US7277389B2 - Systems and methods for grouping of bandwidth allocations - Google Patents
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- US7277389B2 US7277389B2 US10/231,788 US23178802A US7277389B2 US 7277389 B2 US7277389 B2 US 7277389B2 US 23178802 A US23178802 A US 23178802A US 7277389 B2 US7277389 B2 US 7277389B2
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L47/00—Traffic control in data switching networks
- H04L47/10—Flow control; Congestion control
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L47/00—Traffic control in data switching networks
- H04L47/10—Flow control; Congestion control
- H04L47/22—Traffic shaping
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L47/00—Traffic control in data switching networks
- H04L47/10—Flow control; Congestion control
- H04L47/24—Traffic characterised by specific attributes, e.g. priority or QoS
- H04L47/2441—Traffic characterised by specific attributes, e.g. priority or QoS relying on flow classification, e.g. using integrated services [IntServ]
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L47/00—Traffic control in data switching networks
- H04L47/10—Flow control; Congestion control
- H04L47/39—Credit based
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L47/00—Traffic control in data switching networks
- H04L47/50—Queue scheduling
- H04L47/62—Queue scheduling characterised by scheduling criteria
- H04L47/621—Individual queue per connection or flow, e.g. per VC
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L49/00—Packet switching elements
- H04L49/90—Buffering arrangements
Definitions
- the invention relates to methods and apparatus for improving communications in digital networks.
- the invention also relates to grouping of bandwidth allocations and burst groups in digital networks.
- Traffic shaping is important in digital networks. Traffic shaping involves buffering traffic and sending traffic based upon a desired profile.
- a traffic profile can include, but is not limited to, the following properties: a level of priority relative to other traffic, buffer depth, latency through the buffer, jitter in sending the traffic contained in the buffer, and a rate at which the traffic should be sent.
- a common approach to traffic shaping involves the use of a queuing system to manage the profile. As traffic arrives, it is placed on the queue. The traffic is de-queued based upon its assigned drain rate.
- burst groups in which the member queues compete for a common resource (bandwidth), but do not affect others outside the group. This allows the network to be better managed, where physical network connections can be subdivided into virtual “pipes” or “connections”.
- Problems with some prior devices include, for example, lack of scalability, sheer size and high gate-count cost per queue for decentralized shaping engines, expensive caching/arbitration mechanisms, and lack of ability to shape traffic with fine granularity across a broad spectrum of desired rates, or groups of rates.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing multiple burst groups each receiving a plurality of incoming traffic streams.
- FIG. 2 is a plot of rate versus time illustrating the difference between the data traffic input rates for the input streams of a given burst group, and the available bandwidth for that group.
- FIG. 3 is a plot of rate versus time illustrating resulting smoothed streams, once restricted to the available bandwidth of the burst group.
- FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating construction details of the traffic shaping engine of FIG. 3 .
- FIG. 5 is a simplified illustration of a linked list that could be used to store a single queue, a plurality of which are depicted in FIG. 4 .
- FIG. 6 illustrates a table based credit allocation scheme, as defined in FIG. 4 .
- FIG. 7 is a table illustrating burst group cleanup.
- FIG. 8 is a flowchart illustrating how credit updating takes place for queues and for burst groups, defining the flow for managing FIGS. 4-7 .
- a type of traffic could be “video traffic,” “pay-per-view” video traffic, “all traffic for customer X,” all email traffic, all traffic with a given priority, all traffic with the same MAC-DA (same first 6 octets of a frame), etc. This allows prevention of bursty traffic, for example, from stealing bandwidth from very smooth, jitter-intolerant traffic.
- Streams 0 to N of one type of traffic are aggregated into one group 12
- streams of another type of traffic are aggregated into another group 14
- streams of yet another type of traffic are aggregated into yet another group 16 , etc. While three groups are shown leading to one port 18 , any desired number of groups per port 18 are possible, and the system 10 may include multiple groups leading to multiple ports 18 .
- FIG. 2 shows the difference between data traffic input rate for input streams for a group 12 , 14 , or 16 relative to available bandwidth 26 for that group.
- the difference between available and desired burst group rate can be seen. It can also be seen that the streams 20 , 22 , and 24 themselves vary greatly in rate versus time.
- the solution provided in accordance with one embodiment of the invention is to utilize multiple credit sources (burst groups), and to assign each queue 44 - 47 ( FIG. 4 ) to be a member of one or more of the burst groups.
- burst groups 12 , 14 , 16 are given a selectable allocation of credit at a steady rate. This credit is accumulated over time and doled out to the queue(s) 44 - 47 assigned to the burst group as will be described in more detail below.
- FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing construction details of a burst group manager 12 including a shaping engine 34 receiving a plurality of incoming traffic streams collectively indicated by reference numeral 36 .
- Shaped traffic 38 is transferred from the burst group manager 12 to a port or pipe 18 ( FIG. 1 ).
- the shaping engine 34 can be defined, for example by a microprocessor, or other digital circuitry.
- the burst group manager 12 includes linked lists 40 (see FIG. 4 ) which, together with pointers and counters 42 , define queues. For illustration purposes, queues 44 , 45 , 46 , and 47 are shown; however, different numbers of queues and different depths than illustrated are possible. Two tables are used to house the queues 44 - 47 : one table 40 for the linked-lists, and the other table 42 to hold read/write and head/tail pointers, depth counters, etc., for the linked-lists. Other configurations are possible.
- the burst group manager 12 also includes a bandwidth allocation table 50 ( FIG. 6 ) which will be described below in greater detail, and a burst group allocation mechanism.
- Pointers and linked lists are known in the computer arts.
- a pointer is a variable that points to another variable by holding a memory address.
- a pointer does not hold a value but instead holds the address of another variable.
- a pointer points to the other variable by holding a copy of the other variable's address.
- a read/write pointer keeps track of a position within a file from which data can be read or written to.
- a linked list is a chain of records called nodes. Each node has at least two members, one of which points to the next item or node in the list. The first node is the head, and the last node is the tail. Pointers are used to arrange items in a linked list, as illustrated in FIG. 5 .
- FIG. 5 shows a simplified example of a linked list 53 of the type that could be included in the linked lists 40 .
- Each entry or node 54 , 56 , and 58 (A, B, and C) includes a pointer 60 , 62 , and 64 , respectively, pointing to another node.
- the linked lists 40 of FIG. 4 are arranged such that the queues 44 - 47 are all first-in, first out queues (FIFO).
- the shaping engine 34 (see FIG. 4 ) en-queues incoming traffic 36 onto a selected one of the queues 44 - 47 based, for example, upon look-up information, which classifies the traffic.
- Streaming audio or video would be classified differently than e-mail, because streaming audio or video requires sufficient bandwidth to play without interruption. Therefore like-traffic, such as a stream or set of streams is placed in the same burst group 12 , 14 , or 16 , in one embodiment. Within each burst group, further sub-classification can take place to determine on which one of the queues 44 - 47 the traffic 36 should be en-queued.
- “Like traffic” can be defined as desired for a particular application.
- the queues 44 - 47 can have shaping profiles, which include properties such as: priority, depth, latency, jitter, and rate. For example, video needs to always get through. A large amount of latency is not desirable for video, as any latency will cause the resulting picture to become jerky, and fall behind. The same is true of the rate at which video is sent. A constant, consistent stream should be used to supply the video information “just in time” for the next entry or element (e.g., packet or frame) of the picture on a TV or computer. Therefore, “video” traffic is properly classified so that it is managed appropriately. Because the video must always get through, it is given a “high” priority.
- the depth of the queue is selected to be shallow. Therefore, little data can build up, waiting in the queue.
- rate the video queue gets its own bandwidth end-to-end on a switch, and does not have to compete with any other queue for bandwidth. Queues for other classifications of traffic would similarly have appropriately chosen priorities, depths, latencies, jitter, and rates.
- the rate-algorithm for the shaping queues 44 - 47 is a centralized time division multiplexing algorithm that is implemented, for example, by the shaping engine 34 . More particularly, in the illustrated embodiment, the rate-algorithm for shaping traffic across many queues uses a table based credit allocation scheme. A fixed size bandwidth allocation table (BAT) 50 is traversed at a constant rate. Each location (e.g. row) 68 - 75 ( FIG. 6 ) in the table identifies a queue 44 - 47 and the amount of credit to allocate to that queue 44 - 47 .
- BAT bandwidth allocation table
- a queue 44 - 47 is considered eligible to send an entry or element (e.g., a packet or, more particularly, a frame) when the queue 44 - 47 has acquired enough credit to send the entry in question.
- the shaping engine 34 manages both adding and deleting from the shaping queues, as well as updating the shaping queues with bandwidth tokens from the bandwidth allocation table 50 .
- the size of the table 50 can be adjusted to provide the desired minimum and maximum achievable rates.
- the minimum rate is defined by one credit divided by the table traversal time
- the maximum rate is defined by the maximum number of entries allowed in the table, each containing the maximum number of credits, divided by the table traversal time.
- the maximum number of entries allowed in the table 50 is dictated by the implementation. For example, the maximum number of entries allowed in the table, is determined by the overall “profile” of the port(s) 18 supported by this queuing structure, etc.
- the maximum number of entries allowed in the table is determined by the circuitry or software that manages traversing the table 50 relative to the number of queues 44 - 47 in the implementation, and how it manages updating the credit for each queue 44 - 47 . Though a certain number of queues is shown in FIG. 4 , other numbers are possible.
- the queue listed in the entry 68 - 75 requests the credit listed from its assigned burst group or groups.
- the burst group or groups respond with whatever credit they currently have available, if any. Over time, as long as the burst group or groups in question are not oversubscribed with queues requesting more credit than is available, the queues all get the credit they request. However, if a burst group is oversubscribed, not all queues will receive all the credit they request from it, thus protecting the overall system credit from “greedy” groups of queues. Only queues are listed in the bandwidth allocation table 50 ; burst groups earn credit in a different manner.
- burst groups earn credit more often than the queues, but in relatively lower amounts each time they are updated. This is intentional; and results in the burst group's credit being made more available across the entire time it takes to traverse the bandwidth allocation table 50 . This results in a better distribution of credit across the bandwidth allocation table 50 , allowing for more options when configuring the bandwidth allocation table 50 .
- This burst group update rate is represented by an “Nth” request interval between burst group credit updates in FIG. 8 , which will be described in more detail below.
- burst groups earn credit using a simple periodic add function such as the following:
- FIG. 6 shows two burst update periods 76 and 77 .
- the bandwidth allocation table 50 defines the burst update period to be four queue updates. Thus, once every four queue updates, the credit for the burst group or groups is updated. Assuming more than one burst group exists, all burst groups are updated at the same time, in parallel.
- the queues 44 - 47 have an upper bound on the amount of credit they can accumulate. This protects the system 10 by not allowing a queue that has been idle for some time to suddenly saturate the system with newly arrived traffic.
- a beneficial side-effect of this limit is that, over time, as the queues which are located earlier than others in this “Nth” request interval no longer need credit (due to, for example, a lack of traffic), the queues listed later can gain access to more of the burst group's credit.
- This creates a natural order of precedence which can be taken advantage of when configuring the bandwidth allocation table relative to the burst group update interval. This creates the ability to differentiate queue types (e.g., high precedence versus best effort queues). This is a dynamic assignment, in that a given queue can be configured either way (high precedence versus best effort) and changed on the fly by adjusting the configuration of the bandwidth allocation table 50 while traffic is running.
- FIG. 7 shows how a queue 44 that was listed previously in a burst update period is listed again at the end (see rows 78 and 80 ) to “get” the rest of the remaining credit from the period's available burst credit. This provides the ability to guarantee burst allocation to queues 44 , 45 , and 46 , in that order, and then allow queue 44 to have whatever is left over.
- FIGS. 6 and 7 show a table, other methods for storing and arranging data can, of course, be used.
- FIG. 8 is a flowchart illustrating how the shaping engine 34 updates credit for queues and for burst groups.
- step 82 an entry 68 - 75 is read from the bandwidth allocation table 50 .
- step 84 the amount of credit listed in the read entry 68 - 75 is requested from the credit allocation circuit or mechanism 51 of the queue's assigned burst group or groups.
- step 86 credit is added from the burst group's response to the queue's credit bucket.
- step 88 a determination is made as to whether the queue has enough credit to send a frame. If so, the frame is sent in step 90 .
- step 92 a determination is made as to whether this entry is the last entry in the bandwidth allocation table 50 . If so, the BAT index is reset to the beginning 68 of the bandwidth allocation table 50 in step 94 . If not, the BAT index is incremented in step 96 to the next location or row in the bandwidth allocation table 50 .
- step 98 a determination is made as to whether this is the Nth request for credit from the burst groups. If so, credit is updated for all burst groups in step 100 and process flow continues at step 82 . If not, process flow skips step 100 and continues at step 82 .
- the preferred embodiment provides a solution that is scalable, and provides the ability to shape traffic for a variety of implementations in a cost effective manner. This results in a smaller overall design.
- the preferred embodiment of the invention provides a centralized queuing structure, capable of supporting one or more ports, with a high queue density count.
- This centralized queuing structure is capable of dynamically supporting different ports over time, rather than a fixed set of queues only able to support a single port or ports.
- the design of the preferred embodiment is also scalable.
- the design of the preferred embodiment by its very nature, can be implemented for one queue up to the feasible limits of today's technology, without significantly increasing the size of the central engine. The only increase to the cost of increasing size is the space needed for the linked-list management.
- the design of the preferred embodiment by its very nature can be implemented to support an infinite variety of min./max. rate relationships. Previous implementations could only perform gross granularity transitions for various desired rates.
- the preferred environment is all of Ethernet. Slight modification to “shaping” profiles would allow for use in any communications technology including, for example, ATM and SONET.
- the first queuing stage is included in a single ASIC, which provides for sufficient clock-speed to support Gigabit Ethernet rates.
- one alternative embodiment has a reduced or increased number of queues.
Abstract
Description
Queue Rate=(total credit in table for this queue)÷(time to traverse table)
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- 0: burst_bucket_a=burst_bucket_a+burst_credit_a;
- 1: wait N;
- 2: goto 0;
where ‘a’ is the burst group number, and ‘N’ is the time to wait between updates. If there are ‘B’ burst groups, then there would be ‘B’ independent programs running in parallel (in a software embodiment) or ‘B’ independent burst group credit allocation mechanisms or circuits 51 (seeFIG. 4 ) handling this in parallel (in a hardware embodiment).
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