US9473791B2 - Interpolation of video compression frames - Google Patents
Interpolation of video compression frames Download PDFInfo
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- US9473791B2 US9473791B2 US14/856,691 US201514856691A US9473791B2 US 9473791 B2 US9473791 B2 US 9473791B2 US 201514856691 A US201514856691 A US 201514856691A US 9473791 B2 US9473791 B2 US 9473791B2
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Definitions
- FIG. 19 is a frame sequence showing the case of three P frames P 1 , P 2 , and P 3 , where P 3 uses an interpolated reference with two motion vectors, one for each of P 1 and P 2 .
- the value of the blend factor F can be set overall for a complete encoding, or for each group of pictures (GOP), a range of B frames, each B frame, or each region within a B frame (including, for example, as finely as for each macroblock or, in the case of MPEG-4 direct mode using a P vector in 8 ⁇ 8 mode, even individual 8 ⁇ 8 motion blocks).
- GOP group of pictures
- Video frame pixel values are generally stored in a particular representation that maps the original image information to numeric values. Such a mapping may result in a linear or non-linear representation. For example, luminance values used in compression are non-linear.
- the use of various forms of non-linear representation include logarithmic, exponential (to various powers), and exponential with a black correction (commonly used for video signals).
- FIG. 4 is a flowchart showing an illustrative embodiment of the invention as a method that may be computer implemented:
- Step 402 Further optimize the interpolation value with respect to scene type or coding simplicity.
- an interpolation value may be set: statically (such as 2 ⁇ 3 proportional and 1 ⁇ 3 equal average); proportionally for frames near the equal average, but blended with equal average near the adjacent P (or I) frames; dynamically based upon overall scene characteristics, such as fades and cross dissolves; dynamically (and locally) based on local image region characteristics, such as local contrast and local dynamic range; or dynamically (and locally) based upon coding performance (such as highest coded SNR) and minimum coded bits generated.
- Another useful blend of two P frames is 2 ⁇ 3 of the most recent previous frame, and 1 ⁇ 3 of the least recent previous frame.
- another useful blend is 1 ⁇ 2 of the most recent previous frame, 1 ⁇ 3 of the next most recent previous frame, and 1 ⁇ 6 of the least recent previous frame.
- This flexible coding structure theoretically can be utilized to improve coding efficiency by matching the most effective B and P frame coding types to the moving image frames. While this flexibility has been specifically allowed, it has been explored very little, and no mechanism is known for actually determining the placement of B and P frames in such a flexible structure.
- the appropriate weightings can be signaled to a decoder per image unit.
- a small number of bits can select between a number of interpolation values, as well as selecting the independent interpolation of the AC versus DC aspects of the pixel values.
- Each macroblock for the B frame 1400 would be constructed as a blend from:
- Each such computer program is preferably stored on or downloaded to a storage media or device (e.g., solid state memory or media, or magnetic or optical media) readable by a general or special purpose programmable computer, for configuring and operating the computer when the storage media or device is read by the computer system to perform the procedures described herein.
- a storage media or device e.g., solid state memory or media, or magnetic or optical media
- the inventive system may also be considered to be implemented as a computer-readable storage medium, configured with a computer program, where the storage medium so configured causes a computer system to operate in a specific and predefined manner to perform the functions described herein.
Abstract
Description
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- A video image compression system having a sequence of referenceable frames comprising picture regions, in which at least one picture region of at least one predicted frame is encoded by reference to two or more referenceable frames.
- A video image compression system having a sequence of referenceable frames comprising picture regions, in which at least one picture region of at least one predicted frame is encoded by reference to one or more referenceable frames in display order, where at least one such referenceable frame is not the previous referenceable frame nearest in display order to the at least one predicted frame.
- A video image compression system having a sequence of referenceable frames comprising macroblocks, in which at least one macroblock within at least one predicted frame is encoded by interpolation from two or more referenceable frames.
- A video image compression system having a sequence of referenceable and bidirectional predicted frames comprising picture regions, in which at least one picture region of at least one bidirectional predicted frame is encoded to include more than two motion vectors, each such motion vector referencing a corresponding picture region in at least one referenceable frame.
- A video image compression system having a sequence of referenceable frames comprising picture regions, in which at least one picture region of at least one predicted frame is encoded to include at least two motion vectors, each such motion vector referencing a corresponding picture region in a referenceable frame, where each such picture region of such at least one predicted frame is encoded by interpolation from two or more referenceable frames.
- A video image compression system having a sequence of referenceable and bidirectional predicted frames comprising picture regions, in which at least one picture region of at least one bidirectional predicted frame is encoded as an unequal weighting of selected picture regions from two or more referenceable frames.
- A video image compression system having a sequence of referenceable and bidirectional predicted frames comprising picture regions, in which at least one picture region of at least one bidirectional predicted frame is encoded by interpolation from two or more referenceable frames, where at least one of the two or more referenceable frames is spaced from the bidirectional predicted frame by at least one intervening referenceable frame in display order, and where such at least one picture region is encoded as an unequal weighting of selected picture regions of such at least two or more referenceable frames.
- A video image compression system having a sequence of referenceable and bidirectional predicted frames comprising picture regions, in which at least one picture region of at least one bidirectional predicted frame is encoded by interpolation from two or more referenceable frames, where at least one of the two or more referenceable frames is spaced from the bidirectional predicted frame by at least one intervening subsequent referenceable frame in display order.
- A video image compression system having a sequence of referenceable and bidirectional predicted frames comprising picture regions, in which at least one picture region of at least one bidirectional predicted frame is encoded as an unequal weighting from selected picture regions of two or more referenceable frames.
- A video image compression system having a sequence of predicted and bidirectional predicted frames each comprising pixel values arranged in macroblocks, wherein at least one macroblock within a bidirectional predicted frame is determined using direct mode prediction based on motion vectors from two or more predicted frames.
- A video image compression system having a sequence of referenceable and bidirectional predicted frames each comprising pixel values arranged in macroblocks, wherein at least one macroblock within a bidirectional predicted frame is determined using direct mode prediction based on motion vectors from one or more predicted frames in display order, wherein at least one of such one or more predicted frames is previous in display order to the bidirectional predicted frame.
- A video image compression system having a sequence of referenceable and bidirectional predicted frames each comprising pixel values arranged in macroblocks, wherein at least one macroblock within a bidirectional predicted frame is determined using direct mode prediction based on motion vectors from one or more predicted frames, wherein at least one of such one or more predicted frames is subsequent in display order to the bidirectional predicted frame and spaced from the bidirectional predicted frame by at least one intervening referenceable frame.
- A video image compression system having a sequence of frames comprising a plurality of picture regions having a DC value, each such picture region comprising pixels each having an AC pixel value, wherein at least one of the DC value and the AC pixel values of at least one picture region of at least one frame are determined as a weighted interpolation of corresponding respective DC values and AC pixel values from at least one other frame.
- A video image compression system having a sequence of referenceable frames comprising a plurality of picture regions having a DC value, each such picture region comprising pixels each having an AC pixel value, in which at least one of the DC value and AC pixel values of at least one picture region of at least one predicted frame are interpolated from corresponding respective DC values and AC pixel values of two or more referenceable frames.
- Improving the image quality of a sequence of two or more bidirectional predicted intermediate frames in a video image compression system, each frame comprising a plurality picture regions having a DC value, each such picture region comprising pixels each having an AC pixel value, including at least one of the following: determining the AC pixel values of each picture region of a bidirectional predicted intermediate frame as a first weighted proportion of corresponding AC pixel values in referenceable frames bracketing the sequence of bidirectionally predicted intermediate frames; and determining the DC value of each picture region of such bidirectional predicted intermediate frame as a second weighted proportion of corresponding DC values in referenceable frames bracketing the sequence of bidirectional predicted intermediate frames. A video image compression system having a sequence of frames comprising a plurality of pixels having an initial representation, in which the pixels of at least one frame are interpolated from corresponding pixels of at least two other frames, wherein such corresponding pixels of the at least two other frames are interpolated while transformed to a different representation, and the resulting interpolated pixels are transformed back to the initial representation.
- In a video image compression system having a sequence of referenceable and bidirectional predicted frames, dynamically determining a code pattern of such frames having a variable number of bidirectional predicted frames, including: selecting an initial sequence beginning with a referenceable frame, having at least one immediately subsequent bidirectional predicted frame, and ending in a referenceable frame; adding a referenceable frame to the end of the initial sequence to create a test sequence; evaluating the test sequence against a selected evaluation criteria; for each satisfactory step of evaluating the test sequence, inserting a bidirectional frame before the added referenceable frame and repeating the step of evaluating; and if evaluating the test sequence is unsatisfactory, then accepting the prior test sequence as a current code pattern.
- A video image compression system having a sequence of referenceable frames spaced by at least one bidirectional predicted frames, wherein the number of such bidirectional predicted frames varies in such sequence, and wherein at least one picture region of at least one such bidirectional predicted frame is determined using an unequal weighting of pixel values corresponding to at least two referenceable frames.
- A video image compression system having a sequence of frames encoded by a coder for decoding by a decoder, wherein at least one picture region of at least one frame is based on weighted interpolations of two or more other frames, such weighted interpolations being based on at least one set of weights available to the coder and a decoder, wherein a designation for a selected one of such at least one set of weights is communicated to a decoder from the coder to select one or more currently active weights.
- A video image compression system having a sequence of frames encoded by a coder for decoding by a decoder, wherein at least one picture region of at least one frame is based on weighted interpolations of two or more other frames, such weighted interpolations being based on at least one set of weights, wherein at least one set of weights is downloaded to a decoder and thereafter a designation for a selected one of such at least one set of weights is communicated to a decoder from the coder to select one or more currently active weights.
- A video image compression system having a sequence of referenceable frames encoded by a coder for decoding by a decoder, wherein predicted frames in the sequence of referenceable frames are transmitted by the encoder to the decoder in a delivery order that differs from the display order of such predicted frames after decoding.
- A video image compression system having a sequence of referenceable frames comprising pixels arranged in picture regions, in which at least one picture region of at least one predicted frame is encoded by reference to two or more referenceable frames, wherein each such picture region is determined using an unequal weighting of pixel values corresponding to such two or more referenceable frames.
- A video image compression system having a sequence of predicted, bidirectional predicted, and intra frames each comprising picture regions, wherein at least one filter selected from the set of sharpening and softening filters is applied to at least one picture region of a predicted or bidirectional predicted frame during motion vector compensated prediction of such predicted or bidirectional predicted frame.
Weight=F·(FrameDistanceProportionalWeight)+(1−F)·(EqualAverageWeight)
The useful range of the blend factor F is from 1, indicating purely proportional interpolation, to 0, indicating purely equal average (the reverse assignment of values may also be used).
-
- corresponding pixels of frame P2 displaced by the frame scale fraction ⅓ of mv1 (where the pixels may then be multiplied by some proportional weight i) plus corresponding pixels of frame P3 displaced by the frame scale fraction −⅔ of mv1 (where the pixels may then be multiplied by some proportional weight j); and
- corresponding pixels of frame P1 displaced by the frame scale fraction ⅔ (4/6) of mv2 (where the pixels may then be multiplied by some proportional weight k) plus corresponding pixels of frame P3 displaced by the frame scale fraction −⅓ (− 2/6) of mv2 (where the pixels may then be multiplied by some proportional weight 1).
-
- corresponding pixels of frame P3 displaced by the frame scale fraction −5/3 of mv1 (where the pixels may then be multiplied by some proportional weight i) plus corresponding pixels of frame P2 displaced by the frame scale fraction −⅔ of mv1 (where the pixels may then be multiplied by some proportional weight j);
- corresponding pixels of frame P3 displaced by the frame scale fraction −⅚ of mv2 (where the pixels may then be multiplied by some proportional weight k) plus corresponding pixels of frame P1 displaced by the frame scale fraction ⅙ of mv2 (where the pixels may then be multiplied by some proportional weight 1); and
- corresponding pixels of frame P2 displaced by the frame scale fraction −⅔ of mv3 (where the pixels may then be multiplied by some proportional weight m) plus corresponding pixels of frame P1 displaced by the frame scale fraction ⅓ of mv3 (where the pixels may then be multiplied by some proportional weight n).
-
- corresponding pixels of frame P3 displaced by the frame scale fraction ⅓ of mv1 (where the pixels may then be multiplied by some proportional weight i) plus corresponding pixels of frame P2 displaced by the
frame scale fraction 4/3 of mv1 (where the pixels may then be multiplied by some proportional weight j); and - corresponding pixels of frame P3 displaced by the frame scale fraction ⅙ of mv2 (where the pixels may then be multiplied by some proportional weight k) plus corresponding pixels of frame P1 displaced by the frame scale fraction 7/6 of mv2 (where the pixels may then be multiplied by some proportional weight 1).
- corresponding pixels of frame P3 displaced by the frame scale fraction ⅓ of mv1 (where the pixels may then be multiplied by some proportional weight i) plus corresponding pixels of frame P2 displaced by the
P3=P1+2×(P2−P1)=(2×P2)−P1
P4=P1+3×(P2−P1)=(3×P2)−(2×P1) (weights 3.0 and −2.0)
P4=P1+3/2×(P3−P1)=(3/2×P3)−(½×P1) (weights 1.5 and −0.5)
P4=P2+2×(P3−P2)=(2×P3)−P2 (weights 2.0 and −1.0)
½(2P3−P2)+¼(3/2P3−½P1)+¼(3P2−2P1)=1⅜P3+¼P2−⅝P1 (weights 1.375, 0.25, and −0.625)
Claims (7)
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US13/859,373 US8767829B2 (en) | 2001-07-11 | 2013-04-09 | Switch-select single frame reference |
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US12/986,228 Expired - Fee Related US8139640B2 (en) | 2001-07-11 | 2011-01-07 | Interpolation of video compression frames |
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US13/272,356 Expired - Lifetime US8325809B2 (en) | 2001-07-11 | 2011-10-13 | Interpolation of video compression frames |
US13/272,313 Expired - Lifetime US8213507B2 (en) | 2001-07-11 | 2011-10-13 | Interpolation of video compression frames |
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US13/272,360 Expired - Fee Related US8139638B2 (en) | 2001-07-11 | 2011-10-13 | Interpolation of video compression frames |
US13/272,323 Expired - Lifetime US8149912B2 (en) | 2001-07-11 | 2011-10-13 | Interpolation of video compression frames |
US13/289,032 Expired - Lifetime US8144774B2 (en) | 2001-07-11 | 2011-11-04 | Interpolation of video compression frames |
US13/367,636 Expired - Lifetime US8290043B2 (en) | 2001-07-11 | 2012-02-07 | Interpolation of video compression frames |
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US17/061,916 Abandoned US20210021864A1 (en) | 2001-07-11 | 2020-10-02 | Interpolation of video compression frames |
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2014
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2015
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2016
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2017
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2019
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