US6993297B2 - Apparatus and methods for tuning antenna impedance using transmitter and receiver parameters - Google Patents
Apparatus and methods for tuning antenna impedance using transmitter and receiver parameters Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US6993297B2 US6993297B2 US10/194,117 US19411702A US6993297B2 US 6993297 B2 US6993297 B2 US 6993297B2 US 19411702 A US19411702 A US 19411702A US 6993297 B2 US6993297 B2 US 6993297B2
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- antenna
- impedance
- receiver
- transmitter
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
- H04B1/02—Transmitters
- H04B1/04—Circuits
- H04B1/0458—Arrangements for matching and coupling between power amplifier and antenna or between amplifying stages
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03H—IMPEDANCE NETWORKS, e.g. RESONANT CIRCUITS; RESONATORS
- H03H7/00—Multiple-port networks comprising only passive electrical elements as network components
- H03H7/38—Impedance-matching networks
- H03H7/40—Automatic matching of load impedance to source impedance
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
- H04B1/06—Receivers
- H04B1/16—Circuits
- H04B1/18—Input circuits, e.g. for coupling to an antenna or a transmission line
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03F—AMPLIFIERS
- H03F2200/00—Indexing scheme relating to amplifiers
- H03F2200/504—Indexing scheme relating to amplifiers the supply voltage or current being continuously controlled by a controlling signal, e.g. the controlling signal of a transistor implemented as variable resistor in a supply path for, an IC-block showed amplifier
Definitions
- the present invention relates generally to wireless communication apparatus and methods, and more particularly to adjusting the impedance presented to a transmitter, receiver, and antenna in a wireless communication apparatus.
- Wireless communications apparatus often include a transmitter, a receiver, and an antenna.
- Information signals can be encoded and amplified by the transmitter and transferred to the antenna for radiation to the environment.
- Information signals received by the antenna can be transferred to the receiver where they can be decoded and amplified.
- Impedance mismatches between the transmitter and the antenna or between the antenna and receiver can cause reflection of transmitted signals or received signals, respectively, and an associated loss of power in the transferred signals.
- Efficient power transfer of transmission signals can occur when the impedance presented between the transmitter and the antenna are about equal (i.e., matched).
- efficient power transfer of received signals can occur when the impedance between the antenna and the receiver are about equal.
- Impedance mismatches may be caused, for example, by motion of the communications apparatus and/or the presence of reflective or shielding objects in its operating environment.
- impedances When impedances are matched for one frequency band, they can become mismatched during operation in other frequency bands.
- Such a mismatch can become particularly apparent for communications apparatus that operate in multiple frequency bands, such as those provided for Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM), Digital Communications System (DCS), Advanced Mobile Phone Services (AMPS), Personal Communication Services (PCS), or wireless local area network (WLAN).
- GSM Global System for Mobile Communication
- DCS Digital Communications System
- AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone Services
- PCS Personal Communication Services
- WLAN wireless local area network
- miniaturization of communications apparatus and the use of small antennas, such as patch antennas can increase the variation of the impedance of the antenna, transmitter, and receiver as a function of frequency.
- adjusting the impedance match between the transmitter and the antenna can affect the impedance match between the receiver and the antenna and vice versa.
- impedance mismatch may cause unacceptable power loss in signals transmitted or received as the apparatus operates between transmit and receive frequency ranges and between frequency bands.
- an impedance transformation circuit for use with a transmitter, a receiver, and an antenna.
- the transmitter provides transmission signals for transmission by the antenna.
- the antenna provides received signals having an associated signal parameter to the receiver.
- the impedance transformation circuit includes an impedance adjusting circuit and a controller.
- the impedance adjusting circuit is connected between the antenna, the receiver, and the transmitter.
- the impedance adjusting circuit is configured to change an impedance difference presented between one or more of: 1) the transmitter and the antenna, and 2) the antenna and the receiver. The change is in response to a control signal.
- the controller generates the control signal to change the presented impedance difference in response to the signal parameter.
- the signal parameter is indicative of an amount of power reflected in the received signal.
- the controller may reduce the presented impedance difference between the antenna and the receiver when the reflected power does not satisfy a threshold value and/or reduce the presented impedance difference between the transmitter and the antenna when the reflected power satisfies the threshold value.
- the signal parameter is indicative of a received signal strength of the received signal.
- the controller may reduce the presented impedance difference between the antenna and the receiver when the received signal strength does not satisfy a threshold value and/or reduce the presented impedance difference between transmitter and antenna when the received signal strength satisfies a threshold value.
- the signal parameter is indicative of a bit error rate of the received signal.
- the controller may reduce the presented impedance difference between the antenna and the receiver when the bit error rate does not satisfy a threshold value and/or reduce the presented impedance difference between transmitter and antenna when the bit error rate satisfies a below value.
- the signal parameter is indicative of when the receiver is actively receiving signals and/or the transmitter is actively transmitting signals.
- the controller may reduce the presented impedance difference between the antenna and the receiver when the receiver is active and/or reduce the presented impedance difference between transmitter and antenna when the transmitter is active.
- the impedance transformation circuit may adjust the impedances in response to one or more static or time-varying parameters associated with received signals and/or transmitted signals. Further, the performance of the transmitter or receiver may be selectively improved as will be described in the following detailed description.
- FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of a transceiver according to some embodiments of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 illustrates impedance transformation operations for a transceiver according to some embodiments of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 illustrates a circuit diagram of an impedance adjusting network according to some embodiments of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 illustrates a circuit diagram of an impedance adjusting network according to some other embodiments of the present invention.
- FIGS. 1–4 illustrate exemplary apparatus and methods according to embodiments of the present invention. It will be understood that operations depicted in the figures, and combinations thereof, may be implemented using one or more electronic circuits.
- circuits may be implemented in one or more electronic circuits, such as in one or more discrete electronic components, one or more integrated circuits (ICs) and/or one or more application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) and/or application specific circuit modules, as well as by computer program instructions which may be executed by a computer or other data processing apparatus, such as a microprocessor or digital signal processor (DSP), or combinations or hardware and computer instructions, all of which are referred to herein as “circuits.”
- ICs integrated circuits
- ASICs application specific integrated circuits
- circuits computer program instructions which may be executed by a computer or other data processing apparatus, such as a microprocessor or digital signal processor (DSP), or combinations or hardware and computer instructions, all of which are referred to herein as “circuits.”
- DSP digital signal processor
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a wireless mobile terminal 10 according to the embodiments present invention.
- the term “mobile terminal” may include, but is not limited to, a cellular wireless terminal; a personal communication terminal that may combine a cellular wireless terminal with data processing, facsimile and data communications capabilities; a personal data assistance (PDA) that can include a wireless terminal, pager, Internet/intranet access, local area network interface, wide area network interface, Web browser, organizer, calendar and/or a global positioning system (GPS) receiver; and a mobile or fixed computer or other device that includes a wireless terminal transceiver.
- PDA personal data assistance
- GPS global positioning system
- the invention is illustrated for use with a mobile terminal, it will be understood that the invention is applicable to any wireless communications system such as cellular, trunked radio, satellite, and other wireless communications infrastructure.
- the mobile terminal 10 can be used to transmit and receive information signals with another mobile terminal or a wireless communications system.
- the mobile terminal 10 includes an antenna 20 , a transceiver 30 , and a digital signal processor (DSP) 45 .
- the DSP 45 is coupled to the transceiver 30 to process digital communications signals.
- the transceiver 30 illustrated in FIG. 1 includes a controller 40 , a receiver 100 , a transmitter 80 , and an impedance adjusting network 90 .
- Information signals can be provided by a data modem 50 , keypad 60 , or microphone 70 to the DSP 45 for transmission.
- the DSP 45 prepares the information signals for transmission, using, for example, conventional encoding processes.
- the information signals are provided to the transmitter 80 where the information signals can be, for example, converted to analog signals, modulated with a carrier signal, amplified, and provided to the antenna 20 to be radiated from the mobile terminal 10 .
- the signal path between the transmitter 80 and the antenna 20 may also be referred to as the transmission path.
- Information signals received by the antenna 20 are provided to the receiver 100 where they are amplified, demodulated to a baseband frequency, decoded, converted to digital signals, and provided to the DSP 45 for processing.
- the signal path between the antenna 20 and the receiver 100 may also be referred to as the reception path.
- the DSP 45 may provide the received information signals, for example, to a display 110 , a speaker 120 , and/or the data modem 50 .
- the transceiver 30 can include other components such as proved in conventional transceivers, which conventional aspect of which are not shown or further described herein.
- efficient transfer of information signal power from the transmitter 80 to the antenna 20 may occur when the impedances of the transmitter 80 and antenna 20 are substantially the same (i.e., the impedances are matched). Impedance differences may lead to a portion of the signal power being reflected, or reversed, by the antenna 20 back to the transmitter 80 instead of being radiated through the antenna 20 . Generally, the greater the impedance difference, the greater the loss of signal power due to reflections at the antenna 20 back to the transmitter 80 .
- the impedance adjusting network 90 is connected to the signal paths between the transmitter 80 and the antenna 20 and between the antenna 20 and the receiver 100 to adjust the impedances presented between the transmitter 80 and the antenna 20 and/or the receiver 100 and the antenna 20 in response to an impedance control signal 95 from the controller 40 .
- the controller 40 monitors one or more static or time-varying parameters associated with the transmission or reception of information signals and adjusts the impedance control signal 95 to cause the impedance adjusting network 90 to adjust the impedances and, thereby, the transmission power transfer efficiency and/or reception power transfer efficiency. Improving the efficiency of power transfer during transmission and/or reception may improve the sensitivity of the transmitter and/or receiver, respectively.
- the efficiency of the transmitter 80 or receiver 100 may be selectively improved, or optimized, in response to the one or more static or time-varying signal parameters.
- the controller 40 is shown as a separate functional block from the DSP 45 and the impedance adjusting network 90 , its functionality may be integrated within the DSP 45 and/or the impedance adjusting network 90 .
- the controller 40 is connected to a transmit power detector 130 and a receive power detector 140 .
- the transmit power detector 130 and the receive power detector 140 sense the amount of forward signal power and reverse signal power (i.e., reflected power) provided in the transmission path and reception path, respectively, and provide the sensed information to the controller 40 .
- the controller 40 may adjust the impedance differences in the transmission path and/or reception path in response to a comparison of one or both of the sensed reverse power amounts, or a ratio of sensed reverse and forward power amounts, to a predetermined threshold value(s).
- the controller 40 may reduce, or substantially eliminate, an impedance difference in the transmission path to reduce any reflected power.
- the controller 40 may reduce, or substantially eliminate, an impedance difference in the reception path to reduce any reflected power.
- the controller 40 may, alternatively, respond to the comparison of the reflected power values, or ratio of forward and reverse power values, to a predetermined threshold by providing a weighted balance of the amount of reflected power in the paths.
- the controller 40 may improve reception power transfer efficiency when the transmission power transfer efficiency satisfies a threshold value (i.e., is acceptable) or may improve transmission power transfer efficiency when the reception power transfer satisfies a threshold value (i.e., is acceptable).
- the DSP 45 measures the strength and/or bit error rate of information signals received from the antenna 20 and provides a received signal strength indication (RSSI) and/or bit error rate indication of a received signal to the controller 40 .
- the controller 40 may then adjust the impedances of the transmission and reception paths in response to the RSSI and/or bit error rate indications.
- the controller 40 may reduce, or substantially eliminate, an impedance difference between the transmitter 80 and antenna 20 when the RSSI satisfies (e.g., is above) a threshold value. Similarly, the controller 40 may reduce, or substantially eliminate, an impedance difference between the antenna 20 and receiver 100 when the RSSI does not satisfy (e.g., is below) a threshold value. In this manner, the controller 40 may, for example, selectively improve the power transfer efficiency of the transmission or reception path to favor one over the other depending upon the strength of a received signal.
- the controller 40 may, alternatively or additionally, reduce, or substantially eliminate, the impedance difference between the antenna 20 and receiver 100 when the bit error rate indication does not satisfy (e.g., is above) a threshold value. Similarly, the controller 40 may reduce, or substantially eliminate, the impedance difference between the transmitter 80 and antenna 20 when the bit error rate indication satisfies (e.g., is below) a threshold value. In this manner, the controller 40 may selectively improve the power transfer efficiency of the transmission or reception path depending upon the bit error rate of a received signal.
- an indication of transmission or reception activity is provided to the controller 40 by the transmit power detector 130 , the receive power detector 140 , and/or the DSP 45 .
- the controller 40 may then reduce, or substantially eliminate, impedance differences between the transmitter 80 and antenna 20 when information signals are being transmitted, but not received.
- impedance differences between the antenna 20 and receiver 100 may be reduced, or substantially eliminated, when information signals are being received, but not transmitted.
- the power transfer efficiency from the transmitter 80 to the antenna 20 or between the antenna 20 and receiver 100 may be improved when needed. For example, because voice conversations through the mobile terminal 10 are generally simplex for a mobile radiotelephone, because only one user generally speaks at a time, the controller 40 can improve the transmission efficiency during voice transmission while improving the reception efficiency during voice reception.
- the controller 40 incrementally adjusts the impedance differences in the transmission path and reception path in response to a weighted consideration of more than one parameter associated with the transmitted and received signals, such as the amount of reflected power in one or both paths, RSSI, bit error rate, and transmission and reception activity.
- the operations for incrementally adjusting the impedance differences may include those shown in FIG. 2 .
- the relative transmission (TX) activity and reception activity (RX) are measured.
- a determination is made at Block 210 whether the transmission activity is greater than the reception activity. When the determination is greater, an impedance balance value is adjusted, at Block 220 , to favor the efficiency of the transmission path. When less, the impedance balance value is adjusted, at Block 230 , to favor the efficiency of the reception path.
- the reverse power (i.e., reflected power) in the transmission path may be sensed and/or the RSSI and/or BER may be sensed or received from the DSP 45 .
- the impedance balance value is further adjusted in response to a weighted combination of more than one of the reverse power, RSSI, and BER.
- the threshold value may represent, for example, a previous adjusted impedance balance value or a desired balance.
- a signal related to the impedance balance value is provided to the impedance adjusting network 90 to adjust the relative impedance differences of the transmission and reception paths.
- the flow of operations may return to Block 200 to measure the transmission and reception activity.
- the efficiency of the receiver 100 or transmitter 80 may be selectively improved.
- the efficiency of the receiver 100 may be improved when the received signals have a sufficiently low RSSI, high BER, high reflected received signal power, and/or when the transmitter 80 is not transmitting signals.
- the efficiency of the transmitter 80 may be improved when the receiver 100 is not receiving signals and/or when the received signals have a sufficiently high RSSI, low BER, and/or low reflected signal power.
- the impedance adjustments, and associated efficiencies of the transmitter 80 and the receiver 100 may be dynamically made to respond to time-varying operation conditions, such as changes to the wireless environment, operating frequencies, or signal interference from other sources.
- FIG. 3 shows an impedance adjusting network 90 according to some embodiments of the present invention.
- the illustrated impedance adjusting network 90 couples the output of the transmitter 80 through a capacitive load 310 to the antenna 20 and the input of the receiver 100 through a capacitive load 320 to the antenna 20 .
- a shunt network is connected between the capacitive loads 310 and 320 and the antenna 20 .
- the illustrated shunt network includes an inductor 330 in parallel with a fixed-capacitance capacitor 340 and variable-capacitance capacitor 350 .
- the capacitive loads 310 and 320 can include the capacitive loading of the transmission and reception paths, respectively.
- the inductance and capacitance of the inductor 330 and fixed capacitor 340 may be selected to provide a desired baseline impedance balance between the transmitter 80 , receiver 100 , and antenna 20 .
- the capacitance of the variable capacitor 350 may be adjusted in response to an impedance control signal, such as an analog signal, from the controller 40 , to adjust the impedance difference in the transmission and reception paths.
- FIG. 4 shows an impedance adjusting network 90 according to additional embodiments of the present invention.
- the network 90 differs from that of FIG. 3 in that the variable capacitor 350 of FIG. 3 is replaced with a digitally controllable capacitor 350 as shown in FIG. 4 .
- the capacitor 350 can include a plurality of capacitors, C 1 –C 5 , connected in parallel, and a switch 360 .
- the switch 360 selectively connects individual ones, or combinations, of the capacitors, C 1 –C 5 , to ground to adjust the capacitance in response to a digital impedance control signal from the controller 40 .
Abstract
Description
Claims (23)
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US10/194,117 US6993297B2 (en) | 2002-07-12 | 2002-07-12 | Apparatus and methods for tuning antenna impedance using transmitter and receiver parameters |
AU2003236550A AU2003236550A1 (en) | 2002-07-12 | 2003-06-16 | Apparatus and methods for tuning antenna impedance using transmitter and receiver parameters |
CN038163713A CN1669218B (en) | 2002-07-12 | 2003-06-16 | Apparatus and methods for tuning antenna impedance using transmitter and receiver parameters |
EP03737107A EP1522143A1 (en) | 2002-07-12 | 2003-06-16 | Apparatus and methods for tuning antenna impedance using transmitter and receiver parameters |
PCT/US2003/018894 WO2004008634A1 (en) | 2002-07-12 | 2003-06-16 | Apparatus and methods for tuning antenna impedance using transmitter and receiver parameters |
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US10/194,117 US6993297B2 (en) | 2002-07-12 | 2002-07-12 | Apparatus and methods for tuning antenna impedance using transmitter and receiver parameters |
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US20040009754A1 US20040009754A1 (en) | 2004-01-15 |
US6993297B2 true US6993297B2 (en) | 2006-01-31 |
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US10/194,117 Expired - Fee Related US6993297B2 (en) | 2002-07-12 | 2002-07-12 | Apparatus and methods for tuning antenna impedance using transmitter and receiver parameters |
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US (1) | US6993297B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1522143A1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN1669218B (en) |
AU (1) | AU2003236550A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2004008634A1 (en) |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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EP1522143A1 (en) | 2005-04-13 |
AU2003236550A1 (en) | 2004-02-02 |
WO2004008634A1 (en) | 2004-01-22 |
CN1669218A (en) | 2005-09-14 |
US20040009754A1 (en) | 2004-01-15 |
CN1669218B (en) | 2010-09-29 |
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