US5883603A - Method for adjusting radiation direction of antenna - Google Patents

Method for adjusting radiation direction of antenna Download PDF

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Publication number
US5883603A
US5883603A US08/918,225 US91822597A US5883603A US 5883603 A US5883603 A US 5883603A US 91822597 A US91822597 A US 91822597A US 5883603 A US5883603 A US 5883603A
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Prior art keywords
antenna
radiation
waveguide
diffraction gratings
radiation direction
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US08/918,225
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Hong Seok Kim
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RHODES PERCY H
SK Hynix Inc
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Hyundai Electronics Industries Co Ltd
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Assigned to RHODES, PERCY H. reassignment RHODES, PERCY H. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: SNYDER, ROBERT S.
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Assigned to HYUNDAI ELECTRONICS INDUSTRIES CO., LTD. reassignment HYUNDAI ELECTRONICS INDUSTRIES CO., LTD. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: KIM, HONG SEOK
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q13/00—Waveguide horns or mouths; Slot antennas; Leaky-waveguide antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave
    • H01Q13/20—Non-resonant leaky-waveguide or transmission-line antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave
    • H01Q13/28—Non-resonant leaky-waveguide or transmission-line antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave comprising elements constituting electric discontinuities and spaced in direction of wave propagation, e.g. dielectric elements or conductive elements forming artificial dielectric
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
    • H01Q3/26—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture
    • H01Q3/30—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture varying the relative phase between the radiating elements of an array
    • H01Q3/34—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture varying the relative phase between the radiating elements of an array by electrical means
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
    • H01Q3/44—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the electric or magnetic characteristics of reflecting, refracting, or diffracting devices associated with the radiating element
    • H01Q3/443—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the electric or magnetic characteristics of reflecting, refracting, or diffracting devices associated with the radiating element varying the phase velocity along a leaky transmission line

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method for adjusting the maximum radiation direction of a radiation wave by use of diffraction gratings formed on the surface of a dielectric waveguide, and more particularly to a method for adjusting the radiation direction of radiation waves in an antenna, which uses a plurality of uniformly spaced diffraction gratings formed in the waveguide of the antenna while applying voltage to the diffraction gratings to vary the length of crystal lattices in the diffraction gratings, thereby achieving an improvement in the directivity of the radiation waves and an adjustment in the radiation direction of radiation waves.
  • antennas are conductors installed in the air to radiate or absorb electric waves. Such antennas are classified into those for the purpose of transmission and those for the purpose of reception in terms of their use purposes. In terms of the wavelength of an electric wave used, such antennas are also classified into those for medium frequency wave, those for short wave, and those for very high frequency wave. These antennas of different types have different operating principles and configurations, respectively. Such antennas are also classified into directional antennas and non-directional antennas in accordance with the radiation characteristic of an electric wave used. Also, such antennas have a variety of shapes, for example, I, T, and inverted-L shapes, etc.
  • FIG. 1 is a sectional view illustrating an antenna system which uses a dielectric waveguide having a conventional travelling-wave antenna configuration.
  • the antenna system includes a tuning stub 1 arranged at the intermediate portion of the waveguide.
  • the tuning stub 1 serves as a short circuit plate for matching a coaxial feed line 2 with a load.
  • the coaxial feed line 2 consists of a coaxial cable and extends through the waveguide.
  • the coaxial feed line 2 connects the antenna to a transmitter or receiver to feed electric power therebetween.
  • the waveguide which is denoted by the reference numeral 3, is a circular metal tubing waveguide having a hollow circular metal tube construction and serving as a high-pass filter.
  • the circular metal tubing waveguide 3 has a certain cut-off wavelength in a guide mode so that it prevents waves having a wavelength longer than the cut-off wavelength from passing therethrough.
  • the waveguide 3 carries out a propagation at a guide wavelength different from an excitation wavelength therein.
  • a polystyrene material which is a typical material for antennas, fills the interior of the circular metal tubing waveguide 3.
  • the polystyrene member 4 protrudes outwardly from the circular metal tubing wave guide 3.
  • transmission/reception microwaves are axially input/output through the circuit metal tubing waveguide 3.
  • the tuning stub 1 matches the circular metal tubing waveguide 3 with the coaxial feed line 2 serving as an electric power passage between the transmitter/receiver and the antenna.
  • the circular metal tubing waveguide 3, the coaxial feed line 2, the end portion of the waveguide and the protruded portion of the polystyrene member 4 are set by different wavelengths, respectively, to obtain a travel of waves of appropriate wavelengths for a transmission of microwaves.
  • the travel direction of radiation waves coincides with the extension direction of the antenna. Furthermore, this antenna exhibits a degradation in directivity because the width of waves passing through the antenna is widened. Also, the dielectric system should use a phase modulator for adjusting the direction of radiation waves. As a result, the entire system is bulky. It is also impossible for the system to be used for millimeter waves having a high frequency and in the optical wave frequency band.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,237,334 discloses a focal plane antenna array for millimeter waves.
  • the millimeter-wave focal plane antenna array comprises a means defining a planar array of a plurality of open ended waveguides which, in use, are disposed at the focal plane, and a microstrip detector means coupled to the waveguides for detecting the millimeter wave radiation received thereby.
  • the microstrip detector means comprises a dielectric substrate affixed to the array defining means, and a plurality of separate, unconnected microstrip conductors embedded in the substrate. Each microstrip conductor is coupled to a respective one of the waveguides to receive the millimeter radiation therefrom.
  • the microstrip detector means also comprises a diode detector being connected to each microstrip conductor for producing an output in accordance with the millimeter wave radiation coupled from a corresponding waveguide to the associated microstrip conductor.
  • the millimeter-wave focal plane antenna array uses a plate made of a conductive material to adjust the direction of radiation waves. However, since the plate has a perforated structure, it is difficult for the plate to have a reduced thickness for its low-frequency use.
  • an object of the invention is to solve the above-mentioned problems involved in the prior art and to provide a method for adjusting the radiation direction of an antenna, which uses a plurality of uniformly spaced diffraction gratings formed in the waveguide of the antenna while adjusting the maximum radiation direction of radiation waves emerging from the diffraction gratings and varying the length of crystal lattices in the diffraction gratings, thereby achieving an improvement in the directivity of the radiation waves and an adjustment in the radiation direction of radiation waves.
  • this object is accomplished by providing a method for adjusting the radiation direction of an antenna, comprising the steps of: machining a surface of the antenna to form a diffraction grating at a waveguide region of the antenna, thereby forming a radiation mode region having non-uniform dielectric constant and refractive index distributions along the travel direction of an electronic wave passing through the waveguide region; coupling electrodes to opposite ends of the radiation mode region, respectively, and applying a voltage to the electrodes; and varying the voltage applied to the electrodes, thereby varying the length of crystal lattices in the radiation mode region, whereby the direction of a radiation wave emerging from the antenna is adjusted to a desired direction.
  • FIG. 1 is a sectional view illustrating an antenna system which uses a dielectric waveguide having a conventional travelling-wave antenna configuration
  • FIG. 2a is a perspective view illustrating the waveguide of a dielectric antenna according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 2b is a side view illustrating a radiation mode established in the dielectric waveguide shown in FIG. 2a;
  • FIG. 2c is a sectional view illustrating a diffraction grating portion of the waveguide made of a piezo-electric material.
  • the antenna comprises a substrate 5, and a waveguide formed over the substrate.
  • the waveguide has a plurality of uniformly spaced diffraction gratings 6 at a desired portion thereof.
  • the diffraction gratings 6 serve to provide non-uniform dielectric constant and refractive index distributions along the travel direction of electronic waves passing through the antenna so that an electronic wave incident on the antenna radiates outwardly from the antenna when it reaches a certain position in a diffraction grating region where the diffraction gratings exist.
  • the diffraction gratings are made of a piezo-electric material such as quartz or ceramic.
  • the antenna also comprises a pair of electrodes 7 and 7' respectively attached to opposite lateral ends of the diffraction grating region to apply a desired voltage to the diffraction grating region.
  • the length of crystal lattices in the diffraction grating region varies in accordance with the voltage applied to the diffraction grating region, so that the radiation direction of radiation waves passing through the antenna varies.
  • the radiation direction of radiation waves can be optionally determined in accordance with the interval of crystal lattices in the diffraction grating region and the propagation constant in the radiation mode wave travel direction.
  • FIG. 2c is a side view illustrating the diffraction gratings of the antenna made of a piezo-electric material such as quartz or ceramic.
  • the crystal lattices of the piezo-electric material vary in the lattice length in accordance with the applied voltage.
  • the radiation direction of the incident electronic wave varies.
  • the radiation direction of radiation waves can be adjusted to a desired direction.
  • the dielectric constant and refractive index of the waveguide can be optionally determined.
  • the size and interval of the diffraction gratings may also be optionally selected.
  • the present invention provides a method for adjusting the radiation direction of an antenna, which uses a plurality of uniformly spaced diffraction gratings formed in the waveguide of the antenna.
  • this method it is possible to vary the radiation direction of an electronic wave passing through the antenna by varying the interval of crystal lattices in a region where the diffraction gratings exist. Accordingly, it is possible to obtain a narrow beam width characteristic.
  • the diffraction gratings are made of a piezo-electric material.

Abstract

A method for adjusting the radiation direction of an antenna, which uses a plurality of uniformly spaced diffraction gratings formed in the waveguide of the antenna while adjusting the maximum radiation direction of radiation waves emerging from the diffraction gratings and varying the length of crystal lattices in the diffraction gratings, thereby achieving an improvement in the directivity of the radiation waves and an adjustment in the radiation direction of radiation waves. In accordance with this method, it is possible to vary the radiation direction of an electronic wave passing through the antenna by varying the interval of crystal lattices in a region where the diffraction gratings exist. Accordingly, it is possible to obtain a narrow beam width characteristic. The diffraction gratings are made of a piezo-electric material. Using the characteristic of such a piezo-electric material, it is possible to vary the interval of crystal lattices in the diffraction grating region in an electrical manner, thereby adjusting the radiation direction of beams.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method for adjusting the maximum radiation direction of a radiation wave by use of diffraction gratings formed on the surface of a dielectric waveguide, and more particularly to a method for adjusting the radiation direction of radiation waves in an antenna, which uses a plurality of uniformly spaced diffraction gratings formed in the waveguide of the antenna while applying voltage to the diffraction gratings to vary the length of crystal lattices in the diffraction gratings, thereby achieving an improvement in the directivity of the radiation waves and an adjustment in the radiation direction of radiation waves.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Generally, antennas are conductors installed in the air to radiate or absorb electric waves. Such antennas are classified into those for the purpose of transmission and those for the purpose of reception in terms of their use purposes. In terms of the wavelength of an electric wave used, such antennas are also classified into those for medium frequency wave, those for short wave, and those for very high frequency wave. These antennas of different types have different operating principles and configurations, respectively. Such antennas are also classified into directional antennas and non-directional antennas in accordance with the radiation characteristic of an electric wave used. Also, such antennas have a variety of shapes, for example, I, T, and inverted-L shapes, etc.
FIG. 1 is a sectional view illustrating an antenna system which uses a dielectric waveguide having a conventional travelling-wave antenna configuration. The antenna system includes a tuning stub 1 arranged at the intermediate portion of the waveguide. The tuning stub 1 serves as a short circuit plate for matching a coaxial feed line 2 with a load. The coaxial feed line 2 consists of a coaxial cable and extends through the waveguide. The coaxial feed line 2 connects the antenna to a transmitter or receiver to feed electric power therebetween. The waveguide, which is denoted by the reference numeral 3, is a circular metal tubing waveguide having a hollow circular metal tube construction and serving as a high-pass filter. That is, the circular metal tubing waveguide 3 has a certain cut-off wavelength in a guide mode so that it prevents waves having a wavelength longer than the cut-off wavelength from passing therethrough. The waveguide 3 carries out a propagation at a guide wavelength different from an excitation wavelength therein. A polystyrene material, which is a typical material for antennas, fills the interior of the circular metal tubing waveguide 3. The polystyrene member 4 protrudes outwardly from the circular metal tubing wave guide 3.
In this antenna configuration, transmission/reception microwaves are axially input/output through the circuit metal tubing waveguide 3. The tuning stub 1 matches the circular metal tubing waveguide 3 with the coaxial feed line 2 serving as an electric power passage between the transmitter/receiver and the antenna. The circular metal tubing waveguide 3, the coaxial feed line 2, the end portion of the waveguide and the protruded portion of the polystyrene member 4 are set by different wavelengths, respectively, to obtain a travel of waves of appropriate wavelengths for a transmission of microwaves.
In such a conventional antenna, however, the travel direction of radiation waves coincides with the extension direction of the antenna. Furthermore, this antenna exhibits a degradation in directivity because the width of waves passing through the antenna is widened. Also, the dielectric system should use a phase modulator for adjusting the direction of radiation waves. As a result, the entire system is bulky. It is also impossible for the system to be used for millimeter waves having a high frequency and in the optical wave frequency band.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,237,334 (William M. Waters) discloses a focal plane antenna array for millimeter waves. The millimeter-wave focal plane antenna array comprises a means defining a planar array of a plurality of open ended waveguides which, in use, are disposed at the focal plane, and a microstrip detector means coupled to the waveguides for detecting the millimeter wave radiation received thereby. The microstrip detector means comprises a dielectric substrate affixed to the array defining means, and a plurality of separate, unconnected microstrip conductors embedded in the substrate. Each microstrip conductor is coupled to a respective one of the waveguides to receive the millimeter radiation therefrom. The microstrip detector means also comprises a diode detector being connected to each microstrip conductor for producing an output in accordance with the millimeter wave radiation coupled from a corresponding waveguide to the associated microstrip conductor. The millimeter-wave focal plane antenna array uses a plate made of a conductive material to adjust the direction of radiation waves. However, since the plate has a perforated structure, it is difficult for the plate to have a reduced thickness for its low-frequency use.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Therefore, an object of the invention is to solve the above-mentioned problems involved in the prior art and to provide a method for adjusting the radiation direction of an antenna, which uses a plurality of uniformly spaced diffraction gratings formed in the waveguide of the antenna while adjusting the maximum radiation direction of radiation waves emerging from the diffraction gratings and varying the length of crystal lattices in the diffraction gratings, thereby achieving an improvement in the directivity of the radiation waves and an adjustment in the radiation direction of radiation waves.
In accordance with the present invention, this object is accomplished by providing a method for adjusting the radiation direction of an antenna, comprising the steps of: machining a surface of the antenna to form a diffraction grating at a waveguide region of the antenna, thereby forming a radiation mode region having non-uniform dielectric constant and refractive index distributions along the travel direction of an electronic wave passing through the waveguide region; coupling electrodes to opposite ends of the radiation mode region, respectively, and applying a voltage to the electrodes; and varying the voltage applied to the electrodes, thereby varying the length of crystal lattices in the radiation mode region, whereby the direction of a radiation wave emerging from the antenna is adjusted to a desired direction.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Other objects and aspects of the invention will become apparent from the following description of embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a sectional view illustrating an antenna system which uses a dielectric waveguide having a conventional travelling-wave antenna configuration; and
FIG. 2a is a perspective view illustrating the waveguide of a dielectric antenna according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2b is a side view illustrating a radiation mode established in the dielectric waveguide shown in FIG. 2a; and
FIG. 2c is a sectional view illustrating a diffraction grating portion of the waveguide made of a piezo-electric material.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Referring to FIGS. 2a to 2c, an antenna having a configuration according to the present invention is illustrated. As shown in FIG. 2a, the antenna comprises a substrate 5, and a waveguide formed over the substrate. The waveguide has a plurality of uniformly spaced diffraction gratings 6 at a desired portion thereof. The diffraction gratings 6 serve to provide non-uniform dielectric constant and refractive index distributions along the travel direction of electronic waves passing through the antenna so that an electronic wave incident on the antenna radiates outwardly from the antenna when it reaches a certain position in a diffraction grating region where the diffraction gratings exist. The diffraction gratings are made of a piezo-electric material such as quartz or ceramic. The antenna also comprises a pair of electrodes 7 and 7' respectively attached to opposite lateral ends of the diffraction grating region to apply a desired voltage to the diffraction grating region. The length of crystal lattices in the diffraction grating region varies in accordance with the voltage applied to the diffraction grating region, so that the radiation direction of radiation waves passing through the antenna varies.
Now, the operation of the antenna having the above-mentioned configuration according to the present invention will be described.
When an electronic wave incident on the waveguide of the antenna reaches the diffraction grating region formed with the diffraction gratings 6, only the basic-mode component, namely, the lowest-frequency component, of the electronic wave travels along the waveguide in accordance with an appropriately selected dielectric constant .di-elect cons.r or thickness d of the dielectric waveguide. At this time, the electronic wave reaching the diffraction grating region takes a radiation mode, in which the electronic wave radiates outwardly, in accordance with the non-uniform dielectric constant and refractive index distributions along the travel direction of the electronic wave. Accordingly, the incident electronic wave radiates outwardly.
Thus, the radiation direction of radiation waves can be optionally determined in accordance with the interval of crystal lattices in the diffraction grating region and the propagation constant in the radiation mode wave travel direction.
FIG. 2c is a side view illustrating the diffraction gratings of the antenna made of a piezo-electric material such as quartz or ceramic. When voltage is applied to the piezo-electric material of the diffraction gratings, the crystal lattices of the piezo-electric material vary in the lattice length in accordance with the applied voltage. By virtue of such a variation in the lattice length, the radiation direction of the incident electronic wave varies. Thus, the radiation direction of radiation waves can be adjusted to a desired direction.
Although the preferred embodiments of the invention have been disclosed for illustrative purposes, those skilled in the art will appreciate that various modifications, additions and substitutions are possible, without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention as disclosed in the accompanying claims. For example, the dielectric constant and refractive index of the waveguide can be optionally determined. The size and interval of the diffraction gratings may also be optionally selected.
As apparent from the above description, the present invention provides a method for adjusting the radiation direction of an antenna, which uses a plurality of uniformly spaced diffraction gratings formed in the waveguide of the antenna. In accordance with this method, it is possible to vary the radiation direction of an electronic wave passing through the antenna by varying the interval of crystal lattices in a region where the diffraction gratings exist. Accordingly, it is possible to obtain a narrow beam width characteristic. The diffraction gratings are made of a piezo-electric material. Using the characteristic of such a piezo-electric material, it is possible to vary the interval of crystal lattices in the diffraction grating region in an electrical manner, thereby adjusting the radiation direction of beams. Such an effect can be achieved using a simple configuration.

Claims (1)

What is claimed is:
1. A method for adjusting the radiation direction of an antenna, comprising the steps of:
machining a surface of the antenna to form a diffraction grating at a waveguide region of the antenna, thereby forming a radiation mode region having non-uniform dielectric constant and refractive index distributions along the travel direction of an electronic wave passing through the waveguide region;
coupling electrodes to opposite ends of the radiation mode region, respectively, and applying a voltage to the electrodes; and
varying the voltage applied to the electrodes, thereby varying the length of crystal lattices in the radiation mode region, whereby the direction of a radiation wave emerging from the antenna is adjusted to a desired direction.
US08/918,225 1996-09-09 1997-08-25 Method for adjusting radiation direction of antenna Expired - Fee Related US5883603A (en)

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KR1019960038923A KR100191429B1 (en) 1996-09-09 1996-09-09 Method for controlling radiation direction of antenna
KR199638923 1996-09-09

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Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19958750A1 (en) * 1999-12-07 2001-07-12 Bosch Gmbh Robert Leaky wave antenna
US20020148895A1 (en) * 1999-09-16 2002-10-17 Cecil Kenneth B. Proximity card with incorporated PIN code protection
US6834201B2 (en) 2001-01-29 2004-12-21 Stereotaxis, Inc. Catheter navigation within an MR imaging device
WO2005038984A1 (en) * 2003-10-16 2005-04-28 Electronics And Telecommunications Research Institute Planar inverted f antenna tapered type pifa with corrugation
WO2005050784A1 (en) * 2003-11-19 2005-06-02 Sungkyunkwan University Microstrip patch antenna using piezoelectric substrates
US20050140258A1 (en) * 2003-12-31 2005-06-30 Hon Hai Precision Industry Co., Ltd. Backlight assembly with diffusion sheet having diffraction gratings
US20070018142A1 (en) * 2003-10-16 2007-01-25 Jong-Hwa Kwon Electromagnetic shielding material having carbon nanotube and metal as eletrical conductor
US20080193139A1 (en) * 2004-12-01 2008-08-14 Ido Bettesh Two-Way Communication in an Autonomous in Vivo Device
US20170315420A1 (en) * 2016-04-28 2017-11-02 Analog Photonics LLC Optical waveguide device
KR20200123614A (en) * 2019-04-22 2020-10-30 현대자동차주식회사 Antenna system for vehicle and mtehod of controlling the same
DE102020134320A1 (en) 2020-12-18 2022-06-23 Endress+Hauser Flowtec Ag Antenna for dielectric value measurement
US11960192B2 (en) 2022-10-31 2024-04-16 Analog Photonics LLC Optical phase shifter device

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US4689584A (en) * 1984-12-19 1987-08-25 Martin Marietta Corporation Dielectric slab circulators
US5237334A (en) * 1989-06-29 1993-08-17 Waters William M Focal plane antenna array for millimeter waves
US5652596A (en) * 1995-09-22 1997-07-29 Hughes Electronics Scanned antenna system and method

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US4689584A (en) * 1984-12-19 1987-08-25 Martin Marietta Corporation Dielectric slab circulators
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US5237334A (en) * 1989-06-29 1993-08-17 Waters William M Focal plane antenna array for millimeter waves
US5652596A (en) * 1995-09-22 1997-07-29 Hughes Electronics Scanned antenna system and method

Cited By (27)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20020148895A1 (en) * 1999-09-16 2002-10-17 Cecil Kenneth B. Proximity card with incorporated PIN code protection
US6742714B2 (en) 1999-09-16 2004-06-01 Kenneth B. Cecil Proximity card with incorporated PIN code protection
DE19958750A1 (en) * 1999-12-07 2001-07-12 Bosch Gmbh Robert Leaky wave antenna
DE19958750B4 (en) * 1999-12-07 2006-08-24 Robert Bosch Gmbh Leaky wave antenna
US20050119556A1 (en) * 2001-01-29 2005-06-02 Gillies George T. Catheter navigation within an MR imaging device
US6834201B2 (en) 2001-01-29 2004-12-21 Stereotaxis, Inc. Catheter navigation within an MR imaging device
US7588700B2 (en) 2003-10-16 2009-09-15 Electronics And Telecommunications Research Institute Electromagnetic shielding material having carbon nanotube and metal as electrical conductor
US20070018142A1 (en) * 2003-10-16 2007-01-25 Jong-Hwa Kwon Electromagnetic shielding material having carbon nanotube and metal as eletrical conductor
US20070132640A1 (en) * 2003-10-16 2007-06-14 Electronics And Telecommunications Research Instit Planar inverted f antenna tapered type pifa with corrugation
WO2005038984A1 (en) * 2003-10-16 2005-04-28 Electronics And Telecommunications Research Institute Planar inverted f antenna tapered type pifa with corrugation
US7589692B2 (en) 2003-10-16 2009-09-15 Electronics And Telecommunications Research Institute Planar inverted F antenna tapered type PIFA with corrugation
WO2005050784A1 (en) * 2003-11-19 2005-06-02 Sungkyunkwan University Microstrip patch antenna using piezoelectric substrates
US20050140258A1 (en) * 2003-12-31 2005-06-30 Hon Hai Precision Industry Co., Ltd. Backlight assembly with diffusion sheet having diffraction gratings
US20080193139A1 (en) * 2004-12-01 2008-08-14 Ido Bettesh Two-Way Communication in an Autonomous in Vivo Device
US10809591B2 (en) 2016-04-28 2020-10-20 Analog Photonics LLC Optical phase shifter device
US10101630B2 (en) * 2016-04-28 2018-10-16 Analog Photonic Llc Optical waveguide device
US10684527B2 (en) 2016-04-28 2020-06-16 Analog Photonics LLC Optical device
US20170315420A1 (en) * 2016-04-28 2017-11-02 Analog Photonics LLC Optical waveguide device
US10884312B2 (en) 2016-04-28 2021-01-05 Analog Photonics LLC Optical device
US11079653B2 (en) 2016-04-28 2021-08-03 Analog Photonics LLC Optical device
US11526063B2 (en) 2016-04-28 2022-12-13 Analog Photonics LLC Optical phase shifter device
US11768418B2 (en) 2016-04-28 2023-09-26 Analog Photonics LLC Optical device
US11809058B2 (en) 2016-04-28 2023-11-07 Analog Photonics LLC Optical device
KR20200123614A (en) * 2019-04-22 2020-10-30 현대자동차주식회사 Antenna system for vehicle and mtehod of controlling the same
US11271320B2 (en) * 2019-04-22 2022-03-08 Hyundai Motor Company Antenna system for vehicle and method of controlling the same
DE102020134320A1 (en) 2020-12-18 2022-06-23 Endress+Hauser Flowtec Ag Antenna for dielectric value measurement
US11960192B2 (en) 2022-10-31 2024-04-16 Analog Photonics LLC Optical phase shifter device

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KR19980020438A (en) 1998-06-25

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