US9696180B2 - Portable power quality analyzer with networking capabilities - Google Patents
Portable power quality analyzer with networking capabilities Download PDFInfo
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- US9696180B2 US9696180B2 US12/197,341 US19734108A US9696180B2 US 9696180 B2 US9696180 B2 US 9696180B2 US 19734108 A US19734108 A US 19734108A US 9696180 B2 US9696180 B2 US 9696180B2
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- power quality
- quality analyzer
- portable power
- network
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01D—MEASURING NOT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR A SPECIFIC VARIABLE; ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEASURING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES NOT COVERED IN A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS; TARIFF METERING APPARATUS; MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01D4/00—Tariff metering apparatus
- G01D4/002—Remote reading of utility meters
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R19/00—Arrangements for measuring currents or voltages or for indicating presence or sign thereof
- G01R19/25—Arrangements for measuring currents or voltages or for indicating presence or sign thereof using digital measurement techniques
- G01R19/2513—Arrangements for monitoring electric power systems, e.g. power lines or loads; Logging
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G06Q50/00—Systems or methods specially adapted for specific business sectors, e.g. utilities or tourism
- G06Q50/06—Electricity, gas or water supply
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02B90/20—Smart grids as enabling technology in buildings sector
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- Y02B90/241—
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- Y02B90/243—
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y04—INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
- Y04S—SYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS
- Y04S20/00—Management or operation of end-user stationary applications or the last stages of power distribution; Controlling, monitoring or operating thereof
- Y04S20/30—Smart metering, e.g. specially adapted for remote reading
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- Y04S20/32—
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- Y04S20/325—
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates generally to the field of intelligent electronic devices for electrical utility services and, more specifically, to digital power quality analyzers for the electrical utility services.
- IEDs intelligent electronic devices
- digital electric power quality analyzers electronic-controlled Remote Terminal Units (RTUs)
- RTUs Remote Terminal Units
- protective relays fault recorders, and the like.
- IEDs In operation, conventional IEDs provide a broad nomenclature of monitoring functions. However, there is still a need for IEDs capable of monitoring power quality parameters and, in operation, being wirelessly connectible to communication networks. Therefore, further improvements in the IEDs would be desirable.
- IED intelligent electronic device
- a power quality analyzer configured for monitoring waveforms of voltages and currents of electrical services and wirelessly receiving/transmitting information over communication networks using at least one wireless communication protocol.
- the IED may be configured as a terminal or a server of a network, such as a Wi-Fi network, cellular network, Intranet, LAN, WAN, or the Internet.
- a portable power quality analyzer measures and records power usage and quality in, for example, remote or temporary locations making it ideal for load surveys, monitoring transformer banks and indoor and outdoor electrical monitoring.
- a portable power quality analyzer provides a portable enclosure having a field openable upper cover for gaining access to internal components, the portable enclosure including at least one voltage connection and at least one current connection accessible from an outer surface of the portable enclosure; an input module coupled to the at least one voltage and current connections configured for monitoring waveforms of voltages and currents of electrical services; a processing module configured for processing the waveforms and determining power quality events; a user interface module disposed internal to the portable enclosure and accessible when the upper cover is open; and a communication module configured for transmitting/receiving information to/from the portable power quality analyzer using at least one wireless communication protocol.
- the portable power quality analyzer includes a wound flat coil antenna disposed on the upper cover and coupled to the communication module.
- a power monitoring system includes a plurality of portable power quality analyzers communicating over an ad hoc network; a base unit for coupling the ad hoc network to another second network; each of the portable power quality analyzers including a portable enclosure having a field openable upper cover for gaining access to internal components, the portable enclosure including at least one voltage connection and at least one current connection accessible from an outer surface of the portable enclosure; an input module coupled to the at least one voltage and current connections configured for monitoring waveforms of voltages and currents of electrical services; a processing module configured for processing the waveforms and (determining power quality events; a user interface module disposed internal to the portable enclosure and accessible when the upper cover is open; a communication module configured for transmitting/receiving information to/from the portable power quality analyzer using at least one wireless communication protocol; and a signal strength indicator for determining the signal strength of the wirelesses connection between each portable power quality analyzer and the base unit, wherein the power quality analyzer with
- FIG. 1 depicts a schematic diagram of an exemplary IED, e.g., power quality analyzer, in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 2 is a high-level block diagram of an input module of the power quality analyzer of FIG. 1 .
- FIG. 3 is a high-level block diagram of a processing module of the power quality analyzer of FIG. 1 .
- FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram illustrating connectivity and networking features of the power quality analyzer of FIG. 1 in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram illustrating connectivity and networking features of the power quality analyzer of FIG. 1 in accordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 6 is a timing diagram illustrating techniques for waveform sampling used in the power quality analyzer of FIG. 1 .
- FIG. 7 is a timing diagram illustrating techniques for averaging data points used in the power quality analyzer of FIG. 1 .
- FIG. 8 is a timing diagram illustrating techniques for displaying data used in the power quality analyzer of FIG. 1 .
- FIG. 9 is a flow chart illustrating a method of operating the power quality analyzer of FIG. 1 .
- FIG. 10 is a perspective view of a portable power quality analyzer in accordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure.
- particular method steps of the discussed methods are performed in the depicted order. In alternate embodiments, in the respective methods, at least two method steps or portions thereof may be performed contemporaneously, in parallel, or in a different order.
- processor or “controller” should not be construed to refer exclusively to hardware capable of executing software, and may implicitly include, without limitation, digital signal processor (“DSP”) hardware, read only memory (“ROM”) for storing software, random access memory (“RAM”), and nonvolatile storage.
- DSP digital signal processor
- ROM read only memory
- RAM random access memory
- any switches shown in the figures are conceptual only. Their function may be carried out through the operation of program logic, through dedicated logic, through the interaction of program control and dedicated logic, or even manually, the particular technique being selectable by the implementer as more specifically understood from the context.
- IEDs intelligent electronic devices
- power quality analyzers such as power quality analyzers, including portable and accuracy certifiable power quality analyzers.
- power quality analyzers is broadly used herein in reference to IEDs adapted to record, measure, and communicate at least some of parameters of waveforms of voltages and currents of a respective electrical service, including their harmonics, transients, ripples, and other disturbances.
- portable is used in reference to the power quality analyzers to denote transportability of such IEDs and ability thereof for momentarily, temporary, and permanent connectivity to respective electrical services and communication networks.
- IEDs Programmable Logic Controllers
- RTUs Remote Terminal Units
- protective relays fault recorders
- meters meters
- exemplary is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any configuration or design described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other configurations or designs.
- the phrase “coupled with” is defined to mean directly connected to or indirectly connected with through one or more intermediate components. Such intermediate components may include both hardware and software based components.
- FIG. 1 depicts a schematic diagram illustrating an exemplary power quality analyzer (referred to hereafter as “PQ analyzer”) 100 .
- the PQ analyzer 100 generally comprises an input module 110 , a processing module 120 , an optional user interface unit 130 , a communications module 140 , and a power supply 150 .
- the PQ analyzer 100 determines power quality parameters of electrical services 101 .
- the power supply 150 of the PQ analyzer 100 may be coupled to the power lines of the electrical services 101 or, alternatively, to an independent source of power.
- the PQ analyzer 100 is operable to monitor, calculate, and analyze at least some of voltage/current fault signatures, voltage surges and sags, voltage flickers, neutral-to-ground voltage fluctuations, voltage/current harmonics and interharmonics, voltage/current total harmonic distortion (THD), voltage/current transient events and sub-cycle transient events, i.e., power quality events. It is to be appreciated that this listing of power quality events is not exhaustive and other types of events and/or disturbances may be classified as power quality events.
- the PQ analyzer 100 also will determine real power, reactive power, total power, and power factors, among other parameters of particular electrical services 101 . In alternate embodiment, additionally or alternatively, the PQ analyzer 100 may also be configured to determine line/phase voltages and currents or root mean square (RMS) values thereof, as well as calculate energy or revenue.
- RMS root mean square
- the PQ analyzer 100 performs automatic accuracy calibrations and temperature compensations and may be programmed (i.e., configured) for time stamping of collected data, accumulating the data during pre-scheduled time intervals and/or per an event-triggered schedule, reporting the data with pre-scheduled periodicity, as well as for storing, displaying, and transmitting pre-event and post-event portions of waveforms of monitored voltages and currents of the electrical services 101 .
- power lines of the electrical services 101 illustratively include phase lines A, B, and C and a neutral line N, which are coupled to the PQ analyzer 100 using voltage interface 112 and current interface 114 .
- the electrical services 101 may have custom wiring configurations, for example, single-phase, dual-phase, Wye, Delta, or multi-phase wiring configurations, as well as include DC electrical services.
- the electrical services 101 may include pluralities of sub-sets of phase lines and/or subsets including phase and neutral lines.
- at least a portion of the power lines may be represented by voltage/current wiring pairs forming the interfaces 112 , 114 .
- the input module 110 comprises a voltage input terminal 202 , a current input terminal 204 , sensing circuits 210 including voltage dividers 212 and current sensors 214 , an optional multi-channel gain control unit 220 including voltage ( 222 ) and current ( 224 ) gain control circuits (GCCs), and a digitizing unit 230 .
- sensing circuits 210 including voltage dividers 212 and current sensors 214
- an optional multi-channel gain control unit 220 including voltage ( 222 ) and current ( 224 ) gain control circuits (GCCs)
- GCCs gain control circuits
- the input module 110 is coupled to the voltage and current interfaces 112 and 114 of the electrical service 101 .
- the voltage inputs 112 and the current inputs 114 are selectively connected to voltage dividers 306 and current sensors 308 , respectively.
- Output signals of the voltage dividers 212 and current sensors 214 are selectively provided to inputs of the voltage GCC 222 and current GCCs 224 optimizing gain factors of the output signals.
- the digitizing unit 230 waveforms of the gain-optimized analog output signals of the voltage dividers 212 and current sensors 214 are digitized using analog-to-digital converters (ADCs).
- ADCs analog-to-digital converters
- the digitizing unit 230 comprises a voltage digitizing module 240 and a current digitizing module 250 .
- the modules 240 , 250 include blocks of ADCs selectively used in Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analysis (ADCs 244 , 252 ) and waveform analysis (ADCs 244 , 254 ) of the monitored voltages (ADCs 242 , 244 ) and currents (ADCs 252 , 254 ) of the electrical services 101 .
- FFT Fast Fourier Transform
- each of these blocks of ADCs includes dedicated devices selectively performing, in real time, digitizing of particular voltage and current waveforms.
- the digitized voltage/current waveforms are transferred, via serial or parallel interface 206 (for example, Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)), to the processing module 120 .
- serial or parallel interface 206 for example, Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)
- a sampling rate of the ADCs 242 and 252 is in range from about 12 to 36 KHz, which corresponds to about 200-600 data points per a cycle of a voltage/current waveform at the AC frequency of 60 Hz.
- the sampling rate of the ADCs 242 and 252 is about 26 KHz, and a sampling rate of the ADCs 244 and 254 is up to 10 MHz.
- Such a high sampling rate of the ADCs 244 and 254 allows performing in the PQ analyzer 100 extensive high-resolution data processing and analysis of transients in the monitored voltages and currents.
- the processing module 120 comprises a central processor 310 having an internal memory 312 , a memory module 320 , an input module controller 330 , a communications controller 340 , a user interface controller 350 , a real time clock 360 , a power backup 370 , and support circuits 380 .
- the memory 320 illustratively includes a RAM 322 , a flash memory 324 , and an EEPROM 326 .
- Non-volatile portions of the memory 320 contain codes of programs and software modules that, together, support various functions of the PQ analyzer 100 . Such functions generally include execution of various power quality related measurements and calculations and facilitation of user interface and wireless/wired connectivity of the PQ analyzer 100 .
- the memory 320 contains code of a program that configures the PQ analyzer 100 to operate as a terminal or a server of a Wi-Fi network, a cellular network, an Intranet, a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), or the Internet.
- the user interface unit 130 generally includes a front panel display 132 (e.g., liquid crystal display (LCD) or plasma display), indicators 134 (e.g., LED indicators), and user controls 136 .
- the user controls 136 may include pushbuttons that allow to select particular data for being shown on the display 132 , select/modify configuration settings of the PQ analyzer 100 , or review status messages generated by the PQ analyzer.
- the user interface unit 130 includes a touch-screen display 132 , which may be used to review and/or modify configuration settings of the PQ analyzer 100 . Alternatively or additionally, such operations may be performed via the communication module 140 or using the user controls 136 .
- the communications module 140 comprises a Wi-Fi transceiver 141 , an optional Short Massaging Service (SMS) transceiver 143 , and optional network communication device 142 , input/output (I/O) card(s) 144 , infra-red (IR) transceiver 146 , and wireless communication device 148 , and a transmit/receive antenna 149 selectively coupled to the transceivers 141 , 143 and communication device 148 .
- SMS Short Massaging Service
- I/O input/output
- IR infra-red
- a format of incoming portions of the information comprises a field for a pre-defined address of the PQ analyzer 100 , a field for an address of a sending party, and a field for a command.
- a format of outgoing portions of the information comprises a field for an address of an intended receiving party, a field for an address of the PQ analyzer 100 , and a field for outgoing data. Both the incoming and outgoing portions of the information may be password-protected or encrypted.
- the PQ analyzer 100 can transmit and receive information formatted using one or more standard data protocols.
- the communication module 140 may be configured to transmit/receive information using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTML), the File Transfer Protocol (FTP), or the Extensive Markup Language (XML) Protocol, as well as perform real-time conversions between these protocols.
- HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol
- FTP File Transfer Protocol
- XML Extensive Markup Language
- the outgoing information generally comprises present or historic raw or systemized data, alarms, text/symbolic messages, charts, and bar graphs.
- examples of the incoming information may include PQ analyzer's configuration settings, requests for data or status information, and the like.
- the PQ analyzer 100 may produce information in a form of web pages allowing access to particular portions of the data or configuration settings of the PQ analyzer. Both the incoming and outgoing information may be in a form of email messages.
- configuration settings and procedures executed by the PQ analyzer 100 are wirelessly upgradeable via the WI-Fi transceiver 141 , SMS transceiver 141 , and/or wireless communication device 148 .
- the Wi-Fi transceiver 141 provides the PQ analyzer 100 with wireless transmission and reception capabilities commonly referred to as Wi-Fi, or IEEE 802.11.X connectivity, wherein X denotes a version of the communication standard IEEE 802.11.
- the PQ analyzer 100 can be communicatively connected to a local Wi-Fi base unit 410 .
- the Wi-Fi base unit 410 may be connected to a network 420 (for example, Intranet, LAN, or WAN) using a wired interface 402 (Wi-Fi base unit 410 A) or a wireless interface 404 (Wi-Fi base unit 410 B).
- the network 420 is communicatively coupled to the Internet 430 .
- the PQ analyzer 100 is accessible by users 440 , such as service/line personnel of utility companies providing electric services 101 or owners of loads which voltages and currents are monitored using the PQ analyzer 100 .
- the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol may be used to assign Internet addresses to the PQ analyzer 100 .
- the users 440 may also access the PQ analyzer 100 via the network 420 (shown, in phantom, with a link 406 ) or directly via the I/O card(s) 144 and/or the IR transceiver 146 (shown, in phantom, with a link 408 ).
- the PQ analyzer 100 may simultaneously exchange information (e.g., data, alarms, etc.) with a plurality of the users thereof using communication protocols and formats discussed above in reference to the communication module 140 and, in particular, using e-mail formats.
- a plurality of PQ analyzers 100 are employed to create an ad hoc network for power monitoring.
- one of the plurality of PQ analyzers 100 is configured as a server to collect data from the other PQ analyzers 100 and to serve this collected information over a different network, e.g., the Internet.
- the ad hoc network is self-configuring and each PQ analyzers 100 will include a wireless connection signal strength indictor.
- the plurality of PQ analyzers 100 will communication with each other and determine which PQ analyzer 100 has the highest signal strength to a base unit, e.g., WFI base unit 410 B, and will select the PQ analyzer 100 with the highest signal strength as the server.
- the remaining PQ analyzers 100 will be terminals or client of the ad hoc network. This will ensure reliability of the network so if a PQ analyzer 100 will low signal strength continuously “falls off” the network only that terminal or client will be lost and not the whole network as in the case where the PQ analyzer 100 with the lowest signal strength is the server.
- the ad hoc network of PQ analyzers 100 will be beneficial for temporarily setting up a network in a facility to determine locations and causes of power quality events and disturbances.
- the SMS transceiver 143 provides the PQ analyzer 100 with wireless connectivity via regional cellular networks.
- the SMS transceiver 143 typically, due to size limitations of SMS transmissions, in incoming/outgoing SMS messages at least a portion of commands and data is presented in pre-defined coded formats, and different such formats may be used in communications with particular users of the PQ analyzer 100 .
- the PQ analyzer 100 is communicatively connected to a base station(s) 510 of a regional cellular network.
- the base stations 510 may be connected to the network 420 via wireless and/or wired interfaces 502 , 504 .
- the PQ analyzer 100 is assigned a cellular phone number and, via the respective base station 510 , is communicatively accessible by user of cellular phones 520 .
- the PQ analyzer 100 may selectively transmit/receive information (e.g., data or alarms) to/from users of particular cellular phones 520 , for example, to/from traveling users 440 (discussed above in reference to FIG. 4 ).
- the wireless communication device 148 may include BluetoothTM connectivity, satellite connectivity, as well as interfaces to wireless systems employing spread-spectrum techniques, ZigBee systems (i.e., systems compliant with the IEEE 802.15.4 standard for wireless personal area networks wireless (WPANs)), or mesh-enabled communication systems.
- BluetoothTM connectivity satellite connectivity
- wireless systems employing spread-spectrum techniques
- ZigBee systems i.e., systems compliant with the IEEE 802.15.4 standard for wireless personal area networks wireless (WPANs)
- mesh-enabled communication systems i.e., systems compliant with the IEEE 802.15.4 standard for wireless personal area networks wireless (WPANs)
- the network communication device 142 provides connectivity between the PQ analyzer 100 and wired networks (for example, via a hardware/software modem or network interface card (NIC)) and, structurally, includes one or more specialized cards or modules.
- the network communication device 142 supports the TCP/IP and 10/100Base-T Ethernet communication protocols and, optionally, at least one of the Modbus, Modbus/TCP, Distributed Network Protocol (DNP) (e.g., DNP 3.0), RS-485, and RS-232 communication protocols.
- DNP Distributed Network Protocol
- the network communication device 142 may be used for operations otherwise performed in the PQ analyzer 100 using the Wi-Fi transceiver 141 or SMS transceiver 143 .
- the I/O cards 144 selectively provide to remote users of the PQ analyzer 100 industry-standard 0-1 mA interface, 4-20 mA current loop interface, and digital ON/OFF input/output contacts, and the IR I/O transceiver 146 supports optical communications with IR-enabled devices, such as Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), laptops, and the like.
- PDAs Personal Digital Assistants
- the network communication device 142 and the I/O cards 144 , 146 are generally coupled to the processing module 120 using serial interfaces, for example, DNP, Modbus, Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI), RS-232, or RS-485 interfaces.
- the PQ analyzer 100 may be configured to include up to two of the same or different I/O cards (i.e., printed circuit boards (PCBs)) 144 .
- the physical connections may include, but not limited to, cabling (e.g., parallel or serial cables, including RS-232, RS-485, USB, and Firewire (IEEE-1394) Ethernet, Fiber Optic, or Fiber Optic over Ethernet cables, and appropriate port configurations.
- FIG. 6 depicts a timing diagram 600 illustrating techniques for waveform sampling used in the PQ analyzer 100 .
- the input module 110 detects moments of time (x-axis 604 ) when polarity of a waveform 601 (y-axis 602 ) changes from negative to positive (i.e., when the rising waveform 601 crosses the x-axis 604 ) and produces a zero-crossing signal. Such moments are referred to as zero-crossing points and are denoted as T 0 . A leading edge of the zero-crossing signal (not shown) coincides, in each cycle of the waveform 601 , with the moments T 0 .
- the ADCs are synchronized with the zero-crossing signal and generate data points 612 with periodicity determined be their respective sampling rates (as depicted, at moments T 0 -T 11 ).
- the zero-crossing points may correspond to moments T 6 , in which polarity of the waveform 601 changes from positive to negative.
- FIG. 7 is timing diagram 700 illustrating techniques for averaging data points used in the PQ analyzer 100 .
- the timing diagram 700 depicts a waveform 710 of voltage (or current) (y-axis 702 ) as a function of time (x-axis 704 ).
- the waveform is shown as a band having noise-defined boundaries 710 A and 710 B . At any moment of time, a measured value is disposed in the respective portion of such a band.
- data points 716 A - 716 D are measured at exemplary moments t A -t D corresponding to the same phase angles in their respective AC cycles, and their numerical values are randomly disposed in a range 712 , which is defined by the boundaries 710 A and 710 B .
- pluralities of data points corresponding, in the respective AC cycles, to the same phase angles thereof are selectively measured and identified.
- Such data points are disposed, on the x-axis 704 , at the same distances from the corresponding zero-crossing points 706 , which are defined as discussed above in reference to FIG. 6 .
- data points 716 A - 716 D correspond to the same phase angle and are disposed, in their respective AC cycles, at the same distances 714 away from the zero-crossing points 706 .
- Values Q of the data points 716 A - 716 D are averaged for a pre-determined number m of cycles of the waveform 710 , wherein m>1 (for example, four data points 716 A - 716 D are averaged) or during a pre-determined time interval 740 . Then, averaged values of the data points 716 A - 716 D are used in the calculations performed in the processing module 120 . In operation, averaging of consecutive data points corresponding to the same phase angles allows to suppress analog noise in the measurements of the monitored voltages and currents approximately by a factor of ⁇ (Q 1 ) 2 +(Q 2 ) 2 + . . . +(Q m ) 2 ⁇ 1/2 .
- FIG. 8 is a timing diagram illustrating techniques for displaying data used in the PQ analyzer 100 .
- the timing diagram 800 depicts a plurality of data points 810 , 820 , and 830 depicting a value (y-axis 802 ) of an arbitrary parameter G as a function of time (x-axis 804 ).
- this condition is met at data points denoted using reference numerals 801 and 803 .
- This technique allows filtering digital noise associated with the measurements and calculations of the displayed parameters G.
- a periodicity of calculating a consecutive value of the weighted average F 2 may be substantially greater then a refreshing rate of the display 132 .
- FIG. 9 depicts a high-level flow diagram of a method 900 for operating the PQ analyzer 100 in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure.
- monitored voltages and supply currents of the electrical service 101 are sensed using the voltage dividers 212 and currents sensors 214 of the input module 110 .
- gain factors of the voltage dividers and currents sensors are selectively adjusted and, at step 930 , gain-adjusted waveforms of the monitored voltages and currents are digitized using the ADCs of the digitizing module 230 .
- the PQ analyzer 100 analyzes waveforms of the monitored voltages and currents, and, using the processing module 120 , performs calculations of power quality parameters thereof.
- the results of these calculations are displayed on the front panel display 132 and, using component devices of the communications module 140 (for example, Wi-Fi transceiver 141 ), are transmitted to the respective addressee(s) of the PQ analyzer 100 .
- Outgoing data transmissions may be performed on demand or with pre-determined periodicity, whereas alarms/incoming messages may be communicated during execution of any step of the method 900 .
- the PQ analyzer is disposed in a portable enclosure.
- the PQ analyzer 1000 is constructed in a watertight enclosure 1002 , e.g., a rugged carrying case, for housing the various components described above.
- the enclosure 1002 is watertight and outdoor rated (e.g., a NEMA 4 rated enclosure) and includes watertight input terminations for the voltage interface 112 and current interface 114 . This enables the portable PQ analyzer 1000 to be used in harsh environments or outside the incoming utility feed to a building.
- the enclosure 1002 includes a handle 1004 for carrying the PQ analyzer 1000 from monitoring site to monitoring site.
- the user interface unit 130 is a touch screen graphical display, e.g., an LCD touch screen display.
- the touch screen display will enable a user to enter information such as setup parameters, calibration factors, limits, etc.
- the touch screen display allows real-time data to be displayed at the portable PQ analyzer 1000 easily and immediately without having to download the data to a computer or connecting the PQ analyzer 1000 to a computer.
- the touch screen display will also display various data recorded and calculated by the portable PQ analyzer 1000 such as voltage and current waveforms, harmonics, alarms, phasor diagrams, trending, etc.
- the PQ analyzer 1000 does include a RS232 download port 1005 for downloading and remote viewing of, for example, historical logs and other large volumes of data.
- the portable PQ analyzer 1000 may be powered using two different methods, e.g., field powered and plug powered.
- the first method allows the PQ analyzer 1000 to be powered from a voltage line connection using two phase inputs via the voltage interface 112 .
- the second method utilizes a wall plug for remotely powering the PQ analyzer 1000 .
- the PQ analyzer 1000 includes a 120/220 volt plug receptacle 1006 for powering the PQ analyzer 1000 with a wall plug.
- Switch 1008 enables a user to select the power mode, e.g., line power connection or plug power connection.
- the portable PQ analyzer 1000 will have a watertight connection for coupling the transmit/receive antenna 149 to the PQ analyzer 1000 when the enclosure or case 1002 is closed.
- the antenna will be a wound, flat coil 1011 disposed on an upper cover 1009 of the case. In this manner, the antenna can be relatively long to increase its ability to pick-up wireless connection signals.
- the antenna 1011 is wound to be disposed substantially over the entire surface area of the cover 1109 .
- the case 1002 can be closed while operational ensuring the contents of the enclosure or case 1002 are protected from the environment conditions.
Abstract
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US13/209,896 Active US8599036B2 (en) | 2004-10-20 | 2011-08-15 | On-line web accessed energy meter |
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US20060082468A1 (en) | 2006-04-20 |
US7304586B2 (en) | 2007-12-04 |
US20080088476A1 (en) | 2008-04-17 |
US8599036B2 (en) | 2013-12-03 |
US11754418B2 (en) | 2023-09-12 |
US20140085103A1 (en) | 2014-03-27 |
US7999696B2 (en) | 2011-08-16 |
US20110299418A1 (en) | 2011-12-08 |
US10641618B2 (en) | 2020-05-05 |
US20080312851A1 (en) | 2008-12-18 |
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