US5763133A - Toner compositions and processes - Google Patents

Toner compositions and processes Download PDF

Info

Publication number
US5763133A
US5763133A US08/825,451 US82545197A US5763133A US 5763133 A US5763133 A US 5763133A US 82545197 A US82545197 A US 82545197A US 5763133 A US5763133 A US 5763133A
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
poly
styrene
toner
butadiene
isoprene
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US08/825,451
Inventor
Beng S. Ong
Walter Mychajlowskij
Grazyna E. Kmiecik-Lawrynowicz
Raj D. Patel
David J. Sanders
Stephan V. Drappel
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Xerox Corp
Original Assignee
Xerox Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Xerox Corp filed Critical Xerox Corp
Priority to US08/825,451 priority Critical patent/US5763133A/en
Assigned to XEROX CORPORATION reassignment XEROX CORPORATION ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: DRAPPEL, STEPHAN V., KMIECIK-LAWRYNOWICZ, GRAZYNA E., MYCHAJLOWSKIJ, WALTER, ONG, BENG S., PATEL, RAJ D., SANDERS, DAVID J.
Priority to US08/841,300 priority patent/US5747215A/en
Priority to JP7443298A priority patent/JP3973287B2/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US5763133A publication Critical patent/US5763133A/en
Assigned to BANK ONE, NA, AS ADMINISTRATIVE AGENT reassignment BANK ONE, NA, AS ADMINISTRATIVE AGENT SECURITY INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: XEROX CORPORATION
Assigned to JPMORGAN CHASE BANK, AS COLLATERAL AGENT reassignment JPMORGAN CHASE BANK, AS COLLATERAL AGENT SECURITY AGREEMENT Assignors: XEROX CORPORATION
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Assigned to XEROX CORPORATION reassignment XEROX CORPORATION RELEASE BY SECURED PARTY (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: JPMORGAN CHASE BANK, N.A. AS SUCCESSOR-IN-INTEREST ADMINISTRATIVE AGENT AND COLLATERAL AGENT TO JPMORGAN CHASE BANK
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • GPHYSICS
    • G03PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03GELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G9/00Developers
    • G03G9/08Developers with toner particles
    • G03G9/087Binders for toner particles
    • G03G9/08784Macromolecular material not specially provided for in a single one of groups G03G9/08702 - G03G9/08775
    • G03G9/08793Crosslinked polymers
    • GPHYSICS
    • G03PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03GELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G9/00Developers
    • G03G9/08Developers with toner particles
    • G03G9/0802Preparation methods
    • G03G9/0804Preparation methods whereby the components are brought together in a liquid dispersing medium
    • GPHYSICS
    • G03PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03GELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G9/00Developers
    • G03G9/08Developers with toner particles
    • G03G9/087Binders for toner particles
    • G03G9/08702Binders for toner particles comprising macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • G03G9/08706Polymers of alkenyl-aromatic compounds
    • G03G9/08708Copolymers of styrene
    • GPHYSICS
    • G03PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03GELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G9/00Developers
    • G03G9/08Developers with toner particles
    • G03G9/087Binders for toner particles
    • G03G9/08702Binders for toner particles comprising macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • G03G9/08706Polymers of alkenyl-aromatic compounds
    • G03G9/08708Copolymers of styrene
    • G03G9/08711Copolymers of styrene with esters of acrylic or methacrylic acid
    • GPHYSICS
    • G03PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03GELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G9/00Developers
    • G03G9/08Developers with toner particles
    • G03G9/087Binders for toner particles
    • G03G9/08702Binders for toner particles comprising macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • G03G9/08726Polymers of unsaturated acids or derivatives thereof
    • G03G9/08728Polymers of esters
    • GPHYSICS
    • G03PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03GELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G9/00Developers
    • G03G9/08Developers with toner particles
    • G03G9/087Binders for toner particles
    • G03G9/08702Binders for toner particles comprising macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • G03G9/08726Polymers of unsaturated acids or derivatives thereof
    • G03G9/08731Polymers of nitriles
    • GPHYSICS
    • G03PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03GELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G9/00Developers
    • G03G9/08Developers with toner particles
    • G03G9/087Binders for toner particles
    • G03G9/08702Binders for toner particles comprising macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • G03G9/08726Polymers of unsaturated acids or derivatives thereof
    • G03G9/08733Polymers of unsaturated polycarboxylic acids

Definitions

  • the present invention is generally directed to toner processes, and more specifically, to chemical processes wherein there is accomplished the aggregation of latex, pigment particles, and optional additives to enable toner compositions.
  • the present invention is related to the direct preparation of toner compositions without the need for conventionally known pulverization and classification methods, and wherein in embodiments toner compositions with a volume average diameter of from about 1 to about 15, and preferably from 2 to about 10 microns, and narrow particle size distribution as conventionally characterized by GSD (geometric standard deviation) of, for example, less than 1.35, more specifically, less than about 1.25, and, for example, from about 1.15 to about 1.25, as measured on the Coulter Counter, can be obtained.
  • GSD geometric standard deviation
  • the resulting toners can be selected for known electrophotographic processes and printing processes, including digital processes, and particularly color xerographic imaging and printing processes.
  • the present invention relates to a process for obtaining toner compositions with, for example, specific image gloss characteristics, and which process is comprised of aggregating a latex emulsion comprised of a mixture of linear polymer and crosslinked polymer particles, pigment and optional additive components into toner sized aggregates, followed by coalescing or fusing together the constituents of the aggregates to form integral composite toner particles, and which toner is comprised, for example, of the linear polymer, from about 50 to 90 weight percent, for example, the crosslinked polymer particles therein, from about 0.1 to about 70, and preferably from about 1 to about 50 weight percent, and pigment, for example from about 3 to about 15 weight percent.
  • the image gloss characteristics of the toner compositions of the present invention in embodiments can be controlled primarily by the amount of the crosslinked polymer particles utilized, their particle size, crosslink density, and composition. Specifically, lower image gloss levels are obtained from toners with higher contents and larger particle size of crosslinked polymer. Accordingly, a wide range of image gloss level ranging from below about 20 to in excess of about 70 Gardner Gloss units (GGU) as measured by the Gardner Gloss metering instrument can be designed to provide specific image appearance requirements. In general, the image gloss requirement of a document is dictated by its application; for example, for process color, glossy images are highly desirable. For text, highlight and graphic documents, a matte image finish is generally preferred.
  • the toner process is comprised of aggregating two latices, one comprised of linear polymer particles and the second of crosslinked polymer particles, with an aqueous pigment dispersion and optional charge additives at a temperature below about, or in embodiments equal to about the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the linear latex polymer, for example generally from about 25° C. to about 1 ° C. below the Tg, to form electrostatically bound aggregates, followed by coalescing or fusing together the constituents of the aggregates to form mechanically stable integral particles by heating at a temperature of from about 10° C. to about 50° C.
  • Tg glass transition temperature
  • the latices that are utilized in the process of the present invention generally contain an ionic surfactant and an optional nonionic surfactant, and the pigment dispersion contains an ionic surfactant that is of an opposite charge polarity to the ionic surfactant in the latex emulsion.
  • the mixing of the latices with the pigment dispersion permits flocculation of the latex and the pigment particles, which flocculent mixture on gentle stirring with controlled heating, enables the formation of toner sized aggregates with narrow particle size distribution.
  • the latex size is generally in the range of from, for example, about 0.05 micron to about 2 microns in volume average diameter, while the pigment size is from, for example, about 0.05 micron to about 1.0 micron.
  • the amount of each of the ionic surfactants utilized in the process in embodiments is from about 0.01 to about 5 weight percent, and the nonionic stabilizers are present in the latex emulsion in amounts of from about 0 to about 5 weight percent of the total reaction mixture.
  • the resulting toners in embodiments possess a variety of image gloss characteristics with their image gloss levels being primarily determined by the amount of the crosslinked polymer particles present in the toner composition.
  • toners with image gloss values of, for example, from less than about 20, for example about 15, to over 70 GGU, for example about 80 can be obtained.
  • the ability to adjust the image gloss of a toner is particularly important in color applications as proper gloss matching between image and paper is highly desirable. For example, when a low gloss image of less than about 30 GGU is desired, low gloss paper is utilized; in contrast, for process color applications where glossier coated paper is generally employed to enhance image appearance, higher gloss images with gloss levels of from about 50 to over about 80 GGU are preferred.
  • the present invention is directed to a chemical toner process comprised of first blending by high shear mixing an aqueous pigment dispersion containing a pigment, such as HELIOGEN BLUE TM or HOSTAPERM PINKTM, and a cationic surfactant, such as benzalkonium chloride (SANIZOL B50TM), with a latex blend containing two latices, one comprised of linear polymer particles and the other, or second of crosslinked polymer particles, stabilized with an anionic surfactant such as sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, for example NEOGEN RTM or NEOGEN SCTM, and a nonionic stabilizer such as alkyl phenoxy poly(ethyleneoxy)ethanol, for example IGEPAL 897TM or ANTAROX 897TM, and which latices have a particle size of from, for example about 0.05 to about 2.0 microns in volume average diameter as measured by the Brookhaven nanosizer, and optional additives; and
  • Toners prepared in accordance with the present invention enable in embodiments the generation of high quality images with specifically preselected image gloss levels; and permits lower fusing temperatures, such as from about 120° C. to about 170° C., thereby eliminating or minimizing paper curl while prolonging the life of fuser roll.
  • the invention toners are particularly useful for the development of colored images with excellent (1) image resolution, (2) color fidelity, (3) gloss uniformity, and (4) projection efficiency.
  • small sized toners of preferably from about 2 to about 7 microns are important to the achievement of high image quality essential for process color applications. It is also important to have a low image pile height to eliminate image feel and avoid, or minimize paper curling after fusing. Paper curling can be particularly pronounced in xerographic color processes in which relatively high toner coverage as a result of the application of three to four color toners.
  • moisture is driven off from the paper due to a high fusing temperatures of from about 120° to 200° C.
  • the amount of moisture driven off during fusing can usually be reabsorbed back by the paper and the resulting print remains relatively flat with minimal paper curl.
  • the relatively thick toner plastic covering on the paper can inhibit the paper from reabsorbing the moisture, and lead to substantial paper curling.
  • Toners prepared in accordance with the present invention enable in embodiments the use of lower fusing temperatures, such as from about 120 to about 170° C., which temperatures will also eliminate or minimize the paper curling problem.
  • U.S. Pat. 4,996,127 a toner of associated particles of secondary particles comprising primary particles of a polymer having acidic or basic polar groups and a coloring agent.
  • the polymers selected for the toners of the '127 patent can be prepared by an emulsion polymerization method, see for example columns 4 and 5 of this patent.
  • column 7 of this '127 patent it is indicated that the toner can be prepared by mixing the required amount of coloring agent and optional charge additive with an emulsion of the polymer having an acidic or basic polar group obtained by emulsion polymerization.
  • Emulsion/aggregation processes for the preparation of toners are illustrated in a number of patents, the disclosures of which are totally incorporated herein by reference, such as U.S. Pat. 5,290,654, U.S. Pat. 5,278,020, U.S. Pat. 5,308,734, U.S. Pat. 5,346,797, U.S. Pat. 5,370,963, U.S. Pat. 5,344,738, U.S. Pat. 5,403,693, U.S. Pat. 5,418,108, U.S. Pat. 5,364,729, and U.S. Pat. 5,346,797.
  • a further object of the present invention is the provision of colored toner compositions with excellent pigment dispersion, thereby enabling excellent color mixing quality and projection efficiency.
  • toner processes for colored toner compositions with image gloss characteristics that can be adjusted to, for example, satisfy customer image appearance requirements.
  • toner compositions with a toner size of from between about 1 to about 15 microns, and preferably from about 2 to about 7 microns in volume average particle diameter, and a narrow GSD of less than about 1.35, and preferably less than about 1.25 as measured by a Coulter Counter, and wherein the toner image gloss characteristics can be adjusted.
  • Another object is the provision of a chemical process for the preparation of toner compositions with tunable image gloss properties and which process comprises the aggregation and coalescence of two latices, one with linear polymer particles, and a second with crosslinked polymer particles, a pigment, and optional additives, and wherein the toner particle size is achieved by, for example, control of the process temperature.
  • a toner derived from a linear latex polymer, a crosslinked latex polymer, a pigment, and optional charge control agent, and wherein the toner has a narrow GSD of from less than about 1.35, and preferably less than about 1.25, and which process can be accomplished without known classifications.
  • toner compositions and images developed thereof wherein the image gloss characteristics are controlled by the nature and amount of the crosslinked polymer particles in the toner composition.
  • toner compositions with image gloss levels of from below about 20 to over 70 GGU as measured by Gardner Gloss meter.
  • toner compositions which enable lower fusing temperatures of from about 120° C. to about 170° C., and which toners possess excellent toner blocking resistance.
  • toner compositions with excellent image projection efficiency such as from about 65 to over 80 percent as measured by the Match Scan II spectrophotometer available from Milton-Roy.
  • toner compositions which, when properly fused on paper, avoid, or minimize paper curl; wherein gel, or crosslinked incorporated toners can be prepared, that is wherein the gel is embedded in the toner, and more specifically, wherein the gel is contained in the linear polymer, and wherein with such toners photoreceptor filming is minimized, and wire contamination on development wires is avoided or minimized; and wherein image gloss and image matte is achievable.
  • the present invention relates to toners and processes thereof.
  • toner processes comprising the aggregation of latices, pigment, and additive particles to form toner sized aggregates, followed by fusion or coalescence of the constituents of the aggregates to form integral toner particles, and wherein the temperature of aggregation is utilized to control the aggregate size, and thus the final toner size, and wherein there is selected a mixture of two latices, one with a linear polymer and the second with a crosslinked polymer, for incorporation into the toner composition.
  • the present invention is directed to processes for the preparation of toner compositions which processes comprise initially blending an aqueous pigment dispersion containing a color pigment or pigments, such as carbon black like REGAL 330®, phthalocyanine, quinacridone or RHODAMINE BTM, and a cationic surfactant, such as benzalkonium chloride, by means of a high shearing device, such as a Brinkmann polytron, or a sonicator or microfluidizer, with a mixture of two latices, one with a crosslinked polymer and one with a linear polymer, such as a styrene-butadiene resin, styrene-isoprene resin, styrene-acrylate resin, and the like, containing an anionic surfactant such as sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate and a nonionic surfactant; heating the resultant flocculent mixture with stirring at a temperature of
  • toner sized aggregates ranging in volume average volume diameter of from about 1 to about 15 micron, and preferably from about 2 to about 10 microns; and further heating the mixture at a temperature of from about 10° C. to 50° C.
  • toner particles of particle size of from about 1 to about 15 microns in volume average particle diameter and GSD of less than 1.35 as measured by the Coulter Counter, and with image gloss values of from less than 20 to over 70 GGU are obtained.
  • the resulting toners comprise the linear polymer and therein the crosslinked polymer, pigment, and optional toner additives.
  • Embodiments of the present invention include a process for the preparation of toner compositions comprised of linear and crosslinked polymer particles, and pigment, and which process comprises
  • a pigment dispersion containing an ionic surfactant with a latex emulsion comprised of (a) a linear polymer, that is for example, a polymer that is not crosslinked, (b) a crosslinked polymer, and (c) a nonionic surfactant and an ionic surfactant that is of opposite charge polarity to the ionic surfactant in the pigment dispersion;
  • the present invention relates to a process for the preparation of toner with, for example, controlled particle size comprising
  • step (iii) subsequently heating said aggregate suspension about above the Tg of the linear latex polymer to effect fusion or coalescence of said aggregates; a process wherein the temperature at which the aggregates are formed in step (ii) controls the size of said aggregates to be in the range of from about 2 to about 10 microns in volume average diameter, and wherein said coalescence of step (iii) provides mechanically stable integral toner particles; a process wherein the crosslinked polymer is a crosslinked linear polymer; a process wherein the crosslinked polymer is selected from the group consisting of a crosslinked poly(styrene-alkyl acrylate), poly(styrene-butadiene), poly(styrene-isoprene), poly(styrene-alkyl methacrylate), poly(styrene-alkyl acrylate-acrylic acid), poly(styrenebutadiene-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-isoprene-acryl
  • the pigment dispersion is prepared by mixing a pigment in a suitable surfactant in water using an ultrasonic probe at from about 300 watts to about 900 watts of energy, at from about 5 to about 50 megahertz of amplitude, at a temperature of from about 25° C. to about 55° C., and for a duration of from about 1 minute to about 120 minutes; a process wherein the aggregation step (ii) is accomplished at temperatures of from about 25° C. to about 1 ° C.
  • the linear polymer is selected from the group consisting of poly(styrene-butadiene), poly(methyl methacrylate-butadiene), poly(ethyl methacrylate-butadiene), poly(propyl methacrylate-butadiene), poly(butyl methacrylate-butadiene), poly(methyl acrylate-butadiene), poly(ethyl acrylate-butadiene), poly(propyl acrylate-butadiene), poly(butyl acrylate-butadiene), poly(styrene-isoprene), poly(methylstyrene-isoprene), poly(methyl methacrylate-isoprene), poly(ethyl methacrylate-isoprene), poly(propyl methacrylate-isoprene), poly(butyl methacrylate-isoprene), poly(butyl methacrylate-is
  • toner comprising heating (a) a mixture of an aqueous pigment dispersion containing a first ionic surfactant, and (b) a latex blend comprised of linear noncrosslinked polymer and crosslinked polymer, a nonionic surfactant, and a second ionic surfactant with a charge polarity opposite to that of said first ionic surfactant in said pigment dispersion; heating the resulting mixture below the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the linear noncrosslinked polymer to form toner aggregates; and subsequently heating said aggregates above the Tg of the linear latex polymer to effect coalescence of the aggregates; and toners obtained by the processes illustrated herein.
  • Tg glass transition temperature
  • Embodiments of the present invention include a process wherein the pigment dispersion contains a pigment with a volume average diameter of from about 0.01 to about 1 micron, a latex blend contains from about 1 to about 70 percent by weight of crosslinked latex, and which latex size ranges from about 0.05 to about 1 micron in volume average diameter.
  • the toner composition generated contains from about 25 to about 95, and more specifically from about 50 to about 90 weight percent of the linear polymer, from about 0.1 to about 70, and preferably from 1 to about 50 weight percent of the crosslinked polymer, preferably contained in the linear polymer, from about 1 to about 15, or from about 3 to about 15, and more specifically, from 5 to about 12 weight percent of pigment, or pigment blend, and from about 0.1 to about 5 weight percent of charge control agent.
  • linear latex polymers selected for the process of the present invention include known addition polymers such as poly(styrene-butadiene), poly(methylstyrene-butadiene), poly(methyl methacrylate-butadiene), poly(ethyl methacrylate-butadiene), poly(propyl methacrylate-butadiene), poly(butyl methacrylate-butadiene), poly(methyl acrylate-butadiene), poly(ethyl acrylate-butadiene), poly(propyl acrylate-butadiene), poly(butylacrylate-butadiene), poly(styrene-isoprene), poly(methyl styrene-isoprene), poly(methyl methacrylate-isoprene), poly(ethyl methacrylate-isoprene), poly(propyl methacrylate-isoprene), poly(butyl methacrylate-iso
  • linear polymers and crosslinked latex polymers selected which in embodiments can be poly(styrene-acrylates), poly(styrene-butadienes), or poly(styrene-methacrylates) are present in various effective amounts, such as from about 85 weight percent to about 98 weight percent of the toner composition, and which latex size can be, for example, of about 0.01 micron to about 2 micron in average volume diameter as measured by the Brookhaven nanosize particle analyzer.
  • crosslinked polymers selected are generally similar to those of the linear polymers in chemical composition except for the crosslinked structure.
  • Crosslinked polymers include additional crosslinked polymers derived from the emulsion polymerization of vinyl monomers selected preferably from the group consisting of styrene and its derivatives, dienes, acrylates, and methacrylates.
  • acrylates include methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, propyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, pentyl acrylate, ethylhexyl acrylate and the like
  • methacrylates include methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, propyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, and the like.
  • the crosslinker such as divinyl benzene, is present in an effective amount of from, for example, about 0.01 percent by weight to about 25 percent by weight, with the preferred amount ranging from about 0.5 to about 10 percent by weight.
  • Examples of linear polymers selected are similar to, or the same as the crosslinked polymers with the exception that the linear polymers are free of crosslinking.
  • the image gloss characteristics provided by the toners of the present invention are dependent, for example, on the particle size, amount and crosslink density of the crosslinked latex polymer.
  • an effective crosslink density of the latex is provided by incorporating from about 0.01 to about 25 weight percent of a divinyl monomer, such as divinyl benzene, during the emulsion polymerization.
  • toners which provide matte images of gloss values of less than about 20, and more specifically, from about 10 to about 20 GGU by incorporating a higher percentage of the crosslinked latex particles of, for example, from about 30 to over 50, and more specifically, about 50 weight percent of the toner composition.
  • the pigment dispersion depends primarily on the form of the pigment utilized.
  • pigments available in the wet cake form or concentrated form containing water can be easily dispersed in water in the presence of suitable surfactants by high shear mixing or homogenization.
  • the pigments are available in a dry form, whereby dispersion in water is preferably effected by microfluidizing using, for example, an M-110 microfluidizer and passing the pigment dispersion from about 1 to about 10 times through the chamber of the microfluidizer, or by sonication, such as using a Branson 700 sonicator, with the optional addition of dispersing agents such as by utilizing the aforementioned ionic or nonionic surfactants.
  • Various known colorants or pigments present in the toner in an effective amount of, for example, from about 1 to about 25 percent by weight of the toner, and preferably in an amount of from about 1 to about 15 weight percent that can be selected include carbon black like REGAL 330®; magnetites, such as Mobay magnetites MO8029TM, MO8060TM; Columbian magnetites; MAPICO BLACKSTM, and surface treated magnetites; Pfizer magnetites CB4799TM, CB5300TM, CB5600TM, MCX6369TM; Bayer magnetites, BAYFERROX 8600TM, 8610TM; Northern Pigments magnetites, NP-604TM, NP-608TM; Magnox magnetites TMB-100TM, or TMB-104TM; and
  • colored pigments there can be selected cyan, magenta, yellow, red, green, brown, blue or mixtures thereof.
  • Specific examples of pigments include phthalocyanine HELIOGEN BLUE L6900TM, D6840TM, D7080TM, D7020198 , PYLAM OIL BLUETM, PYLAM OIL YELLOWTM, PIGMENT BLUE 1TM available from Paul Uhlich & Company, Inc., PIGMENT VIOLET 1TM, PIGMENT RED 48TM, LEMON CHROME YELLOW DCC 1026TM, E.D.
  • TOLUIDINE REDTM and BON RED CTM available from Dominion Color Corporation, Ltd., Toronto, Ontario, NOVAPERM YELLOW FGLTM, HOSTAPERM PINK ETM from Hoechst, and CINQUASIA MAGENTATM available from E.l. DuPont de Nemours & Company, and the like.
  • colored pigments that can be selected are cyan, magenta, or yellow pigments, and mixtures thereof.
  • magenta materials that may be selected as pigments include, for example, 2,9-dimethyl-substituted quinacridone and anthraquinone dye identified in the Color Index as Cl 60710, Cl Dispersed Red 15, diazo dye identified in the Color Index as Cl 26050, Cl Solvent Red 19, and the like.
  • the toner may also include known charge additives in effective amounts of, for example, from 0.1 to 5 weight percent such as alkyl pyridinium halides, bisulfates, the charge control additives of U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,944,493; 4,007,293; 4,079,014; 4,394,430 and 4,560,635, which illustrates a toner with a distearyl dimethyl ammonium methyl sulfate charge additive, the disclosures of which are totally incorporated herein by reference, negative charge enhancing additives like boron, aluminum, zinc and chromium complexes of salicylic acids, and the like.
  • charge additives in effective amounts of, for example, from 0.1 to 5 weight percent such as alkyl pyridinium halides, bisulfates, the charge control additives of U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,944,493; 4,007,293; 4,079,014; 4,394,430 and 4,560,635, which illustrates
  • Surfactants in amounts of, for example, 0.1 to about 25 weight percent in embodiments include, for example, nonionic surfactants such as dialkylphenoxypoly(ethyleneoxy) ethanol, available from Rhone-Poulenac as IGEPAL CA-210TM, IGEPAL CA-520TM, IGEPAL CA-720TM, IGEPAL CO-890TM, IGEPAL CO-720TM, IGEPAL CO-290TM, IGEPAL CA-210TM, ANTAROX 890TM and ANTAROX 897TM.
  • An effective concentration of the nonionic surfactant is in embodiments, for example, from about 0.01 to about 10 percent by weight, and preferably from about 0.1 to about 5 percent by weight of monomers used in latex emulsion preparation.
  • ionic surfactants include anionic and cationic surfactants with examples of anionic surfactants being, for example, sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, sodium dodecylnaphthalene sulfate, dialkyl benzenealkyl, sulfates and sulfonates, abitic acid, available from Aldrich, NEOGEN RTM, NEOGEN SCTM obtained from Kao, and the like.
  • An effective concentration of the anionic surfactant generally employed is, for example, from about 0.01 to about 10 percent by weight, and preferably from about 0.1 to about 5 percent by weight of monomers used to prepare the latex emulsions.
  • Examples of the cationic surfactants selected for the toners and processes of the present invention include, for example, dialkyl benzenealkyl ammonium chloride, lauryl trimethyl ammonium chloride, alkylbenzyl methyl ammonium chloride, alkyl benzyl dimethyl ammonium bromide, benzalkonium chloride, cetyl pyridinium bromide, C 12 , C 15 , C 17 trimethyl ammonium bromides, halide salts of quaternized polyoxyethylalkylamines, dodecylbenzyl triethyl ammonium chloride, MIRAPOLTM and ALKAQUATTM available from Alkaril Chemical Company, SANIZOLTM (benzalkonium chloride), available from Kao Chemicals, and the like, and mixtures thereof.
  • dialkyl benzenealkyl ammonium chloride lauryl trimethyl ammonium chloride
  • alkylbenzyl methyl ammonium chloride al
  • This surfactant is utilized in various effective amounts, such as for example from about 0.1 percent to about 5 percent by weight of water.
  • the molar ratio of the cationic surfactant used for flocculation to the anionic surfactant used in the latex preparation is in the range of from about 0.5 to 4, and preferably from 0.5 to 2.
  • additional optional surfactant which is added to the aggregated suspension to primarily stabilize the aggregates from further growing in size during the coalescence
  • anionic surfactants of, for example, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, sodium dodecylnaphthalene sulfate, dialkyl benzenealkyl, sulfates and sulfonates, abitic acid, available from Aldrich, NEOGEN RTM, NEOGEN SCTM obtained from Kao, and the like.
  • nonionic surfactants such as polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylic acid, methalose, methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, propyl cellulose, hydroxy ethyl cellulose, carboxy methyl cellulose, polyoxyethylene cetyl ether, polyoxyethylene lauryl ether, polyoxyethylene octyl ether, polyoxyethylene octylphenyl ether, polyoxyethylene oleyl ether, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate, polyoxyethylene stearyl ether, polyoxyethylene nonylphenyl ether, dialkylphenoxypoly(ethyleneoxy) ethanol, available from Rhone-Poulenac as IGEPAL CA-210TM, IGEPAL CA-520TM, IGEPAL CA-720TM, IGEPAL CO-890TM, IGEPAL CO-720TM, IGEPAL CO-290TM, IGEPAL CA-210TM, ANTAROX 890TM and ANTAROX 897TM.
  • An effective concentration of the anionic or nonionic surfactant generally employed as an aggregate stabilizer is, for example, from about 0.01 to about 10 percent by weight, and preferably from about 0.5 to about 5 percent by weight of the total weight of the aggregate suspension comprised of latex and pigment particles, optional charge control agent, water, ionic and nonionic surfactants.
  • additives that can be added to the toner compositions after washing or drying include, for example, metal salts, metal salts of fatty acids, colloidal silicas, silicas, coated silicas, metal oxides, like titanium dioxide, mixtures thereof and the like, which additives are usually present in an amount of from about 0.1 to about 2 weight percent, reference U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,590,000; 3,720,617; 3,655,374 and 3,983,045, the disclosures of which are totally incorporated herein by reference.
  • Preferred additives include zinc stearate and AEROSIL R972® available from Degussa in amounts of from 0.1 to 2 percent which can be added during the aggregation or washing process, or blended into the final toner product.
  • Developer compositions can be prepared by mixing the toners obtained with the processes of the present invention with known carrier particles, including coated carriers, such as steel, ferrites, and the like, reference U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,937,166 and 4,935,326, the disclosures of which are totally incorporated herein by reference, for example from about 2 percent toner concentration to about 8 percent toner concentration.
  • Imaging methods are also envisioned with the toners of the present invention, reference for example a number of the patents mentioned herein, and U.S. Pat. 4,265,660, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference.
  • a latex emulsion (a) comprised of linear polymer particles derived from emulsion polymerization of styrene, butyl acrylate and acrylic acid was prepared as follows.
  • An organic phase was prepared by blending 492.0 grams of styrene, 108.0 grams of butyl acrylate, 12.0 grams of acrylic acid, 6.0 grams of carbon tetrabromide and 18.0 grams of dodecanethiol.
  • An aqueous phase was prepared by mixing an aqueous solution of 6.0 grams of ammonium persulfate in 200 milliliters of water with 700 milliliters of an aqueous solution of 13.5 grams of anionic surfactant, NEOGEN RTM (which contains 60 weight percent of active sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate in water), and 12.9 grams of nonionic surfactant, ANTAROX CA 897TM (which contains 70 weight percent of active polyoxyethylene nonyl phenyl ether in water).
  • anionic surfactant NEOGEN RTM (which contains 60 weight percent of active sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate in water)
  • nonionic surfactant ANTAROX CA 897TM (which contains 70 weight percent of active polyoxyethylene nonyl phenyl ether in water).
  • the organic phase was then added to the aqueous phase, and homogenized at room temperature, about 25° C. throughout, while purging with nitrogen at about
  • the mixture resulting was stirred and heated to 70° C. at a rate of 1° C. per minute, and retained at this temperature for 6 hours.
  • the resulting latex polymer displayed an M w of 25,900, an M n , of 5,400, and a mid-point Tg of 55.9° C.
  • Another latex emulsion (b) comprised of crosslinked polymer particles was prepared in accordance with the above procedure from 270.0 grams of styrene, 30.0 grams of divinyl benzene, 300.0 grams of butyl acrylate, and 12.0 grams of acrylic acid with the exception that the chain transfer agents, carbon tetrabromide and dodecanethiol, were excluded.
  • the resulting toner product was filtered, washed with water, and dried in a freeze dryer.
  • the resulting toner comprised of about 86.7 weight percent of the linear polymer resin, about 9.6 weight percent of the crosslinked polymer resin, or particles, and about 3.7 weight percent of the Cyan Pigment 15:3 evidenced a particle size of 6.7 microns in volume average diameter and a GSD of 1.20 as measured with a Coulter Counter.
  • Standard fusing properties of the prepared toner were evaluated as follows. Unfused images of the toner on paper with a controlled toner mass per unit area of 1.2 milligrams/cm 2 were produced in accordance with the following procedure.
  • a suitable electrophotographic developer was generated by mixing from 2 to 10 percent by weight of the toner with a suitable electrophotographic carrier, such as, for example, a 90 micron diameter ferrite core, spray coated with 0.5 weight percent of a terpolymer of poly(methyl methacrylate), styrene, and vinyltriethoxysilane, and roll milling the mixture for 10 to 30 minutes to produce a tribocharge of between -5 to -20 microcoulombs per gram of toner as measured with a Faraday Cage.
  • a suitable electrophotographic carrier such as, for example, a 90 micron diameter ferrite core
  • the developer was then introduced into a small electrophotographic copier, such as Mita DC-111, in which the fuser system had been disconnected.
  • a small electrophotographic copier such as Mita DC-111, in which the fuser system had been disconnected.
  • Between 20 and 50 unfused images of a test pattern of a 65 millimeter by 65 millimeter square solid area were produced on 8 1/2 by 11 inch sheets of a typical electrophotographic paper such as Xerox Image LX ⁇ paper.
  • the unfused images were then fused by feeding them through a hot roll fuser system comprised of a fuser roll and pressure roll with VITON surfaces, both of which were heated to a controlled temperature. Fused images were produced over a range of hot roll fusing temperatures of from about 120° C. to about 210° C.
  • the gloss value of the fused images was measured according to TAPPI Standard T480 at a 75° angle of incidence and reflection using a Novo-Gloss ⁇ Statistical Glossmeter, Model GL-NG1002S from Paul N. Gardner Company, Inc.
  • the degree of permanence of the fused images was evaluated by the known Crease Test.
  • the fused image was folded under a specific weight with the toner image to the inside of the fold.
  • the image was then unfolded and any loose toner wiped from the resulting crease with a cotton swab.
  • the average width of the paper substrate which shows through the fused toner image in the vicinity of the crease was measured with a custom built image analysis system.
  • the fusing performance of a toner is traditionally judged from the fusing temperature required to achieve acceptable image gloss and fix. For different applications varying image gloss is required.
  • MFT Minimum Fix Temperature
  • the gloss level attained at this temperature will dictate the gloss of the final image.
  • the toner obtained in this Example was evaluated in accordance with the above, and an MFT of 150° C., and a gloss value of 48 GGU at that temperature were obtained.
  • the resulting toner was washed with water and dried in a freeze dryer.
  • the toner product obtained comprised about 95.2 weight percent of the linear polymer resin, 1.1 weight percent of crosslinked polymer particles, and about 3.7 weight percent of the cyan pigment evidenced a particle size of 6.6 microns in volume average diameter, with a GSD of 1.20 as measured with a Coulter Counter.
  • the prepared toner when evaluated in accordance with the procedure of Example I, exhibited an MFT of 150° C. and a gloss value of 65 GGU at that temperature.
  • a latex emulsion (c) comprised of crosslinked polymer particles was prepared from 390.0 grams of styrene, 30.0 grams of divinyl benzene, 180 grams of butyl acrylate, and 12.0 grams of acrylic acid in accordance with the procedure for the preparation of latex emulsion (b) as described in Example I.
  • the resulting toner was filtered, washed with water, and dried in an oven.
  • the resulting toner product comprised of about 67.4 weight percent of the liner polymer, about 28.9 weight percent of the crosslinked polymer, and about 3.7 weight percent of 15:3 cyan pigment showed a particle size of 7.0 microns in volume average diameter with a GSD of 1.22 as measured with a Coulter Counter.
  • the toner displayed an MFT of 154° C. (Centigrade throughout) and a gloss value of 24 GGU at that temperature.
  • the resulting toner with the above linear polymer, the above crosslinked polymer, and the above cyan pigment was filtered, washed with water, and dried in an oven.
  • the resulting toner product contained about 59.3 weight percent of the linear polymer, about 37 weight percent of the crosslinked polymer, and about 3.7 weight percent of the 15:3 cyan pigment, evidenced a particle size of 6.7 microns in volume average diameter with a GSD of 1.18 as measured with a Coulter Counter.
  • the above toner displayed an MFT of 154° C. and a gloss value of 17 GGU at that temperature.
  • a latex emulsion (d) comprised of crosslinked polymer particles was prepared from 462.0 grams of styrene, 30.0 grams of divinyl benzene, 108.0 grams of butyl acrylate, and 12.0 grams of acrylic acid in accordance with the procedure for the preparation of latex emulsion (b) as described in Example I.
  • the resulting toner was filtered, washed with water, and dried by freeze drying.
  • This toner which was comprised of about 77 weight percent of the linear polymer, about 19.3 weight percent of the crosslinked polymer, and about 3.7 weight percent of the cyan pigment 15:3, displayed a particle size of 6.9 microns in volume average diameter with a GSD of 1.21 as measured with a Coulter Counter.
  • the toner When evaluated in accordance with the procedure of Example I, the toner showed an MFT of 151° C. and a gloss value of 35 GGU at that temperature.

Abstract

A process for the preparation of toner comprising
(i) blending (a) an aqueous pigment dispersion containing a first ionic surfactant and an optional charge control agent with (b) a latex blend comprised of linear polymer and crosslinked polymer particles, optional nonionic surfactant and a second ionic surfactant with a charge polarity opposite to that of said first ionic surfactant in said pigment dispersion;
(ii) heating the resulting mixture at about below the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the linear latex polymer to form toner sized aggregates; and
(iii) subsequently heating said aggregate suspension about above the Tg of the linear latex polymer to effect fusion or coalescence of said aggregates.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is generally directed to toner processes, and more specifically, to chemical processes wherein there is accomplished the aggregation of latex, pigment particles, and optional additives to enable toner compositions. In embodiments, the present invention is related to the direct preparation of toner compositions without the need for conventionally known pulverization and classification methods, and wherein in embodiments toner compositions with a volume average diameter of from about 1 to about 15, and preferably from 2 to about 10 microns, and narrow particle size distribution as conventionally characterized by GSD (geometric standard deviation) of, for example, less than 1.35, more specifically, less than about 1.25, and, for example, from about 1.15 to about 1.25, as measured on the Coulter Counter, can be obtained. The resulting toners can be selected for known electrophotographic processes and printing processes, including digital processes, and particularly color xerographic imaging and printing processes. In embodiments, the present invention relates to a process for obtaining toner compositions with, for example, specific image gloss characteristics, and which process is comprised of aggregating a latex emulsion comprised of a mixture of linear polymer and crosslinked polymer particles, pigment and optional additive components into toner sized aggregates, followed by coalescing or fusing together the constituents of the aggregates to form integral composite toner particles, and which toner is comprised, for example, of the linear polymer, from about 50 to 90 weight percent, for example, the crosslinked polymer particles therein, from about 0.1 to about 70, and preferably from about 1 to about 50 weight percent, and pigment, for example from about 3 to about 15 weight percent. The image gloss characteristics of the toner compositions of the present invention in embodiments can be controlled primarily by the amount of the crosslinked polymer particles utilized, their particle size, crosslink density, and composition. Specifically, lower image gloss levels are obtained from toners with higher contents and larger particle size of crosslinked polymer. Accordingly, a wide range of image gloss level ranging from below about 20 to in excess of about 70 Gardner Gloss units (GGU) as measured by the Gardner Gloss metering instrument can be designed to provide specific image appearance requirements. In general, the image gloss requirement of a document is dictated by its application; for example, for process color, glossy images are highly desirable. For text, highlight and graphic documents, a matte image finish is generally preferred.
In embodiments of the present invention, the toner process is comprised of aggregating two latices, one comprised of linear polymer particles and the second of crosslinked polymer particles, with an aqueous pigment dispersion and optional charge additives at a temperature below about, or in embodiments equal to about the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the linear latex polymer, for example generally from about 25° C. to about 1 ° C. below the Tg, to form electrostatically bound aggregates, followed by coalescing or fusing together the constituents of the aggregates to form mechanically stable integral particles by heating at a temperature of from about 10° C. to about 50° C. above the Tg of the linear latex polymer for an effective time period, for example from about 30 minutes to about several, for example 25, hours. The latices that are utilized in the process of the present invention generally contain an ionic surfactant and an optional nonionic surfactant, and the pigment dispersion contains an ionic surfactant that is of an opposite charge polarity to the ionic surfactant in the latex emulsion. The mixing of the latices with the pigment dispersion permits flocculation of the latex and the pigment particles, which flocculent mixture on gentle stirring with controlled heating, enables the formation of toner sized aggregates with narrow particle size distribution. The latex size is generally in the range of from, for example, about 0.05 micron to about 2 microns in volume average diameter, while the pigment size is from, for example, about 0.05 micron to about 1.0 micron. The amount of each of the ionic surfactants utilized in the process in embodiments is from about 0.01 to about 5 weight percent, and the nonionic stabilizers are present in the latex emulsion in amounts of from about 0 to about 5 weight percent of the total reaction mixture. The resulting toners in embodiments possess a variety of image gloss characteristics with their image gloss levels being primarily determined by the amount of the crosslinked polymer particles present in the toner composition. In embodiments of the present invention, toners with image gloss values of, for example, from less than about 20, for example about 15, to over 70 GGU, for example about 80, can be obtained. The ability to adjust the image gloss of a toner is particularly important in color applications as proper gloss matching between image and paper is highly desirable. For example, when a low gloss image of less than about 30 GGU is desired, low gloss paper is utilized; in contrast, for process color applications where glossier coated paper is generally employed to enhance image appearance, higher gloss images with gloss levels of from about 50 to over about 80 GGU are preferred.
In embodiments thereof, the present invention is directed to a chemical toner process comprised of first blending by high shear mixing an aqueous pigment dispersion containing a pigment, such as HELIOGEN BLUE ™ or HOSTAPERM PINK™, and a cationic surfactant, such as benzalkonium chloride (SANIZOL B50™), with a latex blend containing two latices, one comprised of linear polymer particles and the other, or second of crosslinked polymer particles, stabilized with an anionic surfactant such as sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, for example NEOGEN R™ or NEOGEN SC™, and a nonionic stabilizer such as alkyl phenoxy poly(ethyleneoxy)ethanol, for example IGEPAL 897™ or ANTAROX 897™, and which latices have a particle size of from, for example about 0.05 to about 2.0 microns in volume average diameter as measured by the Brookhaven nanosizer, and optional additives; and wherein mixing of the latex emulsion, pigment dispersion, and optional additives induces flocculation of the latex, pigment, optional additive particles and surfactants, which flocculent mixture on heating at a temperature of from about 25° C. below to about 1° C. below the Tg of the linear latex polymer, results in the formation of electrostatically bound aggregates ranging in size of, for example, from about 2 microns to about 10 microns in volume average diameter as measured by the Coulter Counter. Subsequently, heating the aggregate suspension at about 10° C. to 50° C. above the Tg of the latex polymer in the presence of additional anionic surfactant converts the aggregates into mechanically stable toner particles. Toners prepared in accordance with the present invention enable in embodiments the generation of high quality images with specifically preselected image gloss levels; and permits lower fusing temperatures, such as from about 120° C. to about 170° C., thereby eliminating or minimizing paper curl while prolonging the life of fuser roll. The invention toners are particularly useful for the development of colored images with excellent (1) image resolution, (2) color fidelity, (3) gloss uniformity, and (4) projection efficiency.
PRIOR ART
In color xerographic systems, small sized toners of preferably from about 2 to about 7 microns are important to the achievement of high image quality essential for process color applications. It is also important to have a low image pile height to eliminate image feel and avoid, or minimize paper curling after fusing. Paper curling can be particularly pronounced in xerographic color processes in which relatively high toner coverage as a result of the application of three to four color toners. During the fusing step, moisture is driven off from the paper due to a high fusing temperatures of from about 120° to 200° C. With only one layer of toner, such as in one-color black or highlight color xerographic applications, the amount of moisture driven off during fusing can usually be reabsorbed back by the paper and the resulting print remains relatively flat with minimal paper curl. In process color processes where toner coverage is high, the relatively thick toner plastic covering on the paper can inhibit the paper from reabsorbing the moisture, and lead to substantial paper curling. These and other imaging shortfalls and problems are avoided or minimized with the toners and processes of the present invention.
It is preferable to use small toner particle sizes, such as from about 2 to 7 microns, and with higher pigment loading, such as from about 4 to about 15 percent by weight of toner, so that the mass of toner necessary for attaining the required optical density and color gamut can be significantly reduced to eliminate or minimize image feel and paper curl. The use of lower toner mass also ensures the achievement of image uniformity. Toners prepared in accordance with the present invention enable in embodiments the use of lower fusing temperatures, such as from about 120 to about 170° C., which temperatures will also eliminate or minimize the paper curling problem.
There is illustrated in U.S. Pat. 4,996,127 a toner of associated particles of secondary particles comprising primary particles of a polymer having acidic or basic polar groups and a coloring agent. The polymers selected for the toners of the '127 patent can be prepared by an emulsion polymerization method, see for example columns 4 and 5 of this patent. In column 7 of this '127 patent, it is indicated that the toner can be prepared by mixing the required amount of coloring agent and optional charge additive with an emulsion of the polymer having an acidic or basic polar group obtained by emulsion polymerization. In U.S. Pat. 4,983,488, there is disclosed a process for the preparation of toners by the polymerization of a polymerizable monomer dispersed by emulsification in the presence of a colorant and/or a magnetic powder to prepare a principal resin component and then effecting coagulation of the resulting polymerization liquid in such a manner that the particles in the liquid after coagulation have diameters suitable for a toner. Furthermore, there is illustrated in U.S. Pat. 4,797,339, a process for the preparation of toners by resin emulsion polymerization, wherein similar to the '127 patent certain polar resins are selected.
Emulsion/aggregation processes for the preparation of toners are illustrated in a number of patents, the disclosures of which are totally incorporated herein by reference, such as U.S. Pat. 5,290,654, U.S. Pat. 5,278,020, U.S. Pat. 5,308,734, U.S. Pat. 5,346,797, U.S. Pat. 5,370,963, U.S. Pat. 5,344,738, U.S. Pat. 5,403,693, U.S. Pat. 5,418,108, U.S. Pat. 5,364,729, and U.S. Pat. 5,346,797.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Examples of the objects of the present invention in embodiments thereof include:
It is an object of the present invention to provide toner processes with many of the advantages illustrated herein.
In another object of the present invention there are provided simple and economical processes for preparation of black and colored toner compositions with, for example, smaller particle size of about 2 to about 10 microns and narrow GSD of less than about 1.35, and more specifically, less than about 1.25.
A further object of the present invention is the provision of colored toner compositions with excellent pigment dispersion, thereby enabling excellent color mixing quality and projection efficiency.
Still in a further object of the present invention there are provided toner processes for colored toner compositions with image gloss characteristics that can be adjusted to, for example, satisfy customer image appearance requirements.
In a further object of the present invention there is provided a process for the preparation of toner compositions with a toner size of from between about 1 to about 15 microns, and preferably from about 2 to about 7 microns in volume average particle diameter, and a narrow GSD of less than about 1.35, and preferably less than about 1.25 as measured by a Coulter Counter, and wherein the toner image gloss characteristics can be adjusted.
Another object is the provision of a chemical process for the preparation of toner compositions with tunable image gloss properties and which process comprises the aggregation and coalescence of two latices, one with linear polymer particles, and a second with crosslinked polymer particles, a pigment, and optional additives, and wherein the toner particle size is achieved by, for example, control of the process temperature.
In still another object of the present invention there is provided a toner derived from a linear latex polymer, a crosslinked latex polymer, a pigment, and optional charge control agent, and wherein the toner has a narrow GSD of from less than about 1.35, and preferably less than about 1.25, and which process can be accomplished without known classifications.
In an associated object of the present invention there are provided toner compositions and images developed thereof, and wherein the image gloss characteristics are controlled by the nature and amount of the crosslinked polymer particles in the toner composition.
In a further associated object of the present invention there are provided toner compositions with image gloss levels of from below about 20 to over 70 GGU as measured by Gardner Gloss meter.
In yet another object of the present invention there are provided toner compositions which enable lower fusing temperatures of from about 120° C. to about 170° C., and which toners possess excellent toner blocking resistance.
Moreover, in another object of the present invention there are provided toner compositions with excellent image projection efficiency, such as from about 65 to over 80 percent as measured by the Match Scan II spectrophotometer available from Milton-Roy.
In a further object of the present invention there are provided toner compositions which, when properly fused on paper, avoid, or minimize paper curl; wherein gel, or crosslinked incorporated toners can be prepared, that is wherein the gel is embedded in the toner, and more specifically, wherein the gel is contained in the linear polymer, and wherein with such toners photoreceptor filming is minimized, and wire contamination on development wires is avoided or minimized; and wherein image gloss and image matte is achievable.
In embodiments the present invention relates to toners and processes thereof. In embodiments of the present invention, there are provided toner processes comprising the aggregation of latices, pigment, and additive particles to form toner sized aggregates, followed by fusion or coalescence of the constituents of the aggregates to form integral toner particles, and wherein the temperature of aggregation is utilized to control the aggregate size, and thus the final toner size, and wherein there is selected a mixture of two latices, one with a linear polymer and the second with a crosslinked polymer, for incorporation into the toner composition.
In embodiments, the present invention is directed to processes for the preparation of toner compositions which processes comprise initially blending an aqueous pigment dispersion containing a color pigment or pigments, such as carbon black like REGAL 330®, phthalocyanine, quinacridone or RHODAMINE B™, and a cationic surfactant, such as benzalkonium chloride, by means of a high shearing device, such as a Brinkmann polytron, or a sonicator or microfluidizer, with a mixture of two latices, one with a crosslinked polymer and one with a linear polymer, such as a styrene-butadiene resin, styrene-isoprene resin, styrene-acrylate resin, and the like, containing an anionic surfactant such as sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate and a nonionic surfactant; heating the resultant flocculent mixture with stirring at a temperature of from about 25° C. to about 1° C. below the Tg of the linear latex polymer to form toner sized aggregates ranging in volume average volume diameter of from about 1 to about 15 micron, and preferably from about 2 to about 10 microns; and further heating the mixture at a temperature of from about 10° C. to 50° C. (Centigrade) above the Tg of the linear latex polymer to effect fusion or coalescence of the constituents of the aggregates and to form integral toner particles; followed by washing with, for example, water to remove, for example, surfactants, and drying such as by means of an oven, Aeromatic fluid bed dryer, freeze dryer, or spray dryer; whereby toner particles of particle size of from about 1 to about 15 microns in volume average particle diameter and GSD of less than 1.35 as measured by the Coulter Counter, and with image gloss values of from less than 20 to over 70 GGU are obtained. The resulting toners comprise the linear polymer and therein the crosslinked polymer, pigment, and optional toner additives.
Embodiments of the present invention include a process for the preparation of toner compositions comprised of linear and crosslinked polymer particles, and pigment, and which process comprises
(i) blending a pigment dispersion containing an ionic surfactant with a latex emulsion comprised of (a) a linear polymer, that is for example, a polymer that is not crosslinked, (b) a crosslinked polymer, and (c) a nonionic surfactant and an ionic surfactant that is of opposite charge polarity to the ionic surfactant in the pigment dispersion;
(ii) heating the resulting homogenized mixture at a temperature of from about 25° C. to about 1° C. below the Tg of the linear latex polymer, thereby effecting the formation of toner sized aggregates with, for example, a volume average diameter of from about 2 to about 10 microns, and a GSD of less than 1.35, and preferably less than 1.25; and thereafter
(iii) heating the aggregate suspension with additional ionic surfactant of opposite charge polarity to the surfactant of the pigment dispersion to, for example, from about 60° C. to about 110° C. to primarily permit fusion or coalescence of the constituents, or components of the aggregates to form integral toner particles; and subsequently
(iv) isolating the toner product by washing and drying using appropriate conventional methods, such as washing with water, and solvents, and drying in an over.
In embodiments, the present invention relates to a process for the preparation of toner with, for example, controlled particle size comprising
(i) preparing an aqueous pigment dispersion comprised of a pigment, an ionic surfactant and optionally a charge control agent;
(ii) mixing the pigment dispersion with a latex blend comprised of linear polymers and crosslinked polymer particles, a nonionic surfactant and an ionic surfactant with a charge polarity opposite to that of the ionic surfactant in the pigment dispersion, thereby causing flocculation of latex, pigment and optional additive particles;
(iii) heating the resulting flocculent suspension at a temperature of, for example, from about 25° C. to about 1° C. below the Tg (glass transition temperature) of the linear latex polymer, while continuously stirring to effect formation of relatively stable toner sized aggregates of latex, pigment, and optional charge additive particles;
(iv) heating the resulting aggregate suspension with additional surfactant of opposite charge of the pigment surfactant at temperatures of from about 5° C. to 50° C. (Centigrade) above the resin Tg of, for example, from about 45° C. to about 65° C. to enable fusion of coalescence of the aggregate components to form mechanically stable, and morphologically useful forms of the toner comprised of polymer resin, crosslinked polymer, pigment and optionally a charge control agent;
(v) separating the toner particles from water by filtration; and
(vi) drying the toner particles.
Examples of embodiments of the present invention are a process for the preparation of toner comprising
(i) blending (a) an aqueous pigment dispersion containing a first ionic surfactant and an optional charge control agent with (b) a latex blend comprised of linear polymer and crosslinked polymer particles, optional nonionic surfactant and a second ionic surfactant with a charge polarity opposite to that of said first ionic surfactant in said pigment dispersion;
(ii) heating the resulting mixture at about below the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the linear latex polymer to form toner sized aggregates; and
(iii) subsequently heating said aggregate suspension about above the Tg of the linear latex polymer to effect fusion or coalescence of said aggregates; a process wherein the temperature at which the aggregates are formed in step (ii) controls the size of said aggregates to be in the range of from about 2 to about 10 microns in volume average diameter, and wherein said coalescence of step (iii) provides mechanically stable integral toner particles; a process wherein the crosslinked polymer is a crosslinked linear polymer; a process wherein the crosslinked polymer is selected from the group consisting of a crosslinked poly(styrene-alkyl acrylate), poly(styrene-butadiene), poly(styrene-isoprene), poly(styrene-alkyl methacrylate), poly(styrene-alkyl acrylate-acrylic acid), poly(styrenebutadiene-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-isoprene-acrylic acid), poly(styrenealkyl methacrylate-acrylic acid), poly(alkyl methacrylate-alkyl acrylate), poly(alkyl methacrylate-aryl acrylate), poly(aryl methacrylate-alkyl acrylate), poly(alkyl methacrylate-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-alkyl acrylate-acrylonitrileacrylic acid), and a crosslinked poly(alkyl acrylate-acrylonitrile-acrylic acid); a process wherein the crosslinked polymer particles are present in an amount of from about 0.1 to about 70 weight percent, or preferably from about 1 to about 50 weight percent of the toner; a process wherein the crosslinked polymer particles are present in an amount of from about 20 to about 50 weight percent of the toner; a process wherein the linear polymer is present in an amount of from about 25 to about 95 weight percent of the toner; a process in accordance wherein the linear polymer is present in an amount of from about 50 to about 90 weight percent of the toner; a process wherein the resulting toner has an image gloss value of from about 5 to about 60 GGU at the toner's minimum fix temperature (MFT), which temperature is from about 120° to about 185° C.; a process wherein the toner possesses an image gloss value of from about 10 to about 70 GGU at the toner MFT of from about 120° to about 185° C., and which gloss value is enabled by the presence of from about 0.1 to about 70 weight percent of crosslinked polymer particles in the toner; a process wherein the surfactant in the aqueous pigment dispersion is a cationic surfactant, and the surfactant in the latex blend is nonionic and anionic surfactants; a process wherein the surfactant in the pigment dispersion is an anionic surfactant and the surfactant in the latex blend is nonionic and cationic surfactants; a process wherein the aqueous pigment dispersion is prepared by homogenizing a pigment in water in the presence of a suitable surfactant, which homogenizing is at from about 1,000 revolutions per minute to about 10,000 revolutions per minute at a temperature of from about 25° C. to about 55° C., and for a duration of from about 1 minute to about 120 minutes; a process wherein the pigment dispersion is prepared by mixing a pigment in a suitable surfactant in water using an ultrasonic probe at from about 300 watts to about 900 watts of energy, at from about 5 to about 50 megahertz of amplitude, at a temperature of from about 25° C. to about 55° C., and for a duration of from about 1 minute to about 120 minutes; a process wherein the aggregation step (ii) is accomplished at temperatures of from about 25° C. to about 1 ° C. below the Tg of the linear polymer for a duration of from about 0.5 hour to about 6 hours; a process wherein the linear polymer is selected from the group consisting of poly(styrene-butadiene), poly(methyl methacrylate-butadiene), poly(ethyl methacrylate-butadiene), poly(propyl methacrylate-butadiene), poly(butyl methacrylate-butadiene), poly(methyl acrylate-butadiene), poly(ethyl acrylate-butadiene), poly(propyl acrylate-butadiene), poly(butyl acrylate-butadiene), poly(styrene-isoprene), poly(methylstyrene-isoprene), poly(methyl methacrylate-isoprene), poly(ethyl methacrylate-isoprene), poly(propyl methacrylate-isoprene), poly(butyl methacrylate-isoprene), poly(methyl acrylate-isoprene), poly(ethyl acrylate-isoprene), poly(propyl acrylate-isoprene), poly(butyl acrylate-isoprene), poly(styrene-butylacrylate), poly(styrene-butadiene), poly(styrene-isoprene), poly(styrene-butyl methacrylate), poly(styrene-butyl acrylate-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-butadiene-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-isoprene-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-butyl methacrylate-acrylic acid), poly(butyl methacrylate-butyl acrylate), poly(butyl methacrylate-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-butyl acrylate-acrylonitrile-acrylic acid), poly(acrylonitrile-butyl acrylate-acrylic acid), and the crosslinked polymer is comprised of the linear polymer with crosslinking; a process wherein the linear polymer is poly(styrene-butylacrylate), poly(styrene-butyl acrylate-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-butadiene), poly(styrene-butadiene-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-butyl acrylate-acrylonitrile), or poly(styrene-butyl acrylate-acrylonitrile-acrylic acid), and the crosslinked resin is the crosslinked derivative of poly(styrene-butyl acrylate), poly(styrene-butyl acrylate-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-butadiene), poly(styrene-butadiene-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-butyl acrylate-acrylonitrile), or poly(styrene-butyl acrylate-acrylonitrile-acrylic acid); a process wherein the linear polymer is selected from the group consisting of poly(styrene-butadiene), poly(methyl methacrylate-butadiene), poly(ethyl methacrylate-butadiene), poly(propyl methacrylate-butadiene), poly(butyl methacrylate-butadiene), poly(methyl acrylate-butadiene), poly(ethyl acrylate-butadiene), poly(propyl acrylate-butadiene), poly(butyl acrylate-butadiene), poly(styrene-isoprene), poly(methylstyrene-isoprene), poly(methyl methacrylate-isoprene), poly(ethyl methacrylate-isoprene), poly(propyl methacrylate-isoprene), poly(butyl methacrylate-isoprene), poly(methyl acrylate-isoprene), poly(ethyl acrylate-isoprene), poly(propyl acrylate-isoprene), poly(butyl acrylate-isoprene), poly(styrene-butylacrylate), poly(styrene-butadiene), poly(styrene-isoprene), poly(styrene-butyl methacrylate), poly(styrene-butyl acrylate-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-butadiene-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-isoprene-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-butyl methacrylate-acrylic acid), poly(butyl methacrylate-butyl acrylate), poly(butyl methacrylate-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-butyl acrylate-acrylonitrile-acrylic acid), poly(acrylonitrile-butyl acrylate-acrylic acid), and wherein the crosslinked polymer is contained, or dispersed in the linear polymer; a process wherein the nonionic surfactant is selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl alcohol, methalose, methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, propyl cellulose, hydroxy ethyl cellulose, carboxy methyl cellulose, polyoxyethylene cetyl ether, polyoxyethylene lauryl ether, polyoxyethylene octyl ether, polyoxyethylene octylphenyl ether, polyoxyethylene oleyl ether, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate, polyoxyethylene stearyl ether, polyoxyethylene nonylphenyl ether, and dialkylphenoxy poly(ethyleneoxy)ethanol; a process wherein the anionic surfactant is selected from the group consisting of sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfate, sodium dodecylnaphthalene sulfate, and the cationic surfactant is a quaternary ammonium salt; a process wherein the pigment is carbon black, magnetite, cyan, yellow, magenta pigment, and mixtures thereof; a process wherein the surfactants are each present in an effective amount of from about 0.1 to about 5 weight percent of the reaction mixture; a process wherein there is added to the surface of the formed toner metal salts, metal salts of fatty acids, silicas, metal oxides, or mixtures thereof in an effective amount of, for example, from about 0.1 to about 10 weight percent of the obtained toner particles; a process wherein the toner is washed with water or aqueous base at a temperature of from about 25° C. to about 75° C. primarily to remove the residual surfactants from the toner; a process wherein the fusion or coalescence step (iii) is accomplished at a temperature from about 10° C. to about 50° C. above the Tg of the linear noncrosslinked resin, and wherein the heating in the coalescence step (iii) is accomplished at a temperature of about 80° C. to about 100° C.; a process for the preparation of toner comprising heating (a) a mixture of an aqueous pigment dispersion containing a first ionic surfactant, and (b) a latex blend comprised of linear noncrosslinked polymer and crosslinked polymer, a nonionic surfactant, and a second ionic surfactant with a charge polarity opposite to that of said first ionic surfactant in said pigment dispersion; heating the resulting mixture below the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the linear noncrosslinked polymer to form toner aggregates; and subsequently heating said aggregates above the Tg of the linear latex polymer to effect coalescence of the aggregates; and toners obtained by the processes illustrated herein.
Embodiments of the present invention include a process wherein the pigment dispersion contains a pigment with a volume average diameter of from about 0.01 to about 1 micron, a latex blend contains from about 1 to about 70 percent by weight of crosslinked latex, and which latex size ranges from about 0.05 to about 1 micron in volume average diameter.
In embodiments, the toner composition generated contains from about 25 to about 95, and more specifically from about 50 to about 90 weight percent of the linear polymer, from about 0.1 to about 70, and preferably from 1 to about 50 weight percent of the crosslinked polymer, preferably contained in the linear polymer, from about 1 to about 15, or from about 3 to about 15, and more specifically, from 5 to about 12 weight percent of pigment, or pigment blend, and from about 0.1 to about 5 weight percent of charge control agent.
Illustrative examples of linear latex polymers selected for the process of the present invention include known addition polymers such as poly(styrene-butadiene), poly(methylstyrene-butadiene), poly(methyl methacrylate-butadiene), poly(ethyl methacrylate-butadiene), poly(propyl methacrylate-butadiene), poly(butyl methacrylate-butadiene), poly(methyl acrylate-butadiene), poly(ethyl acrylate-butadiene), poly(propyl acrylate-butadiene), poly(butylacrylate-butadiene), poly(styrene-isoprene), poly(methyl styrene-isoprene), poly(methyl methacrylate-isoprene), poly(ethyl methacrylate-isoprene), poly(propyl methacrylate-isoprene), poly(butyl methacrylate-isoprene), poly(methyl acrylate-isoprene), poly(ethyl acrylate-isoprene), poly(propyl acrylate-isoprene), poly(butylacrylate-isoprene), poly(styrene-butylacrylate), poly(styrene-propyl acrylate), poly(styrene-ethyl acrylate, poly(styrene-butylacrylate-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-propyl acrylate-acrylic acid); polymers such as poly(styrene-butadiene-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-butadiene-methacrylic acid), PLIOTONE™ available from Goodyear, and the like. The linear polymers and crosslinked latex polymers selected, which in embodiments can be poly(styrene-acrylates), poly(styrene-butadienes), or poly(styrene-methacrylates) are present in various effective amounts, such as from about 85 weight percent to about 98 weight percent of the toner composition, and which latex size can be, for example, of about 0.01 micron to about 2 micron in average volume diameter as measured by the Brookhaven nanosize particle analyzer.
Examples of crosslinked polymers selected are generally similar to those of the linear polymers in chemical composition except for the crosslinked structure. Crosslinked polymers include additional crosslinked polymers derived from the emulsion polymerization of vinyl monomers selected preferably from the group consisting of styrene and its derivatives, dienes, acrylates, and methacrylates. Examples of acrylates include methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, propyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, pentyl acrylate, ethylhexyl acrylate and the like, while examples of methacrylates include methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, propyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, and the like. The crosslinker, such as divinyl benzene, is present in an effective amount of from, for example, about 0.01 percent by weight to about 25 percent by weight, with the preferred amount ranging from about 0.5 to about 10 percent by weight. Examples of linear polymers selected are similar to, or the same as the crosslinked polymers with the exception that the linear polymers are free of crosslinking.
The image gloss characteristics provided by the toners of the present invention are dependent, for example, on the particle size, amount and crosslink density of the crosslinked latex polymer. In embodiments of the present invention, an effective crosslink density of the latex is provided by incorporating from about 0.01 to about 25 weight percent of a divinyl monomer, such as divinyl benzene, during the emulsion polymerization.
Also, in embodiments of the present invention there can be obtained toners which provide matte images of gloss values of less than about 20, and more specifically, from about 10 to about 20 GGU by incorporating a higher percentage of the crosslinked latex particles of, for example, from about 30 to over 50, and more specifically, about 50 weight percent of the toner composition.
The pigment dispersion depends primarily on the form of the pigment utilized. In some instances, pigments available in the wet cake form or concentrated form containing water can be easily dispersed in water in the presence of suitable surfactants by high shear mixing or homogenization. Also, the pigments are available in a dry form, whereby dispersion in water is preferably effected by microfluidizing using, for example, an M-110 microfluidizer and passing the pigment dispersion from about 1 to about 10 times through the chamber of the microfluidizer, or by sonication, such as using a Branson 700 sonicator, with the optional addition of dispersing agents such as by utilizing the aforementioned ionic or nonionic surfactants.
Various known colorants or pigments present in the toner in an effective amount of, for example, from about 1 to about 25 percent by weight of the toner, and preferably in an amount of from about 1 to about 15 weight percent that can be selected include carbon black like REGAL 330®; magnetites, such as Mobay magnetites MO8029™, MO8060™; Columbian magnetites; MAPICO BLACKS™, and surface treated magnetites; Pfizer magnetites CB4799™, CB5300™, CB5600™, MCX6369™; Bayer magnetites, BAYFERROX 8600™, 8610™; Northern Pigments magnetites, NP-604™, NP-608™; Magnox magnetites TMB-100™, or TMB-104™; and
the like. As colored pigments, there can be selected cyan, magenta, yellow, red, green, brown, blue or mixtures thereof. Specific examples of pigments include phthalocyanine HELIOGEN BLUE L6900™, D6840™, D7080™, D7020198 , PYLAM OIL BLUE™, PYLAM OIL YELLOW™, PIGMENT BLUE 1™ available from Paul Uhlich & Company, Inc., PIGMENT VIOLET 1™, PIGMENT RED 48™, LEMON CHROME YELLOW DCC 1026™, E.D.
TOLUIDINE RED™ and BON RED C™ available from Dominion Color Corporation, Ltd., Toronto, Ontario, NOVAPERM YELLOW FGL™, HOSTAPERM PINK E™ from Hoechst, and CINQUASIA MAGENTA™ available from E.l. DuPont de Nemours & Company, and the like. Generally, colored pigments that can be selected are cyan, magenta, or yellow pigments, and mixtures thereof. Examples of magenta materials that may be selected as pigments include, for example, 2,9-dimethyl-substituted quinacridone and anthraquinone dye identified in the Color Index as Cl 60710, Cl Dispersed Red 15, diazo dye identified in the Color Index as Cl 26050, Cl Solvent Red 19, and the like. Illustrative examples of cyan materials that may be used as pigments include copper tetra(octadecyl sulfonamido) phthalocyanine, x-copper phthalocyanine pigment listed in the Color Index as Cl 74160, Cl Pigment Blue, and Anthrathrene Blue, identified in the Color Index as Cl 69810, Special Blue X-2137, and the like; while illustrative examples of yellow pigments that may be selected are diarylide yellow 3,3-dichlorobenzidene acetoacetanilides, a monoazo pigment identified in the Color Index as Cl 12700, Cl Solvent Yellow 16, a nitrophenyl amine sulfonamide identified in the Color Index as Foron Yellow SE/GLN, Cl Dispersed Yellow 33 2,5-dimethoxy-4-sulfonanilide phenylazo-4'-chloro-2,5-dimethoxy acetoacetanilide, and Permanent Yellow FGL. Colored magnetites, such as mixtures of MAPICO BLACK™, and cyan components may also be selected as pigments with the process of the present invention.
The toner may also include known charge additives in effective amounts of, for example, from 0.1 to 5 weight percent such as alkyl pyridinium halides, bisulfates, the charge control additives of U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,944,493; 4,007,293; 4,079,014; 4,394,430 and 4,560,635, which illustrates a toner with a distearyl dimethyl ammonium methyl sulfate charge additive, the disclosures of which are totally incorporated herein by reference, negative charge enhancing additives like boron, aluminum, zinc and chromium complexes of salicylic acids, and the like.
Surfactants in amounts of, for example, 0.1 to about 25 weight percent in embodiments include, for example, nonionic surfactants such as dialkylphenoxypoly(ethyleneoxy) ethanol, available from Rhone-Poulenac as IGEPAL CA-210™, IGEPAL CA-520™, IGEPAL CA-720™, IGEPAL CO-890TM, IGEPAL CO-720™, IGEPAL CO-290™, IGEPAL CA-210™, ANTAROX 890™ and ANTAROX 897™. An effective concentration of the nonionic surfactant is in embodiments, for example, from about 0.01 to about 10 percent by weight, and preferably from about 0.1 to about 5 percent by weight of monomers used in latex emulsion preparation.
Examples of ionic surfactants include anionic and cationic surfactants with examples of anionic surfactants being, for example, sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, sodium dodecylnaphthalene sulfate, dialkyl benzenealkyl, sulfates and sulfonates, abitic acid, available from Aldrich, NEOGEN R™, NEOGEN SC™ obtained from Kao, and the like. An effective concentration of the anionic surfactant generally employed is, for example, from about 0.01 to about 10 percent by weight, and preferably from about 0.1 to about 5 percent by weight of monomers used to prepare the latex emulsions.
Examples of the cationic surfactants selected for the toners and processes of the present invention include, for example, dialkyl benzenealkyl ammonium chloride, lauryl trimethyl ammonium chloride, alkylbenzyl methyl ammonium chloride, alkyl benzyl dimethyl ammonium bromide, benzalkonium chloride, cetyl pyridinium bromide, C12, C15, C17 trimethyl ammonium bromides, halide salts of quaternized polyoxyethylalkylamines, dodecylbenzyl triethyl ammonium chloride, MIRAPOL™ and ALKAQUAT™ available from Alkaril Chemical Company, SANIZOL™ (benzalkonium chloride), available from Kao Chemicals, and the like, and mixtures thereof. This surfactant is utilized in various effective amounts, such as for example from about 0.1 percent to about 5 percent by weight of water. Preferably, the molar ratio of the cationic surfactant used for flocculation to the anionic surfactant used in the latex preparation is in the range of from about 0.5 to 4, and preferably from 0.5 to 2.
Examples of additional optional surfactant, which is added to the aggregated suspension to primarily stabilize the aggregates from further growing in size during the coalescence, can be selected from anionic surfactants of, for example, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, sodium dodecylnaphthalene sulfate, dialkyl benzenealkyl, sulfates and sulfonates, abitic acid, available from Aldrich, NEOGEN R™, NEOGEN SC™ obtained from Kao, and the like. It can also be selected from nonionic surfactants such as polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylic acid, methalose, methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, propyl cellulose, hydroxy ethyl cellulose, carboxy methyl cellulose, polyoxyethylene cetyl ether, polyoxyethylene lauryl ether, polyoxyethylene octyl ether, polyoxyethylene octylphenyl ether, polyoxyethylene oleyl ether, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate, polyoxyethylene stearyl ether, polyoxyethylene nonylphenyl ether, dialkylphenoxypoly(ethyleneoxy) ethanol, available from Rhone-Poulenac as IGEPAL CA-210™, IGEPAL CA-520™, IGEPAL CA-720™, IGEPAL CO-890™, IGEPAL CO-720™, IGEPAL CO-290™, IGEPAL CA-210™, ANTAROX 890™ and ANTAROX 897™. An effective concentration of the anionic or nonionic surfactant generally employed as an aggregate stabilizer is, for example, from about 0.01 to about 10 percent by weight, and preferably from about 0.5 to about 5 percent by weight of the total weight of the aggregate suspension comprised of latex and pigment particles, optional charge control agent, water, ionic and nonionic surfactants.
Surface additives that can be added to the toner compositions after washing or drying include, for example, metal salts, metal salts of fatty acids, colloidal silicas, silicas, coated silicas, metal oxides, like titanium dioxide, mixtures thereof and the like, which additives are usually present in an amount of from about 0.1 to about 2 weight percent, reference U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,590,000; 3,720,617; 3,655,374 and 3,983,045, the disclosures of which are totally incorporated herein by reference. Preferred additives include zinc stearate and AEROSIL R972® available from Degussa in amounts of from 0.1 to 2 percent which can be added during the aggregation or washing process, or blended into the final toner product.
Developer compositions can be prepared by mixing the toners obtained with the processes of the present invention with known carrier particles, including coated carriers, such as steel, ferrites, and the like, reference U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,937,166 and 4,935,326, the disclosures of which are totally incorporated herein by reference, for example from about 2 percent toner concentration to about 8 percent toner concentration.
Imaging methods are also envisioned with the toners of the present invention, reference for example a number of the patents mentioned herein, and U.S. Pat. 4,265,660, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference.
The following Examples are being submitted to further define various species of the present invention. These Examples are intended to be illustrative only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.
EXAMPLE I
A latex emulsion (a) comprised of linear polymer particles derived from emulsion polymerization of styrene, butyl acrylate and acrylic acid was prepared as follows. An organic phase was prepared by blending 492.0 grams of styrene, 108.0 grams of butyl acrylate, 12.0 grams of acrylic acid, 6.0 grams of carbon tetrabromide and 18.0 grams of dodecanethiol. An aqueous phase was prepared by mixing an aqueous solution of 6.0 grams of ammonium persulfate in 200 milliliters of water with 700 milliliters of an aqueous solution of 13.5 grams of anionic surfactant, NEOGEN R™ (which contains 60 weight percent of active sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate in water), and 12.9 grams of nonionic surfactant, ANTAROX CA 897™ (which contains 70 weight percent of active polyoxyethylene nonyl phenyl ether in water). The organic phase was then added to the aqueous phase, and homogenized at room temperature, about 25° C. throughout, while purging with nitrogen at about 20° C. for 30 minutes. Subsequently, the mixture resulting was stirred and heated to 70° C. at a rate of 1° C. per minute, and retained at this temperature for 6 hours. The resulting latex polymer displayed an Mw of 25,900, an Mn, of 5,400, and a mid-point Tg of 55.9° C.
Another latex emulsion (b) comprised of crosslinked polymer particles was prepared in accordance with the above procedure from 270.0 grams of styrene, 30.0 grams of divinyl benzene, 300.0 grams of butyl acrylate, and 12.0 grams of acrylic acid with the exception that the chain transfer agents, carbon tetrabromide and dodecanethiol, were excluded.
234.0 Grams of the latex emulsion (a), 26.0 grams of the latex emulsion (b), and 230.0 grams of an aqueous cyan pigment dispersion containing 4.0 grams of dispersed Cyan Pigment 15:3, and 2.6 grams of the cationic surfactant, SANIZOL B™, were simultaneously added to 400 milliliters of water with high shear stirring by means of a polytron. The mixture was transferred to a 2 liter reaction vessel and heated at a temperature of 50° C. for 1.0 hour before 20 milliliters of 20 percent aqueous NEOGEN R™ solution were added. Subsequently, the mixture was heated to 95° C. and retained at this temperature for a period of 4 hours. The resulting toner product was filtered, washed with water, and dried in a freeze dryer. The resulting toner comprised of about 86.7 weight percent of the linear polymer resin, about 9.6 weight percent of the crosslinked polymer resin, or particles, and about 3.7 weight percent of the Cyan Pigment 15:3 evidenced a particle size of 6.7 microns in volume average diameter and a GSD of 1.20 as measured with a Coulter Counter.
Standard fusing properties of the prepared toner were evaluated as follows. Unfused images of the toner on paper with a controlled toner mass per unit area of 1.2 milligrams/cm2 were produced in accordance with the following procedure. A suitable electrophotographic developer was generated by mixing from 2 to 10 percent by weight of the toner with a suitable electrophotographic carrier, such as, for example, a 90 micron diameter ferrite core, spray coated with 0.5 weight percent of a terpolymer of poly(methyl methacrylate), styrene, and vinyltriethoxysilane, and roll milling the mixture for 10 to 30 minutes to produce a tribocharge of between -5 to -20 microcoulombs per gram of toner as measured with a Faraday Cage. The developer was then introduced into a small electrophotographic copier, such as Mita DC-111, in which the fuser system had been disconnected. Between 20 and 50 unfused images of a test pattern of a 65 millimeter by 65 millimeter square solid area were produced on 8 1/2 by 11 inch sheets of a typical electrophotographic paper such as Xerox Image LX© paper.
The unfused images were then fused by feeding them through a hot roll fuser system comprised of a fuser roll and pressure roll with VITON surfaces, both of which were heated to a controlled temperature. Fused images were produced over a range of hot roll fusing temperatures of from about 120° C. to about 210° C. The gloss value of the fused images was measured according to TAPPI Standard T480 at a 75° angle of incidence and reflection using a Novo-Gloss©Statistical Glossmeter, Model GL-NG1002S from Paul N. Gardner Company, Inc. The degree of permanence of the fused images was evaluated by the known Crease Test. The fused image was folded under a specific weight with the toner image to the inside of the fold. The image was then unfolded and any loose toner wiped from the resulting crease with a cotton swab. The average width of the paper substrate which shows through the fused toner image in the vicinity of the crease was measured with a custom built image analysis system.
The fusing performance of a toner is traditionally judged from the fusing temperature required to achieve acceptable image gloss and fix. For different applications varying image gloss is required. The minimum fuser temperature required to produce a crease value less than the maximum acceptable crease of traditionally 65 crease units, is known as the Minimum Fix Temperature (MFT) for a given toner. The gloss level attained at this temperature will dictate the gloss of the final image.
The toner obtained in this Example was evaluated in accordance with the above, and an MFT of 150° C., and a gloss value of 48 GGU at that temperature were obtained.
EXAMPLE II
257.0 Grams of the latex emulsion (a) and 3.0 grams of latex emulsion (b) from Example I, and 230.0 grams of aqueous cyan 15:1 pigment dispersion of the Example I, and 2.6 grams of the SANIZOL B™ were simultaneously added to 400 milliliters of water with high shear stirring by means of a polytron. The mixture was transferred to a 2 liter reaction vessel and heated at a temperature of 50° C. for 1.5 hour before 28 milliliters of 20 percent aqueous NEOGEN R™ solution were added. Subsequently, the mixture was heated to 95° C. and retained at this temperature for a period of 5 hours, before cooling down to room temperature and filtered. The resulting toner was washed with water and dried in a freeze dryer. The toner product obtained comprised about 95.2 weight percent of the linear polymer resin, 1.1 weight percent of crosslinked polymer particles, and about 3.7 weight percent of the cyan pigment evidenced a particle size of 6.6 microns in volume average diameter, with a GSD of 1.20 as measured with a Coulter Counter. The prepared toner, when evaluated in accordance with the procedure of Example I, exhibited an MFT of 150° C. and a gloss value of 65 GGU at that temperature.
EXAMPLE III
A latex emulsion (c) comprised of crosslinked polymer particles was prepared from 390.0 grams of styrene, 30.0 grams of divinyl benzene, 180 grams of butyl acrylate, and 12.0 grams of acrylic acid in accordance with the procedure for the preparation of latex emulsion (b) as described in Example I.
78.0 Grams of the latex emulsion (c), 182.0 grams of the latex emulsion (a) from Example I and 230.0 grams of an aqueous cyan 15:3 pigment dispersion of Example I, and 2.6 grams of cationic surfactant, SANIZOL B™, were simultaneously added to 400 milliliters of water with high shear stirring by means of a polytron. The resulting mixture was then transferred to a 2 liter reaction vessel and heated at a temperature of 53° C. for 2.0 hours before 35 milliliters of 20 percent aqueous NEOGEN R™ solution were added. Subsequently, the mixture was heated to 95° C. and retained at this temperature for a period of 4 hours, before cooling down to room temperature. The resulting toner was filtered, washed with water, and dried in an oven. The resulting toner product, comprised of about 67.4 weight percent of the liner polymer, about 28.9 weight percent of the crosslinked polymer, and about 3.7 weight percent of 15:3 cyan pigment showed a particle size of 7.0 microns in volume average diameter with a GSD of 1.22 as measured with a Coulter Counter. When evaluated in accordance with the procedure of Example I, the toner displayed an MFT of 154° C. (Centigrade throughout) and a gloss value of 24 GGU at that temperature.
EXAMPLE IV
182.0 Grams of the latex emulsion (a) from Example I, 120.0 grams of the latex emulsion (c) from Example III, 230.0 grams of the aqueous cyan 15:3 pigment dispersion of Example I, and 2.6 grams of cationic surfactant, SANIZOL B™, were simultaneously added to 400 milliliters of water with high shear stirring by means of a polytron. The mixture was transferred to a 2 liter reaction vessel and heated at a temperature of 50° C. for 2.0 hours before 27 milliliters of 20 percent aqueous NEOGEN R™ solution were added. Subsequently, the mixture was heated to 95° C. and retained at this temperature for a period of 3.5 hours before cooling down to room temperature. The resulting toner with the above linear polymer, the above crosslinked polymer, and the above cyan pigment was filtered, washed with water, and dried in an oven. The resulting toner product contained about 59.3 weight percent of the linear polymer, about 37 weight percent of the crosslinked polymer, and about 3.7 weight percent of the 15:3 cyan pigment, evidenced a particle size of 6.7 microns in volume average diameter with a GSD of 1.18 as measured with a Coulter Counter. When evaluated in accordance with the procedure of Example I, the above toner displayed an MFT of 154° C. and a gloss value of 17 GGU at that temperature.
EXAMPLE V
A latex emulsion (d) comprised of crosslinked polymer particles was prepared from 462.0 grams of styrene, 30.0 grams of divinyl benzene, 108.0 grams of butyl acrylate, and 12.0 grams of acrylic acid in accordance with the procedure for the preparation of latex emulsion (b) as described in Example I.
130 Grams of the latex emulsion (d), 130.0 grams of the latex emulsion (a) from Example I, 230.0 grams of the 15:3 cyan aqueous pigment dispersion of Example I, and 2.6 grams of cationic surfactant, SANIZOL B™ were simultaneously added to 400 milliliters of water with high shear stirring by means of a polytron. The resulting mixture was transferred to a 2 liter reaction vessel and heated at a temperature of 53° C. for 2.0 hours before 35 milliliters of 20 percent aqueous NEOGEN R™ solution were added. Subsequently, the mixture was heated to 95° C. and retained for a period of 4 hours before cooling down to room temperature. There was obtained a toner product with about 48.1 weight percent of the above linear polymer, about 48.1 weight percent of the above crosslinked polymer, and about 3.7 weight percent of the cyan pigment 15:3, after it was filtered, washed with water, and dried in an oven. The toner showed a particle size of 7.2 microns in volume average diameter with a GSD of 1.23 as measured with a Coulter Counter. When evaluated in accordance with the procedure of Example I, this toner exhibited an MFT of 155° C. and a gloss value of 10 GGU at that temperature.
EXAMPLE VI
208.0 Grams of the latex emulsion (a) from Example I, 52.0 grams of the latex emulsion (d) from Example V, and 230.0 grams of the cyan 15:3 aqueous pigment dispersion of Example I, and 2.6 grams of cationic surfactant, SANIZOL B™, were simultaneously added to 400 milliliters of water with high shear stirring by means of a polytron. The mixture was transferred to a 2 liter reaction vessel and heated at a temperature of 53° C. for 2.0 hours before 35 milliliters of 20 percent aqueous NEOGEN R™ solution were added. Subsequently, the mixture was heated to 95° C. and held there for a period of 4 hours, followed by cooling down to room temperature. The resulting toner was filtered, washed with water, and dried by freeze drying. This toner, which was comprised of about 77 weight percent of the linear polymer, about 19.3 weight percent of the crosslinked polymer, and about 3.7 weight percent of the cyan pigment 15:3, displayed a particle size of 6.9 microns in volume average diameter with a GSD of 1.21 as measured with a Coulter Counter. When evaluated in accordance with the procedure of Example I, the toner showed an MFT of 151° C. and a gloss value of 35 GGU at that temperature.
Other modifications of the present invention may occur to those of ordinary skill in the art subsequent to a review of the present application and these modifications, including equivalents thereof, are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention.

Claims (31)

What is claimed is:
1. A process for the preparation of toner comprising
(i) blending (a) an aqueous colorant dispersion containing a first ionic surfactant and an optional charge control agent with (b) a latex blend comprised of linear polymer and crosslinked polymer particles, optional nonionic surfactant and a second ionic surfactant with a charge polarity opposite to that of said first ionic surfactant in said pigment dispersion;
(ii) heating the resulting mixture at about below the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the linear latex polymer to form toner sized aggregates; and
(iii) subsequently heating said aggregate suspension about above the Tg of the linear latex polymer to effect fusion or coalescence of said aggregates.
2. A process in accordance with claim 1 wherein the temperature at which the aggregates are formed in (ii) controls the size of said aggregates to be in the range of from about 2 to about 10 microns in volume average diameter, and wherein said coalescence of (iii) provides mechanically stable integral toner particles.
3. A process in accordance with claim 1 wherein the crosslinked polymer is a crosslinked linear polymer.
4. A process in accordance with claim 1 wherein the crosslinked polymer is selected from the group consisting of a crosslinked poly(styrene-alkyl acrylate), poly(styrene-butadiene), poly(styrene-isoprene), poly(styrene-alkyl methacrylate), poly(styrene-alkyl acrylate-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-butadiene-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-isoprene-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-alkyl methacrylate-acrylic acid), poly(alkyl methacrylate-alkyl acrylate), poly(alkyl methacrylate-aryl acrylate), poly(aryl methacrylate-alkyl acrylate), poly(alkyl methacrylate-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-alkyl acrylate-acrylonitrile-acrylic acid), and a crosslinked poly(alkyl acrylate-acrylonitrile-acrylic acid).
5. A process in accordance with claim 1 wherein the crosslinked polymer particles are present in an amount of from about 0.1 to about 70 weight percent, or preferably from about 1 to about 50 weight percent of the toner.
6. A process in accordance with claim 1 wherein the crosslinked polymer particles are present in an amount of from about 20 to about 50 weight percent of the toner.
7. A process in accordance with claim 1 wherein the linear polymer is present in an amount of from about 25 to about 95 weight percent of the toner.
8. A process in accordance with claim 1 wherein the linear polymer is present in an amount of from about 50 to about 90 weight percent of the toner.
9. A process in accordance with claim 1 wherein the resulting toner has an image gloss value of from about 5 to about 60 GGU at the toner's minimum fix temperature (MFT), which temperature is from about 120° to about 185° C.
10. A process in accordance with claim 1 wherein the toner possesses an image gloss value of from about 10 to about 70 GGU at the toner MFT of from about 120° to about 185° C., and which gloss value is enabled by the presence of from about 0.1 to about 70 weight percent of crosslinked polymer particles in the toner.
11. A process in accordance with claim 1 wherein the surfactant in the aqueous colorant dispersion is a cationic surfactant, and the surfactant in the latex blend is nonionic and anionic surfactants.
12. A process in accordance with claim 1 wherein the surfactant in the colorant dispersion is an anionic surfactant and the surfactant in the latex blend is nonionic and cationic surfactants.
13. A process in accordance with claim 1 wherein the aqueous colorant dispersion is prepared by homogenizing a colorant in water in the presence of a suitable surfactant, which homogenizing is at from about 1,000 revolutions per minute to about 10,000 revolutions per minute, at a temperature of from about 25° C. to about 55° C., and for a duration of from about 1 minute to about 120 minutes.
14. A process in accordance with claim 1 wherein the colorant dispersion is prepared by mixing a colorant in a suitable surfactant in water using an ultrasonic probe at from about 300 watts to about 900 watts of energy, at from about 5 to about 50 megahertz of amplitude, at a temperature of from about 25° C. to about 55° C., and for a duration of from about 1 minute to about 120 minutes.
15. A process in accordance with claim 1 wherein the aggregation step (ii) is accomplished at temperatures of from about 25° C. to about 1° C. below the Tg of the linear polymer for a duration of from about 0.5 hour to about 6 hours.
16. A process in accordance with claim 1 wherein the linear polymer is selected from the group consisting of poly(styrene-butadiene), poly(methyl methacrylate-butadiene), poly(ethyl methacrylate-butadiene), poly(propyl methacrylate-butadiene), poly(butyl methacrylate-butadiene), poly(methyl acrylate-butadiene), poly(ethyl acrylate-butadiene), poly(propyl acrylate-butadiene), poly(butyl acrylate-butadiene), poly(styrene-isoprene), poly(methylstyrene-isoprene), poly(methyl methacrylate-isoprene), poly(ethyl methacrylate-isoprene), poly(propyl methacrylate-isoprene), poly(butyl methacrylate-isoprene), poly(methyl acrylate-isoprene), poly(ethyl acrylate-isoprene), poly(propyl acrylate-isoprene), poly(butyl acrylate-isoprene), poly(styrene-butylacrylate), poly(styrene-butadiene), poly(styrene-isoprene), poly(styrene-butyl methacrylate), poly(styrene-butyl acrylate-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-butadiene-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-isoprene-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-butyl methacrylate-acrylic acid), poly(butyl methacrylate-butyl acrylate), poly(butyl methacrylate-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-butyl acrylate-acrylonitrile-acrylic acid), poly(acrylonitrile-butyl acrylate-acrylic acid), and the crosslinked polymer is comprised of said linear polymer with crosslinking.
17. A process in accordance with claim 1 wherein the linear polymer is poly(styrene-butylacrylate), poly(styrene-butyl acrylate-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-butadiene), poly(styrene-butadiene-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-butyl acrylate-acrylonitrile), or poly(styrene-butyl acrylate-acrylonitrile-acrylic acid), and the crosslinked resin is the crosslinked derivative of poly(styrene-butyl acrylate), poly(styrene-butyl acrylate-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-butadiene), poly(styrene-butadiene-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-butyl acrylate-acrylonitrile), or poly(styrene-butyl acrylate-acrylonitrile-acrylic acid).
18. A process in accordance with claim 2 wherein the linear polymer is selected from the group consisting of poly(styrene-butadiene), poly(methyl methacrylate-butadiene), poly(ethyl methacrylate-butadiene), poly(propyl methacrylate-butadiene), poly(butyl methacrylate-butadiene), poly(methyl acrylate-butadiene), poly(ethyl acrylate-butadiene), poly(propyl acrylate-butadiene), poly(butyl acrylate-butadiene), poly(styrene-isoprene), poly(methylstyrene-isoprene), poly(methyl methacrylate-isoprene), poly(ethyl methacrylate-isoprene), poly(propyl methacrylate-isoprene), poly(butyl methacrylate-isoprene), poly(methyl acrylate-isoprene), poly(ethyl acrylate-isoprene), poly(propyl acrylate-isoprene), poly(butyl acrylate-isoprene), poly(styrene-butylacrylate), poly(styrene-butadiene), poly(styrene-isoprene), poly(styrene-butyl methacrylate), poly(styrene-butyl acrylate-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-butadiene-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-isoprene-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-butyl methacrylate-acrylic acid), poly(butyl methacrylate-butyl acrylate), poly(butyl methacrylate-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-butyl acrylate-acrylonitrile-acrylic acid), poly(acrylonitrile-butyl acrylate-acrylic acid), and wherein the crosslinked polymer is contained in said linear polymer.
19. A process in accordance with claim 1 wherein the nonionic surfactant is selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl alcohol, methalose, methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, propyl cellulose, hydroxy ethyl cellulose, carboxy methyl cellulose, polyoxyethylene cetyl ether, polyoxyethylene lauryl ether, polyoxyethylene octyl ether, polyoxyethylene octylphenyl ether, polyoxyethylene oleyl ether, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate, polyoxyethylene stearyl ether, polyoxyethylene nonylphenyl ether, and dialkylphenoxy poly(ethyleneoxy)ethanol.
20. A process in accordance with claim 1 wherein the anionic surfactant is selected from the group consisting of sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfate, sodium dodecylnaphthalene sulfate, and the cationic surfactant is a quaternary ammonium salt.
21. A process in accordance with claim 1 wherein the colorant is carbon black, magnetite, cyan, yellow, magenta colorant, and mixtures thereof.
22. A process in accordance with claim 1 wherein the surfactants are each present in an effective amount of from about 0.1 to about 5 weight percent of the reaction mixture.
23. A process in accordance with claim 1 wherein there is added to the surface of the formed toner metal salts, metal salts of fatty acids, silicas, metal oxides, or mixtures thereof, in an effective amount of from about 0.1 to about 10 weight percent of the obtained toner particles.
24. A process in accordance with claim 1 wherein the toner is washed with water or aqueous base at a temperature of from about 25° to about 75° C. primarily to remove the residual surfactants from the toner.
25. A process in accordance with claim 1 wherein the fusion or coalescence (iii) is accomplished at a temperature from about 10 to about 50° C. above the Tg of the linear noncrosslinked resin, and wherein the heating in the coalescence (iii) is accomplished at a temperature of about 80° to about 100° C.
26. A process for the preparation of toner comprising heating (a) a mixture of an aqueous colorant dispersion containing a first ionic surfactant, and (b) a latex blend comprised of linear noncrosslinked polymer and crosslinked polymer particles, a non-ionic surfactant and a second ionic surfactant with a charge polarity opposite to that of said first ionic surfactant in said pigment dispersion; heating the resulting mixture below the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the linear noncrosslinked polymer to form toner aggregates; and subsequently heating said aggregates above the Tg of the linear latex polymer to effect coalescence of said aggregates.
27. A toner obtained by the process of claim 1.
28. A toner obtained by the process of claim 26.
29. A process in accordance with claim 1, wherein subsequent to (iii) the aggregate suspension is cooled, the toner recovered, and thereafter washed and dried.
30. A process in accordance with claim 26, wherein the toner is cooled, recovered, and thereafter washed and dried.
31. A process for the preparation of toner consisting essentially
(i) blending (a) an aqueous colorant dispersion containing a first ionic surfactant and an optional charge control agent with (b) a latex blend comprised of linear polymer and crosslinked polymer particles, optional nonionic surfactant and a second ionic surfactant with a charge polarity opposite to that of said first ionic surfactant in said pigment dispersion;
(ii) heating the resulting mixture at about below the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the linear latex polymer to form toner sized aggregates;
(iii) subsequently heating said aggregate suspension about above the Tg of the linear latex polymer to effect fusion or coalescence of said aggregates; and
(iv) cooling and isolating the toner product.
US08/825,451 1997-03-28 1997-03-28 Toner compositions and processes Expired - Lifetime US5763133A (en)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US08/825,451 US5763133A (en) 1997-03-28 1997-03-28 Toner compositions and processes
US08/841,300 US5747215A (en) 1997-03-28 1997-04-29 Toner compositions and processes
JP7443298A JP3973287B2 (en) 1997-03-28 1998-03-23 Toner preparation method

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US08/825,451 US5763133A (en) 1997-03-28 1997-03-28 Toner compositions and processes

Related Child Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US08/841,300 Continuation-In-Part US5747215A (en) 1997-03-28 1997-04-29 Toner compositions and processes

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US5763133A true US5763133A (en) 1998-06-09

Family

ID=25244031

Family Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US08/825,451 Expired - Lifetime US5763133A (en) 1997-03-28 1997-03-28 Toner compositions and processes
US08/841,300 Expired - Lifetime US5747215A (en) 1997-03-28 1997-04-29 Toner compositions and processes

Family Applications After (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US08/841,300 Expired - Lifetime US5747215A (en) 1997-03-28 1997-04-29 Toner compositions and processes

Country Status (2)

Country Link
US (2) US5763133A (en)
JP (1) JP3973287B2 (en)

Cited By (142)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5858601A (en) * 1998-08-03 1999-01-12 Xerox Corporation Toner processes
US5955235A (en) * 1998-02-09 1999-09-21 Xerox Corporation Toner compositions with compatibilizers
US6352810B1 (en) 2001-02-16 2002-03-05 Xerox Corporation Toner coagulant processes
US6416920B1 (en) 2001-03-19 2002-07-09 Xerox Corporation Toner coagulant processes
US6495302B1 (en) 2001-06-11 2002-12-17 Xerox Corporation Toner coagulant processes
US6500597B1 (en) 2001-08-06 2002-12-31 Xerox Corporation Toner coagulant processes
US20030022031A1 (en) * 2001-07-25 2003-01-30 Ballard Power Systems Inc. Fuel cell system automatic power switching method and apparatus
US6562541B2 (en) 2001-09-24 2003-05-13 Xerox Corporation Toner processes
US20050136350A1 (en) * 2003-12-23 2005-06-23 Xerox Corporation Toners and processes thereof
US20050137278A1 (en) * 2003-12-23 2005-06-23 Xerox Corporation. Toners and processes thereof
US20050255254A1 (en) * 2004-05-13 2005-11-17 Guido Desie Method to improve the quality of dispersion formulations
US20050287461A1 (en) * 2004-06-28 2005-12-29 Xerox Corporation Emulsion aggregation toner having gloss enhancement and toner release
US20050287458A1 (en) * 2004-06-28 2005-12-29 Xerox Corporation Emulsion aggregation toner having gloss enhancement and toner release with stable xerographic charging
US20050287460A1 (en) * 2004-06-28 2005-12-29 Xerox Corporation Emulsion aggregation toner having gloss enhancement and toner release
US20050287464A1 (en) * 2004-06-25 2005-12-29 Xerox Corporation Electron beam curable toners and processes thereof
US20060046180A1 (en) * 2004-08-31 2006-03-02 Xerox Corporation Method of applying spot varnish to xerographic image and emulsion aggregation toners for use therein
US20060100300A1 (en) * 2004-11-05 2006-05-11 Xerox Corporation Toner composition
US20060105261A1 (en) * 2004-11-17 2006-05-18 Xerox Corporation Toner process
US20060105263A1 (en) * 2004-11-16 2006-05-18 Xerox Corporation Toner composition
US20060121380A1 (en) * 2004-12-03 2006-06-08 Xerox Corporation Toner compositions
US20060121387A1 (en) * 2004-12-03 2006-06-08 Xerox Corporation Toner processes
US20060121383A1 (en) * 2004-12-03 2006-06-08 Xerox Corporation Toner compositions
US20060121384A1 (en) * 2004-12-03 2006-06-08 Xerox Corporation Toner compositions
US20060154167A1 (en) * 2005-01-13 2006-07-13 Xerox Corporation Emulsion aggregation toner compositions
US20060160007A1 (en) * 2005-01-19 2006-07-20 Xerox Corporation Surface particle attachment process, and particles made therefrom
EP1701219A2 (en) 2005-03-07 2006-09-13 Xerox Corporation Carrier and Developer Compositions
US20060222996A1 (en) * 2005-03-31 2006-10-05 Xerox Corporation Toner processes
US20060223934A1 (en) * 2005-03-31 2006-10-05 Xerox Corporation Melt mixing process
US20060222989A1 (en) * 2005-03-31 2006-10-05 Xerox Corporation Emulsion/aggregation based toners containing a novel latex resin
US20060246367A1 (en) * 2005-04-28 2006-11-02 Xerox Corporation Magnetic compositions
US20060286478A1 (en) * 2005-06-17 2006-12-21 Xerox Corporation Toner processes
US20060286476A1 (en) * 2005-06-20 2006-12-21 Xerox Corporation Low molecular weight latex and toner compositions comprising the same
US20070003855A1 (en) * 2005-07-01 2007-01-04 Xerox Corporation Toner containing silicate clay particles for improved relative humidity sensitivity
US20070020553A1 (en) * 2005-07-22 2007-01-25 Xerox Corporation Toner preparation processes
US20070020542A1 (en) * 2005-07-22 2007-01-25 Xerox Corporation Emulsion aggregation, developer, and method of making the same
US20070042286A1 (en) * 2005-08-22 2007-02-22 Xerox Corporation Toner processes
US20070048643A1 (en) * 2005-08-30 2007-03-01 Xerox Corporation Single component developer of emulsion aggregation toner
US20070059630A1 (en) * 2005-09-09 2007-03-15 Xerox Corporation Emulsion polymerization process
US20070065745A1 (en) * 2005-09-19 2007-03-22 Xerox Corporation Toner having bumpy surface morphology
US20070087280A1 (en) * 2005-10-17 2007-04-19 Xerox Corporation Emulsion aggregation toner incorporating aluminized silica as a coagulating agent
US20070087281A1 (en) * 2005-10-17 2007-04-19 Xerox Corporation High gloss emulsion aggregation toner incorporating aluminized silica as a coagulating agent
US20070111131A1 (en) * 2005-11-14 2007-05-17 Xerox Corporation Toner having crystalline wax
US20070111128A1 (en) * 2005-11-14 2007-05-17 Xerox Corporation Toner having crystalline wax
US20070111130A1 (en) * 2005-11-15 2007-05-17 Xerox Corporation Toner compositions
US20070111127A1 (en) * 2005-11-14 2007-05-17 Xerox Corporation Toner having crystalline wax
US20070111129A1 (en) * 2005-11-15 2007-05-17 Xerox Corporation Toner compositions
US20070131580A1 (en) * 2005-11-14 2007-06-14 Xerox Corporation Crystalline wax
US20070141496A1 (en) * 2005-12-20 2007-06-21 Xerox Corporation Toner compositions
US20070224532A1 (en) * 2006-03-22 2007-09-27 Xerox Corporation Toner compositions
US20070238040A1 (en) * 2006-04-05 2007-10-11 Xerox Corporation Developer
US20070238813A1 (en) * 2006-04-05 2007-10-11 Xerox Corporation Varnish
US20070254228A1 (en) * 2006-04-26 2007-11-01 Xerox Corporation Toner compositions and processes
US20070254230A1 (en) * 2006-04-28 2007-11-01 Xerox Corporation External additive composition and process
US20070254229A1 (en) * 2006-04-28 2007-11-01 Xerox Corporation Toner compositions
US20080063965A1 (en) * 2006-09-08 2008-03-13 Xerox Corporation Emulsion/aggregation processes using coalescent aid agents
US20080090163A1 (en) * 2006-10-13 2008-04-17 Xerox Corporation Emulsion aggregation processes
US20080107989A1 (en) * 2006-11-06 2008-05-08 Xerox Corporation Emulsion aggregation polyester toners
US20080131800A1 (en) * 2006-12-02 2008-06-05 Xerox Corporation Toners and toner methods
US20080166648A1 (en) * 2006-10-30 2008-07-10 Xerox Corporation Emulsion aggregation high-gloss toner with calcium addition
US20080182193A1 (en) * 2007-01-25 2008-07-31 Xerox Corporation Polyester emulsion containing crosslinked polyester resin, process, and toner
US20080197283A1 (en) * 2007-02-16 2008-08-21 Xerox Corporation Emulsion aggregation toner compositions and developers
US20080232848A1 (en) * 2007-03-14 2008-09-25 Xerox Corporation process for producing dry ink colorants that will reduce metamerism
EP1980914A1 (en) 2007-04-10 2008-10-15 Xerox Corporation Chemical toner with covalently bonded release agent
US7468232B2 (en) 2005-04-27 2008-12-23 Xerox Corporation Processes for forming latexes and toners, and latexes and toner formed thereby
US20090123865A1 (en) * 2006-09-19 2009-05-14 Xerox Corporation Toner composition having fluorinated polymer additive
US20090136863A1 (en) * 2007-11-16 2009-05-28 Xerox Corporation Emulsion aggregation toner having zinc salicylic acid charge control agent
EP2071405A1 (en) 2007-12-14 2009-06-17 Xerox Corporation Toner Compositions And Processes
US20100015544A1 (en) * 2008-07-21 2010-01-21 Xerox Corporation Toner process
US20100021217A1 (en) * 2008-07-24 2010-01-28 Xerox Corporation Composition and method for wax integration onto fused prints
US7662272B2 (en) 2005-11-14 2010-02-16 Xerox Corporation Crystalline wax
US20100086683A1 (en) * 2008-10-06 2010-04-08 Xerox Corporation Fluorescent solid ink made with fluorescent nanoparticles
US20100086701A1 (en) * 2008-10-06 2010-04-08 Xerox Corporation Radiation curable ink containing fluorescent nanoparticles
US20100086867A1 (en) * 2008-10-06 2010-04-08 Xerox Corporation Toner containing fluorescent nanoparticles
US20100084610A1 (en) * 2008-10-06 2010-04-08 Xerox Corporation Fluorescent organic nanoparticles and a process for producing fluorescent organic nanoparticles
US20100083869A1 (en) * 2008-10-06 2010-04-08 Xerox Corporation Fluorescent nanoscale particles
EP2175324A2 (en) 2008-10-10 2010-04-14 Xerox Corporation Printing system with toner blend
US20100099037A1 (en) * 2008-10-21 2010-04-22 Xerox Corporation Toner compositions and processes
EP2187266A1 (en) 2008-11-17 2010-05-19 Xerox Corporation Toners including carbon nanotubes dispersed in a polymer matrix
US20100122642A1 (en) * 2008-11-17 2010-05-20 Xerox Corporation Inks including carbon nanotubes dispersed in a polymer matrix
US20100159375A1 (en) * 2008-12-18 2010-06-24 Xerox Corporation Toners containing polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes
US20100203439A1 (en) * 2009-02-06 2010-08-12 Xerox Corporation Toner compositions and processes
US20100239973A1 (en) * 2009-03-17 2010-09-23 Xerox Corporation Toner having polyester resin
EP2249210A1 (en) 2009-05-08 2010-11-10 Xerox Corporation Curable toner compositions and processes
EP2249211A1 (en) 2009-05-08 2010-11-10 Xerox Corporation Curable toner compositions and processes
US20100310984A1 (en) * 2009-06-05 2010-12-09 Xerox Corporation Toner processes utilizing a defoamer as a coalescence aid for continuous and batch emulsion aggregation
US20100310979A1 (en) * 2009-06-08 2010-12-09 Xerox Corporation Efficient solvent-based phase inversion emulsification process with defoamer
US20100316946A1 (en) * 2009-06-16 2010-12-16 Xerox Corporation Self emulsifying granules and solvent free process for the preparation of emulsions therefrom
EP2267547A1 (en) 2009-06-24 2010-12-29 Xerox Corporation Toner comprising purified polyester resins and production method thereof
US20110003243A1 (en) * 2009-02-06 2011-01-06 Xerox Corporation Toner compositions and processes
US20110015320A1 (en) * 2009-07-14 2011-01-20 Xerox Corporation Continuous microreactor process for the production of polyester emulsions
US20110028620A1 (en) * 2009-07-30 2011-02-03 Xerox Corporation Processes for producing polyester latexes via solvent-free emulsification
US20110028570A1 (en) * 2009-07-30 2011-02-03 Xerox Corporation Self emulsifying granules and process for the preparation of emulsions therefrom
US20110027710A1 (en) * 2009-07-30 2011-02-03 Xerox Corporation Self emulsifying granules and process for the preparation of emulsions therefrom
EP2282236A1 (en) 2009-08-04 2011-02-09 Xerox Corporation Electrophotographic toner
US20110053076A1 (en) * 2009-08-25 2011-03-03 Xerox Corporation Supercritical fluid microencapsulation of dye into latex for improved emulsion aggregation toner
US20110053078A1 (en) * 2009-09-03 2011-03-03 Xerox Corporation Curable toner compositions and processes
EP2296046A1 (en) 2009-09-15 2011-03-16 Xerox Corporation Curable toner compositions and processes
US20110086301A1 (en) * 2009-10-08 2011-04-14 Xerox Corporation Emulsion aggregation toner composition
US20110086302A1 (en) * 2009-10-09 2011-04-14 Xerox Corporation Toner compositions and processes
US20110086303A1 (en) * 2009-10-09 2011-04-14 Xerox Corporation Toner compositions and processes
US20110091803A1 (en) * 2009-10-15 2011-04-21 Xerox Corporation Curable toner compositions and processes
US20110097664A1 (en) * 2009-10-22 2011-04-28 Xerox Corporation Method for controlling a toner preparation process
US20110097665A1 (en) * 2009-10-22 2011-04-28 Xerox Corporation Toner particles and cold homogenization method
US20110104607A1 (en) * 2009-11-03 2011-05-05 Xerox Corporation Chemical toner containing sublimation colorant for secondary transfer process
US7939176B2 (en) 2005-12-23 2011-05-10 Xerox Corporation Coated substrates and method of coating
US20110129774A1 (en) * 2009-12-02 2011-06-02 Xerox Corporation Incorporation of an oil component into phase inversion emulsion process
US20110136058A1 (en) * 2009-12-03 2011-06-09 Xerox Corporation Emulsion aggregation methods
US7985523B2 (en) 2008-12-18 2011-07-26 Xerox Corporation Toners containing polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes
US20110200930A1 (en) * 2010-02-18 2011-08-18 Xerox Corporation Processes for producing polyester latexes via solvent-based and solvent-free emulsification
US20110207046A1 (en) * 2010-02-24 2011-08-25 Xerox Corporation Toner compositions and processes
US20110212396A1 (en) * 2010-03-01 2011-09-01 Xerox Corporation Bio-based amorphous polyester resins for emulsion aggregation toners
DE102011004567A1 (en) 2010-03-04 2011-09-08 Xerox Corporation Tonner compositions and methods
US20110217648A1 (en) * 2010-03-05 2011-09-08 Xerox Corporation Toner compositions and methods
DE102011004189A1 (en) 2010-03-05 2011-09-08 Xerox Corporation Toner composition and method
US8039187B2 (en) 2007-02-16 2011-10-18 Xerox Corporation Curable toner compositions and processes
DE102011004720A1 (en) 2010-03-09 2011-12-22 Xerox Corporation Toner with polyester resin
DE102011075090A1 (en) 2010-05-03 2012-02-23 Xerox Corporation Fluorescence toner compositions and fluorescent pigments
US8124307B2 (en) 2009-03-30 2012-02-28 Xerox Corporation Toner having polyester resin
US8142975B2 (en) 2010-06-29 2012-03-27 Xerox Corporation Method for controlling a toner preparation process
US8192913B2 (en) 2010-05-12 2012-06-05 Xerox Corporation Processes for producing polyester latexes via solvent-based emulsification
US8221953B2 (en) 2010-05-21 2012-07-17 Xerox Corporation Emulsion aggregation process
US8247156B2 (en) 2010-09-09 2012-08-21 Xerox Corporation Processes for producing polyester latexes with improved hydrolytic stability
US8338071B2 (en) 2010-05-12 2012-12-25 Xerox Corporation Processes for producing polyester latexes via single-solvent-based emulsification
US8394566B2 (en) 2010-11-24 2013-03-12 Xerox Corporation Non-magnetic single component emulsion/aggregation toner composition
US8574804B2 (en) 2010-08-26 2013-11-05 Xerox Corporation Toner compositions and processes
US8592115B2 (en) 2010-11-24 2013-11-26 Xerox Corporation Toner compositions and developers containing such toners
US8652723B2 (en) 2011-03-09 2014-02-18 Xerox Corporation Toner particles comprising colorant-polyesters
US8697323B2 (en) 2012-04-03 2014-04-15 Xerox Corporation Low gloss monochrome SCD toner for reduced energy toner usage
US8841055B2 (en) 2012-04-04 2014-09-23 Xerox Corporation Super low melt emulsion aggregation toners comprising a trans-cinnamic di-ester
DE102014211916A1 (en) 2013-06-28 2014-12-31 Xerox Corp. Toner process for hyperpigmented toner
US8951708B2 (en) 2013-06-05 2015-02-10 Xerox Corporation Method of making toners
US9134635B1 (en) 2014-04-14 2015-09-15 Xerox Corporation Method for continuous aggregation of pre-toner particles
DE102015207068A1 (en) 2014-05-01 2015-11-05 Xerox Corporation CARRIER AND DEVELOPER
US9188890B1 (en) 2014-09-17 2015-11-17 Xerox Corporation Method for managing triboelectric charge in two-component developer
US9195155B2 (en) 2013-10-07 2015-11-24 Xerox Corporation Toner processes
US9329508B2 (en) 2013-03-26 2016-05-03 Xerox Corporation Emulsion aggregation process
DE102016204638A1 (en) 2015-04-01 2016-10-06 Xerox Corporation TONER PARTICLES, WHICH HAVE BOTH POLYESTER AND STYRENE ACRYLATE POLYMERS AND HAVE A POLYESTER COAT
US9581923B2 (en) 2011-12-12 2017-02-28 Xerox Corporation Carboxylic acid or acid salt functionalized polyester polymers
US9822217B2 (en) 2012-03-19 2017-11-21 Xerox Corporation Robust resin for solvent-free emulsification
US10067434B2 (en) 2013-10-11 2018-09-04 Xerox Corporation Emulsion aggregation toners
US10315409B2 (en) 2016-07-20 2019-06-11 Xerox Corporation Method of selective laser sintering
US10649355B2 (en) 2016-07-20 2020-05-12 Xerox Corporation Method of making a polymer composite

Families Citing this family (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7041420B2 (en) * 2003-12-23 2006-05-09 Xerox Corporation Emulsion aggregation toner having novel surface morphology properties
US20050136352A1 (en) * 2003-12-23 2005-06-23 Xerox Corporation Emulsion aggregation toner having novel rheolgical and flow properties
US20060269858A1 (en) * 2005-05-31 2006-11-30 Xerox Corporation Toner compositions including styrene containing external additives
US9026013B2 (en) 2012-12-21 2015-05-05 Xerox Corporation System and apparatus for toner charging using charge/metering blade having an adjustable nip
US11048184B2 (en) 2019-01-14 2021-06-29 Xerox Corporation Toner process employing dual chelating agents

Citations (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4797339A (en) * 1985-11-05 1989-01-10 Nippon Carbide Koyo Kabushiki Kaisha Toner for developing electrostatic images
US4983488A (en) * 1984-04-17 1991-01-08 Hitachi Chemical Co., Ltd. Process for producing toner for electrophotography
US4996127A (en) * 1987-01-29 1991-02-26 Nippon Carbide Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Toner for developing an electrostatically charged image
US5278020A (en) * 1992-08-28 1994-01-11 Xerox Corporation Toner composition and processes thereof
US5290654A (en) * 1992-07-29 1994-03-01 Xerox Corporation Microsuspension processes for toner compositions
US5308734A (en) * 1992-12-14 1994-05-03 Xerox Corporation Toner processes
US5344738A (en) * 1993-06-25 1994-09-06 Xerox Corporation Process of making toner compositions
US5346797A (en) * 1993-02-25 1994-09-13 Xerox Corporation Toner processes
US5364729A (en) * 1993-06-25 1994-11-15 Xerox Corporation Toner aggregation processes
US5370963A (en) * 1993-06-25 1994-12-06 Xerox Corporation Toner emulsion aggregation processes
US5403693A (en) * 1993-06-25 1995-04-04 Xerox Corporation Toner aggregation and coalescence processes
US5418108A (en) * 1993-06-25 1995-05-23 Xerox Corporation Toner emulsion aggregation process
US5585215A (en) * 1996-06-13 1996-12-17 Xerox Corporation Toner compositions
US5650256A (en) * 1996-10-02 1997-07-22 Xerox Corporation Toner processes

Family Cites Families (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5650252A (en) * 1996-06-24 1997-07-22 Xerox Corporation Toner grafting processes
US5645968A (en) * 1996-10-07 1997-07-08 Xerox Corporation Cationic Toner processes

Patent Citations (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4983488A (en) * 1984-04-17 1991-01-08 Hitachi Chemical Co., Ltd. Process for producing toner for electrophotography
US4797339A (en) * 1985-11-05 1989-01-10 Nippon Carbide Koyo Kabushiki Kaisha Toner for developing electrostatic images
US4996127A (en) * 1987-01-29 1991-02-26 Nippon Carbide Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Toner for developing an electrostatically charged image
US5290654A (en) * 1992-07-29 1994-03-01 Xerox Corporation Microsuspension processes for toner compositions
US5278020A (en) * 1992-08-28 1994-01-11 Xerox Corporation Toner composition and processes thereof
US5308734A (en) * 1992-12-14 1994-05-03 Xerox Corporation Toner processes
US5346797A (en) * 1993-02-25 1994-09-13 Xerox Corporation Toner processes
US5344738A (en) * 1993-06-25 1994-09-06 Xerox Corporation Process of making toner compositions
US5364729A (en) * 1993-06-25 1994-11-15 Xerox Corporation Toner aggregation processes
US5370963A (en) * 1993-06-25 1994-12-06 Xerox Corporation Toner emulsion aggregation processes
US5403693A (en) * 1993-06-25 1995-04-04 Xerox Corporation Toner aggregation and coalescence processes
US5418108A (en) * 1993-06-25 1995-05-23 Xerox Corporation Toner emulsion aggregation process
US5585215A (en) * 1996-06-13 1996-12-17 Xerox Corporation Toner compositions
US5650256A (en) * 1996-10-02 1997-07-22 Xerox Corporation Toner processes

Cited By (262)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5955235A (en) * 1998-02-09 1999-09-21 Xerox Corporation Toner compositions with compatibilizers
US5858601A (en) * 1998-08-03 1999-01-12 Xerox Corporation Toner processes
US6352810B1 (en) 2001-02-16 2002-03-05 Xerox Corporation Toner coagulant processes
US6416920B1 (en) 2001-03-19 2002-07-09 Xerox Corporation Toner coagulant processes
US6495302B1 (en) 2001-06-11 2002-12-17 Xerox Corporation Toner coagulant processes
US6582873B2 (en) 2001-06-11 2003-06-24 Xerox Corporation Toner coagulant processes
US20030022031A1 (en) * 2001-07-25 2003-01-30 Ballard Power Systems Inc. Fuel cell system automatic power switching method and apparatus
US6500597B1 (en) 2001-08-06 2002-12-31 Xerox Corporation Toner coagulant processes
US6562541B2 (en) 2001-09-24 2003-05-13 Xerox Corporation Toner processes
US6899987B2 (en) 2001-09-24 2005-05-31 Xerox Corporation Toner processes
US7479307B2 (en) 2003-12-23 2009-01-20 Xerox Corporation Toners and processes thereof
US20070072105A1 (en) * 2003-12-23 2007-03-29 Xerox Corporation Toners and processes thereof
US20050136350A1 (en) * 2003-12-23 2005-06-23 Xerox Corporation Toners and processes thereof
US7250238B2 (en) 2003-12-23 2007-07-31 Xerox Corporation Toners and processes thereof
US7217484B2 (en) 2003-12-23 2007-05-15 Xerox Corporation Toners and processes thereof
US20060194134A1 (en) * 2003-12-23 2006-08-31 Xerox Corporation Toners and processes thereof
US7052818B2 (en) 2003-12-23 2006-05-30 Xerox Corporation Toners and processes thereof
US20050137278A1 (en) * 2003-12-23 2005-06-23 Xerox Corporation. Toners and processes thereof
US20050255254A1 (en) * 2004-05-13 2005-11-17 Guido Desie Method to improve the quality of dispersion formulations
US7208257B2 (en) 2004-06-25 2007-04-24 Xerox Corporation Electron beam curable toners and processes thereof
US20050287464A1 (en) * 2004-06-25 2005-12-29 Xerox Corporation Electron beam curable toners and processes thereof
US7166402B2 (en) 2004-06-28 2007-01-23 Xerox Corporation Emulsion aggregation toner having gloss enhancement and toner release with stable xerographic charging
US7160661B2 (en) 2004-06-28 2007-01-09 Xerox Corporation Emulsion aggregation toner having gloss enhancement and toner release
US20050287460A1 (en) * 2004-06-28 2005-12-29 Xerox Corporation Emulsion aggregation toner having gloss enhancement and toner release
US20050287459A1 (en) * 2004-06-28 2005-12-29 Xerox Corporation Emulsion aggregation toner having gloss enhancement and toner release
US20050287458A1 (en) * 2004-06-28 2005-12-29 Xerox Corporation Emulsion aggregation toner having gloss enhancement and toner release with stable xerographic charging
US20050287461A1 (en) * 2004-06-28 2005-12-29 Xerox Corporation Emulsion aggregation toner having gloss enhancement and toner release
US7344813B2 (en) 2004-06-28 2008-03-18 Xerox Corporation Emulsion aggregation toner having gloss enhancement and toner release
US7179575B2 (en) 2004-06-28 2007-02-20 Xerox Corporation Emulsion aggregation toner having gloss enhancement and toner release
US20060046180A1 (en) * 2004-08-31 2006-03-02 Xerox Corporation Method of applying spot varnish to xerographic image and emulsion aggregation toners for use therein
US20080014525A1 (en) * 2004-08-31 2008-01-17 Xerox Corporation Method of applying spot varnish to xerographic image and emulsion aggregation toners for use therein
US7288347B2 (en) * 2004-08-31 2007-10-30 Xerox Corporation Method of applying spot varnish to xerographic image and emulsion aggregation toners for use therein
US7652128B2 (en) 2004-11-05 2010-01-26 Xerox Corporation Toner composition
US20060100300A1 (en) * 2004-11-05 2006-05-11 Xerox Corporation Toner composition
US20060105263A1 (en) * 2004-11-16 2006-05-18 Xerox Corporation Toner composition
US8013074B2 (en) 2004-11-17 2011-09-06 Xerox Corporation Toner process
US7981973B2 (en) 2004-11-17 2011-07-19 Xerox Corporation Toner process
US7615327B2 (en) 2004-11-17 2009-11-10 Xerox Corporation Toner process
US20080199802A1 (en) * 2004-11-17 2008-08-21 Xerox Corporation Toner process
US20080213687A1 (en) * 2004-11-17 2008-09-04 Xerox Corporation Toner process
US20060105261A1 (en) * 2004-11-17 2006-05-18 Xerox Corporation Toner process
US7514195B2 (en) 2004-12-03 2009-04-07 Xerox Corporation Toner compositions
US20060121383A1 (en) * 2004-12-03 2006-06-08 Xerox Corporation Toner compositions
US7645552B2 (en) 2004-12-03 2010-01-12 Xerox Corporation Toner compositions
US20060121384A1 (en) * 2004-12-03 2006-06-08 Xerox Corporation Toner compositions
US20060121380A1 (en) * 2004-12-03 2006-06-08 Xerox Corporation Toner compositions
US20060121387A1 (en) * 2004-12-03 2006-06-08 Xerox Corporation Toner processes
US7279261B2 (en) 2005-01-13 2007-10-09 Xerox Corporation Emulsion aggregation toner compositions
US20060154167A1 (en) * 2005-01-13 2006-07-13 Xerox Corporation Emulsion aggregation toner compositions
US7276320B2 (en) 2005-01-19 2007-10-02 Xerox Corporation Surface particle attachment process, and particles made therefrom
US20060160007A1 (en) * 2005-01-19 2006-07-20 Xerox Corporation Surface particle attachment process, and particles made therefrom
EP1701219A2 (en) 2005-03-07 2006-09-13 Xerox Corporation Carrier and Developer Compositions
US20060223934A1 (en) * 2005-03-31 2006-10-05 Xerox Corporation Melt mixing process
US7799502B2 (en) 2005-03-31 2010-09-21 Xerox Corporation Toner processes
US20060222989A1 (en) * 2005-03-31 2006-10-05 Xerox Corporation Emulsion/aggregation based toners containing a novel latex resin
US20080319129A1 (en) * 2005-03-31 2008-12-25 Xerox Corporation Preparing Aqueous Dispersion of Crystalline and Amorphous Polyesters
US7432324B2 (en) 2005-03-31 2008-10-07 Xerox Corporation Preparing aqueous dispersion of crystalline and amorphous polyesters
US7638578B2 (en) 2005-03-31 2009-12-29 Xerox Corporation Aqueous dispersion of crystalline and amorphous polyesters prepared by mixing in water
US7622234B2 (en) 2005-03-31 2009-11-24 Xerox Corporation Emulsion/aggregation based toners containing a novel latex resin
US20060222996A1 (en) * 2005-03-31 2006-10-05 Xerox Corporation Toner processes
US7468232B2 (en) 2005-04-27 2008-12-23 Xerox Corporation Processes for forming latexes and toners, and latexes and toner formed thereby
US20060246367A1 (en) * 2005-04-28 2006-11-02 Xerox Corporation Magnetic compositions
US8475985B2 (en) 2005-04-28 2013-07-02 Xerox Corporation Magnetic compositions
EP2390292A1 (en) 2005-04-28 2011-11-30 Xerox Corporation Magnetic ink composition, magnetic ink character recognition process, and magnetically readable structures
US20060286478A1 (en) * 2005-06-17 2006-12-21 Xerox Corporation Toner processes
US7459258B2 (en) 2005-06-17 2008-12-02 Xerox Corporation Toner processes
US20060286476A1 (en) * 2005-06-20 2006-12-21 Xerox Corporation Low molecular weight latex and toner compositions comprising the same
US20090142692A1 (en) * 2005-06-20 2009-06-04 Xerox Corporation Low molecular weight latex and toner compositions comprising the same
US7524602B2 (en) 2005-06-20 2009-04-28 Xerox Corporation Low molecular weight latex and toner compositions comprising the same
US7759039B2 (en) 2005-07-01 2010-07-20 Xerox Corporation Toner containing silicate clay particles for improved relative humidity sensitivity
US20070003855A1 (en) * 2005-07-01 2007-01-04 Xerox Corporation Toner containing silicate clay particles for improved relative humidity sensitivity
US7429443B2 (en) 2005-07-22 2008-09-30 Xerox Corporation Method of making emulsion aggregation toner
US20070020542A1 (en) * 2005-07-22 2007-01-25 Xerox Corporation Emulsion aggregation, developer, and method of making the same
US8080360B2 (en) 2005-07-22 2011-12-20 Xerox Corporation Toner preparation processes
US20080113291A1 (en) * 2005-07-22 2008-05-15 Xerox Corporation Emulsion aggregation toner, developer, and method of making the same
US20070020553A1 (en) * 2005-07-22 2007-01-25 Xerox Corporation Toner preparation processes
US20070042286A1 (en) * 2005-08-22 2007-02-22 Xerox Corporation Toner processes
US7413842B2 (en) 2005-08-22 2008-08-19 Xerox Corporation Toner processes
US7402370B2 (en) 2005-08-30 2008-07-22 Xerox Corporation Single component developer of emulsion aggregation toner
EP1760532A2 (en) 2005-08-30 2007-03-07 Xerox Corporation Single Component Developer of Emulsion Aggregation Toner
US20070048643A1 (en) * 2005-08-30 2007-03-01 Xerox Corporation Single component developer of emulsion aggregation toner
US7713674B2 (en) 2005-09-09 2010-05-11 Xerox Corporation Emulsion polymerization process
US20070059630A1 (en) * 2005-09-09 2007-03-15 Xerox Corporation Emulsion polymerization process
US20070065745A1 (en) * 2005-09-19 2007-03-22 Xerox Corporation Toner having bumpy surface morphology
US7662531B2 (en) 2005-09-19 2010-02-16 Xerox Corporation Toner having bumpy surface morphology
US20070087281A1 (en) * 2005-10-17 2007-04-19 Xerox Corporation High gloss emulsion aggregation toner incorporating aluminized silica as a coagulating agent
US7455943B2 (en) 2005-10-17 2008-11-25 Xerox Corporation High gloss emulsion aggregation toner incorporating aluminized silica as a coagulating agent
US20070087280A1 (en) * 2005-10-17 2007-04-19 Xerox Corporation Emulsion aggregation toner incorporating aluminized silica as a coagulating agent
US7390606B2 (en) 2005-10-17 2008-06-24 Xerox Corporation Emulsion aggregation toner incorporating aluminized silica as a coagulating agent
US7910275B2 (en) 2005-11-14 2011-03-22 Xerox Corporation Toner having crystalline wax
US7553596B2 (en) 2005-11-14 2009-06-30 Xerox Corporation Toner having crystalline wax
US7662272B2 (en) 2005-11-14 2010-02-16 Xerox Corporation Crystalline wax
US7686939B2 (en) 2005-11-14 2010-03-30 Xerox Corporation Crystalline wax
US20070111131A1 (en) * 2005-11-14 2007-05-17 Xerox Corporation Toner having crystalline wax
US20070111128A1 (en) * 2005-11-14 2007-05-17 Xerox Corporation Toner having crystalline wax
US20070111127A1 (en) * 2005-11-14 2007-05-17 Xerox Corporation Toner having crystalline wax
US7749670B2 (en) 2005-11-14 2010-07-06 Xerox Corporation Toner having crystalline wax
US20070131580A1 (en) * 2005-11-14 2007-06-14 Xerox Corporation Crystalline wax
US20070111129A1 (en) * 2005-11-15 2007-05-17 Xerox Corporation Toner compositions
US20070111130A1 (en) * 2005-11-15 2007-05-17 Xerox Corporation Toner compositions
US20070141496A1 (en) * 2005-12-20 2007-06-21 Xerox Corporation Toner compositions
US7419753B2 (en) 2005-12-20 2008-09-02 Xerox Corporation Toner compositions having resin substantially free of crosslinking, crosslinked resin, polyester resin, and wax
US7939176B2 (en) 2005-12-23 2011-05-10 Xerox Corporation Coated substrates and method of coating
US7524599B2 (en) 2006-03-22 2009-04-28 Xerox Corporation Toner compositions
US20070224532A1 (en) * 2006-03-22 2007-09-27 Xerox Corporation Toner compositions
US20070238040A1 (en) * 2006-04-05 2007-10-11 Xerox Corporation Developer
US20070238813A1 (en) * 2006-04-05 2007-10-11 Xerox Corporation Varnish
US7521165B2 (en) 2006-04-05 2009-04-21 Xerox Corporation Varnish
US7485400B2 (en) 2006-04-05 2009-02-03 Xerox Corporation Developer
US20070254228A1 (en) * 2006-04-26 2007-11-01 Xerox Corporation Toner compositions and processes
US7553595B2 (en) 2006-04-26 2009-06-30 Xerox Corporation Toner compositions and processes
US7622233B2 (en) 2006-04-28 2009-11-24 Xerox Corporation Styrene-based toner compositions with multiple waxes
US20070254230A1 (en) * 2006-04-28 2007-11-01 Xerox Corporation External additive composition and process
US20070254229A1 (en) * 2006-04-28 2007-11-01 Xerox Corporation Toner compositions
US7736831B2 (en) 2006-09-08 2010-06-15 Xerox Corporation Emulsion/aggregation process using coalescent aid agents
US20080063965A1 (en) * 2006-09-08 2008-03-13 Xerox Corporation Emulsion/aggregation processes using coalescent aid agents
US20090123865A1 (en) * 2006-09-19 2009-05-14 Xerox Corporation Toner composition having fluorinated polymer additive
US20080090163A1 (en) * 2006-10-13 2008-04-17 Xerox Corporation Emulsion aggregation processes
US7785763B2 (en) 2006-10-13 2010-08-31 Xerox Corporation Emulsion aggregation processes
US7851116B2 (en) 2006-10-30 2010-12-14 Xerox Corporation Emulsion aggregation high-gloss toner with calcium addition
US20080166648A1 (en) * 2006-10-30 2008-07-10 Xerox Corporation Emulsion aggregation high-gloss toner with calcium addition
US7858285B2 (en) 2006-11-06 2010-12-28 Xerox Corporation Emulsion aggregation polyester toners
US20080107989A1 (en) * 2006-11-06 2008-05-08 Xerox Corporation Emulsion aggregation polyester toners
US20080131800A1 (en) * 2006-12-02 2008-06-05 Xerox Corporation Toners and toner methods
US20080182193A1 (en) * 2007-01-25 2008-07-31 Xerox Corporation Polyester emulsion containing crosslinked polyester resin, process, and toner
US7851519B2 (en) 2007-01-25 2010-12-14 Xerox Corporation Polyester emulsion containing crosslinked polyester resin, process, and toner
US8039187B2 (en) 2007-02-16 2011-10-18 Xerox Corporation Curable toner compositions and processes
US20080197283A1 (en) * 2007-02-16 2008-08-21 Xerox Corporation Emulsion aggregation toner compositions and developers
US8278018B2 (en) 2007-03-14 2012-10-02 Xerox Corporation Process for producing dry ink colorants that will reduce metamerism
US20080232848A1 (en) * 2007-03-14 2008-09-25 Xerox Corporation process for producing dry ink colorants that will reduce metamerism
EP1980914A1 (en) 2007-04-10 2008-10-15 Xerox Corporation Chemical toner with covalently bonded release agent
US7781135B2 (en) 2007-11-16 2010-08-24 Xerox Corporation Emulsion aggregation toner having zinc salicylic acid charge control agent
US20090136863A1 (en) * 2007-11-16 2009-05-28 Xerox Corporation Emulsion aggregation toner having zinc salicylic acid charge control agent
EP2071405A1 (en) 2007-12-14 2009-06-17 Xerox Corporation Toner Compositions And Processes
US20090155703A1 (en) * 2007-12-14 2009-06-18 Xerox Corporation Toner compositions and processes
US8137884B2 (en) 2007-12-14 2012-03-20 Xerox Corporation Toner compositions and processes
US20100015544A1 (en) * 2008-07-21 2010-01-21 Xerox Corporation Toner process
US8178274B2 (en) 2008-07-21 2012-05-15 Xerox Corporation Toner process
US7970333B2 (en) 2008-07-24 2011-06-28 Xerox Corporation System and method for protecting an image on a substrate
US20100021217A1 (en) * 2008-07-24 2010-01-28 Xerox Corporation Composition and method for wax integration onto fused prints
US20100086867A1 (en) * 2008-10-06 2010-04-08 Xerox Corporation Toner containing fluorescent nanoparticles
US8541154B2 (en) 2008-10-06 2013-09-24 Xerox Corporation Toner containing fluorescent nanoparticles
US8236198B2 (en) 2008-10-06 2012-08-07 Xerox Corporation Fluorescent nanoscale particles
US20100086683A1 (en) * 2008-10-06 2010-04-08 Xerox Corporation Fluorescent solid ink made with fluorescent nanoparticles
US8222313B2 (en) 2008-10-06 2012-07-17 Xerox Corporation Radiation curable ink containing fluorescent nanoparticles
US20100086701A1 (en) * 2008-10-06 2010-04-08 Xerox Corporation Radiation curable ink containing fluorescent nanoparticles
US8586141B2 (en) 2008-10-06 2013-11-19 Xerox Corporation Fluorescent solid ink made with fluorescent nanoparticles
US8147714B2 (en) 2008-10-06 2012-04-03 Xerox Corporation Fluorescent organic nanoparticles and a process for producing fluorescent organic nanoparticles
US20100083869A1 (en) * 2008-10-06 2010-04-08 Xerox Corporation Fluorescent nanoscale particles
US20100084610A1 (en) * 2008-10-06 2010-04-08 Xerox Corporation Fluorescent organic nanoparticles and a process for producing fluorescent organic nanoparticles
EP2175324A2 (en) 2008-10-10 2010-04-14 Xerox Corporation Printing system with toner blend
US20100099037A1 (en) * 2008-10-21 2010-04-22 Xerox Corporation Toner compositions and processes
US8187780B2 (en) 2008-10-21 2012-05-29 Xerox Corporation Toner compositions and processes
EP2180374A1 (en) 2008-10-21 2010-04-28 Xerox Corporation Toner compositions and processes
EP2187266A1 (en) 2008-11-17 2010-05-19 Xerox Corporation Toners including carbon nanotubes dispersed in a polymer matrix
US20100122642A1 (en) * 2008-11-17 2010-05-20 Xerox Corporation Inks including carbon nanotubes dispersed in a polymer matrix
US20100159375A1 (en) * 2008-12-18 2010-06-24 Xerox Corporation Toners containing polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes
US7985523B2 (en) 2008-12-18 2011-07-26 Xerox Corporation Toners containing polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes
US8084177B2 (en) 2008-12-18 2011-12-27 Xerox Corporation Toners containing polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes
US20110003243A1 (en) * 2009-02-06 2011-01-06 Xerox Corporation Toner compositions and processes
US8221948B2 (en) 2009-02-06 2012-07-17 Xerox Corporation Toner compositions and processes
US20100203439A1 (en) * 2009-02-06 2010-08-12 Xerox Corporation Toner compositions and processes
US8318398B2 (en) 2009-02-06 2012-11-27 Xerox Corporation Toner compositions and processes
US20100239973A1 (en) * 2009-03-17 2010-09-23 Xerox Corporation Toner having polyester resin
US8076048B2 (en) 2009-03-17 2011-12-13 Xerox Corporation Toner having polyester resin
US8124307B2 (en) 2009-03-30 2012-02-28 Xerox Corporation Toner having polyester resin
EP2249211A1 (en) 2009-05-08 2010-11-10 Xerox Corporation Curable toner compositions and processes
US20100285401A1 (en) * 2009-05-08 2010-11-11 Xerox Corporation Curable toner compositions and processes
US8073376B2 (en) 2009-05-08 2011-12-06 Xerox Corporation Curable toner compositions and processes
US8192912B2 (en) 2009-05-08 2012-06-05 Xerox Corporation Curable toner compositions and processes
EP2249210A1 (en) 2009-05-08 2010-11-10 Xerox Corporation Curable toner compositions and processes
US20100310984A1 (en) * 2009-06-05 2010-12-09 Xerox Corporation Toner processes utilizing a defoamer as a coalescence aid for continuous and batch emulsion aggregation
US8313884B2 (en) 2009-06-05 2012-11-20 Xerox Corporation Toner processes utilizing a defoamer as a coalescence aid for continuous and batch emulsion aggregation
US8741534B2 (en) 2009-06-08 2014-06-03 Xerox Corporation Efficient solvent-based phase inversion emulsification process with defoamer
US20100310979A1 (en) * 2009-06-08 2010-12-09 Xerox Corporation Efficient solvent-based phase inversion emulsification process with defoamer
US20100316946A1 (en) * 2009-06-16 2010-12-16 Xerox Corporation Self emulsifying granules and solvent free process for the preparation of emulsions therefrom
US8211604B2 (en) 2009-06-16 2012-07-03 Xerox Corporation Self emulsifying granules and solvent free process for the preparation of emulsions therefrom
US8293444B2 (en) 2009-06-24 2012-10-23 Xerox Corporation Purified polyester resins for toner performance improvement
EP2267547A1 (en) 2009-06-24 2010-12-29 Xerox Corporation Toner comprising purified polyester resins and production method thereof
US20110015320A1 (en) * 2009-07-14 2011-01-20 Xerox Corporation Continuous microreactor process for the production of polyester emulsions
US7943687B2 (en) 2009-07-14 2011-05-17 Xerox Corporation Continuous microreactor process for the production of polyester emulsions
US20110028570A1 (en) * 2009-07-30 2011-02-03 Xerox Corporation Self emulsifying granules and process for the preparation of emulsions therefrom
US20110027710A1 (en) * 2009-07-30 2011-02-03 Xerox Corporation Self emulsifying granules and process for the preparation of emulsions therefrom
US8207246B2 (en) 2009-07-30 2012-06-26 Xerox Corporation Processes for producing polyester latexes via solvent-free emulsification
US20110028620A1 (en) * 2009-07-30 2011-02-03 Xerox Corporation Processes for producing polyester latexes via solvent-free emulsification
US8563627B2 (en) 2009-07-30 2013-10-22 Xerox Corporation Self emulsifying granules and process for the preparation of emulsions therefrom
US8323865B2 (en) 2009-08-04 2012-12-04 Xerox Corporation Toner processes
EP2282236A1 (en) 2009-08-04 2011-02-09 Xerox Corporation Electrophotographic toner
US20110033793A1 (en) * 2009-08-04 2011-02-10 Xerox Corporation Toner processes
US20110053076A1 (en) * 2009-08-25 2011-03-03 Xerox Corporation Supercritical fluid microencapsulation of dye into latex for improved emulsion aggregation toner
US7985526B2 (en) 2009-08-25 2011-07-26 Xerox Corporation Supercritical fluid microencapsulation of dye into latex for improved emulsion aggregation toner
US9594319B2 (en) 2009-09-03 2017-03-14 Xerox Corporation Curable toner compositions and processes
US20110053078A1 (en) * 2009-09-03 2011-03-03 Xerox Corporation Curable toner compositions and processes
EP2296046A1 (en) 2009-09-15 2011-03-16 Xerox Corporation Curable toner compositions and processes
US20110065038A1 (en) * 2009-09-15 2011-03-17 Xerox Corporation Curable toner compositions and processes
US8722299B2 (en) 2009-09-15 2014-05-13 Xerox Corporation Curable toner compositions and processes
US8383311B2 (en) 2009-10-08 2013-02-26 Xerox Corporation Emulsion aggregation toner composition
US20110086301A1 (en) * 2009-10-08 2011-04-14 Xerox Corporation Emulsion aggregation toner composition
US8257895B2 (en) 2009-10-09 2012-09-04 Xerox Corporation Toner compositions and processes
US20110086303A1 (en) * 2009-10-09 2011-04-14 Xerox Corporation Toner compositions and processes
US20110086302A1 (en) * 2009-10-09 2011-04-14 Xerox Corporation Toner compositions and processes
US8168361B2 (en) 2009-10-15 2012-05-01 Xerox Corporation Curable toner compositions and processes
US20110091803A1 (en) * 2009-10-15 2011-04-21 Xerox Corporation Curable toner compositions and processes
US8450040B2 (en) 2009-10-22 2013-05-28 Xerox Corporation Method for controlling a toner preparation process
US20110097665A1 (en) * 2009-10-22 2011-04-28 Xerox Corporation Toner particles and cold homogenization method
US20110097664A1 (en) * 2009-10-22 2011-04-28 Xerox Corporation Method for controlling a toner preparation process
US8486602B2 (en) 2009-10-22 2013-07-16 Xerox Corporation Toner particles and cold homogenization method
US8383309B2 (en) 2009-11-03 2013-02-26 Xerox Corporation Preparation of sublimation colorant dispersion
US20110104607A1 (en) * 2009-11-03 2011-05-05 Xerox Corporation Chemical toner containing sublimation colorant for secondary transfer process
US20110129774A1 (en) * 2009-12-02 2011-06-02 Xerox Corporation Incorporation of an oil component into phase inversion emulsion process
US20110136058A1 (en) * 2009-12-03 2011-06-09 Xerox Corporation Emulsion aggregation methods
US7977025B2 (en) 2009-12-03 2011-07-12 Xerox Corporation Emulsion aggregation methods
US9201324B2 (en) 2010-02-18 2015-12-01 Xerox Corporation Processes for producing polyester latexes via solvent-based and solvent-free emulsification
US20110200930A1 (en) * 2010-02-18 2011-08-18 Xerox Corporation Processes for producing polyester latexes via solvent-based and solvent-free emulsification
US8603720B2 (en) 2010-02-24 2013-12-10 Xerox Corporation Toner compositions and processes
DE102011004368A1 (en) 2010-02-24 2011-08-25 Xerox Corp., N.Y. Toner compositions and methods
US20110207046A1 (en) * 2010-02-24 2011-08-25 Xerox Corporation Toner compositions and processes
DE102011004368B4 (en) 2010-02-24 2022-09-29 Xerox Corp. METHOD OF MAKING TONER
DE102011003584A1 (en) 2010-03-01 2011-09-01 Xerox Corp. Bio-based amorphous polyester resins for emulsion aggregation toner
US20110212396A1 (en) * 2010-03-01 2011-09-01 Xerox Corporation Bio-based amorphous polyester resins for emulsion aggregation toners
DE102011003584B4 (en) 2010-03-01 2019-01-10 Xerox Corp. PROCESS FOR PREPARING BIO-BASED AMORPHIC POLYESTER RESINS FOR EMULSION AGGREGATION TONERS AND THESE COMPRISING TONER PARTICLES
US8163459B2 (en) 2010-03-01 2012-04-24 Xerox Corporation Bio-based amorphous polyester resins for emulsion aggregation toners
DE102011004567A1 (en) 2010-03-04 2011-09-08 Xerox Corporation Tonner compositions and methods
US20110217647A1 (en) * 2010-03-04 2011-09-08 Xerox Corporation Toner compositions and processes
US9012118B2 (en) 2010-03-04 2015-04-21 Xerox Corporation Toner compositions and processes
US8178269B2 (en) 2010-03-05 2012-05-15 Xerox Corporation Toner compositions and methods
DE102011004755A1 (en) 2010-03-05 2013-06-13 Xerox Corporation Toner composition and methods
US20110217648A1 (en) * 2010-03-05 2011-09-08 Xerox Corporation Toner compositions and methods
DE102011004189A1 (en) 2010-03-05 2011-09-08 Xerox Corporation Toner composition and method
US8221951B2 (en) 2010-03-05 2012-07-17 Xerox Corporation Toner compositions and methods
DE102011004720A1 (en) 2010-03-09 2011-12-22 Xerox Corporation Toner with polyester resin
US8431306B2 (en) 2010-03-09 2013-04-30 Xerox Corporation Polyester resin containing toner
US8252494B2 (en) 2010-05-03 2012-08-28 Xerox Corporation Fluorescent toner compositions and fluorescent pigments
DE102011075090A1 (en) 2010-05-03 2012-02-23 Xerox Corporation Fluorescence toner compositions and fluorescent pigments
US8192913B2 (en) 2010-05-12 2012-06-05 Xerox Corporation Processes for producing polyester latexes via solvent-based emulsification
US8338071B2 (en) 2010-05-12 2012-12-25 Xerox Corporation Processes for producing polyester latexes via single-solvent-based emulsification
US8221953B2 (en) 2010-05-21 2012-07-17 Xerox Corporation Emulsion aggregation process
US8142975B2 (en) 2010-06-29 2012-03-27 Xerox Corporation Method for controlling a toner preparation process
US8574804B2 (en) 2010-08-26 2013-11-05 Xerox Corporation Toner compositions and processes
US8247156B2 (en) 2010-09-09 2012-08-21 Xerox Corporation Processes for producing polyester latexes with improved hydrolytic stability
US8592115B2 (en) 2010-11-24 2013-11-26 Xerox Corporation Toner compositions and developers containing such toners
US8394566B2 (en) 2010-11-24 2013-03-12 Xerox Corporation Non-magnetic single component emulsion/aggregation toner composition
US8652723B2 (en) 2011-03-09 2014-02-18 Xerox Corporation Toner particles comprising colorant-polyesters
US9982088B2 (en) 2011-12-12 2018-05-29 Xerox Corporation Carboxylic acid or acid salt functionalized polyester polymers
US9581923B2 (en) 2011-12-12 2017-02-28 Xerox Corporation Carboxylic acid or acid salt functionalized polyester polymers
US9822217B2 (en) 2012-03-19 2017-11-21 Xerox Corporation Robust resin for solvent-free emulsification
US8697323B2 (en) 2012-04-03 2014-04-15 Xerox Corporation Low gloss monochrome SCD toner for reduced energy toner usage
US8841055B2 (en) 2012-04-04 2014-09-23 Xerox Corporation Super low melt emulsion aggregation toners comprising a trans-cinnamic di-ester
US9329508B2 (en) 2013-03-26 2016-05-03 Xerox Corporation Emulsion aggregation process
US8951708B2 (en) 2013-06-05 2015-02-10 Xerox Corporation Method of making toners
DE102014211916A1 (en) 2013-06-28 2014-12-31 Xerox Corp. Toner process for hyperpigmented toner
US9023574B2 (en) 2013-06-28 2015-05-05 Xerox Corporation Toner processes for hyper-pigmented toners
DE102014211916B4 (en) 2013-06-28 2021-07-22 Xerox Corp. Toner process for hyperpigmented toners
US9195155B2 (en) 2013-10-07 2015-11-24 Xerox Corporation Toner processes
US10067434B2 (en) 2013-10-11 2018-09-04 Xerox Corporation Emulsion aggregation toners
US9134635B1 (en) 2014-04-14 2015-09-15 Xerox Corporation Method for continuous aggregation of pre-toner particles
DE102015207068A1 (en) 2014-05-01 2015-11-05 Xerox Corporation CARRIER AND DEVELOPER
US9285699B2 (en) 2014-05-01 2016-03-15 Xerox Corporation Carrier and developer
US9188890B1 (en) 2014-09-17 2015-11-17 Xerox Corporation Method for managing triboelectric charge in two-component developer
DE102016204638A1 (en) 2015-04-01 2016-10-06 Xerox Corporation TONER PARTICLES, WHICH HAVE BOTH POLYESTER AND STYRENE ACRYLATE POLYMERS AND HAVE A POLYESTER COAT
US10649355B2 (en) 2016-07-20 2020-05-12 Xerox Corporation Method of making a polymer composite
US10315409B2 (en) 2016-07-20 2019-06-11 Xerox Corporation Method of selective laser sintering

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JP3973287B2 (en) 2007-09-12
JPH10282717A (en) 1998-10-23
US5747215A (en) 1998-05-05

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US5763133A (en) Toner compositions and processes
US5869215A (en) Toner compositions and processes thereof
US5858601A (en) Toner processes
US5683848A (en) Acrylonitrile-modified toner composition and processes
US6576389B2 (en) Toner coagulant processes
EP0631194B1 (en) Toner aggregation processes
US5827633A (en) Toner processes
US5910387A (en) Toner compositions with acrylonitrile and processes
US6268102B1 (en) Toner coagulant processes
US5585215A (en) Toner compositions
US5482812A (en) Wax Containing toner aggregation processes
US5346797A (en) Toner processes
US6582873B2 (en) Toner coagulant processes
US6132924A (en) Toner coagulant processes
US5922501A (en) Toner processes
US5928830A (en) Latex processes
US6130021A (en) Toner processes
US6500597B1 (en) Toner coagulant processes
US5527658A (en) Toner aggregation processes using water insoluble transition metal containing powder
US6416920B1 (en) Toner coagulant processes
US7001702B2 (en) Toner processes
US7794911B2 (en) Toner compositions
US5869216A (en) Toner processes
US5962178A (en) Sediment free toner processes
US6352810B1 (en) Toner coagulant processes

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
AS Assignment

Owner name: XEROX CORPORATION, CONNECTICUT

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:ONG, BENG S.;MYCHAJLOWSKIJ, WALTER;KMIECIK-LAWRYNOWICZ, GRAZYNA E.;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:008481/0060

Effective date: 19970320

STCF Information on status: patent grant

Free format text: PATENTED CASE

FPAY Fee payment

Year of fee payment: 4

AS Assignment

Owner name: BANK ONE, NA, AS ADMINISTRATIVE AGENT, ILLINOIS

Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:XEROX CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:013153/0001

Effective date: 20020621

AS Assignment

Owner name: JPMORGAN CHASE BANK, AS COLLATERAL AGENT, TEXAS

Free format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:XEROX CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:015134/0476

Effective date: 20030625

Owner name: JPMORGAN CHASE BANK, AS COLLATERAL AGENT,TEXAS

Free format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:XEROX CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:015134/0476

Effective date: 20030625

FPAY Fee payment

Year of fee payment: 8

FPAY Fee payment

Year of fee payment: 12