity of, and typically slightly higher than, V_RC. Alternative paths are thereby opened through resistors RC1 and RC2 (if present) and through amplifiers AC1 and AC2 for supply currents I_H1 and I_H2 to flow to the V_LL supply.

Let I_H represent the steady-state value of each of currents I_H1 and I_H2, while R_C represents the value of each of resistors RC1 and RC2. The voltages across resistors RC1 and RC2 are then equal to I_H R_C when amplifiers AC1 and AC2 are fully conductive. Let V_LSE be the extra level-shift voltage supplied by level-

shift elements

26 and 28. The voltages from the control electrodes of amplifiers AC1 and AC2 to their respective first electrodes reach approximately the same value, referred to here as V_LSC. As a result, the N1 and N2 voltages are clamped at a value equal to V_RC +V_CMAX, where V_CMAX equals V_LSE +I_H R_C +V_LSC.

If

clamps

30 and 32 were to clamp the N1 and N2 voltages at the preceding value before amplifier AN reduced current I_P2 to zero, the amplification provided by amplifiers A5 and A6 in circuit 34 would be cut off prematurely, resulting in loss of transconductance. This problem is avoided by choosing the value of voltage V_RC and the characteristics of amplifiers AC1, AC2, A3, and A4 and resistors RC1 and RC2 in such a way that amplifiers AC1 and AC2 do not start to turn on until I_P2 has indeed dropped substantially to zero. In particular, V_RC is normally chosen to be greater than or equal to V_RN.

The value of V_CM at which amplifiers AC1 and AC2 start to become conductive must be greater than V_AH. The way in which amplifier AN is differentially connected to amplifiers A1 and A2 is similar to the way in which amplifiers AC1 and AC2 are differentially connected to amplifiers A3 and A4, except for the presence of resistors RC1 and RC2. If amplifier AN switches from a fully conductive condition to a non-conductive condition in a voltage space approximately equal to V_AH -V_AL, and if V_RC is as low as V_RN, the parameter I_H R_C should be approximately equal to V_AH - V_AL. This ensures that amplifiers AC1 and AC2 switch from a non-conductive state to a fully conductive state at a V_CM value sufficiently higher than V_AH as to avoid prematurely cutting off amplifiers A5 and A6. However, I_H R_C could be lower if V_RC is greater than V_RN. For example, I_H R_C could be zero if V_RC - V_RN equals V_AH - V_AL.

When nodes N1 and N2 are clamped, the voltage across each of

current sources

16 and 18 equals V_HH - V_LSE - I_H R_C - V_LSC - V_RC. Consequently, V_R _C is less than V_HH - V_MINH - V_LSE - I_H R_C - V_LSC.

Looking now at the level-shifts requirements, let V_LSI represent the level shift that amplifiers A3 and A4 provide from their control electrodes to their respective first electrodes. The total level shift V_L _STOT provided by level-shift circuit 24 at nodes N1 and N2 then equals V_LSI +V_LSE.

Amplifiers A5 and A6 are turned on when V_CM is at V_LL. Since amplifier AN is also turned on, V_L _STOT must be greater than or equal to V_MINL +V_MINN +V_LSO, where V_MINL is the minimum tolerable voltage across current source 6 (i.e., between point P1 and the V_LL point), V_MINN is the minimum tolerable voltage across amplifier AN (i.e., between points P1 and P2), and V_LSO is the voltage that amplifiers A5 and A6 provide from their control electrodes to their respective first electrodes. V_MINL and V_MINN each are typically 0.1-0.3 volt. If V_LSO is approximately equal to V_LSI, it turns out that level shift V_LSE provided by

elements

26 and 28 need only be greater than V_MINL +V_MINN.

Turning to voltage V_RN it must exceed V_LL +V_MINL +V_LSN, where V_LSN is the voltage between the control and first electrodes of amplifier AN when it is fully . conductive. V_RN is also less than V_HH - V_MINH - V_LSE - V_LSI. The transmission delay through portion 22 is somewhat longer than that through portion 20. Accordingly, it is desirable that portion 20 provide as much of the signal amplification across the V_PS range as possible. For this reason, V_RN is normally set at a value near the lower limit.

FIG. 4 depicts a preferred bipolar embodiment of the preceding device in which amplifiers A1-A6 and AN consist of transistors Q1-Q6 and QN configured as shown in FIG. 1 and operable in the manner described above. Since V_LSN and V_LSI both equal 1V_BE, V_RN lies in the range from V_LL +V_MINL +V_BE to V_HH - V_MINH - V_BE - V_LSE. This corresponds generally to the range given above for the prior art circuit of FIG. 1. Consequently, the transconductance of the differential amplifier in FIG. 4 is substantially constant.

In FIG. 4, current source 6 is formed in a conventional way with a resistor RL and an NPN transistor QL responsive to a reference voltage V_RL. Current source 16 consists of a PNP transistor QH1 and a resistor RH1 arranged in a conventional manner. Current source 18 likewise consists of a PNP transistor QH2 and a resistor RH2 arranged in the same way. Transistors QH1 and QH2 both respond to the same reference voltage V_RH.

Level shift 26 consists of PN diodes D1X and D1Y connected in series. Level shift 28 similarly consists of PN diodes D2X and D2Y connected in series. As a result, V_LSE equals 2V_BE. Each of diodes D1X, D1Y, D2X, and D2Y is preferably form as an NPN transistor having its collector connected back to its base in order to minimize transmission delay caused by base resistance and base charge storage effects.

In FIG. 4, the current-steering circuit of the invention utilizes

clamps

30 and 32 connected directly to nodes N3 and N4. In addition to preventing diodes D1X, D1Y, D2X, and D2Y from turning off when transistors Q3 and Q4 turn off, this arrangement avoid undesired temperature dependencies within the circuit.

Amplifiers AC1 and AC2 in

clamps

30 and 32 of FIG. 3 are implemented with PNP transistors QC1 and QC2 in FIG. 4. V_RC equals V_RN here.

Clamps

30 and 32 also include resistors RC1 and RC2 in this bipolar embodiment. By inspection, V_CMAX equals 3V_BE +I_H R_C. The voltage drop I_H R_C across each of resistors RC1 and RC2 when nodes N1 and N2 are clamped is at least 120 millivolts and is typically 200 millivolts. This is sufficient to avoid the previously mentioned amplification notches that would otherwise result from premature turn-off of transistors Q5 and Q6.

The embodiment in FIG. 4 employs load 36 to produce complementary output voltages V₀₁ and V₀₂. Load 36 consists of resistors R1-R3 and a capacitor C1 arranged as shown. Capacitor C1 prevents spurious common-mode signals from appearing on the V_HH supply line. Alternatively, elements C1 and R3 could be deleted.

In the preferred embodiment, V_HH and V_LL are 5.0 and 0.0 volts, respectively. V_RN /V_RC, V_RL, and V_RH are 1.25, 0.9, and 4.1 volts, respectively. I_L and I_H1 /I_H2 are 380 and 200 micro-amperes, respectively. RH1/RH2, RC1/RC2, R1/R2, and R3 are 500, 1,250, 750, and 100 ohms, respectively. C1 is 15 picofarads. The differential amplifier is fabricated as part of a monolithic integrated circuit using oxide isolation to separate active regions in a semiconductive wafer.

While the invention has been described with reference to particular embodiments, this description is solely for the purpose of illustration and is not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention claimed below. For example, semiconductor elements of opposite polarity to those described above might be used to accomplish the same results. FETs could replace some or all of the bipolar transistors. An input level-shift circuit of the type described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 309,469, filed Feb. 10, 1989, could be inserted in front of

differential portions

20 and 22 to enable the differential amplifier to operate at a power supply voltage of 1 volt or slightly less. Persons skilled in the art may thus make various modifications and applications without departing from the true scope and spirit of the invention as defined in the appended claims.

Claims

I claim:

1. An electronic circuit, coupled between sources of first and second supply voltages whose difference is a power supply voltage that defines a supply voltage range, for amplifying an input signal differentially provided between a pair of input terminals, the circuit comprising:

first differential means coupled to the input terminals for amplifying the input signal by largely dividing a first operating current provided at a first supply point into a pair of first intermediate currents whose difference is representative of the input signal when its common-mode voltage V_CM is in a part of

second differential means comprising ( a) level-shift means coupled to the input terminals for differentially supplying a pair of nodes with a shifted signal whose common-mode voltage is closer to the second supply voltage than is V_CM, (b) a level-shift current supply coupled between the source of the second supply voltage and one of the nodes, (c) a level-shift current supply coupled between the source of the second supply voltage and the other node, and (d) amplifier means coupled to the nodes for amplifying the input signal by largely dividing a second operating current provided at a second supply point into a pair of second intermediate currents whose difference is representative of the input signal when V_CM is in a part of the supply range extending to the first supply voltage, the two parts of the supply range partially overlapping;

a main current supply coupled between the first supply point and the source of the first supply voltage; and a control amplifier having a first flow electrode coupled to the first supply point, a second flow electrode coupled to the second supply point, and a control electrode responsive to a control voltage for regulating current flow between the flow electrodes; characterized by

current-steering means for enabling the level-shift current supplies to remain operationally conductive as V_CM traverses substantially the entire supply range.

2. A circuit as in claim 1 characterized in that the current-steering means establishes paths by which current from the level-shift current supplies flows to the source of the first supply voltage as the level-shift means turns off.

3. A circuit as in claim 2 characterized in that the current-steering means prevents the difference between the voltage at each node and a clamping reference voltage from exceeding a specified clamping value.

4. A circuit as in claim 3 characterized in that the current-steering means comprises (a) a voltage clamp coupled between one of the nodes and the source of the first supply voltage and (b) a voltage clamp coupled between the other node and the source of the first supply voltage.

5. An electronic circuit, coupled between sources of a first supply voltage and a second supply voltage whose difference is a power supply voltage that defines a supply voltage range, for amplifying an input signal differentially provided between first and second input terminals, the circuit comprising:

first differential means for amplifying the input signal when its common-mode voltage V_CM is in a part of the supply range extending to the second supply voltage, the first differential means comprising like-configured first and second input amplifiers of a first polarity type, the first and second amplifiers having respective control electrodes coupled respectively to the first and second input terminals, respective first flow electrodes coupled to a first supply Point, and respective second flow electrodes coupled respectively to first and second output terminals;

second differential means for amplifying the input signal when V_CM is in a part of the supply range extending to the first supply voltage, the two parts of the supply range partially overlapping, the second differential means comprising (a) like configured third and fourth input amplifiers of a second polarity type opposite to the first polarity type, the third and fourth input amplifiers having respective control electrodes coupled respectively to the first and second input terminals, respective first flow electrodes coupled respectively to first and second nodes, and respective second flow electrodes coupled to the source of the first supply voltage, (b) a first current supply coupled between the first node and the source of the second supply voltage, (c) a second current supply coupled between the second node and the source of the second supply voltage, and (d) like-configured fifth and sixth amplifiers of the first polarity type, the fifth and sixth amplifiers having respective control electrodes coupled respectively to the first and second nodes, respective first flow electrodes coupled to a second supply point, and respective second flow electrodes coupled respectively to the first and second output terminals;

a main current supply coupled between the first supply point and the source of the first supply voltage; and

a control amplifier of the first polarity type, the control amplifier having a control electrode for receiving a control voltage, a first flow electrode coupled to the first supply point, and a second flow electrode coupled to the second supply point; characterized by

current-steering means for enabling the first and second current supplies to remain operationally conductive as V_CM traverses substantially the entire supply range.

6. A circuit as in claim 5 characterized in that the current-steering means establishes paths by which current from the first and second current supplies flows to the source of the first supply voltage as the third and fourth amplifiers turn off.

7. A circuit as in claim 6 characterized in that the current-steering means prevents (a) the difference between the voltage at the first node and a clamping reference voltage from exceeding a specified clamping value and (b) the difference between the voltage at the second node and the reference voltage from exceeding the specified clamping value.

8. A circuit as in claim 7 characterized in that the current-steering means comprises (a) a first voltage clamp coupled between the first node and the source of the first supply voltage and (b) a second voltage clamp coupled between the second node and the source of the first supply voltage.

9. A circuit as in claim 8 characterized in that the first and second voltage clamps respectively comprise first and second clamping amplifiers of the second polarity type, the first and second clamping amplifiers having respective control electrodes for receiving the reference voltage, respective first flow electrodes coupled respectively to the first and second nodes, and respective second electrodes coupled to the source of the first supply voltage.

10. A circuit as in claim 8 in which charge carriers that move between the flow electrodes of each amplifier originate at its first electrode and terminate at its second electrode under control of its control electrode.

11. A circuit as in claim 7 in which the second differential means includes (a) a first voltage level-shift element coupled in the path between the first node and the first electrode of the third amplifier and (b) a second voltage level-shift element coupled in the path between the second node and the first electrode of the fourth amplifier.

12. A circuit as in claim 11 characterized in that the current-steering means comprises (a) a first voltage clamp coupled between the source of the first supply voltage and a third node located in the path between the first level-shift element and the first electrode of the third amplifier and (b) a second voltage clamp coupled between the source of the first supply voltage and a fourth node located in the path between the second level-shift element and the first electrode of the fourth amplifier.

13. A circuit as in claim 12 characterized in that the first and second voltage clamps respectively comprise first and second clamping amplifiers of the second polarity type, the first and second clamping amplifiers having respective control electrodes for receiving the reference voltage, respective first flow electrodes coupled respectively to the third and fourth nodes, and respective second electrodes coupled to the source of the first supply voltage.

14. A circuit as in claim 13 characterized in that each amplifier comprises a bipolar transistor having a base, an emitter, and a collector respectively coupled to the control, first, and second electrodes of that amplifier.

15. A circuit as in claim 14 characterized in that (a) the first clamp further includes a first clamping resistor coupled between the third node and the emitter of the transistor in the first clamping amplifier and (b) the second clamp further includes a second clamping resistor coupled between the fourth node and the emitter of the transistor in the second clamping amplifier.

16. A circuit as in claim 15 characterized in that each level-shift element comprises at least one diode.

17. A circuit as in claim 16 characterized in that the the transistors in the first and second clamping amplifiers and in the third and fourth input amplifiers are PNP transistors, the remaining transistors all being NPN transistors.

18. A circuit as in claim 15 characterized in that the reference voltage is substantially equal to the control voltage.