US5065287A - Method of producing an optically effective arrangement, in particular for application with a vehicular headlight - Google Patents
Method of producing an optically effective arrangement, in particular for application with a vehicular headlight Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US5065287A US5065287A US07/415,228 US41522889A US5065287A US 5065287 A US5065287 A US 5065287A US 41522889 A US41522889 A US 41522889A US 5065287 A US5065287 A US 5065287A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- segments
- light
- optically effective
- headlight
- phi
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60Q—ARRANGEMENT OF SIGNALLING OR LIGHTING DEVICES, THE MOUNTING OR SUPPORTING THEREOF OR CIRCUITS THEREFOR, FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60Q1/00—Arrangement of optical signalling or lighting devices, the mounting or supporting thereof or circuits therefor
- B60Q1/02—Arrangement of optical signalling or lighting devices, the mounting or supporting thereof or circuits therefor the devices being primarily intended to illuminate the way ahead or to illuminate other areas of way or environments
- B60Q1/04—Arrangement of optical signalling or lighting devices, the mounting or supporting thereof or circuits therefor the devices being primarily intended to illuminate the way ahead or to illuminate other areas of way or environments the devices being headlights
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F21—LIGHTING
- F21S—NON-PORTABLE LIGHTING DEVICES; SYSTEMS THEREOF; VEHICLE LIGHTING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLE EXTERIORS
- F21S41/00—Illuminating devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, e.g. headlamps
- F21S41/30—Illuminating devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, e.g. headlamps characterised by reflectors
- F21S41/32—Optical layout thereof
- F21S41/33—Multi-surface reflectors, e.g. reflectors with facets or reflectors with portions of different curvature
- F21S41/334—Multi-surface reflectors, e.g. reflectors with facets or reflectors with portions of different curvature the reflector consisting of patch like sectors
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F21—LIGHTING
- F21S—NON-PORTABLE LIGHTING DEVICES; SYSTEMS THEREOF; VEHICLE LIGHTING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLE EXTERIORS
- F21S41/00—Illuminating devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, e.g. headlamps
- F21S41/30—Illuminating devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, e.g. headlamps characterised by reflectors
- F21S41/32—Optical layout thereof
- F21S41/33—Multi-surface reflectors, e.g. reflectors with facets or reflectors with portions of different curvature
- F21S41/338—Multi-surface reflectors, e.g. reflectors with facets or reflectors with portions of different curvature the reflector having surface portions added to its general concavity
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for producing an optically effective arrangement comprising one reflective surface, said arrangement having a light source related to an optical axis which extends in alignment with the optical arrangement for distributing light of said light source reflected by said reflective surface according to a desired light pattern, in particular for application with a vehicular headlight.
- some known automobile headlights are provided with a masking element arranged in the beam of light between the reflector and a distributor lens in order to meet specific requirements with respect to illumination range, color uniformity, the illumination pattern on the roadway and its marginal area, and light/dark delimitation criteria.
- An automobile headlight is known from DE-AS 18 02 113 by means of which a sharp light/dark delimitation (low beam headlights) is to be achieved without the use of a masking element.
- the reflector comprises two narrow, axially symmetrical sectors forming the main mirror surface regions which effect the sharp light/dark delimitation. Two parabolic additional mirror surfaces supplement these surfaces.
- the known reflector consists of four individual surfaces adjoining at four boundary edges. Such boundary edges cause the reflected light to form irregular light beams directed at the surface to be illuminated, so that a continuous, i.e. smooth, light distribution of high intensity is impossible.
- a reflector known from DE-OS 33 41 773 shows a similar structure. Also in this case, the object of distributing the light rays reflected by the reflector in their entirety below the light/dark delimitation, is attained incompletely and discontinuously.
- the known reflector also consists of two parabolic sectors which are arranged symmetrically around its horizontal axis and to which adjoin two pairs of so-called deflecting surfaces.
- the reflector of DE-OS 33 41 773 comprises six surfaces which adjoin at six boundary edges and which, however, do not substantially improve the disadvantages of discontinuity of light distribution, even though the adjoining boundary edges of the individual reflector surfaces allegedly do not show discontinuities.
- U.S. Pat. No. 4,495,552 discloses a reflector for a vehicle lamp, which consists of a plurality of grid sections. Each of the grid sections shows generally a concave shape both in horizontal and in vertical cross section.
- the above object is attained by a method for producing an optically effective arrangement comprising one reflective surface, said arrangement having a light source related to an optical axis which extends in alignment with the optical arrangement for distributing light of said light source reflected by said reflective surface according to a desired light pattern, said method is characterized by the steps of
- the physical form can be a vehicular headlight produced by the above-mentioned method comprising
- This vehicular headlight is characterized in that said reflective surface shows axial asymmetry over its entire axial length, said surface having a mathematically continuous shape such that the beam of light reflected by said reflective surface distributes the light of said light source according to the distribution of the light pattern desired by optimally utilizing the light emitted by the light source.
- the optically effective arrangement may be represented by the reflector surface itself.
- the optically effective arrangement may also be represented by the surface of an optical element arranged in the path of the light beam reflected by the reflector surface.
- the optically effective arrangement may also be a combination of the reflector surface and a surface of the optical element in the path of the light beam reflected by the reflector surface.
- the surface or surfaces of the optically effective arrangement according to the invention satisfy the following single mathematical formula: ##EQU1## and wherein X represents a linear cylindrical coordinate of the headlight axis, which extends substantially in the direction of the light beam produced by the optically effective surface,
- rho is the radius vector of said cylindrical coordinates
- phi represents the polar angle of said cylindrical coordinates of the loci
- n integers from 0 through 50, preferably through 10,
- n, i and k represents integers from 0 through at least 3, preferably through 20,
- K(phi) represents a conic section coefficient as a function of phi
- AK n (phi) represents one of ne+1 different aspheric coefficients as a function of phi
- Rc m and Rs m each represent one of me+1, and
- Kc i and Ks i each represent one of ie+1 different constant parameters
- AKc nk and AKs nk each represent one of (ne+1).(ke+1) different constant parameters.
- the above optical surface formula is a variation of a known formula for a surface of rotation having coefficients R, K, AKn which are independent of phi.
- each value of X produces a certain value of rho which is thus independent of phi.
- the radius vector rho is not only a function of X, as is the case in the known formula, but also a function of phi.
- K and AKn as "conic section coefficients" and "aspheric coefficients", respectively, result from the known formula which contains the coefficients independent of phi.
- the designation "basic radius" for R is also commonly used.
- a preferred method for mathematically producing the desired optical surface includes the step of mathematically representing an approximation of that surface with mathematically represented surface segments in a manner that allows individual segments to be mathematically manipulated without influencing the optical properties of other regions of the representation.
- a manner of mathematical representation uses bivariate tensor product splines.
- Such splines are represented and subsequently altered, preferably either by the so-called Bezier method or by the so-called B-spline method, starting with the determination of initial bivariate polynomials which describe surface segments and are equal at the common sides of adjacent surface segments through the second derivative (continuity at the common sides of the segments).
- initial bivariate polynomials are determined describing initial surface segments having desired optical properties only of an initial region of the optically effective surface.
- further bivariate polynomials are determined describing further initial surface segments located adjacent to the initial region until an approximate surface to the desired optically effective surface is achieved.
- said approximate surfaces are, step by step, locally changed by varying the coefficients of the bivariate polynomials while retaining said continuity through the second derivatives without influencing optical properties of other regions of said approximate surface until the resulting representation of said optical surface achieves the desired optical properties.
- the resulting representation is then expressed in computer language and is used as the input to a computer that controls a machine tool to reproduce the mathematical surface representation in physical form.
- each reflective spot of the reflector illuminates a definite area on the surface to be illuminated, but a region of the illuminated surface may be illuminated from more than one reflector spot, i.e., the shape of the reflector has been calculated and determined such that the light rays reflected by the reflective spots of the reflector distribute the available amount of light on the surface to be illuminated according to the brightness desired at the various spots so that an undesired brightness increase or decrease is avoided and optimal utilization of the available light source is achieved.
- a reflective filter layer can be used expediently for heat removal from the reflector, particularly a reflector made of plastic material.
- a lens or other optical element in the light path from the reflector can be protected by a reflective filter layer on the reflector itself and/or by a cold mirror, preferably arranged at an inclined angle in front of the reflector opening. If, for example, such a cold mirror is arranged in front of the reflector at an angle of 45 degrees, the optical axis of the light beam reflected by the mirror surface will extend normal to the axis of the reflector so that an L-shaped configuration of the headlight is obtained, which fact considerably reduces the space required for installing such a system, such reduction is advantageous in an automobile.
- the optical means interposed in the light beam reflected by the cold mirror surface is then transilluminated only by the cold light and, as a result, can be manufactured of thermosensitive material. In this case, the axis of the headlight forms a right angle, the legs of which are the reflector axis and the optical axis of the optical element arranged in front of the reflector.
- the automobile body designer is substantially free in shaping the headlight front glass.
- a lens arranged in front of the reflector opening can either consist of a colored material or can be provided with a color filter coating to meet local requirements for coloring the light emitted by the reflector.
- the optically effective surface according to the invention produces not only an optimal low beam light, but also creates an excellent high beam when using a double-filament lamp, especially because the high beam is not impaired by a masking element.
- a headlight designed according to the invention avoids the use of masking elements and provides optimal utilization of the available light, achieves the desired light distribution with a considerable increase in total light output, and avoids the occurrence of color fringes.
- FIG. 1 shows a perspective view of a first embodiment of a headlight consisting of a reflector and a lens
- FIG. 2 is a schematic perspective view of a cross-section (normal to the headlight axis) of the optically effective surface of a headlight within the coordinate system, X, Y and Z, showing cylindrical coordinates X, rho and phi, for the illustration of the first and second embodiments.
- FIGS. 3a, 3b are a schematic representation of two of many possible examples for the illumination of a surface to be illuminated which can be achieved when using the headlight according to the invention
- FIG. 4 is a projection, parallel to the headlight axis "X", onto a plane normal to the X axis, of the optically effective surface of the headlight divided up into surface segments,
- FIG. 5 shows an enlarged representation of one surface segment according to FIG. 4,
- FIG. 6 shows the optical path of the light rays between the optically effective surface according to FIG. 1 and a surface to be illuminated.
- Table I shows the parameters for calculating the reflector surface by means of the above-mentioned formula
- Table II shows the parameters for calculating the surfaces of a lens arranged in front of the reflector which lens, together with the reflector surface, forms the optically effective system of a first embodiment of the headlight, by means of the abovementioned formula,
- Tables III and IV show the coefficients (b) of the bivariate polynomials for defining the surface segments of the optically effective surface formed of the reflector surface and a lens surface according to the first embodiment.
- Table V shows the "b" coefficients of the Basis-Spline-Method for defining the optically effective surface of the second embodiment of the headlight.
- the optically effective surface of the headlight according to a first embodiment of the invention is designed asymmetrically on a reflector 1.
- a lens 2 is arranged coaxially to the headlight axis 4.
- Reference numeral 3 designates a light source arranged within the reflector (e.g., a double filament lamp).
- the arrangement of the above-mentioned components on the headlight axis 4 represents one of several possible embodiments.
- At least one surface of lens 2 such that one surface is characterized by point asymmetry in all planes cutting said surface, which is a part of the optically effective surface.
- lens 2 may be arranged in an offset and/or tilted relation to the headlight axis 4 to effect light emission in one or several directions other than the main direction of emission.
- the glass or plastic lens 2 itself can also be used for sealing the front of the headlight.
- a separate front glass having an optically effective surface pattern is not required.
- at least the outer surface of the lens is scratch-resistant.
- a planar plate can be inserted, e.g. in the second embodiment.
- a double-filament lamp is provided as light source 3 so that the headlight can be used in the low and high beam mode.
- the reflector surface and/or the optically effective lens surface can be described by means of the formula given in the introduction to the description.
- the values given in Table II indicate that the first lens surface has an infinitely large radius of curvature and thus represents a plane.
- FIG. 3b Using the above-described embodiment of a headlight an illumination of the surface to be illuminated will be achieved as stated in FIG. 3b in a schematically simplified form.
- An initial surface used in performing the first step of a first method is based on an optically effective surface of a known shape, e.g., a paraboloid of revolution.
- the initial surface is divided up into 100 initial surface segments 5' (FIG. 6), the projections of which, indicated on a plane arranged normal to the headlight axis X, are designated with the reference numeral 5 (FIGS. 4 and 5).
- the projections 5 are represented by only 25 surface segments 5' (FIG. 4).
- Such sub-division results from the fact that the initial surface is dissected by means of two families of parallel planes, the planes of one of the families extending normal to the planes of the other family and the planes of both families extending parallel to the headlight axis.
- FIGS. 4 and 6 the Cartesian coordinates X, Y and Z of the headlight are represented, the X-axis defining the headlight axis.
- the X-coordinates of the corners b 00 , b 03 , b 30 and b 33 of each surface segment 5' are inserted in the following bivariate polynomial as corner coefficients: ##EQU2## wherein "y" and “z” (FIG. 5) in contrast to "X” and “Z” (FIG. 4), are Cartesian coordinates starting from corners 6 (FIG. 5) of each surface segment having the "X" coordinate "b 00 ".
- the remaining coefficients of the bivariate polynomials of each surface segment are then calculated according to this method such that the polynomials are identical in the lines of contact of adjacent surface segments through the second derivatives.
- the Bezier method is disclosed, for example, in W. Boehm, Gose, Einfuehrung in die Methoden der Numerischen Mathematik, Vieweg Verlag, Braunschweig, 1977, Pages 108-119.
- the bivariate polynomials thus calculated result in surface segments which are approximations to the initial surface segments.
- the corner coefficients of the polynomials and subsequently the remaining coefficients are step by step changed such that the desired light distribution is achieved, which can be checked each time a change has been made. This procedure is continued until the resulting mathematical surface representation achieves the desired optical properties.
- each projection 5 of a surface segment 5' extends in "y" and "z” directions by the standardized unit of 0 to 1.
- this unit is characterized by a polynomial having sixteen b coefficients (b 00 through b 33 ).
- the values for "y" and "z” are inserted in the polynomial and the coordinate "X" is calculated.
- the projections 5 of the surface segments 5' may be square or rectangular. The corners 6 of adjacent surface segments must, however, coincide in order to obtain the desired continuity at the contacting lines of adjacent surface segments and thus a continuity of the total reflector surface.
- FIG. 5 shows an enlarged representation of a projection 5 of a surface segment 5' of the surface of reflector 1.
- Part of the surface segment 5' directs a light beam to the surface 7 to be illuminated (FIG. 6).
- the shape of the projected image is defined by the part of the surface segment 5' forming a curve in the Y and Z directions.
- the individual adjacent surface segments are oriented such that each surface segment 5' corresponds to an area 8 on surface 7. If desired, areas 8 of different surface segments 5' may overlap or even coincide.
- the distribution of the amount of light on the surface 7 to be illuminated is not limited to uniformly distributing light across the total surface but, if desired, the light intensity may vary continuously across the surface to be illuminated.
- the surface segments given in Table III form the reflector surface and the values given in Table IV define the two surfaces of a lens which is arranged in front of the reflector and, together with the reflector surface, forms the optically effective surface of the headlight effecting the illumination of the surface to be illuminated given approximately in FIG. 3b.
- a headlight in compliance with the values given in Tables I and II or III and IV is designed such that the distance between the planar surface of lens 2 which is arranged coaxially to the axis of reflector 1 and the apex of the reflector amounts to 118 millimeters.
- the preferred method for representing and manipulating the coefficients of the bivariate polynominals of the segments representing an optically effective surface for the headlight uses the Basis-spline Method according to De Boor (see “A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO SPLINES”, Applied Mathematical Sciences, Volume 27, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, N.Y.
- first bivariate polynomials are determined describing initial surface segments having desired optical properties of a region of the optically effective surface and beginning with this initial region, further bivariate polynomials are determined located adjacent to said region, until an approximate surface to said optical surface is achieved.
- the achieved approximate surface is then changed locally by varying coefficients of said Basis splines while retaining continuity through the second derivatives within the varied region, without influencing optical properties of other regions of said approximate surface. Continuing in this manner the approximate surface is varied until the resulting representation of said optical surface achieves desired optical properties.
- the X-range of 0 to 67 mm and phi-range of 0 to 360 degrees are divided into sub-intervals by means of partition points. Knot sequences for said ranges and sub-intervals are chosen so that fourth order B-splines in the respective variables are continuous through the second derivative.
- the B-splines in the X variable satisfy "not-a-know" end conditions.
- the B-splines in the phi variable satisfy periodic end conditions.
- Said reflector surface is then represented by means of the expression ##EQU3## where rho is the radius of said reflector surface at position x along the cylindrical coordinate (X-axis) axis and at angle phi with respect to the z-axis.
- the Table V shows the coefficients [b kj ] and knot sequences for the x variable and phi variable of a second embodiment. These data are sufficient input data for a computer to calculate a reflector surface having the desired properties when a light source lamp of known characteristics is used, e.g., a halogen H4 lamp.
- a light source lamp e.g., a halogen H4 lamp.
- Said lamp should be oriented so that its reference pin is at angle 75° as measured from the x-axis according to the diagram in FIG. 2.
- the H4 lamp has three pins to orient the lamp in a housing, one of them being the reference pin.
- the data indicated in the Tables I to V are generated by a computer, for instance of the type Micro-Vax 2000 using the FORTRAN language.
- these data representing a net of X, Y and Z coordinates, are transferred to a CAD (Computer Aided Design) Anvil program as generated by the Manufacturing Consulting System Company, U.S.A.
- CAD Computer Aided Design
- the data are converted such that a numerically controlled machine of the Fidia Company, Turin, is controlled.
- the numerically controlled machine controls a milling machine of the Bohner and Koehle Company in Esslingen, Germany, for producing a reflector for a vehicular headlight according to the invention such as by forming a mold by which an optical surface of a vehicular headlight can be replicated.
Abstract
A vehicular headlight, in particular an automobile headlight, including a reflector (1) having a reflecting surface, is capable of illuminating a flat target surface to be illuminated with a desired light distribution by optimal utilization of the light source of the headlight. Therefore the optically effective surface of the headlight is characterized by point asymmetry in substantially all planes cutting said reflecting surface. This can be realized by using a method for producing said optical surface comprising the steps of: mathematically representing said surface by creating a spline from bivariate tensor product of polynomials; deriving mathematical data in computer input format from said mathematical representation; and inputting said data to a computer for controlling an apparatus by which the mathematical representation of said optical surface is reproduced in physical form. Such splines, in turn, are represented and subsequently altered, preferably either by the so-called Bezier method or by the so-called Basis-spline method.
Description
The invention relates to a method for producing an optically effective arrangement comprising one reflective surface, said arrangement having a light source related to an optical axis which extends in alignment with the optical arrangement for distributing light of said light source reflected by said reflective surface according to a desired light pattern, in particular for application with a vehicular headlight.
Due to legal regulations directed to traffic safety, some known automobile headlights are provided with a masking element arranged in the beam of light between the reflector and a distributor lens in order to meet specific requirements with respect to illumination range, color uniformity, the illumination pattern on the roadway and its marginal area, and light/dark delimitation criteria.
The use of such masking elements, however, is one of the main reasons why such headlights mentioned can neither produce their full light output, nor are they free from the occurrence of color fringes, which runs counter to the requirement for emitting a uniformly colored light.
An automobile headlight is known from DE-AS 18 02 113 by means of which a sharp light/dark delimitation (low beam headlights) is to be achieved without the use of a masking element. For this purpose, the reflector comprises two narrow, axially symmetrical sectors forming the main mirror surface regions which effect the sharp light/dark delimitation. Two parabolic additional mirror surfaces supplement these surfaces. Thus, the known reflector consists of four individual surfaces adjoining at four boundary edges. Such boundary edges cause the reflected light to form irregular light beams directed at the surface to be illuminated, so that a continuous, i.e. smooth, light distribution of high intensity is impossible.
A reflector known from DE-OS 33 41 773 shows a similar structure. Also in this case, the object of distributing the light rays reflected by the reflector in their entirety below the light/dark delimitation, is attained incompletely and discontinuously. The known reflector also consists of two parabolic sectors which are arranged symmetrically around its horizontal axis and to which adjoin two pairs of so-called deflecting surfaces. Instead of four surfaces known from the reflector according to DE-AS 18 02 113, the reflector of DE-OS 33 41 773 comprises six surfaces which adjoin at six boundary edges and which, however, do not substantially improve the disadvantages of discontinuity of light distribution, even though the adjoining boundary edges of the individual reflector surfaces allegedly do not show discontinuities.
The article "Computer Design of Automotive Lamps With Faceted Reflectors", Donohue and Joseph, J. of I.E.S./1972, pp. 36-42 describes an automotive lamp in which the reflector is divided into segments (facets) in such a manner that the reflector alone produces the pattern and lens fluting is eliminated. The many facets, as shown in FIG. 12 of that article, have sharp edges and discontinuities between them. Since each facet is a paraboloidal surface, the intersections, or junctions between the surfaces necessarily are not smooth.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,495,552 discloses a reflector for a vehicle lamp, which consists of a plurality of grid sections. Each of the grid sections shows generally a concave shape both in horizontal and in vertical cross section.
It is the object of the invention to provide a headlight that illuminates a surface to be illuminated with a desired light distribution by optimal utilization of the light source of the headlight, particularly under the consideration of the legal regulations in several countries.
The above object is attained by a method for producing an optically effective arrangement comprising one reflective surface, said arrangement having a light source related to an optical axis which extends in alignment with the optical arrangement for distributing light of said light source reflected by said reflective surface according to a desired light pattern, said method is characterized by the steps of
formulating an initial mathematical representation of at least a region of an approximated surface of said reflective surface,
mathematically manipulating of said initial representation until the resulting mathematical surface representation achieves the desired optical properties,
deriving from the resulting mathematical representation computer input data in computer input format, and
inputting said data to a computer for controlling an apparatus by which the mathematical representation of said optical surface is reproduced in physical form.
The physical form can be a vehicular headlight produced by the above-mentioned method comprising
an optically effective arrangement having one reflective surface,
a light source related to an optical axis which extends in alignment with the optically effective arrangement. This vehicular headlight is characterized in that said reflective surface shows axial asymmetry over its entire axial length, said surface having a mathematically continuous shape such that the beam of light reflected by said reflective surface distributes the light of said light source according to the distribution of the light pattern desired by optimally utilizing the light emitted by the light source.
The optically effective arrangement may be represented by the reflector surface itself.
The optically effective arrangement may also be represented by the surface of an optical element arranged in the path of the light beam reflected by the reflector surface.
The optically effective arrangement may also be a combination of the reflector surface and a surface of the optical element in the path of the light beam reflected by the reflector surface.
The surface or surfaces of the optically effective arrangement according to the invention satisfy the following single mathematical formula: ##EQU1## and wherein X represents a linear cylindrical coordinate of the headlight axis, which extends substantially in the direction of the light beam produced by the optically effective surface,
rho is the radius vector of said cylindrical coordinates,
phi represents the polar angle of said cylindrical coordinates of the loci,
n represents integers from 0 through 50, preferably through 10,
m, i and k represents integers from 0 through at least 3, preferably through 20,
R(phi) represents a coefficient which depends on phi and defines the limit value of the radii of curvature of the conic part of the surface at the apex with axial planes extending through the headlight axis when X=0,
K(phi) represents a conic section coefficient as a function of phi,
AKn (phi) represents one of ne+1 different aspheric coefficients as a function of phi,
Rcm and Rsm each represent one of me+1, and
Kci and Ksi each represent one of ie+1 different constant parameters,
AKcnk and AKsnk each represent one of (ne+1).(ke+1) different constant parameters.
The above optical surface formula is a variation of a known formula for a surface of rotation having coefficients R, K, AKn which are independent of phi. In this known formula, each value of X produces a certain value of rho which is thus independent of phi. Due to the dependency of the above coefficients on phi in this representation, each value of X produces a value of rho which is dependent on phi. Thus, the radius vector rho is not only a function of X, as is the case in the known formula, but also a function of phi. The designations for K and AKn as "conic section coefficients" and "aspheric coefficients", respectively, result from the known formula which contains the coefficients independent of phi. In connection with the known surfaces of rotation, the designation "basic radius" for R is also commonly used.
The optically effective system of a headlight according to the above formula can be calculated in that for me and ie, preferably 20, values of each of the parameters Rcm, Rsm, Kci and Ksi and for (ne+1).(ke+1) values of the parameters AKcnk and AKsnk, wherein preferably ne=10 and ke+20, the radius of curvature coefficient R(phi), the conic section coefficient K(phi), and the aspheric coefficients AKn (phi) are determined.
Because of the mutual dependency of the coefficients in the foregoing optical surface formula, mathematical manipulation of the representation of one particular region of the surface representation causes changes in other regions of the representation, which makes the overall mathematical process of arriving at desired surface representation very complex and time-consuming. Accordingly, a preferred method according to the invention for mathematically producing the desired optical surface includes the step of mathematically representing an approximation of that surface with mathematically represented surface segments in a manner that allows individual segments to be mathematically manipulated without influencing the optical properties of other regions of the representation. Preferably, such a manner of mathematical representation uses bivariate tensor product splines. Such splines, in turn, are represented and subsequently altered, preferably either by the so-called Bezier method or by the so-called B-spline method, starting with the determination of initial bivariate polynomials which describe surface segments and are equal at the common sides of adjacent surface segments through the second derivative (continuity at the common sides of the segments).
This can be realized by the determination of initial bivariate polynomials which describe surface segments of an approximate surface to a known optical surface, e.g. a paraboloid.
In a preferred realization of this method initial bivariate polynomials are determined describing initial surface segments having desired optical properties only of an initial region of the optically effective surface. Subsequent further bivariate polynomials are determined describing further initial surface segments located adjacent to the initial region until an approximate surface to the desired optically effective surface is achieved.
In both of said realizations, said approximate surfaces are, step by step, locally changed by varying the coefficients of the bivariate polynomials while retaining said continuity through the second derivatives without influencing optical properties of other regions of said approximate surface until the resulting representation of said optical surface achieves the desired optical properties.
Regardless of the method used to devise the mathematical representation of the desired optical surface in accordance with the invention, the resulting representation is then expressed in computer language and is used as the input to a computer that controls a machine tool to reproduce the mathematical surface representation in physical form.
Due to the asymmetry of the plurality of sections intersecting the reflector and/or the optical element, each reflective spot of the reflector illuminates a definite area on the surface to be illuminated, but a region of the illuminated surface may be illuminated from more than one reflector spot, i.e., the shape of the reflector has been calculated and determined such that the light rays reflected by the reflective spots of the reflector distribute the available amount of light on the surface to be illuminated according to the brightness desired at the various spots so that an undesired brightness increase or decrease is avoided and optimal utilization of the available light source is achieved.
Consequently, light losses caused when the light beam is formed by means of the optically effective surface according to the invention are minimal, and the amount of light emitted by the light source can be fully utilized.
In addition, an improved lateral field illumination as well as a gradual, instead of an abrupt, light/dark delimination is achieved, which is desired with respect to road traffic safety. Furthermore, it is not necessary to dissipate heat developed at a masking element due to direct and indirect irradiation.
Generally, a reflective filter layer can be used expediently for heat removal from the reflector, particularly a reflector made of plastic material.
Similarly, a lens or other optical element in the light path from the reflector can be protected by a reflective filter layer on the reflector itself and/or by a cold mirror, preferably arranged at an inclined angle in front of the reflector opening. If, for example, such a cold mirror is arranged in front of the reflector at an angle of 45 degrees, the optical axis of the light beam reflected by the mirror surface will extend normal to the axis of the reflector so that an L-shaped configuration of the headlight is obtained, which fact considerably reduces the space required for installing such a system, such reduction is advantageous in an automobile. The optical means interposed in the light beam reflected by the cold mirror surface is then transilluminated only by the cold light and, as a result, can be manufactured of thermosensitive material. In this case, the axis of the headlight forms a right angle, the legs of which are the reflector axis and the optical axis of the optical element arranged in front of the reflector.
Because the headlight according to the invention does not require any of the usual diffusion screens, the automobile body designer is substantially free in shaping the headlight front glass.
A lens arranged in front of the reflector opening can either consist of a colored material or can be provided with a color filter coating to meet local requirements for coloring the light emitted by the reflector.
Surprisingly, tests conducted have shown that the optically effective surface according to the invention produces not only an optimal low beam light, but also creates an excellent high beam when using a double-filament lamp, especially because the high beam is not impaired by a masking element.
In summary, a headlight designed according to the invention avoids the use of masking elements and provides optimal utilization of the available light, achieves the desired light distribution with a considerable increase in total light output, and avoids the occurrence of color fringes.
Two embodiments of a headlight and the methods according to the invention will now be described with reference to the drawing and the accompanying tables.
FIG. 1 shows a perspective view of a first embodiment of a headlight consisting of a reflector and a lens,
FIG. 2 is a schematic perspective view of a cross-section (normal to the headlight axis) of the optically effective surface of a headlight within the coordinate system, X, Y and Z, showing cylindrical coordinates X, rho and phi, for the illustration of the first and second embodiments.
FIGS. 3a, 3b are a schematic representation of two of many possible examples for the illumination of a surface to be illuminated which can be achieved when using the headlight according to the invention,
FIG. 4 is a projection, parallel to the headlight axis "X", onto a plane normal to the X axis, of the optically effective surface of the headlight divided up into surface segments,
FIG. 5 shows an enlarged representation of one surface segment according to FIG. 4, and
FIG. 6 shows the optical path of the light rays between the optically effective surface according to FIG. 1 and a surface to be illuminated.
Table I shows the parameters for calculating the reflector surface by means of the above-mentioned formula,
Table II shows the parameters for calculating the surfaces of a lens arranged in front of the reflector which lens, together with the reflector surface, forms the optically effective system of a first embodiment of the headlight, by means of the abovementioned formula,
Tables III and IV show the coefficients (b) of the bivariate polynomials for defining the surface segments of the optically effective surface formed of the reflector surface and a lens surface according to the first embodiment.
Table V shows the "b" coefficients of the Basis-Spline-Method for defining the optically effective surface of the second embodiment of the headlight.
As shown in FIG. 1, the optically effective surface of the headlight according to a first embodiment of the invention is designed asymmetrically on a reflector 1. A lens 2 is arranged coaxially to the headlight axis 4. Reference numeral 3 designates a light source arranged within the reflector (e.g., a double filament lamp). The arrangement of the above-mentioned components on the headlight axis 4 represents one of several possible embodiments.
In addition to the surface of reflector 1, it is possible to form at least one surface of lens 2 such that one surface is characterized by point asymmetry in all planes cutting said surface, which is a part of the optically effective surface.
Moreover, lens 2 may be arranged in an offset and/or tilted relation to the headlight axis 4 to effect light emission in one or several directions other than the main direction of emission.
The glass or plastic lens 2 itself can also be used for sealing the front of the headlight. In this case, a separate front glass having an optically effective surface pattern is not required. For this purpose, at least the outer surface of the lens is scratch-resistant. Instead of the lens being used as a headlight component, a planar plate can be inserted, e.g. in the second embodiment.
For an intense light emission a double-filament lamp is provided as light source 3 so that the headlight can be used in the low and high beam mode.
The reflector surface and/or the optically effective lens surface can be described by means of the formula given in the introduction to the description.
The 12×21=252 parameters Rcm, Rsm, Kci, Ksi, AKcnk and AKsnk of a reflector surface satisfying the metioned formula are given in Table I. Together with a lens which is placed in front of the reflector and the two surfaces of which are defined by the parameters given in Table II, the reflector surface forms the optically effective surface of a first embodiment of the headlight according to the invention.
The addition of E-02 or E+02 at the end of the numerical values given in Tables I and II means that such values must be multiplied by 10-2 or 10+2 respectively.
The values given in Table II indicate that the first lens surface has an infinitely large radius of curvature and thus represents a plane. As the second lens surface is defined only by the parameter values for me=ie=ke=0, said surface represents a surface of rotation about the headlight axis.
Using the above-described embodiment of a headlight an illumination of the surface to be illuminated will be achieved as stated in FIG. 3b in a schematically simplified form.
An initial surface used in performing the first step of a first method is based on an optically effective surface of a known shape, e.g., a paraboloid of revolution. By calculation, the initial surface is divided up into 100 initial surface segments 5' (FIG. 6), the projections of which, indicated on a plane arranged normal to the headlight axis X, are designated with the reference numeral 5 (FIGS. 4 and 5). For the purpose of simplification, the projections 5 are represented by only 25 surface segments 5' (FIG. 4).
Such sub-division results from the fact that the initial surface is dissected by means of two families of parallel planes, the planes of one of the families extending normal to the planes of the other family and the planes of both families extending parallel to the headlight axis.
With the initial surface segments 5' having thus been calculated, the corners can now be determined. In FIGS. 4 and 6, the Cartesian coordinates X, Y and Z of the headlight are represented, the X-axis defining the headlight axis. The X-coordinates of the corners b00, b03, b30 and b33 of each surface segment 5' are inserted in the following bivariate polynomial as corner coefficients: ##EQU2## wherein "y" and "z" (FIG. 5) in contrast to "X" and "Z" (FIG. 4), are Cartesian coordinates starting from corners 6 (FIG. 5) of each surface segment having the "X" coordinate "b00 ".
If the Bezier method is used, the remaining coefficients of the bivariate polynomials of each surface segment, are then calculated according to this method such that the polynomials are identical in the lines of contact of adjacent surface segments through the second derivatives. The Bezier method is disclosed, for example, in W. Boehm, Gose, Einfuehrung in die Methoden der Numerischen Mathematik, Vieweg Verlag, Braunschweig, 1977, Pages 108-119. The bivariate polynomials thus calculated result in surface segments which are approximations to the initial surface segments. If then the corner coefficients of the polynomials of surface segments are varied at desired loci of the optically effective surface and subsequently, as described above, the remaining coefficients are calculated, a local change of the shape of the surface described by the polynomials will be possible, without changing other regions of that surface.
In order to obtain an optically effective surface having the desired properties, the corner coefficients of the polynomials and subsequently the remaining coefficients are step by step changed such that the desired light distribution is achieved, which can be checked each time a change has been made. This procedure is continued until the resulting mathematical surface representation achieves the desired optical properties.
The larger the number of the surface segments 5', the more the desired light distribution on the surface to be illuminated is achieved. The same applies to the degree of the bivariate polynomials, that's to say the higher the degree of the polynomials, the more the desired light distribution on the surface to be illuminated is achieved.
Proceeding from corner 6, each projection 5 of a surface segment 5' extends in "y" and "z" directions by the standardized unit of 0 to 1. In the embodiment, this unit is characterized by a polynomial having sixteen b coefficients (b00 through b33). For each surface segment the values for "y" and "z" are inserted in the polynomial and the coordinate "X" is calculated. The projections 5 of the surface segments 5' may be square or rectangular. The corners 6 of adjacent surface segments must, however, coincide in order to obtain the desired continuity at the contacting lines of adjacent surface segments and thus a continuity of the total reflector surface.
FIG. 5 shows an enlarged representation of a projection 5 of a surface segment 5' of the surface of reflector 1. Part of the surface segment 5' directs a light beam to the surface 7 to be illuminated (FIG. 6). In this connection, the shape of the projected image is defined by the part of the surface segment 5' forming a curve in the Y and Z directions. Depending on the required shape of the surface 7 to be illuminated, the individual adjacent surface segments are oriented such that each surface segment 5' corresponds to an area 8 on surface 7. If desired, areas 8 of different surface segments 5' may overlap or even coincide. The distribution of the amount of light on the surface 7 to be illuminated is not limited to uniformly distributing light across the total surface but, if desired, the light intensity may vary continuously across the surface to be illuminated.
In Tables III, Pages 1 through 20, and IV the "b" coefficients of the surface segments of the first embodiment of a headlight are given, said segments being described by the above-mentioned formula of bivariate polynomials. The surface segments are designated "Segments RS" in the above tables, with R and S representing the lines and columns, respectively, shown in FIG. 4.
The surface segments given in Table III form the reflector surface and the values given in Table IV define the two surfaces of a lens which is arranged in front of the reflector and, together with the reflector surface, forms the optically effective surface of the headlight effecting the illumination of the surface to be illuminated given approximately in FIG. 3b.
As will be apparent from Table IV, in this embodiment, too, the first lens surface is a plane. It follows from the values b=0 that for all loci of all surface segments, X will always be 0.
A headlight in compliance with the values given in Tables I and II or III and IV is designed such that the distance between the planar surface of lens 2 which is arranged coaxially to the axis of reflector 1 and the apex of the reflector amounts to 118 millimeters.
The preferred method for representing and manipulating the coefficients of the bivariate polynominals of the segments representing an optically effective surface for the headlight uses the Basis-spline Method according to De Boor (see "A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO SPLINES", Applied Mathematical Sciences, Volume 27, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, N.Y.
According to this method, as in the previously described method, first bivariate polynomials are determined describing initial surface segments having desired optical properties of a region of the optically effective surface and beginning with this initial region, further bivariate polynomials are determined located adjacent to said region, until an approximate surface to said optical surface is achieved.
The achieved approximate surface is then changed locally by varying coefficients of said Basis splines while retaining continuity through the second derivatives within the varied region, without influencing optical properties of other regions of said approximate surface. Continuing in this manner the approximate surface is varied until the resulting representation of said optical surface achieves desired optical properties.
In this B-spline method for representing the optical surface, the X-range of 0 to 67 mm and phi-range of 0 to 360 degrees are divided into sub-intervals by means of partition points. Knot sequences for said ranges and sub-intervals are chosen so that fourth order B-splines in the respective variables are continuous through the second derivative. The B-splines in the X variable satisfy "not-a-know" end conditions. The B-splines in the phi variable satisfy periodic end conditions. Within the range of the variables, division points and knot sequences the resulting B-spline sequences will be denoted by Bk (x), K=1 to 15, and Pj (phi), j=1 to 15. Said reflector surface is then represented by means of the expression ##EQU3## where rho is the radius of said reflector surface at position x along the cylindrical coordinate (X-axis) axis and at angle phi with respect to the z-axis.
The Table V shows the coefficients [bkj ] and knot sequences for the x variable and phi variable of a second embodiment. These data are sufficient input data for a computer to calculate a reflector surface having the desired properties when a light source lamp of known characteristics is used, e.g., a halogen H4 lamp. Referring to FIG. 2, said light source should be positioned so that the axis of its low beam filament is coincident with the x-axis with the end of the filament closest to the base located at x=29 mm. Said lamp should be oriented so that its reference pin is at angle 75° as measured from the x-axis according to the diagram in FIG. 2. The H4 lamp has three pins to orient the lamp in a housing, one of them being the reference pin.
The data indicated in the Tables I to V are generated by a computer, for instance of the type Micro-Vax 2000 using the FORTRAN language. In a subsequent step these data, representing a net of X, Y and Z coordinates, are transferred to a CAD (Computer Aided Design) Anvil program as generated by the Manufacturing Consulting System Company, U.S.A. By this program the data are converted such that a numerically controlled machine of the Fidia Company, Turin, is controlled. Eventually, the numerically controlled machine controls a milling machine of the Bohner and Koehle Company in Esslingen, Germany, for producing a reflector for a vehicular headlight according to the invention such as by forming a mold by which an optical surface of a vehicular headlight can be replicated.
TABLE I
______________________________________
Reflector surface formula parameters for the first embodiment
______________________________________
Reflector Surface
m RC.sub.m RS.sub.m
______________________________________
0 0.301025616E+02
0.000000000E+00
1 -0.776138504E+00
0.320000048E+01
2 0.133370183E+01
0.130136414E+01
3 0.215025141E+00
0.869100269E+00
4 0.268470260E+00
0.200731876E+00
5 0.184987154E+00
0.351886168E-01
6 0.129671173E+00
-0.403600103E-01
7 0.637230940E-01
0.320512819E-02
8 0.657042305E-01
-0.106397102E-01
9 0.423533490E-01
-0.160708906E-01
10 0.335088888E-01
-0.192834327E-01
11 0.137164324E-01
-0.874839426E-02
12 0.139906237E-01
-0.376991649E-02
13 0.732057473E-02
-0.646410508E-02
14 0.422798314E-02
-0.420884650E-02
15 -0.408471796E-05
-0.212006914E-02
16 -0.704443620E-04
0.516378266E-03
17 -0.860155419E-04
-0.110971614E-02
18 -0.110987691E-02
-0.342223479E-03
19 -0.897140376E-03
0.107453809E-03
20 -0.131258234E-02
0.000000000E+00
______________________________________
i KC.sub.i KS.sub.i
______________________________________
0 -0.429484813E+00
0.000000000E+00
1 -0.163727284E-01
0.337263117E-01
2 -0.198936600E-01
-0.608890656E-02
3 -0.308477079E-01
0.338959596E-01
4 -0.141336284E-01
-0.271903061E-02
5 -0.167193963E-01
0.727648203E-03
6 -0.595014034E-02
-0.238452148E-03
7 -0.601753028E-02
0.677091093E-05
8 -0.324424750E-02
-0.259145831E-03
9 -0.339949576E-02
-0.629192629E-03
10 -0.153724151E-02
0.366436132E-04
11 -0.113067112E-02
-0.259073714E-03
12 -0.665049967E-03
-0.114321751E-04
13 -0.521768369E-03
-0.175471175E-03
14 -0.176222083E-03
0.411897732E-04
15 -0.167376998E-04
-0.221832787E-04
16 0.666650797E-06
0.468744564E-05
17 -0.647191699E-05
-0.125775018E-04
18 0.572639607E-04
0.108406081E-04
19 0.325077313E-04
0.152450517E-04
20 0.541442594E-04
0.000000000E+00
______________________________________
Parameters AKC.sub.nk and AKS.sub.nk
k AKC.sub.4k AKS.sub.4k
______________________________________
0 0.231351989E-06
0.000000000E+00
1 0.428899918E-06
-0.108098732E-06
2 -0.760933804E-06
-0.171556708E-06
3 -0.139034183E-06
-0.114824840E-06
4 -0.139181386E-06
-0.900163969E-08
5 -0.113484337E-06
-0.113165928E-07
6 -0.692201245E-07
0.958364387E-08
7 -0.388947559E-07
-0.430786403E-08
8 -0.350219486E-07
0.439361829E-08
9 -0.254912711E-07
0.126138438E-09
10 -0.181330145E-07
0.301827822E-08
11 -0.818303372E-08
0.367433193E-09
12 -0.757240546E-08
0.721395733E-09
13 -0.434684382E-08
0.626818371E-09
14 -0.232837908E-08
0.302391591E-09
15 0.757435359E-11
0.282154895E-09
16 0.501081833E-10
-0.165543715E-09
17 0.278723188E-10
0.185979282E-09
18 0.615322577E-09
-0.568771854E-10
19 0.499060558E-09
0.672723983E-11
20 0.747285538E-09
0.000000000E+00
______________________________________
k AKC.sub.6k AKS.sub.6k
______________________________________
0 0.389873399E-09
0.000000000E+00
1 -0.517405133E-09
0.116609985E-09
2 -0.987346505E-10
-0.333227667E-09
3 0.961538761E-10
0.683053625E-10
4 0.199160759E-09
-0.683418244E-10
5 0.757325818E-10
0.331761612E-11
6 0.618804033E-10
0.635190239E-11
7 0.236550982E-10
0.810501473E-12
8 0.311269008E-10
- 0.263245260E-12
9 0.153069516E-10
-0.918383261E-12
10 0.111863867E-10
0.436905887E-11
11 0.429446358E-11
- 0.472278719E-12
12 0.451515603E-11
0.616508050E-12
13 0.244626543E-11
-0.394652800E-12
14 0.715797983E-12
0.123305623E-11
15 -0.109601896E-12
-0.108762629E-12
16 0.197247490E-12
-0.975652160E-13
17 0.946855192E-13
-0.643161886E-13
18 -0.479375138E-13
0.162114621E-12
19 -0.169187338E-12
0.154258155E-13
20 0.253073865E-12
0.000000000E+00
______________________________________
k AKC.sub.8k AKS.sub.8k
______________________________________
0 -0.237072296E-12
0.000000000E+00
1 -0.400715346E-12
0.822888353E-13
2 0.279627689E-12
-0.184683304E-12
3 -0.163001548E-12
-0.161179791E-12
4 -0.160168487E-12
-0.438313897E-13
5 -0.796791834E-13
0.661726193E-14
6 -0.462152595E-13
0.208456218E-14
7 -0.309828591E-13
0.434925264E-14
8 -0.241252882E-13
-0.117592616E-14
9 -0.168868959E-13
0.492526452E-14
10 -0.805788603E-14
0.224656989E-14
11 -0.616096672E-14
0.152796660E-14
12 -0.332907991E-14
0.249806639E-15
13 -0.262701330E-14
0.625937910E-15
14 -0.385394236E-15
0.758992617E-15
15 -0.193135632E-15
-0.234130584E-15
16 -0.171484070E-15
-0.278481862E-16
17 0.382610016E-16
-0.148401907E-15
18 0.308505036E-16
0.121764340E-15
19 0.208687007E-15
-0.154399611E-15
20 -0.266729468E-15
0.000000000E+00
______________________________________
k AKC.sub.10k AKS.sub.10k
______________________________________
0 0.713321483E-16
0.000000000E+00
1 0.533706811E-15
-0.234348896E-15
2 0.164872968E-15
-0.272667708E-16
3 0.687919021E-16
-0.134748556E-15
4 -0.162835300E-17
-0.117704199E-17
5 0.246731742E-16
-0.230461320E-17
6 0.667927093E-17
0.158436254E-17
7 0.126072927E-16
0.456377162E-18
8 0.409966370E-17
0.742187412E-18
9 0.626217680E-17
0.277419772E-17
10 0.311769925E-17
0.487166504E-18
11 0.297046067E-17
0.117760624E-17
12 0.141248674E-17
0.118570563E-18
13 0.103907576E-17
0.763942076E-18
14 0.544805755E-18
0.448408484E-19
15 0.206840560E-18
0.115951610E-18
16 -0.632872999E-19
-0.274282156E-19
17 -0.108099972E-18
0.584383839E-19
18 -0.214743921E-18
- 0.103994833E-19
19 -0.149633902E-18
-0.583100804E-19
20 -0.305316901E-18
0.000000000E+00
______________________________________
TABLE II ______________________________________ Lens surface formula parameters for the first embodiment ______________________________________ First lens surface m RC.sub.mRS.sub.m 0 0.999999999E+35 0.000000000E+00 ______________________________________ Second lens surface m RC.sub.m RS.sub.m 0 -0.270000000E+02 0.000000000E+00 i KC.sub.i KS.sub.i 0 -0.160000000E+01 0.000000000E+00 k AKC.sub.4kAKS.sub.4k 0 0.160000000E-05 0.000000000E+00 k AKC.sub.6k AKS.sub.6k 0 -0.910000000E-08 0.000000000E+00 k AKC.sub.8kAKS.sub.8k 0 0.250000000E-11 0.000000000E+00 ______________________________________ Note: Rotational symmetry is indicated if only the value shown in the top row o a coefficient column (Table 1) is other than zero, with values in all other rows being zero.
TABLE III
______________________________________
Coefficients of the bivariate polynomials according to
the Bezier method for the first embodiment
REFLECTOR SURFACE
s
r 3 2 1 0
______________________________________
Segments(R,S) R 1 S 1
b(s,r), wherein (s,r) are the
indices of "b" according to FIG. 5
3 0.000 0.000 33.948 30.885
2 0.000 0.000 29.463 26.400
1 32.780 28.998 25.686 23.628
0 29.429 25.648 23.280 21.222
Segments(R,S) R 1 S 2
b(s,r)
3 30.885 27.822 25.895 24.273
2 26.400 23.337 22.535 20.913
1 23.628 21.570 19.706 18.348
0 21.222 19.164 17.543 16.184
Segments(R,S) R 1 S 3
b(s,r)
3 24.273 22.651 21.432 20.484
2 20.913 19.291 18.359 17.411
1 18.348 16.990 15.806 14.961
0 16.184 14.826 13.745 12.899
Segments(R,S) R 1 S 4
b(s,r)
3 20.484 19.537 18.871 18.454
2 17.411 16.463 15.891 15.473
1 14.961 14.115 13.461 13.072
0 12.899 12.053 11.445 11.056
Segments(R,S) R 1 S 5
b(s,r)
3 18.454 18.037 17.869 17.939
2 15.473 15.056 14.885 14.954
1 13.072 12.683 12.513 12.548
0 11.056 10.667 10.498 10.533
Segments(R,S) R 1 S 6
b(s,r)
3 17.939 18.008 18.325 18.929
2 14.954 15.024 15.241 15.845
1 12.548 12.584 12.884 13.367
0 10.533 10.568 10.813 11.297
Segments(R,S) R 1 S 7
b(s,r)
3 18.929 19.534 20.422 21.674
2 15.845 16.449 17.102 18.353
1 13.367 13.851 14.703 15.714
0 11.297 11.780 12.501 13.512
Segments(R,S) R 1 S 8
b(s,r)
3 21.674 22.926 24.531 26.682
2 18.353 19.605 20.727 22.879
1 15.714 16.726 18.267 19.958
0 13.512 14.523 15.822 17.513
Segments(R,S) R 1 S 9
b(s,r)
3 26.682 28.834 31.382 35.462
2 22.879 25.031 26.047 30.127
1 19.958 21.648 24.163 26.856
0 17.513 19.203 21.274 23.967
Segments(R,S) R 1 S 10
b(s,r)
3 35.462 39.543 0.000 0.000
2 30.127 34.208 0.000 0.000
1 26.856 29.549 33.989 39.038
0 23.967 26.660 29.743 34.793
Segments(R,S) R 2 S 1
b(s,r)
3 29.429 25.648 23.280 21.222
2 26.079 22.298 20.874 18.816
1 23.915 21.136 18.775 16.958
0 22.144 19.364 17.257 15.440
Segments(R,S) R 2 S 2
b(s,r)
3 21.222 19.164 17.543 16.184
2 18.816 16.758 15.379 14.020
1 16.958 15.140 13.546 12.290
0 15.440 13.622 12.126 10.869
Segments(R,S) R 2 S 3
b(s,r)
3 16.184 14.826 13.745 12.899
2 14.020 12.662 11.683 10.837
1 12.290 11.033 9.968 9.176
0 10.869 9.613 8.602 7.810
Segments(R,S) R 2 S 4
b(s,r)
3 12.899 12.053 11.445 11.056
2 10.837 9.991 9.429 9.040
1 9.176 8.385 7.784 7.416
0 7.810 7.019 6.448 6.080
Segments(R,S) R 2 S 5
b(s,r)
3 11.056 10.667 10.498 10.533
2 9.040 8.651 8.482 8.517
1 7.416 7.047 6.878 6.897
0 6.080 5.711 5.546 5.564
Segments(R,S) R 2 S 6
b(s,r)
3 10.533 10.568 10.813 11.297
2 8.517 8.552 8.742 9.226
1 6.897 6.915 7.150 7.567
0 5.564 5.583 5.789 6.205
Segments(R,S) R 2 S 7
b(s,r)
3 11.297 11.780 12.501 13.512
2 9.226 9.709 10.299 11.310
1 7.567 7.983 8.682 9.555
0 6.205 6.622 7.248 8.121
Segments(R,S) R 2 S 8
b(s,r)
3 13.512 14.523 15.822 17.513
2 11.310 12.321 13.377 15.068
1 9.555 10.428 11.689 13.132
0 8.121 8.994 10.113 11.556
Segments(R,S) R 2 S 9
b(s,r)
3 17.513 19.203 21.274 23.967
2 15.068 16.758 18.386 21.079
1 13.132 14.575 16.590 18.836
0 11.556 12.999 14.763 17.008
Segments(R,S) R 2 S 10
b(s,r)
3 23.967 26.660 29.743 34.793
2 21.079 23.772 25.498 30.547
1 18.836 21.082 24.247 27.825
0 17.008 19.254 21.952 25.529
Segments(R,S) R 3 S 1
b(s,r)
3 22.144 19.364 17.257 15.440
2 20.372 17.592 15.739 13.922
1 19.129 16.647 14.486 12.755
0 18.096 15.615 13.602 11.871
Segments(R,S) R 3 S 2
b(s,r)
3 15.440 13.622 12.126 10.869
2 13.922 12.104 10.705 9.449
1 12.755 11.025 9.550 8.342
0 11.871 10.140 8.700 7.491
Segments(R,S) R 3 S 3
b(s,r)
3 10.869 9.613 8.602 7.810
2 9.449 8.192 7.236 6.445
1 8.342 7.133 6.138 5.376
0 7.491 6.283 5.310 4.548
Segments(R,S) R 3 S 4
b(s,r)
3 7.810 7.019 6.448 6.080
2 6.445 5.653 5.112 4.743
1 5.376 4.614 4.053 3.696
0 4.548 3.786 3.236 2.880
Segments(R,S) R 3 S 5
b(s,r)
3 6.080 5.711 5.546 5.564
2 4.743 4.375 4.213 4.232
1 3.696 3.340 3.178 3.188
0 2.880 2.523 2.362 2.372
Segments(R,S) R 3 S 6
b(s,r)
3 5.564 5.583 5.789 6.205
2 4.232 4.250 4.427 4.844
1 3.188 3.198 3.399 3.781
0 2.372 2.382 2.569 2.951
Segments(R,S) R 3 S 7
b(s,r)
3 6.205 6.622 7.248 8.121
2 4.844 5.261 5.814 6.687
1 3.781 4.164 4.776 5.574
0 2.951 3.334 3.911 4.709
Segments(R,S) R 3 S 8
b(s,r)
3 8.121 8.994 10.113 11.556
2 6.687 7.560 8.536 9.979
1 5.574 6.372 7.464 8.765
0 4.709 5.508 6.526 7.826
Segments(R,S) R 3 S 9
b(s,r)
3 11.556 12.999 14.763 17.008
2 9.979 11.422 12.935 15.181
1 8.765 10.065 11.786 13.781
0 7.826 9.127 10.707 12.702
Segments(R,S) R 3 S 10
b(s,r)
3 17.008 19.254 21.952 25.529
2 15.181 17.427 19.657 23.234
1 13.781 15.776 18.424 21.515
0 12.702 14.697 17.097 20.187
Segments(R,S) R 4 S 1
b(s,r)
3 18.096 15.615 13.602 11.871
2 17.064 14.583 12.718 10.987
1 16.246 13.917 11.986 10.333
0 15.779 13.450 11.553 9.900
Segments(R,S) R 4 S 2
b(s,r)
3 11.871 10.140 8.700 7.491
2 10.987 9.256 7.850 6.641
1 10.333 8.680 7.247 6.067
0 9.900 8.247 6.852 5.672
Segments(R,S) R 4 S 3
b(s,r)
3 7.491 6.283 5.310 4.548
2 6.641 5.433 4.481 3.720
1 6.067 4.887 3.891 3.131
0 5.672 4.491 3.524 2.764
Segments(R,S) R 4 S 4
b(s,r)
3 4.548 3.786 3.236 2.880
2 3.720 2.958 2.419 2.063
1 3.131 2.371 1.835 1.477
0 2.764 2.004 1.453 1.095
Segments(R,S) R 4 S 5
b(s,r)
3 2.880 2.523 2.362 2.372
2 2.063 1.706 1.546 1.556
1 1.477 1.119 0.964 0.969
0 1.095 0.737 0.575 0.579
Segments(R,S) R 4 S 6
b(s,r)
3 2.372 2.382 2.569 2.951
2 1.556 1.566 1.739 2.121
1 0.969 0.973 1.155 1.525
0 0.579 0.584 0.762 1.131
Segments(R,S) R 4 S 7
b(s,r)
3 2.951 3.334 3.911 4.709
2 2.121 2.504 3.046 3.844
1 1.525 1.894 2.461 3.228
0 1.131 1.501 2.059 2.826
Segments(R,S) R 4 S 8
b(s,r)
3 4.709 5.508 6.526 7.826
2 3.844 4.643 5.587 6.887
1 3.228 3.995 4.992 6.225
0 2.826 3.593 4.566 5.799
Segments(R,S) R 4 S 9
b(s,r)
3 7.826 9.127 10.707 12.702
2 6.887 8.188 9.628 11.623
1 6.225 7.457 8.003 10.867
0 5.799 7.031 8.520 10.384
Segments(R,S) R 4 S 10
b(s,r)
3 12.702 14.697 17.097 20.187
2 11.623 13.618 15.769 18.860
1 10.867 12.732 15.078 17.933
0 10.384 12.249 14.483 17.338
Segments(R,S) R 5 S 1
b(s,r)
3 15.779 13.450 11.553 9.900
2 15.312 12.983 11.120 9.467
1 15.179 12.753 10.975 9.284
0 15.609 13.184 11.235 9.545
Segments(R,S) R 5 S 2
b(s,r)
3 9.900 8.247 6.852 5.672
2 9.467 7.814 6.457 5.277
1 9.284 7.594 6.271 5.074
0 9.545 7.854 6.438 5.241
Segments(R,S) R 5 S 3
b(s,r)
3 5.672 4.491 3.524 2.764
2 5.277 4.096 3.157 2.396
1 5.074 3.877 2.967 2.194
0 5.241 4.043 3.069 2.295
Segments(R,S) R 5 S 4
b(s,r)
3 2.764 2.004 1.453 1.095
2 2.396 1.636 1.072 0.714
1 2.194 1.420 0.901 0.521
0 2.295 1.522 0.950 0.569
Segments(R,S) R 5 S 5
b(s,r)
3 1.095 0.737 0.575 0.579
2 0.714 0.356 0.186 0.190
1 0.521 0.141 0.000 0.000
0 0.569 0.189 0.000 0.000
Segments(R,S) R 5 S 6
b(s,r)
3 0.579 0.584 0.762 1.131
2 0.190 0.195 0.368 0.738
1 0.000 0.000 0.169 0.544
0 0.000 0.000 0.186 0.561
Segments(R,S) R 5 S 7
b(s,r)
3 1.131 1.501 2.059 2.826
2 0.738 1.108 1.657 2.424
1 0.544 0.919 1.466 2.235
0 0.561 0.936 1.500 2.269
Segments(R,S) R 5 S 8
b(s,r)
3 2.826 3.593 4.566 5.799
2 2.424 3.191 4.140 5.372
1 2.235 3.004 3.960 5.182
0 2.269 3.038 4.010 5.232
Segments(R,S) R 5 S 9
b(s,r)
3 5.799 7.031 8.520 10.384
2 5.372 6.605 8.037 9.901
1 5.182 6.404 7.864 9.691
0 5.232 6.454 7.923 9.751
Segments(R,S) R 5 S 10
b(s,r)
3 10.384 12.249 14.483 17.338
2 9.901 11.766 13.888 16.743
1 9.691 11.519 13.702 16.479
0 9.751 11.578 13.758 16.536
Segments(R,S) R 6 S 1
b(s,r)
3 15.609 13.184 11.235 9.545
2 16.039 13.614 11.495 9.805
1 17.160 14.241 12.556 10.614
0 19.011 16.092 13.832 11.890
Segments(R,S) R 6 S 2
b(s,r)
3 9.545 7.854 6.438 5.241
2 9.805 8.114 6.604 5.407
1 10.614 8.672 7.411 6.049
0 11.890 9.948 8.346 6.984
Segments(R,S) R 6 S 3
b(s,r)
3 5.241 4.043 3.069 2.295
2 5.407 4.210 3.170 2.396
1 6.049 4.686 3.835 2.919
0 6.984 5.621 4.496 3.580
Segments(R,S) R 6 S 4
b(s,r)
3 2.295 1.522 0.950 0.569
2 2.396 1.623 0.998 0.617
1 2.919 2.003 1.453 0.962
0 2.580 2.664 1.964 1.473
Segments(R,S) R 6 S 5
b(s,r)
3 0.569 0.189 0.000 0.000
2 0.617 0.237 0.000 0.000
1 0.962 0.470 0.239 0.223
0 1.473 0.981 0.698 0.683
Segments(R,S) R 6 S 6
b(s,r)
3 0.000 0.000 0.186 0.561
2 0.000 0.000 0.203 0.578
1 0.223 0.208 0.407 0.796
0 0.683 0.668 0.859 1.248
Segments(R,S) R 6 S 7
b(s,r)
3 0.561 0.936 1.500 2.269
2 0.578 0.953 1.534 2.303
1 0.796 1.186 1.757 2.552
0 1.248 1.638 2.223 3.019
Segments(R,S) R 6 S 8
b(s,r)
3 2.269 3.038 4.010 5.232
2 2.303 3.072 4.060 5.282
1 2.552 3.348 4.310 5.563
0 3.019 3.815 4.818 6.071
Segments(R,S) R 6 S 9
b(s,r)
3 5.232 6.454 7.923 9.751
2 5.282 6.504 7.982 9.810
1 5.563 6.815 8.258 10.119
0 6.071 7.324 8.824 10.684
Segments(R,S) R 6 S 10
b(s,r)
3 9.751 11.578 13.758 16.536
2 9.810 11.638 13.815 16.592
1 10.119 11.980 14.108 16.934
0 10.684 12.545 14.758 17.584
Segments(R,S) R 7 S 1
b(s,r)
3 19.011 16.092 13.832 11.890
2 20.862 17.942 15.107 13.165
1 23.449 19.053 17.471 14.851
0 27.095 22.699 19.555 16.935
Segments(R,S) R 7 S 2
b(s,r)
3 11.890 9.948 8.346 6.984
2 13.165 11.223 9.281 7.919
1 14.851 12.230 10.770 9.041
0 16.935 14.315 12.256 10.527
Segments(R,S) R 7 S 3
b(s,r)
3 6.984 5.621 4.496 3.580
2 7.919 6.556 5.157 4.241
1 9.041 7.312 6.233 5.115
0 10.527 8.798 7.411 6.294
Segments(R,S) R 7 S 4
b(s,r)
3 3.580 2.664 1.964 1.473
2 4.241 3.325 2.475 1.983
1 5.115 3.998 3.303 2.720
0 6.294 5.176 4.331 3.748
Segments(R,S) R 7 S 5
b(s,r)
3 1.473 0.981 0.698 0.683
2 1.983 1.492 1.158 1.142
1 2.720 2.138 1.871 1.837
0 3.748 3.165 2.846 2.812
Segments(R,S) R 7 S 6
b(s,r)
3 0.683 0.668 0.859 1.248
2 1.142 1.127 1.311 1.700
1 1.837 1.803 1.993 2.385
0 2.812 2.778 2.957 3.349
Segments(R,S) R 7 S 7
b(s,r)
3 1.248 1.638 2.223 3.019
2 1.700 2.089 2.690 3.486
1 2.385 2.777 3.361 4.186
0 3.349 3.741 4.345 5.170
Segments(R,S) R 7 S 8
b(s,r)
3 3.019 3.815 4.818 6.071
2 3.486 4.282 5.327 6.579
1 4.186 5.011 6.000 7.311
0 5.170 5.995 7.040 8.351
Segments(R,S) R 7 S 9
b(s,r)
3 6.071 7.324 8.824 10.684
2 6.579 7.832 9.389 11.249
1 7.311 8.623 10.095 12.059
0 8.351 9.663 11.237 13.200
Segments(R,S) R 7 S 10
b(s,r)
3 10.684 12.545 14.758 17.584
2 11.249 13.110 15.407 18.234
1 12.059 14.022 16.158 19.187
0 13.200 15.164 17.506 20.536
Segments(R,S) R 8 S 1
b(s,r)
3 27.095 22.699 19.555 16.935
2 30.741 26.345 21.639 19.019
1 24.902 3.951 25.550 21.545
0 46.937 25.982 29.364 25.359
Segments(R,S) R 8 S 2
b(s,r)
3 16.935 14.315 12.256 10.527
2 19.019 16.399 13.742 12.013
1 21.545 17.541 16.126 13.840
0 25.359 21.354 18.583 16.297
Segments(R,S) R 8 S 3
b(s,r)
3 10.527 8.798 7.411 6.294
2 12.013 10.284 8.590 7.472
1 13.840 11.554 10.332 8.951
0 16.297 14.012 12.271 10.889
Segments(R,S) R 8 S 4
b(s,r)
3 6.294 5.176 4.331 3.748
2 7.472 6.355 5.358 4.776
1 8.951 7.569 6.785 6.089
0 10.889 9.508 8.496 7.800
Segments(R,S) R 8 S 5
b(s,r)
3 3.748 3.165 2.846 2.812
2 4.776 4.193 3.820 3.786
1 6.089 5.393 5.099 5.038
0 7.800 7.104 6.725 6.664
Segments(R,S) R 8 S 6
b(s,r)
3 2.812 2.778 2.957 3.349
2 3.786 3.752 3.921 4.313
1 5.038 4.977 5.157 5.554
0 6.664 6.603 6.769 7.167
Segments(R,S) R 8 S 7
b(s,r)
3 3.349 3.741 4.345 5.170
2 4.313 4.706 5.329 6.154
1 5.554 5.952 6.545 7.419
0 7.167 7.564 8.192 9.066
Segments(R,S) R 8 S 8
b(s,r)
3 5.170 5.995 7.040 8.351
2 6.154 6.979 8.080 9.391
1 7.419 8.293 9.310 10.728
0 9.066 9.940 11.057 12.475
Segments(R,S) R 8 S 9
b(s,r)
3 8.351 9.663 11.237 13.200
2 9.391 10.702 12.378 14.341
1 10.728 12.146 13.649 15.819
0 12.475 13.894 15.606 17.776
Segments(R,S) R 8 S 10
b(s,r)
3 13.200 15.164 17.506 20.536
2 14.341 16.305 18.855 21.885
1 15.819 17.988 20.120 23.628
0 17.776 19.946 22.547 26.054
Segments(R,S) R 9 S 1
b(s,r)
3 46.937 25.982 29.364 25.359
2 68.976 48.017 33.177 29.173
1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Segments(R,S) R 9 S 2
b(s,r)
3 25.359 21.354 18.583 16.297
2 29.173 25.168 21.041 18.755
1 0.000 0.000 25.410 21.686
0 0.000 0.000 30.180 26.456
Segments(R,S) R 9 S 3
b(s,r)
3 16.297 14.012 12.271 10.889
2 18.755 16.469 14.210 12.828
1 21.686 17.962 17.085 15.196
0 26.456 22.732 20.338 18.450
Segments(R,S) R 9 S 4
b(s,r)
3 10.889 9.508 8.496 7.800
2 12.828 11.447 10.207 9.511
1 15.196 13.308 12.507 11.606
0 18.450 16.561 15.255 14.354
Segments(R,S) R 9 S 5
b(s,r)
3 7.800 7.104 6.725 6.664
2 9.511 8.815 8.351 8.290
1 11.606 10.704 10.388 10.282
0 14.354 13.452 12.963 12.856
Segments(R,S) R 9 S 6
b(s,r)
3 6.664 6.603 6.769 7.167
2 8.290 8.229 8.381 8.779
1 10.282 10.175 10.346 10.755
0 12.856 12.750 12.895 13.304
Segments(R,S) R 9 S 7
b(s,r)
3 7.167 7.564 8.192 9.066
2 8.779 9.177 9.839 10.713
1 10.755 11.164 11.770 12.731
0 13.304 13.714 14.384 15.346
Segments(R,S) R 9 S 8
b(s,r)
3 9.066 9.940 11.057 12.475
2 10.713 11.587 12.804 14.223
1 12.731 13.693 14.738 16.366
0 15.346 16.307 17.555 19.183
Segments(R,S) R 9 S 9
b(s,r)
3 12.475 13.894 15.606 17.776
2 14.223 15.641 17.564 19.734
1 16.366 17.993 19.495 22.138
0 19.183 20.810 22.801 25.445
Segments(R,S) R 9 S 10
b(s,r)
3 17.776 19.946 22.547 26.054
2 19.734 21.903 24.973 28.480
1 22.138 24.782 26.395 31.402
0 25.445 28.088 31.242 36.249
Segments(R,S) R 10 S 1
b(s,r)
3 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
2 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Segments(R,S) R 10 S 2
b(s,r)
3 0.000 0.000 30.180 26.456
2 0.000 0.000 34.950 31.226
1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Segments(R,S) R 10 S 3
b(s,r)
3 26.456 22.732 20.338 18.450
2 31.226 27.502 23.592 21.703
1 0.000 0.000 29.076 24.823
0 0.000 0.000 37.409 33.155
Segments(R,S) R 10 S 4
b(s,r)
3 18.450 16.561 15.255 14.354
2 21.703 19.814 18.003 17.102
1 24.823 20.569 21.827 20.331
0 33.155 28.901 26.933 25.436
Segments(R,S) R 10 S 5
b(s,r)
3 14.354 13.452 12.963 12.856
2 17.102 16.200 15.537 15.431
1 20.331 18.834 18.714 18.493
0 25.436 23.939 23.173 22.952
Segments(R,S) R 10 S 6
b(s,r)
3 12.856 12.750 12.895 13.304
2 15.431 15.324 15.445 15.854
1 18.493 18.272 18.453 18.888
0 22.952 22.731 22.828 23.262
Segments(R,S) R 10 S 7
b(s,r)
3 13.304 13.714 14.384 15.346
2 15.854 16.263 16.999 17.960
1 18.888 19.323 19.879 21.059
0 23.262 23.697 24.466 25.645
Segments(R,S) R 10 S 8
b(s,r)
3 15.346 16.307 17.555 19.183
2 17.960 18.922 20.372 22.000
1 21.059 22.238 23.011 25.264
0 25.645 26.825 28.396 30.648
Segments(R,S) R 10 S 9
b(s,r)
3 19.183 20.810 22.801 25.445
2 22.000 23.627 26.108 28.751
1 25.264 27.516 26.529 31.654
0 30.648 32.901 35.531 40.656
Segments(R,S) R 10 S 10
b(s,r)
3 25.445 28.088 31.242 36.249
2 28.751 31.394 36.089 41.096
1 31.654 36.778 0.000 0.000
0 40.656 45.781 0.000 0.000
______________________________________
TABLE IV
______________________________________
Coefficients of the bivariate polynomials according to
the Bezier method for the first embodiment
r 3 2 1 0
______________________________________
FIRST LENS SURFACE
Segments(R, S) R 1 S 1
b(s, r), wherein (s, r) are the indices of "b" according to FIG. 5
3 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000
2 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000
1 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000
0 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000
SECOND LENS SURFACE
Segments(R, S) R 1 S 1
b(s, r), wherein (s, r) are the indices of "b" according to FIG. 5
3 -56.222 -51.668 -47.117
-43.157
2 -51.668 -47.115 -42.167
-38.207
1 -47.117 -42.167 -37.461
-33.853
0 -43.157 -38.207 -33.853
-30.245
Segments(R, S) R 1 S 2
b(s, r)
3 -43.157 -39.197 -35.792
-32.997
2 -38.207 -34.247 -31.133
-28.338
1 -33.853 -30.245 -26.833
-24.518
0 -30.245 -26.637 -23.746
-21.432
Segments(R, S) R 1 S 3
b(s, r)
3 -32.997 -30.201 -28.000
-26.300
2 -28.338 -25.543 -23.750
-22.050
1 -24.518 -22.203 -20.046
-18.707
0 -21.432 -19.117 -17.368
-16.030
Segments (R,S) R 1 S 4
b(s, r)
3 -26.300 -24.600 -23.396
-22.604
2 -22.050 -20.350 -19.437
-18.646
1 -18.707 -17.368 -16.207
-15.596
0 -16.030 -14.691 -13.761
-13.149
Segments(R, S) R 1 S 5
b(s, r)
3 -22.604 -21.813 -21.432
-21.432
2 -18.646 -17.854 -17.574
-17.574
1 -15.596 -14.984 -14.620
-14.620
0 -13.149 -12.538 -12.246
-12.246
Segments(R, S) R 1 S 6
b(s, r)
3 -21.432 -21.432 -21.813
-22.604
2 -17.574 -17.574 -17.854
-18.646
1 -14.620 -14.620 -14.984
-15.596
0 -12.246 -12.246 -12.538
-13.149
Segments(R, S) R 1 S 7
b(s, r)
3 -22.604 -23.396 -24.600
-26.300
2 -18.646 -19.437 -20.350
-22.050
1 -15.596 -16.207 -17.368
-18.707
0 -13.149 -13.761 -14.691
-16.030
Segments(R, S) R 1 S 8
b(s, r)
3 -26.300 -28.000 -30.201
-32.997
2 -22.050 -23.750 -25.543
-28.338
1 -18.707 -20.046 -22.203
-24.518
0 -16.030 -17.368 -19.117
-21.432
Segments(R, S) R 1 S 9
b(s, r)
3 -32.997 -35.792 -39.197
-43.157
2 -28.338 -31.133 -34.247
-38.207
1 -24.518 -26.833 -30.245
-33.853
0 -21.432 -23.746 -26.637
-30.245
Segments(R, S) R 1 S 10
b(s, r)
3 -43.157 -47.117 -51.668
-56.222
2 -38.207 -42.167 -47.115
-51.668
1 -33.853 -37.461 -42.167
-47.117
0 -30.245 -33.853 -38.207
-43.157
Segments(R, S) R 2 S 1
b(s, r)
3 -43.157 -38.207 -33.853
-30.245
2 -39.197 -34.247 -30.245
-26.637
1 -35.792 -31.133 -26.833
-23.746
0 -32.997 -28.338 -24.518
-21.432
Segments(R, S) R 2 S 2
b(s, r)
3 -30.245 -26.637 -23.746
-21.432
2 -26.637 -23.029 -20.660
-18.346
1 -23.746 -20.660 -17.862
- 15.972
0 -21.432 -18.346 -15.972
-14.081
Segments(R, S) R 2 S 3
b(s, r)
3 -21.432 -19.117 -17.368
-16.030
2 -18.346 -16.031 -14.691
-13.352
1 -15.972 -14.081 -12.413
-11.322
0 -14.081 -12.190 -10.777
-9.687
Segments(R, S) R 2 S 4
b(s, r)
3 -16.030 -14.691 -13.761
-13.149
2 -13.352 -12.013 -11.315
-10.703
1 -11.322 -10.232 -9.353
-8.845
0 -9.687 -8.596 -7.830
-7.322
Segments(R, S) R 2 S 5
b(s, r)
3 -13.149 -12.538 -12.246
-12.246
2 -10.703 -10.091 -9.871
-9.871
1 -8.845 -8.337 -8.062
-8.062
0 -7.322 -6.814 -6.567
-6.567
Segments(R, S) R 2 S 6
b(s, r)
3 -12.246 -12.246 -12.538
-13.149
2 -9.871 -9.871 -10.091
-10.703
1 -8.062 -8.062 -8.337
-8.845
0 -6.567 -6.567 -6.814
-7.322
Segments(R, S) R 2 S 7
b(s, r)
3 -13.149 -13.761 -14.691
-16.030
2 -10.703 -11.315 -12.013
-13.352
1 -8.845 -9.353 -10.232
-11.322
0 -7.322 -7.830 -8.596
-9.687
Segments(R, S) R 2 S 8
b(s, r)
3 -16.030 -17.368 -19.117
-21.432
2 -13.352 -14.691 -16.031
-18.346
1 -11.322 -12.413 -14.081
-15.972
0 -9.687 -10.777 -12.190
-14.081
Segments(R, S) R 2 S 9
b(s, r)
3 -21.432 -23.746 -26.637
-30.245
2 -18.346 -20.660 -23.029
-26.637
1 -15.972 -17.862 -20.660
-23.746
0 -14.081 -15.972 -18.346
-21.432
Segments(R, S) R 2 S 10
b(s, r)
3 -30.245 -33.853 -38.207
-43.157
2 -26.637 -30.245 -34.247
-39.197
1 -23.746 -26.833 -31.133
-35.792
0 -21.432 -24.518 -28.338
-32.997
Segments(R, S) R 3 S 1
b(s, r)
3 -32.997 -28.338 -24.518
-21.432
2 -30.201 -25.543 -22.203
-19.117
1 -28.000 -23.750 -20.046
-17.368
0 -26.300 -22.050 -18.707
-16.030
Segments(R, S) R 3 S 2
b(s, r)
3 -21.432 -18.346 -15.972
-14.081
2 -19.117 -16.031 -14.081
-12.190
1 -17.368 -14.691 -12.413
-10.777
0 -16.030 -13.352 -11.322
-9.687
Segments(R, S) R 3 S 3
b(s, r)
3 -14.081 -12.190 -10.777
-9.687
2 -12.190 -10.299 -9.141
-8.051
1 -10.777 -9.141 -7.788
-6.807
0 -9.687 -8.051 -6.807
-5.826
Segments(R, S) R 3 S 4
b(s, r)
3 -9.687 -8.596 -7.830
-7.322
2 -8.051 -6.960 -6.306
-5.798
1 -6.807 -5.826 -5.088
-4.609
0 -5.826 -4.845 -4.130
-3.652
Segments(R, S) R 3 S 5
b(s, r)
3 -7.322 -6.814 -6.567
-6.567
2 -5.798 -5.291 -5.072
-5.072
1 -4.609 -4.130 -3.892
-3.892
0 -3.652 -3.173 -2.933
-2.933
Segments(R, S) R 3 S 6
b(s, r)
3 -6.567 -6.567 -6.814
-7.322
2 -5.072 -5.072 -5.291
-5.798
1 -3.892 -3.892 -4.130
-4.609
0 -2.933 -2.933 -3.173
-3.652
Segments(R, S) R 3 S 7
b(s, r)
3 -7.322 -7.830 -8.596
-9.687
2 -5.798 -6.306 -6.960
-8.051
1 -4.609 -5.088 -5.826
-6.807
0 -3.652 -4.130 -4.845
-5.826
Segments(R, S) R 3 S 8
b(s, r)
3 -9.687 -10.777 -12.190
-14.081
2 -8.051 -9.141 -10.299
-12.190
1 -6.807 -7.788 -9.141
-10.777
0 -5.826 -6.807 -8.051
-9.687
Segments(R, S) R 3 S 9
b(s, r)
3 -14.081 -15.972 -18.346
-21.432
2 -12.190 -14.081 -16.031
-19.117
1 -10.777 -12.413 -14.691
-17.368
0 -9.687 -11.322 -13.352
-16.030
Segments(R, S) R 3 S 10
b(s, r)
3 -21.432 -24.518 -28.338
-32.997
2 -19.117 -22.203 -25.543
-30.201
1 -17.368 -20.046 -23.750
-28.000
0 -16.030 -18.707 -22.050
-26.300
Segments(R, S) R 4 S 1
b(s, r)
3 -26.300 -22.050 -18.707
-16.030
2 -24.600 -20.350 -17.368
-14.691
1 -23.396 -19.437 -16.207
-13.761
0 -22.604 -18.646 -15.596
-13.149
Segments(R, S) R 4 S 2
b(s, r)
3 -16.030 -13.352 -11.322
-9.687
2 -14.691 -12.013 -10.232
-8.596
1 -13.761 -11.315 -9.353
-7.830
0 -13.149 -10.703 -8.845
-7.322
Segmented (R,S) R 4 S 3
b(s, r)
3 -9.687 -8.051 -6.807
-5.826
2 -8.596 -6.960 -5.826
-4.845
1 -7.830 -6.306 -5.088
-4.130
0 -7.322 -5.798 -4.609
-3.652
Segments(R, S) R 4 S 4
b(s, r)
3 -5.826 -4.845 -4.130
-3.652
2 -4.845 -3.864 -3.173
-2.694
1 -4.130 -3.173 -2.461
-1.974
0 -3.652 -2.694 -1.974
-1.486
Segments(R, S) R 4 S 5
b(s, r)
3 -3.652 -3.173 -2.933
-2.933
2 -2.694 -2.215 -1.975
-1.975
1 -1.974 -1.486 -1.245
-1.245
0 -1.486 -0.999 -0.750
-0.750
Segments(R, S) R 4 S 6
b(s, r)
3 -2.933 -2.933 -3.173
-3.652
2 -1.975 -1.975 -2.215
-2.694
1 -1.245 -1.245 -1.486
-1.974
0 -0.750 -0.750 -0.999
-1.486
Segments(R, S) R 4 S 7
b(s, r)
3 -3.652 -4.130 -4.845
-5.826
2 -2.694 -3.173 -3.864
-4.845
1 -1.974 -2.461 -3.173
-4.130
0 -1.486 -1.974 -2.694
-3.652
Segments(R, S) R 4 S 8
b(s, r)
3 -5.826 -6.807 -8.051
-9.687
2 -4.845 -5.826 -6.960
-8.596
1 -4.130 -5.088 -6.306
-7.830
0 -3.652 -4.609 -5.798
-7.322
Segments(R, S) R 4 S 9
b(s, r)
3 -9.687 -11.322 -13.352
-16.030
2 -8.596 -10.232 -12.013
-14.691
1 -7.830 -9.353 -11.315
-13.761
0 -7.322 -8.845 -10.703
-13.149
Segments(R, S) R 4 S 10
b(s, r)
3 -16.030 -18.707 -22.050
-26.300
2 -14.691 -17.368 -20.350
-24.600
1 -13.761 -16.207 -19.437
-23.396
0 -13.149 -15.596 -18.646
-22.604
Segments(R, S) R 5 S 1
b(s, r)
3 -22.604 -18.646 -15.596
-13.149
2 -21.813 -17.854 -14.984
-12.538
1 -21.432 -17.574 -14.620
-12.246
0 -21.432 -17.574 -14.620
-12.246
Segments(R, S) R 5 S 2
b(s, r)
3 -13.149 -10.703 -8.845
-7.322
2 -12.538 -10.091 -8.337
-6.814
1 -12.246 -9.871 -8.062
-6.567
0 -12.246 -9.871 -8.062
-6.567
Segments(R, S) R 5 S 3
b(s, r)
3 -7.322 -5.798 -4.609
-3.652
2 -6.814 -5.291 -4.130
-3.173
1 -6.567 -5.072 -3.892
-2.933
0 -6.567 -5.072 -3.892
-2.933
Segments(R, S) R 5 S 4
b(s, r)
3 -3.652 -2.694 -1.974
-1.486
2 -3.173 -2.215 -1.486
-0.999
1 -2.933 -1.975 -1.245
-0.750
0 -2.933 -1.975 -1.245
-0.750
Segments(R, S) R 5 S 5
b(s, r)
3 -1.486 -0.999 -0.750
-0.750
2 -0.999 -0.512 -0.255
-0.255
1 -0.750 -0.255 0.000
0.000
0 -0.750 -0.255 0.000
0.000
Segments(R, S) R 5 S 6
b(s, r)
3 -0.750 -0.750 -0.999
-1.486
2 -0.255 -0.255 -0.512
-0.999
1 0.000 0.000 -0.255
-0.750
0 0.000 0.000 -0.255
-0.750
Segments(R, S) R 5 S 7
b(s, r)
3 -1.486 -1.974 -2.694
-3.652
2 -0.999 -1.486 -2.215
-3.173
1 -0.750 -1.245 -1.975
-2.933
0 -0.750 -1.245 -1.975
-2.933
Segments(R, S) R 5 S 8
b(s, r)
3 -3.652 -4.609 -5.798
-7.322
2 -3.173 -4.130 -5.291
-6.814
1 -2.933 -3.892 -5.072
-6.567
0 -2.933 -3.892 -5.072
-6.567
Segments(R, S) R 5 S 9
b(s, r)
3 -7.322 -8.845 -10.703
-13.149
2 -6.814 -8.337 -10.091
-12.538
1 -6.567 -8.062 -9.871
-12.246
0 -6.567 -8.062 -9.871
-12.246
Segments(R, S) R 5 S 10
b(s, r)
3 -13.149 -15.596 -18.646
-22.604
2 -12.538 -14.984 -17.854
-21.813
1 -12.246 -14.620 -17.574
-21.432
0 -12.246 -14.620 -17.574
-21.432
Segments(R, S) R 6 S 1
b(s, r)
3 -21.432 -17.574 -14.620
-12.246
2 -21.432 -17.574 -14.620
-12.246
1 -21.813 -17.854 -14.984
-12.538
0 -22.604 -18.646 -15.596
-13.149
Segments(R, S) R 6 S 2
b(s, r)
3 -12.246 -9.871 -8.062
-6.567
2 -12.246 -9.871 -8.062
-6.567
1 -12.538 -10.091 -8.337
-6.814
0 -13.149 -10.703 - 8.845
-7.322
Segments(R, S) R 6 S 3
b(s, r)
3 -6.567 -5.072 -3.892
-2.933
2 -6.567 -5.072 -3.892
-2.933
1 -6.814 -5.291 -4.130
-3.173
0 -7.322 -5.798 -4.609
-3.652
Segments(R, S) R 6 S 4
b(s, r)
3 -2.933 -1.975 -1.245
-0.750
2 -2.933 -1.975 -1.245
-0.750
1 -3.173 -2.215 -1.486
-0.999
0 -3.652 -2.694 -1.974
-1.486
Segments(R, S) R 6 S 5
b(s, r)
3 -0.750 -0.255 0.000
0.000
2 -0.750 -0.255 0.000
0.000
1 -0.999 - 0.512 -0.255
-0.255
0 -1.486 -0.999 -0.750
-0.750
Segments(R, S) R 6 S 6
b(s, r)
3 0.000 0.000 -0.255
-0.750
2 0.000 0.000 -0.255
-0.750
1 -0.255 -0.255 -0.512
-0.999
0 -0.750 -0.750 -0.999
-1.486
Segments(R, S) R 6 S 7
b(s, r)
3 -0.750 -1.245 -1.975
-2.933
2 -0.750 -1.245 -1.975
-2.933
1 -0.999 -1.486 -2.215
-3.173
0 -1.486 -1.974 -2.694
-3.652
Segments(R, S) R 6 S 8
b(s, r)
3 -2.933 -3.892 -5.072
-6.567
2 - 2.933 -3.892 -5.072
-6.567
1 -3.173 -4.130 -5.291
-6.814
0 -3.652 -4.609 -5.798
-7.322
Segments(R, S) R 6 S 9
b(s, r)
3 -6.567 -8.062 -9.871
-12.246
2 -6.567 -8.062 -9.871
-12.246
1 -6.814 -8.337 -10.091
-12.538
0 -7.322 -8.845 -10.703
-13.149
Segments(R, S) R 6 S 10
b(s, r)
3 -12.246 -14.620 -17.574
-21.432
2 -12.246 -14.620 -17.574
-21.432
1 -12.538 -14.984 -17.854
-21.813
0 -13.149 -15.596 -18.646
-22.604
Segments(R, S) R 7 S 1
b(s, r)
3 -22.604 -18.646 -15.596
-13.149
2 -23.396 -19.437 -16.207
-13.761
1 -24.600 - 20.350 -17.368
-14.691
0 -26.300 -22.050 -18.707
-16.030
Segments(R, S) R 7 S 2
b(s, r)
3 -13.149 -10.703 -8.845
-7.322
2 -13.761 -11.315 -9.353
-7.830
1 -14.691 -12.013 -10.322
-8.596
0 -16.030 -13.352 -11.322
-9.687
Segments(R, S) R 7 S 3
b(s, r)
3 -7.322 -5.798 -4.609
-3.652
2 -7.830 -6.306 -5.088
-4.130
1 -8.596 -6.960 -5.826
-4.845
0 -9.687 -8.051 -6.807
-5.826
Segments(R, S) R 7 S 4
b(s, r)
3 -3.652 -2.694 -1.974
-1.486
2 -4.130 -3.173 -2.461
-1.974
1 -4.845 - 3.864 -3.173
-2.694
0 -5.826 -4.845 -4.130
-3.652
Segments(R, S) R 7 S 5
b(s, r)
3 -1.486 -0.999 -0.750
-0.750
2 -1.974 -1.486 -1.245
-1.245
1 -2.694 -2.215 -1.975
-1.975
0 -3.652 -3.173 -2.933
-2.933
Segments(R, S) R 7 S 6
b(s, r)
3 -0.750 -0.750 -0.999
-1.486
2 -1.245 -1.245 -1.486
-1.974
1 -1.975 -1.975 -2.215
-2.694
0 -2.933 -2.933 -3.173
-3.652
Segments(R, S) R 7 S 7
b(s, r)
3 -1.486 -1.974 -2.694
-3.652
2 - 1.974 -2.461 -3.173
-4.130
1 -2.694 -3.173 -3.864
-4.845
0 -3.652 -4.130 -4.845
-5.826
Segments(R, S) R 7 S 8
b(s, r)
3 -3.652 -4.609 -5.798
-7.322
2 -4.130 -5.088 -6.306
-7.830
1 -4.845 -5.826 -6.960
-8.596
0 -5.826 -6.807 -8.051
-9.687
Segments(R, S) R 7 S 9
b(s, r)
3 -7.322 -8.845 -10.703
-13.149
2 -7.830 -9.353 -11.315
-13.761
1 -8.596 -10.232 -12.013
-14.691
0 -9.687 -11.322 -13.352
-16.030
Segments(R, S) R 7 S 10
b(s, r)
3 -13.149 -15.596 -18.646
-22.604
2 -13.761 -16.207 -19.437
-23.396
1 -14.691 -17.368 -20.350
-24.600
0 -16.030 -18.707 -22.050
-26.300
Segments(R, S) R 8 S 1
b(s, r)
3 -26.300 -22.050 -18.707
-16.030
2 -28.000 -23.750 -20.046
-17.368
1 -30.201 -25.543 -22.203
-19.117
0 -32.997 -28.338 -24.518
-21.432
Segments(R, S) R 8 S 2
b(s, r)
3 -16.030 -13.352 -11.322
-9.687
2 -17.368 -14.691 -12.413
-10.777
1 -19.117 -16.031 -14.081
-12.190
0 -21.432 -18.346 -15.972
-14.081
Segments(R, S) R 8 S 3
b(s, r)
3 -9.687 -8.051 -6.807
-5.826
2 -10.777 -9.141 -7.788
-6.807
1 -12.190 -10.299 -9.141
-8.051
0 -14.081 -12.190 - 10.777
-9.687
Segments(R, S) R 8 S 4
b(s, r)
3 -5.826 -4.845 -4.130
-3.652
2 -6.807 -5.826 -5.088
-4.609
1 -8.051 -6.960 -6.306
-5.798
0 -9.687 -8.596 -7.830
-7.322
Segments(R, S) R 8 S 5
b(s, r)
3 -3.652 -3.173 -2.933
-2.933
2 -4.609 -4.130 -3.892
-3.892
1 -5.798 -5.291 -5.072
-5.072
0 -7.322 -6.814 -6.567
-6.567
Segments(R, S) R 8 S 6
b(s, r)
3 -2.933 -2.933 -3.173
-3.652
2 -3.892 -3.892 -4.130
-4.609
1 -5.072 - 5.072 -5.291
-5.798
0 -6.567 -6.567 -6.814
-7.322
Segments(R, S) R 8 S 7
b(s, r)
3 -3.652 -4.130 -4.845
-5.826
2 -4.609 -5.088 -5.826
-6.807
1 -5.798 -6.306 -6.960
-8.051
0 -7.322 -7.830 -8.596
-9.687
Segments(R, S) R 8 S 8
b(s, r)
3 -5.826 -6.807 -8.051
-9.687
2 -6.807 -7.788 -9.141
-10.777
1 -8.051 -9.141 -10.299
-12.190
0 -9.687 -10.777 -12.190
-14.081
Segments(R, S) R 8 S 9
b(s, r)
3 -9.687 -11.322 -13.352
-16.030
2 -10.777 -12.413 -14.691
-17.368
1 -12.190 -14.081 -16.031
-19.117
0 -14.081 -15.972 -18.346
-21.432
Segments(R, S) R 8 S 10
b(s, r)
3 -16.030 -18.707 -22.050
-26.300
2 -17.368 -20.046 -23.750
-28.000
1 -19.117 -22.203 -25.543
-30.201
0 -21.432 -24.518 -28.338
-32.997
Segments(R, S) R 9 S 1
b(s, r)
3 -32.997 -28.338 -24.518
-21.432
2 -35.792 -31.133 -26.833
-23.746
1 -39.197 -34.247 -30.245
-26.637
0 -43.157 -38.207 -33.853
-30.245
Segments(R, S) R 9 S 2
b (s,r)
3 -21.432 -18.346 -15.972
-14.081
2 -23.746 -20.660 -17.862
-15.972
1 -26.637 -23.029 -20.660
-18.346
0 -30.245 -26.637 -23.746
-21.432
Segments(R, S) R 9 S 3
b(s, r)
3 -14.081 -12.190 -10.777
-9.687
2 -15.972 -14.081 -12.413
-11.322
1 -18.346 -16.031 -14.691
-13.352
0 -21.432 -19.117 -17.368
-16.030
Segments (R, S) R 9 S 4
b(s, r)
3 -9.687 -8.596 -7.830
-7.322
2 -11.322 -10.232 -9.353
-8.845
1 -13.352 -12.013 -11.315
-10.703
0 -16.030 -14.691 -13.761
-13.149
Segments(R, S) R 9 S 5
b(s, r)
3 -7.322 -6.814 -6.567
-6.567
2 -8.845 -8.337 -8.062
-8.062
1 -10.703 -10.091 -9.871
-9.871
0 -13.149 -12.538 -12.246
-12.246
Segments(R, S) R 9 S 6
b(s, r)
3 -6.567 -6.567 -6.814
-7.322
2 -8.062 -8.062 -8.337
-8.845
1 -9.871 -9.871 -10.091
-10.703
0 -12.246 -12.246 -12.538
-13.149
Segments(R, S) R 9 S 7
b(s, r)
3 -7.322 -7.830 -8.596
-9.687
2 -8.845 -9.353 -10.232
-11.322
1 -10.703 -11.315 -12.013
-13.352
0 -13.149 -13.761 -14.691
-16.030
Segments(R, S) R 9 S 8
b(s, r)
3 -9.687 -10.777 -12.190
-14.081
2 -11.322 -12.413 -14.081
-15.972
1 -13.352 -14.691 -16.031
-18.346
0 -16.030 -17.368 -19.117
-21.432
Segments(R, S) R 9 S 9
b(s, r)
3 -14.081 -15.972 -18.346
-21.432
2 -15.972 -17.862 -20.660
-23.746
1 -18.346 -20.660 -23.029
- 26.637
0 -21.432 -23.746 -26.637
-30.245
Segments(R, S) R 9 S 10
b(s, r)
3 -21.432 -24.518 -28.338
-32.997
2 -23.746 -26.833 -31.133
-35.792
1 -26.637 -30.245 -34.247
-39.197
0 -30.245 -33.853 -38.207
-43.157
Segments(R, S) R 10 S 1
b(s, r)
3 -43.157 -38.207 -33.853
-30.245
2 -47.117 -42.167 -37.461
-33.853
1 -51.668 -47.115 -42.167
-38.207
0 -56.222 -51.668 -47.117
-43.157
Segments(R, S) R 10 S 2
b(s, r)
3 -30.245 -26.637 -23.746
-21.432
2 -33.853 -30.245 -26.833
-24.518
1 -38.207 -34.247 -31.133
-28.338
0 -43.157 -39.197 -35.792
-32.997
Segments(R, S) R 10 S 3
b(s, r)
3 - 21.432 -19.117 -17.368
-16.030
2 -24.518 -22.203 -20.046
-18.707
1 -28.338 -25.543 -23.750
-22.050
0 -32.997 -30.201 -28.000
-26.300
Segments(R, S) R 10 S 4
b(s, r)
3 -16.030 -14.691 -13.761
-13.149
2 -18.707 -17.368 -16.207
-15.596
1 -22.050 -20.350 -19.437
-18.646
0 -26.300 -24.600 -23.396
-22.604
Segments(R, S) R 10 S 5
b(s, r)
3 -13.149 -12.538 -12.246
-12.246
2 -15.596 -14.984 -14.620
-14.620
1 -18.646 -17.854 -17.574
-17.574
0 -22.604 -21.813 -21.432
-21.432
Segments(R, S) R 10 S 6
b(s, r)
3 -12.246 -12.246 -12.538
-13.149
2 -14.620 -14.620 -14.984
-15.596
1 -17.574 -17.574 -17.854
-18.646
0 -21.432 -21.432 -21.813
-22.604
Segments(R, S) R 10 S 7
b(s, r)
3 -13.149 -13.761 -14.691
-16.030
2 -15.596 -16.207 -17.368
-18.707
1 -18.646 -19.437 -20.350
-22.050
0 -22.604 -23.396 -24.600
-26.300
Segments(R, S) R 10 S 8
b(s, r)
3 -16.030 -17.368 -19.117
-21.432
2 -18.707 -20.046 -22.203
-24.518
1 -22.050 -23.750 -25.543
-28.338
0 -26.300 -28.000 -30.201
-32.997
Segments(R, S) R 10 S 9
b(s, r)
3 -21.432 -23.746 -26.637
-30.245
2 -24.518 -26.833 -30.245
-33.853
1 -28.338 -31.133 -34.247
-38.207
0 -32.997 -35.792 -39.197
-43.157
Segments(R, S) R 10 S 10
b(s, r)
3 -30.245 -33.853 -38.207
-43.157
2 -33.853 -37.461 -42.167
-47.117
1 -38.207 -42.167 -47.115
-51.668
0 -43.157 -47.117 -51.668
-56.222
______________________________________
Claims (7)
1. A vehicular headlight comprising:
an optically effective arrangement having one reflective surface,
a light source related to an optical axis which extends in alignment with the optically effective arrangement, characterized in that said reflective surface shows axial asymmetry over its entire axial length, said surface having a shape defined by a mathematical expression that is continuous and that has continuous first and second derivatives everywhere on said surface and such that the beam of light reflected by said reflective surface distributes the light of said light source according to the distribution of the light pattern desired by optimally utilizing the light emitted by the light source.
2. A vehicular headlight comprising:
an optically effective arrangement having one reflective surface,
a light source related to an optical axis which extends in alignment with the optically effective arrangement, characterized in that said reflective surface shows axial asymmetry over its entire axial length such that there is no symmetry about any plane containing the axis, said surface having a mathematically continuous shape such that the beam of light reflected by said reflective surface distributes the light of said light source according to the distribution of the light pattern desired by optimally utilizing the light emitted by the light source.
3. A vehicular headlight according to claim 1 or 2, characterized by
an optical element arranged in the path of the light beam reflected by said reflective surface,
said optical element having an optically effective surface which together with said reflective surface forms said optically effective arrangement.
4. A vehicular headlight according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that said continuous surface satisfies one single mathematical formula.
5. A vehicular headlight according to claim 4, characterized in that the optically effective surface is designed according to the following formula: ##EQU4## and wherein X represents a linear cylindrical coordinate of the headlight axis which extends substantially in the direction of the light beam produced by the optically effective surface,
rho is the radius vector of said cylindrical coordinates,
phi represents the polar angle of said cylindrical coordinates of the loci,
n represents integers from 0 through 50, preferably through 10,
m, i and k represents integers from 0 through at least 3, preferably through 20.
R(phi) represents a coefficient which depends on phi and defines the limit value of the radii of curvature of the conic part of the surface at the apex with axial planes extending through the headlight axis when X=0,
K(phi) represents a conic section coefficient as a function of phi,
AKn (phi) represents one of ne+1 different aspheric coefficients as functions of phi,
Rcm and Rsm each represent one of me+1, and
Kci and Ksi each represent one of ie+1 different constant parameters,
AKcnk and AKsnk each represents one of (ne+1).(ke+1) different constant parameters.
6. A vehicular headlight according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that said continuous surface is formulated by a mathematical representation having mathematical properties such that mathematical manipulation of local regions does not influence optical properties of other regions.
7. A vehicular headlight according to claim 6, characterized in that said continuous surface is partitioned into quadrangular segments by intersection with two families of parallel planes, the planes of each family being parallel to said optical axis with the planes of the other of said families, said surface segments so delineated being defined by bivariate polynomials constrained so that adjacent segments are joined to form a continuous surface such that said mathematically continuous surface has at least two continuous derivatives everywhere, coefficients of said bivariate polynomials being determined by values of said polynomials at the corners of said segments and by said constraints on joining of adjacent segments.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US07/782,172 US5204820A (en) | 1987-03-11 | 1991-10-24 | Method of producing an optically effective arrangement in particular for application with a vehicular headlight |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE3707751 | 1987-03-11 | ||
| DE3707751 | 1987-03-11 | ||
| DE3713867 | 1987-04-25 | ||
| DE3713867 | 1987-04-25 |
Related Child Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US07/782,172 Division US5204820A (en) | 1987-03-11 | 1991-10-24 | Method of producing an optically effective arrangement in particular for application with a vehicular headlight |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US5065287A true US5065287A (en) | 1991-11-12 |
Family
ID=25853323
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US07/415,228 Expired - Fee Related US5065287A (en) | 1987-03-11 | 1988-03-11 | Method of producing an optically effective arrangement, in particular for application with a vehicular headlight |
Country Status (11)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US5065287A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0282100B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPH02502143A (en) |
| KR (1) | KR920002682B1 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU1489988A (en) |
| BR (1) | BR8807407A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE3861803D1 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2021107B3 (en) |
| FI (1) | FI89302C (en) |
| NO (1) | NO174019C (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1988007155A1 (en) |
Cited By (14)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5836668A (en) * | 1995-07-17 | 1998-11-17 | Koito Manufacturing Co., Ltd. | Method of forming a reflection surface of a reflection mirror of a vehicle lamp |
| EP0915286A2 (en) | 1997-11-05 | 1999-05-12 | Ford Motor Company | Automotive Tail Lamp |
| US6250768B1 (en) | 1998-04-13 | 2001-06-26 | Raymond Hill | Lighting apparatus for a model lighthouse |
| US20010010033A1 (en) * | 2000-01-20 | 2001-07-26 | Masahiro Maeda | Method of evaluating reflection performance of reflecting mirror, evaluation system for evaluating reflection performance of reflecting mirror, and computer-readable storage medium storing program for evaluating reflection performance of reflecting mirror |
| US6361195B1 (en) | 1999-10-01 | 2002-03-26 | Koito Manufacturing Co., Ltd. | Vehicle lamp and method of determining reflective surface of reflector thereof |
| US6454443B2 (en) | 2000-01-07 | 2002-09-24 | Koito Manufacturing Co., Ltd. | Method of determining reflective surface of reflector in vehicle lamp |
| US6493096B1 (en) | 1999-10-01 | 2002-12-10 | Koito Manufacturing Co., Ltd. | Method of determining reflective surface of reflector in vehicle lamp |
| US6505961B2 (en) | 2000-01-20 | 2003-01-14 | Koito Manufacturing Co., Ltd. | Method of evaluating basic curved surface for reflecting mirror, evaluation system for evaluating basic curved surface for reflecting mirror, and computer-readable storage medium |
| US6893148B1 (en) * | 1999-04-29 | 2005-05-17 | Valeo Vision | Dual function headlight for a motor vehicle with a single light source and fixed optics |
| US20050254245A1 (en) * | 2002-04-18 | 2005-11-17 | Holten Petrus Adrianus J | Luminaire |
| US20060119245A1 (en) * | 2004-12-06 | 2006-06-08 | Patent-Treuhand-Gesellschaft Fur Elektrisch Gluhlampen Mbh | High pressure discharge lamp with a base at one end |
| US20060197421A1 (en) * | 2003-04-17 | 2006-09-07 | Patent-Treuhand-Gesellschaft Fur Elektrische Gluhlampen Mbh | Halogen incandescent lamp |
| US20110317430A1 (en) * | 2009-03-18 | 2011-12-29 | Osram Gesellschaft Mit Beschraenkter Haftung | Reflector, Light Source Arrangement And Projector Apparatus |
| US20160298826A1 (en) * | 2015-04-09 | 2016-10-13 | Cree, Inc. | Led bulb with down-reflecting optic |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB8824206D0 (en) * | 1988-10-15 | 1988-11-23 | Carello Lighting Plc | Motor vehicle headlamp |
| JP3145910B2 (en) * | 1995-11-02 | 2001-03-12 | 株式会社小糸製作所 | Vehicle headlights |
| GB2356448B (en) * | 1999-09-25 | 2002-05-15 | Alan Joseph Blake | Improved lighting apparatus |
Citations (14)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE1802113A1 (en) * | 1967-10-10 | 1969-05-29 | Cibie Projecteurs | Headlights for low beam |
| DE2608518A1 (en) * | 1975-03-04 | 1976-09-16 | Oce Van Der Grinten Nv | REFLECTOR COAT |
| US4153929A (en) * | 1976-10-20 | 1979-05-08 | Meddev Corporation | Light assembly |
| DE3341773A1 (en) * | 1982-11-19 | 1984-05-24 | Cibie Projecteurs S.A., 93012 Bobigny | LOW-BEAM HEADLIGHTS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES |
| US4481563A (en) * | 1982-05-10 | 1984-11-06 | Corning Glass Works | Automotive headlight having optics in the reflector |
| US4495552A (en) * | 1982-12-13 | 1985-01-22 | Cal Custom Accessories, Inc. | Forward shining vehicle lamp |
| DE3334459A1 (en) * | 1983-09-23 | 1985-04-11 | Robert Bosch Gmbh, 7000 Stuttgart | Headlamp for the low beam of motor vehicles |
| US4517630A (en) * | 1981-12-08 | 1985-05-14 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Motor vehicle headlight with condensing lens and diaphragm |
| DE3340796A1 (en) * | 1983-11-11 | 1985-05-23 | Robert Bosch Gmbh, 7000 Stuttgart | LOW BEAM HEADLIGHTS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES |
| US4612608A (en) * | 1983-11-09 | 1986-09-16 | Westfalische Metall Industrie Kg Hueck & Co. | Dimmed vehicle headlight |
| US4704661A (en) * | 1986-08-25 | 1987-11-03 | General Electric Company | Faceted reflector for headlamps |
| US4722023A (en) * | 1984-05-15 | 1988-01-26 | Koito Seisakusho Co., Ltd. | Lamp assembly for emitting a beam of light at an angle to its optical axis |
| US4740871A (en) * | 1985-11-15 | 1988-04-26 | Cibie Projecteurs | Dual-purpose signal lamp for a vehicle |
| US4825343A (en) * | 1985-12-27 | 1989-04-25 | Ichikoh Industries Limited | Projector type headlamp for vehicles |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS60100102A (en) * | 1983-11-07 | 1985-06-04 | Ichikoh Ind Ltd | Reflection mirror for lighting apparatus |
| DE3531224A1 (en) * | 1985-08-31 | 1987-03-05 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | HEADLIGHTS FOR LOW BEAM OR FOG LIGHTS OF MOTOR VEHICLES |
| JPH0789442B2 (en) * | 1985-12-27 | 1995-09-27 | 市光工業株式会社 | Projector-type vehicle headlights |
-
1988
- 1988-03-11 WO PCT/EP1988/000196 patent/WO1988007155A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1988-03-11 JP JP63502553A patent/JPH02502143A/en active Pending
- 1988-03-11 US US07/415,228 patent/US5065287A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1988-03-11 ES ES88104102T patent/ES2021107B3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-03-11 AU AU14899/88A patent/AU1489988A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1988-03-11 BR BR888807407A patent/BR8807407A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1988-03-11 KR KR1019880701433A patent/KR920002682B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1988-03-11 DE DE8888104102T patent/DE3861803D1/en not_active Revoked
- 1988-03-11 EP EP88104102A patent/EP0282100B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-11-10 NO NO885014A patent/NO174019C/en unknown
-
1989
- 1989-09-08 FI FI894257A patent/FI89302C/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Patent Citations (15)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE1802113A1 (en) * | 1967-10-10 | 1969-05-29 | Cibie Projecteurs | Headlights for low beam |
| DE2608518A1 (en) * | 1975-03-04 | 1976-09-16 | Oce Van Der Grinten Nv | REFLECTOR COAT |
| US4153929A (en) * | 1976-10-20 | 1979-05-08 | Meddev Corporation | Light assembly |
| US4517630A (en) * | 1981-12-08 | 1985-05-14 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Motor vehicle headlight with condensing lens and diaphragm |
| US4481563A (en) * | 1982-05-10 | 1984-11-06 | Corning Glass Works | Automotive headlight having optics in the reflector |
| US4530042A (en) * | 1982-11-19 | 1985-07-16 | Cibie Projecteurs | Dipped headlamp for automobiles |
| DE3341773A1 (en) * | 1982-11-19 | 1984-05-24 | Cibie Projecteurs S.A., 93012 Bobigny | LOW-BEAM HEADLIGHTS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES |
| US4495552A (en) * | 1982-12-13 | 1985-01-22 | Cal Custom Accessories, Inc. | Forward shining vehicle lamp |
| DE3334459A1 (en) * | 1983-09-23 | 1985-04-11 | Robert Bosch Gmbh, 7000 Stuttgart | Headlamp for the low beam of motor vehicles |
| US4612608A (en) * | 1983-11-09 | 1986-09-16 | Westfalische Metall Industrie Kg Hueck & Co. | Dimmed vehicle headlight |
| DE3340796A1 (en) * | 1983-11-11 | 1985-05-23 | Robert Bosch Gmbh, 7000 Stuttgart | LOW BEAM HEADLIGHTS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES |
| US4722023A (en) * | 1984-05-15 | 1988-01-26 | Koito Seisakusho Co., Ltd. | Lamp assembly for emitting a beam of light at an angle to its optical axis |
| US4740871A (en) * | 1985-11-15 | 1988-04-26 | Cibie Projecteurs | Dual-purpose signal lamp for a vehicle |
| US4825343A (en) * | 1985-12-27 | 1989-04-25 | Ichikoh Industries Limited | Projector type headlamp for vehicles |
| US4704661A (en) * | 1986-08-25 | 1987-11-03 | General Electric Company | Faceted reflector for headlamps |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
| Title |
|---|
| Computer Design of Automotive Lamp with Faceted Reflectors, Donohue and Joseph, Journal of the Iluminating Eng. Society, Oct. 1972, pp. 36 42. * |
| Computer Design of Automotive Lamp with Faceted Reflectors, Donohue and Joseph, Journal of the Iluminating Eng. Society, Oct. 1972, pp. 36-42. |
Cited By (21)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5836668A (en) * | 1995-07-17 | 1998-11-17 | Koito Manufacturing Co., Ltd. | Method of forming a reflection surface of a reflection mirror of a vehicle lamp |
| EP0915286A2 (en) | 1997-11-05 | 1999-05-12 | Ford Motor Company | Automotive Tail Lamp |
| US5954427A (en) * | 1997-11-05 | 1999-09-21 | Ford Motor Company | Automotive tail lamp with large rake angle |
| US6250768B1 (en) | 1998-04-13 | 2001-06-26 | Raymond Hill | Lighting apparatus for a model lighthouse |
| US6893148B1 (en) * | 1999-04-29 | 2005-05-17 | Valeo Vision | Dual function headlight for a motor vehicle with a single light source and fixed optics |
| US6361195B1 (en) | 1999-10-01 | 2002-03-26 | Koito Manufacturing Co., Ltd. | Vehicle lamp and method of determining reflective surface of reflector thereof |
| US6493096B1 (en) | 1999-10-01 | 2002-12-10 | Koito Manufacturing Co., Ltd. | Method of determining reflective surface of reflector in vehicle lamp |
| KR100422227B1 (en) * | 2000-01-07 | 2004-03-10 | 가부시키가이샤 고이토 세이사꾸쇼 | Method of determining reflective surface of reflector in vehicle lamp |
| US6454443B2 (en) | 2000-01-07 | 2002-09-24 | Koito Manufacturing Co., Ltd. | Method of determining reflective surface of reflector in vehicle lamp |
| US6505961B2 (en) | 2000-01-20 | 2003-01-14 | Koito Manufacturing Co., Ltd. | Method of evaluating basic curved surface for reflecting mirror, evaluation system for evaluating basic curved surface for reflecting mirror, and computer-readable storage medium |
| US20010010033A1 (en) * | 2000-01-20 | 2001-07-26 | Masahiro Maeda | Method of evaluating reflection performance of reflecting mirror, evaluation system for evaluating reflection performance of reflecting mirror, and computer-readable storage medium storing program for evaluating reflection performance of reflecting mirror |
| US7136784B2 (en) | 2000-01-20 | 2006-11-14 | Koito Manufacturing Co., Ltd. | Method of evaluating reflection performance of reflecting mirror, evaluation system for evaluating reflection performance of reflecting mirror, and computer-readable storage medium storing program for evaluating reflection performance of reflecting mirror |
| US7387408B2 (en) * | 2002-04-18 | 2008-06-17 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics, N.V. | Luminaire featuring light-transmitting counter reflector cover |
| US20050254245A1 (en) * | 2002-04-18 | 2005-11-17 | Holten Petrus Adrianus J | Luminaire |
| US20060197421A1 (en) * | 2003-04-17 | 2006-09-07 | Patent-Treuhand-Gesellschaft Fur Elektrische Gluhlampen Mbh | Halogen incandescent lamp |
| US20060119245A1 (en) * | 2004-12-06 | 2006-06-08 | Patent-Treuhand-Gesellschaft Fur Elektrisch Gluhlampen Mbh | High pressure discharge lamp with a base at one end |
| US7180229B2 (en) * | 2004-12-06 | 2007-02-20 | Patent-Treuhand-Gesellschaft für Electrische Glühlampen mbH | High pressure discharge lamp with a base at one end |
| US20110317430A1 (en) * | 2009-03-18 | 2011-12-29 | Osram Gesellschaft Mit Beschraenkter Haftung | Reflector, Light Source Arrangement And Projector Apparatus |
| US8579474B2 (en) * | 2009-03-18 | 2013-11-12 | Osram Gesellschaft Mit Beschraenkter Haftung | Bézier curve reflector, light source arrangement and projector apparatus |
| US20160298826A1 (en) * | 2015-04-09 | 2016-10-13 | Cree, Inc. | Led bulb with down-reflecting optic |
| US10302278B2 (en) * | 2015-04-09 | 2019-05-28 | Cree, Inc. | LED bulb with back-reflecting optic |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| ES2021107B3 (en) | 1991-10-16 |
| KR890700785A (en) | 1989-04-27 |
| KR920002682B1 (en) | 1992-03-31 |
| NO885014L (en) | 1988-11-10 |
| EP0282100A1 (en) | 1988-09-14 |
| BR8807407A (en) | 1990-05-15 |
| FI89302C (en) | 1993-09-10 |
| FI894257A0 (en) | 1989-09-08 |
| NO885014D0 (en) | 1988-11-10 |
| AU1489988A (en) | 1988-10-10 |
| DE3861803D1 (en) | 1991-04-04 |
| WO1988007155A1 (en) | 1988-09-22 |
| FI89302B (en) | 1993-05-31 |
| JPH02502143A (en) | 1990-07-12 |
| NO174019C (en) | 1994-03-02 |
| EP0282100B1 (en) | 1991-02-27 |
| NO174019B (en) | 1993-11-22 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| US5204820A (en) | Method of producing an optically effective arrangement in particular for application with a vehicular headlight | |
| US5065287A (en) | Method of producing an optically effective arrangement, in particular for application with a vehicular headlight | |
| JP2538180B2 (en) | Lighting equipment | |
| CA1272171A (en) | Faceted reflector for headlamps | |
| US5192124A (en) | Reflector for vehicle headlight | |
| JPH10244870A (en) | Headlight for automobile and manufacture of reflector for headlight | |
| EP1070912B1 (en) | Headlamp and method for manufacturing reflector in the headlamp | |
| US5539629A (en) | Multi-faceted light reflector for headlamp with facets having differentially tilted parabolic cylinders | |
| JPH10116505A (en) | Display light for automobile | |
| JPH0945114A (en) | Lighting fixture for vehicle | |
| US5483430A (en) | Multi-faceted light reflector | |
| JPH06187809A (en) | Manufacture of mirror for signaling or illuminating device of car and signaling or illuminating device equipped with said mirror | |
| EP0738903A1 (en) | Illumination device, in particular vehicle headlight | |
| EP1505339B1 (en) | Complex reflector for a vehicle headlight, and method for the manufacture of the reflector | |
| JP3424915B2 (en) | Method of manufacturing reflector and lamp | |
| JP2001084810A (en) | Light for vehicle | |
| EP0125353B1 (en) | Automotive headlight having optics in the reflector | |
| US5645339A (en) | Vehicle headlamp construction for a well defined lower beam pattern | |
| US6007224A (en) | Automotive headlamp reflector and method for its design | |
| US6010233A (en) | Automobile headlamp reflector | |
| JP4075973B2 (en) | Reflector manufacturing method and lamp | |
| JPH0614443B2 (en) | Lighting device manufacturing method | |
| KR100191372B1 (en) | The lamp reflector of vehicle and the forming method | |
| EP0742407A1 (en) | Lighting device for a motor vehicle | |
| US5926329A (en) | Reflection mirror for vehicle lamp and method of forming the same |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| AS | Assignment |
Owner name: EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY, ROCHESTER, NY A CORP. OF NJ Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:STAIGER, ULRICH;STROBEL, JOSEPH;CASTRO, PETER E.;REEL/FRAME:005396/0012;SIGNING DATES FROM 19890904 TO 19890925 |
|
| FEPP | Fee payment procedure |
Free format text: PAYOR NUMBER ASSIGNED (ORIGINAL EVENT CODE: ASPN); ENTITY STATUS OF PATENT OWNER: LARGE ENTITY |
|
| REMI | Maintenance fee reminder mailed | ||
| LAPS | Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees | ||
| FP | Lapsed due to failure to pay maintenance fee |
Effective date: 19961115 |
|
| STCH | Information on status: patent discontinuation |
Free format text: PATENT EXPIRED DUE TO NONPAYMENT OF MAINTENANCE FEES UNDER 37 CFR 1.362 |