US9614608B2 - Antenna beam management and gateway design for broadband access using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) platforms - Google Patents
Antenna beam management and gateway design for broadband access using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) platforms Download PDFInfo
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- US9614608B2 US9614608B2 US14/486,916 US201414486916A US9614608B2 US 9614608 B2 US9614608 B2 US 9614608B2 US 201414486916 A US201414486916 A US 201414486916A US 9614608 B2 US9614608 B2 US 9614608B2
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
- H04B7/14—Relay systems
- H04B7/15—Active relay systems
- H04B7/185—Space-based or airborne stations; Stations for satellite systems
- H04B7/18502—Airborne stations
- H04B7/18504—Aircraft used as relay or high altitude atmospheric platform
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
- H01Q1/27—Adaptation for use in or on movable bodies
- H01Q1/28—Adaptation for use in or on aircraft, missiles, satellites, or balloons
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q25/00—Antennas or antenna systems providing at least two radiating patterns
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
- H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
- H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
- H04B7/06—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station
- H04B7/0613—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission
- H04B7/0615—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of weighted versions of same signal
- H04B7/0617—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of weighted versions of same signal for beam forming
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
- H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
- H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
- H04B7/06—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station
- H04B7/0686—Hybrid systems, i.e. switching and simultaneous transmission
- H04B7/0695—Hybrid systems, i.e. switching and simultaneous transmission using beam selection
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
- H04B7/14—Relay systems
- H04B7/15—Active relay systems
- H04B7/204—Multiple access
- H04B7/2041—Spot beam multiple access
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W16/00—Network planning, e.g. coverage or traffic planning tools; Network deployment, e.g. resource partitioning or cells structures
- H04W16/24—Cell structures
- H04W16/28—Cell structures using beam steering
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W40/00—Communication routing or communication path finding
- H04W40/02—Communication route or path selection, e.g. power-based or shortest path routing
- H04W40/04—Communication route or path selection, e.g. power-based or shortest path routing based on wireless node resources
- H04W40/06—Communication route or path selection, e.g. power-based or shortest path routing based on wireless node resources based on characteristics of available antennas
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W84/00—Network topologies
- H04W84/02—Hierarchically pre-organised networks, e.g. paging networks, cellular networks, WLAN [Wireless Local Area Network] or WLL [Wireless Local Loop]
- H04W84/04—Large scale networks; Deep hierarchical networks
- H04W84/06—Airborne or Satellite Networks
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W88/00—Devices specially adapted for wireless communication networks, e.g. terminals, base stations or access point devices
- H04W88/16—Gateway arrangements
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02D—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES [ICT], I.E. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AIMING AT THE REDUCTION OF THEIR OWN ENERGY USE
- Y02D30/00—Reducing energy consumption in communication networks
- Y02D30/70—Reducing energy consumption in communication networks in wireless communication networks
Definitions
- the present disclosure describes, among other things, systems and methods for creating beams from an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) toward user terminals and gateways on the ground.
- UAV unmanned aerial vehicle
- Another aspect of the disclosure includes systems and methods for switching the UAV beams toward the user terminals and gateways as the UAV moves in its orbit.
- Still another aspect of the disclosure describes systems and methods for routing traffic from user terminals to the internet via multiple gateways.
- Satellite capacity has not been adequately provided in poor regions of the world is the relatively high cost of satellite systems. Due to adverse atmospheric effects in satellite orbits, satellite hardware must be space qualified and is costly. Launch vehicles to put the satellites in orbit are also costly. Moreover, due to the launch risk and the high cost of satellites, there may be significant insurance costs for the satellite and the launch. Therefore, broadband satellite systems and services are relatively costly and difficult to justify, particularly in poorer regions of the world. It is also costly to deploy terrestrial systems such as fiber or microwave links in lightly populated regions. The small density of subscribers does not justify the deployment cost.
- the present disclosure describes, inter alia, systems and methods for creating beams from an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) toward user terminals and gateways on the ground.
- UAV unmanned aerial vehicle
- a system for providing broadband access using unmanned aerial vehicles includes a first antenna system includes multiple first antenna sub-apertures, where each first antenna sub-aperture is configured to form at least one first beam toward one or more user terminals; a second antenna system includes multiple second antenna sub-apertures, where each second antenna sub-aperture is configured to form at least one second beam toward one or more gateways of a set of ground gateways configured to provide connectivity to a core network; a first set of radio transceivers and modems configured to transmit and receive a plurality of first signals to/from the one or more user terminals; a second set of radio transceivers and modems configured to transmit and receive a plurality of second signals to/from the one or more gateways; and a router/processor sub-system configured to route packets between the one or more user terminals and the one or more gateways and to manage the at least one first and at least one second beams.
- UAVs unmanned aerial vehicles
- the multiple second antenna sub-apertures include K antenna elements, each spaced at substantially a half wavelength apart from an adjacent antenna element.
- Each of the second antenna sub-apertures are configured to form M beams via one or more appropriate phases of the K antenna elements, and the router/processor sub-system selects one of the M beams based on a determined signal quality.
- the router/processor sub-system is configured to: measure at least two signal to interference plus noise ratios (SINRs) from a received signal on a primary beam associated with a primary gateway and at least one other candidate beam; compare the at least two SINRs associated with the primary beam and the at least one other candidate beam; and determine when the primary beam should be switched to the at least one other candidate beam based at least in part on the comparison.
- SINRs signal to interference plus noise ratios
- the router/processor sub-system is configured to: execute a UAV beam switch request configured to cause at least one user terminal to be switched to a different beam.
- the router/processor sub-system is configured to: determine a minimum transmit power to achieve a target signal quality for a given beam; and adjust a power amplifier associated with the given beam to achieve the minimum transmit power.
- the target signal quality is indicative of a rain fade condition and the adjustment of the power amplifier includes increasing the transmit power in order to compensate for the rain fade condition.
- the router/processor sub-system is configured to: measure at least two signal to interference plus noise ratios (SINRs) from a received signal on a primary beam and at least one other neighbor beam; compare the at least two SINRs associated with the primary beam and the at least one other neighbor beam; and determine when the primary beam should be switched to a neighbor beam based at least in part on the comparison; and execute the beam switch from the primary beam to the neighbor beam.
- SINRs signal to interference plus noise ratios
- the router/processor sub-system is configured to: measure at least two signal to interference plus noise ratios (SINRs) from a received signal on a primary beam associated with a primary gateway and at least one inactive beam; compare the at least two SINRs associated with the primary beam and the at least one inactive beam; and determine when the primary beam should be switched to the at least one inactive beam based at least in part on the comparison.
- SINRs signal to interference plus noise ratios
- an antenna fixture for providing broadband access using UAVs.
- the antenna fixture includes a multi-faceted antenna structure having a plurality of apertures, each of the apertures further including a plurality of sub-apertures. Each sub-aperture is responsible for forming at least one beam.
- the multi-faceted antenna structure includes apertures that are placed at an angle with respect to a given aperture; the apertures that are placed at an angle are further configured to provide coverage to a location at the edge of a coverage area for the antenna fixture.
- the multi-faceted antenna structure is further configured to form at least one beam toward one or more gateways of a set of ground gateways that are configured to provide connectivity to a core network.
- the formed at least one beam originates from one of the apertures that are placed at an angle with respect to the given aperture.
- a system for providing broadband access includes a plurality of gateways, each of the gateways being coupled to a core network; one or more user terminals; and an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV).
- the UAV includes a first antenna system configured to form at least one first beam towards the one or more user terminals; a second antenna system configured to form at least one second beam toward the one or more gateways; a first set of radio transceivers and modems configured to transmit and receive a first plurality of signals to/from the one or more user terminals; a second set of radio transceivers and modems configured to transmit and receive a second plurality of signals to/from the one or more gateways; and a router/processor sub-system configured to route packets between the one or more user terminals and at least one of the plurality of gateways and to manage the at least one first and at least one second beams.
- the system collectively comprises a beam network, the beam network having a frequency reuse of at least three such that a given beam is assigned a given frequency such that adjacently located beams to the given beam do not share the given frequency.
- the frequency reuse reduces interference between adjacent beams thereby increasing a signal to noise plus interference ratio (SINR) and an achieved data rate.
- SINR signal to noise plus interference ratio
- the gateways include a first gateway disposed at a first location of a UAV coverage area and a second gateway disposed at a second location of the UAV coverage area, the first and second locations being disposed at opposite ends of the UAV coverage area thereby providing gateway diversity for the system.
- the second gateway provides connectivity for the UAV to the core network when the first gateway is blocked from providing connectivity to the UAV during UAV maneuvering.
- the router/processor sub-system of the UAV is configured to: measure at least two signal to interference plus noise ratios (SINRs) from a received signal on a primary beam associated with a primary gateway and at least one other candidate beam; compare the at least two SINRs associated with the primary beam and the at least one other candidate beam; and determine when the primary beam should be switched to the at least one other candidate beam based at least in part on the comparison.
- SINRs signal to interference plus noise ratios
- the at least one other candidate beam comprises an inactive beam.
- the UAV further includes a power management subsystem that is configured to manage power consumption for the UAV based at least in part on measured atmospheric conditions.
- systems and methods for routing traffic from user terminals to the internet via multiple gateways are disclosed.
- a seventh aspect systems and methods for terminal antenna and gateway antenna beam steering towards a UAV are disclosed.
- systems and methods for providing a phased array approach to UAV beam forming are disclosed.
- FIG. 1.1 is a graphical depiction of one exemplary beam network design configured to serve user terminals.
- FIG. 1.2 is a graphical depiction of one exemplary beam network design configured to connect to gateways.
- FIG. 2.1 is a graphical depiction of one exemplary unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) antenna fixture for forming beams to user terminals and gateways.
- UAV unmanned aerial vehicle
- FIG. 2.2 is a graphical depiction of one exemplary unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) antenna sub-aperture for forming beams to user terminals and gateways.
- UAV unmanned aerial vehicle
- FIG. 3 is a high level representation of one exemplary hardware architecture of one exemplary unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), useful in conjunction with the various aspects described herein.
- UAV unmanned aerial vehicle
- FIG. 4 is a high level block diagram of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), routing data traffic to a core network via multiple gateways.
- UAV unmanned aerial vehicle
- FIG. 5 is a logical representation of exemplary electronic beam forming circuitry.
- the term “unmanned aerial vehicle” and “UAV” are used interchangeably and refer to any type of aerial vehicle that is intended to operate without an onboard human pilot.
- these unmanned aerial vehicles or UAVs include, without limitation, drones, robocopters, balloons, blimps, airships, etc.
- These UAVs may include propulsion systems, fuel systems, and onboard navigational and control systems.
- the UAV includes a fixed wing fuselage in combination with a propulsion means (e.g., a propeller, jet propulsion, etc.).
- the UAV comprises a so-called robocopter, propelled by, for example, one or more rotors.
- the UAV may carry fuel onboard or may function using alternative energy sources that do not necessarily need to be carried onboard such as, for example, solar energy.
- an unmanned aerial vehicle provides broadband access to user terminals in an area of radius as large as 300 km.
- UAV unmanned aerial vehicle
- two (2) different UAV antenna systems are needed: (i) a first antenna system to provide coverage to user terminals which are referred to generally herein as “UAV user terminal antenna systems”, and (ii) a second antenna system to provide coverage to gateways which are referred to generally herein as “UAV gateway antenna systems”.
- the gateways may be located farther from the UAV coverage area compared to the user terminals because the wireline connectivity to the gateway may not be available close to the UAV.
- FIG. 1.1 illustrates one possible beam network design configured to serve user terminals.
- the beam network 100 has a frequency reuse of three (3) among the beams, i.e. the available spectrum is divided into three bands of F 1 , F 2 , and F 3 and each beam is assigned one of the three frequency bands in such as a way that no two adjacent beams use the same frequency.
- the dashed circles 110 depict the beams that cover each hexagonal area 120 .
- the hexagons 120 are shown to help visualize the contiguous coverage area, however the actual beam footprints overlap (as shown by the dashed circles).
- the three dashed circle types correspond to the three frequency bands. Frequency reuse reduces interference from adjacent beams and helps increase signal to noise plus interference ratio (SINR) and the achieved data rate.
- SINR signal to noise plus interference ratio
- While the illustrated embodiment depicts a beam network that comprises thirty seven (37) beams arranged according to a frequency reuse factor of three (3), artisans of ordinary skill will readily appreciate that a different number of beams and/or frequency reuse factors may be used to suit a variety of other network considerations (e.g., cost, coverage, network complexity, etc.). For example, such a choice in the number of beams and/or frequency reuse factors may be chosen so as to reduce the level of interference from adjacent beams while helping to increase SNIR and the achieved data rate.
- the network of beams should be designed so that the beams cover a wider area than the anticipated coverage area (e.g., where the user terminals are).
- the reason for the wider coverage area is that as the UAV rolls, the beams formed on the ground as shown in FIG. 1.1 will move on the ground. Therefore, the beams must cover a wider area so that as the beams move due to UAV roll/turn, the desired average area of user terminals will still be covered by beams.
- active beam steering such as e.g., phased arrays, the UAV adjusts the beams so the beams stay fixed on the same location (“footprint”) on the ground despite the movement of UAV.
- the beams will move with respect to any user terminals within the coverage area due to UAV movements (such as roll and turn).
- UAV movements such as roll and turn.
- the approach to handle beam movements is to switch the user terminal from one beam to another as the beams move.
- the hardware architecture 300 for UAV communications payload to handle this beam switching is shown in FIG. 3 .
- the communications payload is an apparatus which comprises antenna sub-apertures 302 , 314 configured to form beams toward gateways and user terminals, modems 306 configured to demodulate/modulate signals from/to user terminals, modems 310 configured to demodulate/modulate signals from/to gateways, a set of radio transceivers and power amplifiers 312 , 304 that are configured to connect to the UAV gateway, and user terminal antenna sub-apertures 314 , 302 .
- a processor/router subsystem 308 is configured to, inter alia, provide the requisite broadband access between the user terminals and the gateways.
- the user terminal radio sub-system is configured to demodulate and decode signals from the beam(s) to which the user terminal has been assigned (i.e., as used herein, the so-called “primary beam” or “primary set”).
- the beam(s) that are adjacent to the user terminal's primary beam are referred to as the “neighbor set beams” or “neighbor set” for the user terminal.
- the user terminal's radio sub-system will periodically tune to the frequency channels of the neighbor set beams and measure one or more signal to interference plus noise ratios (SINRs) corresponding to the preamble signals that the UAV communications payload has transmitted on those beams. In one embodiment, this periodic tuning will occur at regular (i.e., fixed) intervals.
- SINRs signal to interference plus noise ratios
- this tuning may occur at dynamic intervals (periodically or aperiodically).
- the frequency of time between periods of measurement for the neighbor set SINR(s) may increase as a function of signal quality.
- the periodic tuning may occur more frequently in anticipation of a possible switch from the primary beam set to a different beam.
- the interval of periodic tuning may be adjusted as a function of UAV motion (e.g., as a result of the roll and pitch motions of the UAV).
- the user terminal may also search one or more preambles of the neighbor set beams when the SINR of its primary set falls below a threshold. If the user terminal radio sub-system detects a beam in the neighbor set whose SINR (or other signal quality metric), is within a certain threshold of that of the user terminal's primary beam, then the user terminal may request that the UAV communications payload switch the user terminal to a different beam. In other cases, where the user terminal radio sub-system detects a beam in the neighbor set whose SINR (or other signal quality metric) is acceptable and where the user terminal's primary beam is unacceptable, then the user terminal may request that the UAV communications payload switch the user terminal to a different beam.
- FIG. 3 depicts all signaling from user terminals being received at the user terminal modems and processed by the router/processor sub-system 308 ; however, it is appreciated that various other configurations may be substituted with equal success by ones of ordinary skill in the related arts, the depicted embodiment being merely illustrative.
- the gateways may be as far as 300 km away from the center of the UAV's coverage area.
- exemplary UAV may be stationary or moving (e.g., according to a circular pattern, clover pattern, etc.) around the center of coverage.
- the UAV may go through roll and pitch motions which could result in obstructing the view of any antennas installed under the UAV. For example, if a gateway is placed far from the UAV such that the elevation angle from the gateway toward the UAV is lower than the angle that the UAV will roll, then the UAV antenna may be blocked with respect to the specified gateway during the roll.
- the elevation angle from a user terminal/gateway to the UAV is defined to be the angle between the line tangent to earth from the location of the user terminal/gateway and the line connecting the user terminal/gateway to the UAV position.
- a second gateway 140 such as for example that shown in FIG. 1.2 , which is far enough from the first gateway 130 that it would be visible during the UAV roll while the first gateway is blocked. Even though the UAV loses coverage to one gateway, the other gateway will be in the coverage of UAV antenna and can provide connectivity to the UAV.
- gateway blockage due to distance and UAV movement e.g., banking
- gateway diversity may also be used to mitigate rain fade.
- FIG. 1.2 shows an exemplary implementation of a beam network 100 configured to provide coverage to gateways 130 , 140 .
- FIG. 1.2 provides for up to N beams from the UAV toward gateway positions; however, as shown, only beams N and N/2 are transmitting, whereas the other beams (e.g., 1, 2, N/2+1, N ⁇ 1, etc.) are not.
- the central circle 150 in the middle represents the coverage to user terminals (which was also illustrated in FIG. 1.1 ).
- the number of UAV beams needed to connect to gateways depends, in an exemplary implementation, on the frequency band used and the antenna gain needed. For example, a UAV may add more beams where there is significant interference, or alternatively reduce beams where there is very little traffic, etc.
- the UAV gateway beam management system switches the UAV gateway beam serving the gateway from one beam to another.
- the UAV communication system considers one or more of a number of factors when determining to switch to another beam (e.g., signal strength, network considerations, geographic location, etc.).
- FIG. 3 shows a high level hardware block diagram of the UAV beam switching scheme.
- the UAV communication modems 310 compare the SINR received from each gateway on all UAV gateway beams (both active and inactive beams); when an inactive beam has a received SINR that meets one or more prescribed criteria (e.g., is within a threshold of the active transmitting beam), then the UAV communication system may switch the transmitting beam to the new beam.
- the criterion/criteria may be statically set or dynamically modified so as to optimize operation. For example, a threshold which is small may result in pre-emptive switching (and/or unnecessary “chum”), whereas a threshold which is large may provide slower switching which could degrade performance.
- multiple UAV gateway beams may be transmitting simultaneously.
- two gateways 130 , 140 i.e., gateways A and B
- the UAV gateway beams that are transmitting toward the two gateways are not neighboring beams, and therefore do not cause interference to each other.
- FIG. 1.2 reduces gateway beam interference through intelligent management of the spatial locations of the gateways, it is appreciated that other measures to prevent interference may be used.
- gateway beams may be on different frequencies, use different time slots, and/or spreading codes, etc.
- the UAV comprises one or more UAV user terminal antenna systems and one or more UAV gateway antenna systems.
- the user terminal antenna system is configured to communicate with one or more user terminals whereas the gateway antenna systems are configured to communicate with one or more gateways.
- FIG. 2.1 shows an exemplary implementation of a UAV antenna fixture 200 configured to serve user terminals.
- the multi-faceted antenna structure has multiple apertures 202 to cover a wide range of angles. Additionally, this antenna has multiple apertures which are designed to be conformal and aerodynamic.
- the antenna fixture 200 of FIG. 2.1 has seven (7) apertures/face. Each aperture covers a corresponding area (which may or may not overlap with other apertures). Each aperture comprises one or more smaller sub-apertures 204 shown as rectangles. Each sub-aperture element 204 creates one beam.
- the antenna fixture 200 is designed such that it is flat in the middle and tapers down toward the surface of the UAV at an inclination angle so that the antenna sub-apertures placed on the antenna fixture provide coverage to different areas.
- the antenna may be installed under the UAV however it is appreciated that other implementations may place antennas at other locations so as to accommodate other uses.
- the aperture 202 in the center covers locations closest to the UAV.
- Apertures 1 through 6 provide coverage to locations at the edge of the coverage.
- Antenna apertures 1 through 6 are placed at an angle with respect to aperture 7 in order to cover farther distances.
- apertures 1 through 7 each comprise antenna sub-apertures and each of these sub-apertures creates a different beam on the ground.
- the antenna fixture of FIG. 2.1 would need thirty-seven (37) sub-apertures each creating one beam, distributed among the seven (7) different faces, such that the sub-apertures generate the desired coverage area.
- the gateway may be placed much farther from the center of coverage area than the user terminals, therefore in one exemplary embodiment, the UAV antenna fixture serving the gateways would typically need to point its beams at lower elevation angles toward the gateway.
- the shape of the antenna fixture for gateways is the same as that of the UAV user terminal antenna fixture 200 (shown in FIG. 2.1 ); however, in order to provide the aforementioned lower elevation angles toward the gateway, the UAV antenna fixture for the gateway will need N sub-apertures placed around the circumference of the fixture tilted down with respect to the chord of the wing to cover father distances from the UAV where the gateways may be.
- the N sub-apertures provide 360° of coverage in azimuth, directed at substantially a 45° angle of elevation.
- the UAV gateway antenna system may be required to support a significant coverage area.
- the gateways may be anywhere between 5° to 50° of elevation with respect to the UAV.
- the sub-aperture beams must cover an elevation angle range of 45° (i.e., 50°-5°), but the typical beamwidth of each antenna sub-aperture is only 12°.
- the UAV gateway antenna system includes four (4) beams each of beamwidth 12° to cover a radial angular region of 45°.
- the exemplary antenna fixture design (similar to that of FIG.
- the antenna subsystem creates four (4) fixed beams using beam forming techniques with the sub-aperture antenna unit.
- the beam forming can be performed in only one direction along the radial axis.
- the four (4) beams can be fixed beams and the UAV communications payload will choose one of the four (4) fixed beams for communications.
- the sub-aperture comprises antenna elements 252 spaced by a half wavelength along the length of the sub-aperture as shown in FIG. 2.2 where K antenna elements are shown.
- the K antennas elements 252 of the sub-aperture 250 shown in FIG. 2.2 may be phased using four (4) different set of K phases applied to the K elements. Each set of K phases will create a different beam pointing to one of four (4) different possible beam positions spaced at, in one exemplary embodiment, 12° spacings.
- the software in the modem sub-system of the UAV communications payload will choose one of the four (4) possible beams and instruct the sub-aperture circuitry to turn the corresponding beam on by using the appropriate set of eight (8) phases from among the four (4) sets.
- the power amplifier (PA) power of the UAV gateway and user terminals transmitters are, in an exemplary configuration) configured to compensate for rain/atmospheric fade.
- weather conditions will be provided to the UAV via weather data transmissions from the gateway(s).
- the weather conditions may be determined by the UAV itself.
- rain fade conditions may also be determined by the UAV based on direct signal measurement, however alternative implementations may consider information from other sources.
- the UAV can include a pulse-Doppler radar subsystem (not shown) that provides information regarding rain/atmospheric fade to the processor/routing subsystem ( 308 . FIG. 3 ) in order for the PA of the UAV gateway and user terminal transmitters to control power to individual ones of the transmitted beams.
- the PA power can be reduced by as much as 10 dB or more depending on the frequency band.
- the UAV communications payload system incorporates dynamic power control based on measured received SINR, other quality measurements, and/or other network considerations. For instance, under clear sky conditions the UAV can be expected to have an optimal SINR based on calibration and measurements. As SINR is reduced due to e.g., rain fade, then the communications payload system will increase the transmit power toward the user terminals or gateways that are experiencing rain fade. Typically, only part of the UAV's coverage area may be impacted by rain fade.
- the UAV can selectively increase power on the specific UAV user terminal beams that are in rain conditions to optimize its total power consumption without adversely affecting coverage.
- the average power usage of the UAV communications payload will be significantly less than the peak power usage (i.e., only where all beams are in rain fade will the UAV require its peak consumption).
- FIG. 3 shows the high level hardware block diagram of an exemplary configuration of a radio system 300 that communicates with the gateways and manages beam formation (e.g., switching beams toward gateways, etc.).
- beam formation e.g., switching beams toward gateways, etc.
- all of the receivers that are attached to the N UAV gateway antenna sub-apertures are on and monitoring received signals.
- the UAV gateway modems can receive signals on their respective beams to measure a signal quality metric such as SINR.
- the modems send the measured SINRs to the processor unit subsystem 308 .
- the processor subsystem 308 will compare the measured SINRs from different sub-apertures/beams and will, based on relative SINR values, determine if the primary UAV gateway beam should be switched to a different UAV gateway beam/antenna sub-aperture (or the “candidate beam”).
- UAV primary gateway beam refers without limitation to the UAV gateway beam/antenna sub-aperture providing coverage to a gateway.
- the processor configures the modems corresponding to the two beams (both the candidate beam, as well as the primary beam) to execute a switch, and informs the gateway as to the beam switching event, the new beam, and the time the beam will be switched.
- the processor/router sub-system 308 can resume normal operation. As shown in FIG. 3 , the processor/router sub-system 308 can route packets received from the modems 306 serving the user terminal beams to the modem 310 that is connected to the new UAV primary gateway beam.
- the user terminal antenna steers its beam to track the movement of the UAV. Since a UAV may have a variety of different movement patterns, the beam steering should provide elevation angle as well as azimuth angle with respect to the UAV (i.e. in at least two axes).
- user terminals may use electronic beam forming in both elevation and azimuth axes, electronic beam steering in one axis and mechanical steering in the other axis, or mechanical beam steering in both axes.
- Various beam steering systems are associated with different cost considerations. For example, since the rate at which the user terminals must steer their beams may be rather low, mechanical beam steering may be feasible with a small motor. Other implementations which require faster steering, may be based on electrical beam forming, etc.
- beam steering may be done as a combination of multiple techniques.
- a user terminal or gateway modem measures SINR, or some other signal quality measure, using, for example, the preambles preceding packets.
- An antenna steering mechanism makes small perturbations to the antenna beam position and measures SINR from these preambles.
- the beam steering algorithm chooses the best beam position from among the measured positions.
- the beam perturbation and adjustment process continuously adjusts the beam position.
- Other information such as GPS based position of the UAV, the heading of the UAV, and/or the UAV's roll/pitch measured using gyroscope/accelerometer, will be periodically sent to the user terminal and gateways and may also assist in steering the antenna beams.
- the antenna fixture 200 of FIG. 2.1 requires one sub-aperture 204 per beam, and creates a fixed beam forming system where the beams are not actively steered.
- the main advantage of fixed beam forming scheme is its simplicity from a hardware and software perspective.
- FIG. 5 the baseband circuitry 500 for forming M beams toward M different terminals is illustrated.
- the baseband circuitry of FIG. 5 uses a phased array approach to dynamically form multiple beams toward M different terminals. Signals to be transmitted to the M different terminals each may come from a different modem. N antenna elements are used to form beams toward M terminals.
- the beam toward the terminal labeled j is formed by multiplying the signal destined to user j by N coefficient C j1 , . . . C jN , and sending results to the N antenna elements.
- the coefficients C j1 , . . . C jN determine the shape of the beam that is formed toward the j-th terminal.
- the coefficients that are sent to each antenna element corresponding to different terminals are summed, up-converted, amplified, and applied to the corresponding antenna element as shown in FIG. 5 .
- Other methods for implementing a phased array approach would be readily understood by one of ordinary skill, given the contents of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 4 shows a block diagram of the system 400 that routes traffic from the UAV (via the communications payload 402 ) to the gateway(s) 404 and vice versa.
- the network comprises a number of gateways 404 that communicate with the UAV Communications Payload (UCP).
- the gateways are connected via a wireline or microwave backhaul to a Core Network Element (CNE) 406 .
- the CNE is a router that connects the UAV network with the rest of the internet 408 .
- the CNE has a pool of IP addresses (typically an IP subnet) from which it can allocate IP addresses for individual user terminals.
- the CNE routes all data traffic to and from the UAV network and the internet.
- the signal quality of the UAV radio links to the gateways will change due to UAV roll and movements and/or due to rain fade, atmospheric effects, etc.
- the network deployment is configured so as to ensure that at least one gateway will be in radio contact with the UAV at all times.
- the gateways maintain IP tunnels with the CNE and also periodically notifies the CNE of the quality of their link with the UAV.
- Data arriving from a user terminal at the UCP 402 will be distributed across all the gateways 404 associated with the user's coverage.
- the gateways in turn send the IP packets on to the CNE 406 via the backhaul and IP tunnels.
- the CNE uses multi-path routing techniques to distribute the IP packets across the different gateways.
- the multi-path IP routing will take into account signal strength of each gateway corresponding to a respective UAV and accordingly distribute the data so as to ensure delivery.
Abstract
Description
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Also Published As
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AP2017009741A0 (en) | 2017-02-28 |
CN106537178A (en) | 2017-03-22 |
US20160013858A1 (en) | 2016-01-14 |
WO2016011077A1 (en) | 2016-01-21 |
WO2016011077A9 (en) | 2017-02-02 |
US20170207847A1 (en) | 2017-07-20 |
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