US8373063B2 - Quantum dot solar cell - Google Patents

Quantum dot solar cell Download PDF

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US8373063B2
US8373063B2 US12/412,227 US41222709A US8373063B2 US 8373063 B2 US8373063 B2 US 8373063B2 US 41222709 A US41222709 A US 41222709A US 8373063 B2 US8373063 B2 US 8373063B2
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solar cell
quantum dot
layer
bridge
bridge layer
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Bogdan Serban
Mihai N. Mihaila
Cazimir Bostan
Viorel Georgel Dumitru
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Honeywell International Inc
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L31/0248—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies
    • H01L31/0352—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies characterised by their shape or by the shapes, relative sizes or disposition of the semiconductor regions
    • H01L31/035272—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies characterised by their shape or by the shapes, relative sizes or disposition of the semiconductor regions characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier
    • H01L31/035281—Shape of the body
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y10/00—Nanotechnology for information processing, storage or transmission, e.g. quantum computing or single electron logic
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
    • H10K30/10—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation comprising heterojunctions between organic semiconductors and inorganic semiconductors
    • H10K30/15—Sensitised wide-bandgap semiconductor devices, e.g. dye-sensitised TiO2
    • H10K30/151—Sensitised wide-bandgap semiconductor devices, e.g. dye-sensitised TiO2 the wide bandgap semiconductor comprising titanium oxide, e.g. TiO2
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
    • H10K85/761—Biomolecules or bio-macromolecules, e.g. proteins, chlorophyl, lipids or enzymes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
    • H10K30/50—Photovoltaic [PV] devices
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
    • H10K85/10—Organic polymers or oligomers
    • H10K85/111—Organic polymers or oligomers comprising aromatic, heteroaromatic, or aryl chains, e.g. polyaniline, polyphenylene or polyphenylene vinylene
    • H10K85/113—Heteroaromatic compounds comprising sulfur or selene, e.g. polythiophene
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
    • Y02E10/549—Organic PV cells

Definitions

  • the disclosure relates generally to solar cells and more particularly to quantum dot solar cells.
  • a solar cell may include quantum dots as light sensitizers.
  • An example solar cell may include an electron conductor layer and a quantum dot layer.
  • the quantum dot layer may include a plurality of quantum dots.
  • a bridge layer may be coupled to the electron conductor layer and to the quantum dot layer.
  • the bridge layer may include an antibiotic.
  • Another example solar cell may include an electron conductor layer and a quantum dot layer including a plurality of quantum dots.
  • a bridge layer may be coupled to the electron conductor layer and to the quantum dot layer.
  • the bridge layer may include a sulfur-containing amino acid.
  • Another example solar cell may include an electron conductor layer and a quantum dot layer including a plurality of quantum dots.
  • a bridge layer may be coupled to the electron conductor layer and to the quantum dot layer.
  • the bridge layer may include a vitamin or a vitamin analogue. In these examples, a hole conductor layer may be coupled to the quantum dot layer.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional side view of an illustrative but non-limiting example of a solar cell
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional side view of another illustrative but non-limiting example of a solar cell.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional side view of an illustrative solar cell 10 .
  • the illustrative solar cell 10 includes one or more quantum dots or, more schematically, a quantum dot layer 12 .
  • quantum dot layer 12 may schematically represent a single quantum dot. In some cases, quantum dot layer 12 may be considered as representing a large number of individual quantum dots.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional side view of an illustrative solar cell 10 .
  • the illustrative solar cell 10 includes one or more quantum dots or, more schematically, a quantum dot layer 12 .
  • quantum dot layer 12 may schematically represent a single quantum dot. In some cases, quantum dot layer 12 may be considered as representing a large number of individual quantum dots.
  • solar cell 10 may include a bifunctional ligand or, or more schematically, a bridge layer 14 that includes one or more bifunctional ligands such as those discussed below.
  • bridge layer 14 may represent a large number of individual bifunctional ligands, with at least some of the bifunctional ligands within bridge layer 14 coupled to or otherwise bonded with corresponding quantum dots within quantum dot layer 12 .
  • the illustrative solar cell 10 of FIG. 1 also includes an electron conductor or, more schematically, an electron conductor layer 16 .
  • electron conductor layer 16 may be an n-type conductor as discussed below.
  • the illustrative solar cell 10 may further include a hole conductor or, more schematically, a hole conductor layer 18 . As discussed below, hole conductor layer 18 may be a p-type conducting electrode layer.
  • Quantum dot layer 12 may include one quantum dot or a plurality of quantum dots.
  • Quantum dots are typically very small semiconductors, having dimensions in the nanometer range. Because of their small size, quantum dots may exhibit quantum behavior that is distinct from what would otherwise be expected from a larger sample of the material. In some cases, quantum dots may be considered as being crystals composed of materials from Groups II-VI, III-V, or IV-VI materials. The quantum dots employed herein may be formed using any appropriate technique.
  • Examples of specific pairs of materials for forming quantum dots include, but are not limited to, MgO, MgS, MgSe, MgTe, CaO, CaS, CaSe, CaTe, SrO, SrS, SrSe, SrTe, BaO, BaS, BaSe, BaTe, ZnO, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, CdO, CdS, CdSe, CdTe, HgO, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, Al 2 O 3 , Al 2 S 3 , Al 2 Se 3 , Al 2 Te 3 , Ga 2 O 3 , Ga 2 S 3 , Ga 2 Se 3 , Ga 2 Te 3 , In 2 O 3 , In 2 S 3 , In 2 Se 3 , In 2 Te 3 , SiO 2 , GeO 2 , SnO 2 , SnS, SnSe, SnTe, PbO, PbO 2 , PbS, P
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional side view of an illustrative solar cell 20 that is similar to solar cell 10 ( FIG. 1 ).
  • a reflective and/or protecting layer 22 may be disposed over the hole conductor layer 18 , as shown.
  • the reflective and/or protecting layer 22 may be a conductive layer.
  • the reflective and/or protecting layer 22 may include a Pt/Au/C film as both catalyst and conductor, but this is not required.
  • a flexible and transparent substrate 24 shown at the lower side (in the illustrated orientation) of FIG. 2 , may be an electron conductor such as an n-type electron conductor.
  • the n-type electron conductor may be transparent or at least substantially transparent to at least some wavelengths of light within the visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.
  • solar cell 10 may include a bridge layer 14 .
  • bridge layer 14 may include a single bifunctional ligand or a large number of bifunctional ligands.
  • a bifunctional ligand may, in some cases, be considered as improving electron transfer by reducing the energy barriers for electron transfer.
  • a bifunctional ligand may provide a conduit so that electrons that are ejected by a quantum dot (e.g., quantum dot layer 12 ) can travel to and through the electron conductor (e.g., electron conductor layer 16 ).
  • a bifunctional ligand may, for example, secure the quantum dot relative to the electron conductor and/or any other related structure.
  • solar cell 10 may include an electron conductor layer 18 .
  • electron conductor layer 18 may be an n-type electron conductor.
  • the electron conductor may be metallic and/or semiconducting, such as TiO 2 or ZnO.
  • the electron conductor may be an electrically conducting polymer such as a polymer that has been doped to be electrically conducting and/or to improve its electrical conductivity.
  • the bifunctional ligands may include an electron conductor anchor that bonds to the electron conductor as well as a quantum dot anchor that bonds to the quantum dot.
  • the electron conductor anchor may include a carboxylic acid moiety.
  • the quantum dot anchor may be selected to bond well to a particular quantum dot.
  • Ag 2 S, CdSe, CdTe and CdS are examples of quantum dots that may be employed in the light sensitive assemblies discussed herein.
  • quantum dot anchors that include sulfur may be considered as bonding to these quantum dots.
  • the bifunctional ligand may be a molecule having biological activity, such as an antibiotic.
  • An illustrative but non-limiting example of a suitable bifunctional ligand is oxacillin, which has the structure:
  • ampicillin which has the structure:
  • piperacillin Another illustrative but non-limiting example of a suitable bifunctional ligand is piperacillin, which has the structure:
  • azlocillin which has the structure:
  • carbenicillin which has the structure:
  • cloxacillin Another illustrative but non-limiting example of a suitable bifunctional ligand is cloxacillin, which has the structure:
  • ticarcillin Another illustrative but non-limiting example of a suitable bifunctional ligand is ticarcillin, which has the structure:
  • amoxicillin which has the structure:
  • penicillin G and penicillin V which have the following structure:
  • R is C 6 H 5 —CH 2 (penicillin G) or C 6 H 5 —O—CH 2 (penicillin V).
  • penicilloic acid which has the following structure:
  • R is pentyl, hexyl or benzyl.
  • 6-amino penicillanic acid which has the following structure:
  • methicillin which has the following structure:
  • the bifunctional ligand may be a sulfur-containing amino acid.
  • An illustrative but non-limiting example of a suitable bifunctional ligand is cystine, which has the following structure:
  • carbocysteine Another illustrative but non-limiting example of a suitable bifunctional ligand is carbocysteine, which has the following structure:
  • s-allyl cysteine which has the following structure:
  • acetylcysteine which has the following structure:
  • s-propyl cysteine which has the following structure:
  • s-phenyl cysteine which has the following structure:
  • s-tertbutylcysteine which has the following structure:
  • the bifunctional ligand may be a vitamin or a vitamin analogue.
  • An illustrative but non-limiting example of a suitable bifunctional ligand is biotin, which has the following structure:
  • bifunctional ligands are related to biotin.
  • Particular examples include norbiotin and homobiotin.
  • Norbiotin and homobiotin have the following structures, respectively:
  • actiazic acid which has the following structure:
  • bifunctional ligands described herein may include a chiral carbon, and thus may have one or more stereoisomers. Unless otherwise described, any stereospecific molecules shown should be considered as being illustrative only. It will be appreciated that in some cases, a light sensitive assembly or a solar cell may include a single bifunctional ligand or a large number of bifunctional ligands. In some instances, the bifunctional ligand (if one) or at least some of the bifunctional ligands (if a plurality) may be dextrorotatory molecules. In some cases, the bifunctional ligand (if one) or at least some of the bifunctional ligands (if a plurality) may be levorotatory molecules. In some instances, at least some of a plurality of bifunctional ligands may include a racemic mixture of dextrorotatory molecules and levorotatory molecules.
  • a light sensitive assembly and/or solar cell that includes a large number of bifunctional ligands may include a large number of the same bifunctional ligand, each of which may be dextrorotatory molecules, levorotatory molecules or a racemic mixture thereof.
  • a light sensitive assembly or solar cell may include a large number of bifunctional ligands representing a plurality of different bifunctional ligands. Each group or subset of bifunctional ligands, either separately or in combination, may be dextrorotatory, levorotatory or a racemic mixture thereof.
  • a solar cell may include a hole conductor such as hole conductor layer 18 ( FIG. 1 ) that is configured to reduce the quantum dot once the quantum dot has absorbed a photon and ejected an electron through the bifunctional ligand to the electron conductor.
  • the hole conductor may be a conductive polymer, but this is not required.
  • the conductive polymer may include a monomer that has an alkyl chain that terminates in a second quantum dot anchor.
  • the conductive polymer may, for example, be or otherwise include a functionalized polythiophene.
  • a second quantum dot anchor such as a thio or thioether moiety may bond to a quantum dot, particularly if the quantum dot is a cadmium-based or silver-based quantum dot.
  • R is absent or alkyl and m is an integer ranging from about 6 to about 12.
  • alkyl refers to a straight or branched chain monovalent hydrocarbon radical having a specified number of carbon atoms.
  • alkyl include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, 3-methylpentyl, and the like.
  • R is absent or alkyl
  • R is absent or alkyl
  • R is absent or alkyl
  • An illustrative process for forming a solar cell may include an initial step of growing titanium dioxide nanoparticles on a glass substrate, optionally followed by sintering the titanium dioxide. Next, the quantum dots may be attached to the p-type conducting polymer layer. Finally, the titanium dioxide layer, the quantum dots attached to the polymer layer and the bifunctional ligands may be joined together in a one-pot synthesis.

Abstract

A solar cell is disclosed that includes an electron conductor layer and a quantum dot layer. The quantum dot layer may include a plurality of quantum dots. A bridge layer may be coupled to the electron conductor layer and to the quantum dot layer. The bridge layer may include an antibiotic, a sulfur-containing amino acid, a vitamin, and/or a vitamin analogue. In some cases, a hole conductor layer may be coupled to the quantum dot layer.

Description

PRIORITY
This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119 to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/047,010 entitled “QUANTUM DOT SOLAR CELL” filed Apr. 22, 2008, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference.
TECHNICAL FIELD
The disclosure relates generally to solar cells and more particularly to quantum dot solar cells.
SUMMARY
The disclosure relates generally to solar cells. In some instances, a solar cell may include quantum dots as light sensitizers. An example solar cell may include an electron conductor layer and a quantum dot layer. The quantum dot layer may include a plurality of quantum dots. A bridge layer may be coupled to the electron conductor layer and to the quantum dot layer. The bridge layer may include an antibiotic. Another example solar cell may include an electron conductor layer and a quantum dot layer including a plurality of quantum dots. A bridge layer may be coupled to the electron conductor layer and to the quantum dot layer. The bridge layer may include a sulfur-containing amino acid. Another example solar cell may include an electron conductor layer and a quantum dot layer including a plurality of quantum dots. A bridge layer may be coupled to the electron conductor layer and to the quantum dot layer. The bridge layer may include a vitamin or a vitamin analogue. In these examples, a hole conductor layer may be coupled to the quantum dot layer.
The above summary is not intended to describe each disclosed embodiment or every implementation of the disclosure. The Description that follows more particularly exemplify various illustrative embodiments.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
The following description should be read with reference to the drawings. The drawings, which are not necessarily to scale, depict selected embodiments and are not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure. The disclosure may be more completely understood in consideration of the following detailed description of various embodiments in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional side view of an illustrative but non-limiting example of a solar cell; and
FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional side view of another illustrative but non-limiting example of a solar cell.
While the invention is amenable to various modifications and alternative forms, specifics thereof have been shown by way of example in the drawings and will be described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the intention is not to limit the invention to the particular embodiments described. On the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention.
DESCRIPTION
The following description should be read with reference to the drawings, in which like elements in different drawings are numbered in like fashion. The drawings, which are not necessarily to scale, depict selected embodiments and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. Although examples of construction, dimensions, and materials are illustrated for the various elements, those skilled in the art will recognize that many of the examples provided have suitable alternatives that may be utilized.
FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional side view of an illustrative solar cell 10. In the illustrative example shown in FIG. 1, there may be a three-dimensional intermingling or interpenetration of the layers forming solar cell 10, but this is not required. The illustrative solar cell 10 includes one or more quantum dots or, more schematically, a quantum dot layer 12. For example, quantum dot layer 12 may schematically represent a single quantum dot. In some cases, quantum dot layer 12 may be considered as representing a large number of individual quantum dots. In the illustrative embodiment of FIG. 1, solar cell 10 may include a bifunctional ligand or, or more schematically, a bridge layer 14 that includes one or more bifunctional ligands such as those discussed below. In some cases, bridge layer 14 may represent a large number of individual bifunctional ligands, with at least some of the bifunctional ligands within bridge layer 14 coupled to or otherwise bonded with corresponding quantum dots within quantum dot layer 12. The illustrative solar cell 10 of FIG. 1 also includes an electron conductor or, more schematically, an electron conductor layer 16. In some cases, electron conductor layer 16 may be an n-type conductor as discussed below. The illustrative solar cell 10 may further include a hole conductor or, more schematically, a hole conductor layer 18. As discussed below, hole conductor layer 18 may be a p-type conducting electrode layer.
Quantum dot layer 12 may include one quantum dot or a plurality of quantum dots. Quantum dots are typically very small semiconductors, having dimensions in the nanometer range. Because of their small size, quantum dots may exhibit quantum behavior that is distinct from what would otherwise be expected from a larger sample of the material. In some cases, quantum dots may be considered as being crystals composed of materials from Groups II-VI, III-V, or IV-VI materials. The quantum dots employed herein may be formed using any appropriate technique. Examples of specific pairs of materials for forming quantum dots include, but are not limited to, MgO, MgS, MgSe, MgTe, CaO, CaS, CaSe, CaTe, SrO, SrS, SrSe, SrTe, BaO, BaS, BaSe, BaTe, ZnO, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, CdO, CdS, CdSe, CdTe, HgO, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, Al2O3, Al2S3, Al2Se3, Al2Te3, Ga2O3, Ga2S3, Ga2Se3, Ga2Te3, In2O3, In2S3, In2Se3, In2Te3, SiO2, GeO2, SnO2, SnS, SnSe, SnTe, PbO, PbO2, PbS, PbSe, PbTe, AlN, AlP, AlAs, AlSb, GaN, GaP, GaAs, GaSb, InN, InP, InAs and InSb.
FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional side view of an illustrative solar cell 20 that is similar to solar cell 10 (FIG. 1). In some cases, a reflective and/or protecting layer 22 may be disposed over the hole conductor layer 18, as shown. The reflective and/or protecting layer 22 may be a conductive layer. In some instances, the reflective and/or protecting layer 22 may include a Pt/Au/C film as both catalyst and conductor, but this is not required. Alternatively, or in addition, a flexible and transparent substrate 24, shown at the lower side (in the illustrated orientation) of FIG. 2, may be an electron conductor such as an n-type electron conductor. The n-type electron conductor may be transparent or at least substantially transparent to at least some wavelengths of light within the visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.
As described above with respect to FIG. 1, solar cell 10 may include a bridge layer 14. In some cases, bridge layer 14 may include a single bifunctional ligand or a large number of bifunctional ligands. A bifunctional ligand may, in some cases, be considered as improving electron transfer by reducing the energy barriers for electron transfer. A bifunctional ligand may provide a conduit so that electrons that are ejected by a quantum dot (e.g., quantum dot layer 12) can travel to and through the electron conductor (e.g., electron conductor layer 16). A bifunctional ligand may, for example, secure the quantum dot relative to the electron conductor and/or any other related structure.
As also indicated above, solar cell 10 may include an electron conductor layer 18. In some cases, electron conductor layer 18 may be an n-type electron conductor. The electron conductor may be metallic and/or semiconducting, such as TiO2 or ZnO. In some cases, the electron conductor may be an electrically conducting polymer such as a polymer that has been doped to be electrically conducting and/or to improve its electrical conductivity.
The bifunctional ligands (e.g., which may be included in bridge layer 14) may include an electron conductor anchor that bonds to the electron conductor as well as a quantum dot anchor that bonds to the quantum dot. In some instances, the electron conductor anchor may include a carboxylic acid moiety. In some instances, the quantum dot anchor may be selected to bond well to a particular quantum dot. To illustrate, Ag2S, CdSe, CdTe and CdS are examples of quantum dots that may be employed in the light sensitive assemblies discussed herein. In some cases, quantum dot anchors that include sulfur may be considered as bonding to these quantum dots.
In some instances, the bifunctional ligand may be a molecule having biological activity, such as an antibiotic. An illustrative but non-limiting example of a suitable bifunctional ligand is oxacillin, which has the structure:
Figure US08373063-20130212-C00001
Another illustrative but non-limiting example of a suitable bifunctional ligand is ampicillin, which has the structure:
Figure US08373063-20130212-C00002
Another illustrative but non-limiting example of a suitable bifunctional ligand is piperacillin, which has the structure:
Figure US08373063-20130212-C00003
Another illustrative but non-limiting example of a suitable bifunctional ligand is azlocillin, which has the structure:
Figure US08373063-20130212-C00004
Another illustrative but non-limiting example of a suitable bifunctional ligand is carbenicillin, which has the structure:
Figure US08373063-20130212-C00005
Another illustrative but non-limiting example of a suitable bifunctional ligand is cloxacillin, which has the structure:
Figure US08373063-20130212-C00006
Another illustrative but non-limiting example of a suitable bifunctional ligand is ticarcillin, which has the structure:
Figure US08373063-20130212-C00007
Another illustrative but non-limiting example of a suitable bifunctional ligand is amoxicillin, which has the structure:
Figure US08373063-20130212-C00008
Another illustrative but non-limiting example of a suitable bifunctional ligand are penicillin G and penicillin V, which have the following structure:
Figure US08373063-20130212-C00009
where R is C6H5—CH2 (penicillin G) or C6H5—O—CH2 (penicillin V).
Another illustrative but non-limiting example of a suitable bifunctional ligand is penicilloic acid, which has the following structure:
Figure US08373063-20130212-C00010
where R is pentyl, hexyl or benzyl.
Another illustrative but non-limiting example of a suitable bifunctional ligand is 6-amino penicillanic acid, which has the following structure:
Figure US08373063-20130212-C00011
Another illustrative but non-limiting example of a suitable bifunctional ligand is methicillin, which has the following structure:
Figure US08373063-20130212-C00012
In some cases, the bifunctional ligand may be a sulfur-containing amino acid. An illustrative but non-limiting example of a suitable bifunctional ligand is cystine, which has the following structure:
Figure US08373063-20130212-C00013
Another illustrative but non-limiting example of a suitable bifunctional ligand is carbocysteine, which has the following structure:
Figure US08373063-20130212-C00014
Another illustrative but non-limiting example of a suitable bifunctional ligand is s-allyl cysteine, which has the following structure:
Figure US08373063-20130212-C00015
Another illustrative but non-limiting example of a suitable bifunctional ligand is acetylcysteine, which has the following structure:
Figure US08373063-20130212-C00016
Another illustrative but non-limiting example of a suitable bifunctional ligand is s-propyl cysteine, which has the following structure:
Figure US08373063-20130212-C00017
Another illustrative but non-limiting example of a suitable bifunctional ligand is s-phenyl cysteine, which has the following structure:
Figure US08373063-20130212-C00018
Another illustrative but non-limiting example of a suitable bifunctional ligand is s-tertbutylcysteine, which has the following structure:
Figure US08373063-20130212-C00019
In some instances, the bifunctional ligand may be a vitamin or a vitamin analogue. An illustrative but non-limiting example of a suitable bifunctional ligand is biotin, which has the following structure:
Figure US08373063-20130212-C00020
Additional illustrative but non-limiting examples of suitable bifunctional ligands are related to biotin. Particular examples include norbiotin and homobiotin. Norbiotin and homobiotin have the following structures, respectively:
Figure US08373063-20130212-C00021
Another illustrative but non-limiting example is actiazic acid, which has the following structure:
Figure US08373063-20130212-C00022
It will be recognized that at least some of the bifunctional ligands described herein may include a chiral carbon, and thus may have one or more stereoisomers. Unless otherwise described, any stereospecific molecules shown should be considered as being illustrative only. It will be appreciated that in some cases, a light sensitive assembly or a solar cell may include a single bifunctional ligand or a large number of bifunctional ligands. In some instances, the bifunctional ligand (if one) or at least some of the bifunctional ligands (if a plurality) may be dextrorotatory molecules. In some cases, the bifunctional ligand (if one) or at least some of the bifunctional ligands (if a plurality) may be levorotatory molecules. In some instances, at least some of a plurality of bifunctional ligands may include a racemic mixture of dextrorotatory molecules and levorotatory molecules.
In some instances, a light sensitive assembly and/or solar cell that includes a large number of bifunctional ligands may include a large number of the same bifunctional ligand, each of which may be dextrorotatory molecules, levorotatory molecules or a racemic mixture thereof. In some cases, a light sensitive assembly or solar cell may include a large number of bifunctional ligands representing a plurality of different bifunctional ligands. Each group or subset of bifunctional ligands, either separately or in combination, may be dextrorotatory, levorotatory or a racemic mixture thereof.
A solar cell may include a hole conductor such as hole conductor layer 18 (FIG. 1) that is configured to reduce the quantum dot once the quantum dot has absorbed a photon and ejected an electron through the bifunctional ligand to the electron conductor. In some instances, the hole conductor may be a conductive polymer, but this is not required. In some cases, the conductive polymer may include a monomer that has an alkyl chain that terminates in a second quantum dot anchor. The conductive polymer may, for example, be or otherwise include a functionalized polythiophene. A second quantum dot anchor such as a thio or thioether moiety may bond to a quantum dot, particularly if the quantum dot is a cadmium-based or silver-based quantum dot.
An illustrative but non-limiting example of a suitable conductive polymer has
Figure US08373063-20130212-C00023
as a repeating unit, where R is absent or alkyl and m is an integer ranging from about 6 to about 12.
The term “alkyl” refers to a straight or branched chain monovalent hydrocarbon radical having a specified number of carbon atoms. Examples of “alkyl” include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, 3-methylpentyl, and the like.
Another illustrative but non-limiting example of a suitable conductive polymer has
Figure US08373063-20130212-C00024
as a repeating unit, where R is absent or alkyl.
Another illustrative but non-limiting example of a suitable conductive polymer has
Figure US08373063-20130212-C00025
as a repeating unit, where R is absent or alkyl.
Another illustrative but non-limiting example of a suitable conductive polymer has
Figure US08373063-20130212-C00026
as a repeating unit, where R is absent or alkyl.
An illustrative process for forming a solar cell may include an initial step of growing titanium dioxide nanoparticles on a glass substrate, optionally followed by sintering the titanium dioxide. Next, the quantum dots may be attached to the p-type conducting polymer layer. Finally, the titanium dioxide layer, the quantum dots attached to the polymer layer and the bifunctional ligands may be joined together in a one-pot synthesis.
The disclosure should not be considered limited to the particular examples described above, but rather should be understood to cover all aspects of the invention as set out in the attached claims. Various modifications, equivalent processes, as well as numerous structures to which the invention can be applicable will be readily apparent to those of skill in the art upon review of the instant specification.

Claims (14)

1. A solar cell, comprising:
an electron conductor layer;
a quantum dot layer including a plurality of quantum dots;
a bridge layer coupled to the electron conductor layer and to the quantum dot layer, the bridge layer comprising a sulfur-containing antibiotic; and
a hole conductor layer coupled to the quantum dot layer.
2. The solar cell of claim 1, wherein the bridge layer includes
Figure US08373063-20130212-C00027
3. The solar cell of claim 1, wherein the bridge layer includes
Figure US08373063-20130212-C00028
4. The solar cell of claim 1, wherein the bridge layer includes
Figure US08373063-20130212-C00029
5. The solar cell of claim 1, wherein the bridge layer includes
Figure US08373063-20130212-C00030
6. The solar cell of claim 1, wherein the bridge layer includes
Figure US08373063-20130212-C00031
7. The solar cell of claim 1, wherein the bridge layer includes
Figure US08373063-20130212-C00032
8. The solar cell of claim 1, wherein the bridge layer includes
Figure US08373063-20130212-C00033
9. The solar cell of claim 1, wherein the bridge layer includes
Figure US08373063-20130212-C00034
10. The solar cell of claim 1, wherein the bridge layer includes
Figure US08373063-20130212-C00035
where R is C6H5—CH2 or C6H5—O—CH2.
11. The solar cell of claim 1, wherein the bridge layer includes
Figure US08373063-20130212-C00036
where R is pentyl, hexyl or benzyl.
12. The solar cell of claim 1, wherein the bridge layer includes
Figure US08373063-20130212-C00037
13. The solar cell of claim 1, wherein the bridge layer includes
Figure US08373063-20130212-C00038
14. The solar cell of claim 1, wherein the hole conductor layer comprises a conductive polymer that includes
Figure US08373063-20130212-C00039
as a repeating unit, where R is absent or alkyl and m is an integer ranging from about 6 to about 12.
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