USRE42407E1 - Distributed optical structures with improved diffraction efficiency and/or improved optical coupling - Google Patents
Distributed optical structures with improved diffraction efficiency and/or improved optical coupling Download PDFInfo
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- USRE42407E1 USRE42407E1 US12/408,039 US40803909A USRE42407E US RE42407 E1 USRE42407 E1 US RE42407E1 US 40803909 A US40803909 A US 40803909A US RE42407 E USRE42407 E US RE42407E
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
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- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
- G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
- G02B6/12007—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind forming wavelength selective elements, e.g. multiplexer, demultiplexer
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- G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
- G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
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- G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
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- G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
- G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
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Definitions
- the field of the present invention relates to optical devices incorporating distributed optical structures.
- methods and apparatus for improving efficiency and/or improved spatial mode matching are disclosed herein.
- An optical apparatus comprises a planar optical waveguide having at least one set of diffractive elements.
- the planar optical waveguide substantially confines in at least one transverse spatial dimension optical signals propagating therein.
- Each diffractive element set routes, between corresponding input and output optical ports, a corresponding diffracted portion of an input optical signal propagating in the planar waveguide that is diffracted by the diffractive element set.
- the input optical signal is successively incident on the diffractive elements.
- the optical signals propagate in the planar waveguide in corresponding diffractive-region optical transverse modes in regions of the planar waveguide where the diffractive elements are present, and in corresponding non-diffractive-region optical transverse modes in regions of the planar waveguide where the diffractive elements are absent.
- the diffractive element set is adapted so as to yield an operationally acceptable level of either or both of i) optical coupling between corresponding diffractive-region and non-diffractive-region optical transverse modes, and ii) diffraction efficiency of the diffractive element set.
- the adaptation of the diffractive element set may include one or more of the following.
- the diffractive elements may have sufficiently large transverse extent in the confined dimension so as to substantially suppress optical coupling between diffractive-region optical modes and non-confined optical modes (thereby increasing efficiency).
- the diffractive elements may be positioned in the confined dimension so as to spatially overlap the diffracting-region optical mode at or near a spatial maximum of the amplitude thereof (thereby increasing efficiency).
- the diffractive elements may have sufficiently large refractive index and sufficiently large transverse extent in the confined dimension so as to yield diffractive-region optical modes that substantially spatially overlap the diffractive elements (thereby increasing efficiency).
- a planar waveguide core in a non-diffracting region of the planar waveguide may be offset in the confined dimension relative to a planar waveguide core in a diffracting region of the planar waveguide (thereby improving mode-matching).
- a planar waveguide core in the non-diffracting region may differ in transverse extent, in the confined dimension, from a planar waveguide core in a diffracting region of the planar waveguide (thereby improving mode-matching).
- a planar waveguide core in the non-diffracting region may have a refractive index higher than a refractive index of a planar waveguide core in the diffracting region and lower than a refractive index of the diffractive elements (thereby improving mode-matching).
- the planar waveguide may include a transition region of the planar waveguide between the diffracting region and the non-diffracting region wherein: a less-than-unity fill factor for the diffractive elements increases from the non-diffracting region toward the diffracting region; number density of the diffractive elements increases from the non-diffracting region toward the diffracting region; transverse extent in the confined dimension of the diffractive elements increases from the non-diffracting region toward the diffracting region; longitudinal extent of the diffractive elements increases from the non-diffracting region toward the diffracting region; and/or refractive index of the diffractive elements increases from the non-diffracting region to the diffracting region (any one or more of these variations thereby improving mode-matching).
- These adaptations may be implemented alone or in any combination in a particular planar waveguide.
- FIGS. 1A-1D are schematic longitudinal sections of planar waveguides.
- FIGS. 2A-2B show the corresponding transverse mode profiles for the waveguides of FIGS. 1A-1D .
- FIGS. 3A-3D are schematic longitudinal sections of planar waveguides.
- FIG. 4 shows the corresponding transverse mode profiles for the waveguides of FIGS. 1 D and 3 A- 3 B.
- FIGS. 5A-5C are schematic longitudinal sections of planar waveguides.
- FIGS. 6A-6B show the corresponding transverse mode profiles for the waveguides of FIGS. 5A-5C .
- FIG. 7 illustrates schematically a fabrication sequence for a planar waveguide.
- FIG. 8 is a schematic longitudinal section of a planar waveguide.
- FIG. 9 is a schematic longitudinal section of a planar waveguide.
- FIG. 10 is a schematic longitudinal section of a planar waveguide.
- FIG. 11 is a schematic longitudinal section of a planar waveguide.
- FIG. 12 is a schematic longitudinal section of a planar waveguide.
- FIG. 13 is a schematic top view of a planar waveguide.
- FIG. 14 is a schematic longitudinal section of a planar waveguide.
- An optical apparatus comprises a planar optical waveguide having at least one set of diffractive elements.
- the planar optical waveguide substantially confines in at least one transverse dimension optical signals propagating therein, and is generally formed on or from a substantially planar substrate of some sort.
- the confined optical signals typically propagate as transverse optical modes supported or guided by the waveguide. These optical modes are particular solutions of the electromagnetic field equations in the space occupied by the waveguide.
- the planar waveguide may comprise a slab waveguide (substantially confining in one transverse dimension an optical signal propagating in two dimensions therein), or may comprise a channel waveguide (substantially confining in two transverse dimension an optical signal propagating in one dimension therein). It should be noted that the term “planar waveguide” is not used consistently in the literature; for the purposes of the present disclosure and/or appended claims, the term “planar waveguide” is intended to encompass both slab and channel waveguides.
- the planar waveguide typically comprises a core surrounded by lower-index cladding (often referred to as upper and lower cladding, or first and second cladding; these may or may not comprise the same materials).
- the core is fabricated using one or more dielectric materials substantially transparent over a desired operating wavelength range.
- one or both claddings may be vacuum, air, or other ambient atmosphere. More typically, one or both claddings comprise layers of dielectric material(s), with the cladding refractive indices n 1 and n 2 typically being smaller than the core refractive index n core .
- a planar waveguide may support one or more transverse modes, depending on the dimensions and refractive indices of the core and cladding.
- a wide range of material types may be employed for fabricating a planar waveguide, including but not limited to glasses, polymers, plastics, semiconductors, combinations thereof, and/or functional equivalents thereof.
- the planar waveguide may be secured to a substrate, for facilitating manufacture, for mechanical support, and/or for other reasons.
- a planar waveguide typically supports or guides one or more optical modes characterized by their respective amplitude variations along the confined dimension.
- the set of diffractive elements of the planar optical waveguide may also be referred to as: a set of holographic elements; a volume hologram; a distributed reflective element, distributed reflector, or distributed Bragg reflector (DBR); a Bragg reflective grating (BRG); a holographic Bragg reflector (HBR); a directional photonic-bandgap structure; a mode-selective photonic crystal; or other equivalent terms of art.
- DBR distributed reflective element, distributed reflector, or distributed Bragg reflector
- BRG Bragg reflective grating
- HBR holographic Bragg reflector
- Each diffractive element of the set diffracts reflects, scatters, or otherwise redirects a portion of an incident optical signal (said process hereinafter simply referred to as diffraction).
- Each diffractive element of the set typically comprises some suitable alteration of the planar waveguide (ridge, groove, index modulation, density modulation, and so on), and is spatially defined by a virtual one- or two-dimensional curvilinear diffractive element contour, the curvilinear shape of the contour typically being configured to impart desired spatial characteristics onto the diffracted portion of the optical signal.
- Implementation of a diffractive element with respect to its virtual contour may be achieved in a variety of ways, including those disclosed in the references cited hereinabove.
- Each curvilinear diffractive element is shaped to direct its diffracted portion of the optical signal to an output optical port.
- the relative spatial arrangement e.g.
- optical ports may be defined structurally (for example, by an aperture, waveguide, fiber, lens, or other optical component) and/or functionally (i.e., by a spatial location, convergence/divergence/collimation, and/or propagation direction).
- optical ports may be defined structurally (for example, by an aperture, waveguide, fiber, lens, or other optical component) and/or functionally (i.e., by a spatial location, convergence/divergence/collimation, and/or propagation direction).
- a single-mode planar waveguide such a set of diffractive elements may be arranged to yield an arbitrary spectral/temporal transfer function (in terms of amplitude and phase).
- modal dispersion and mode-to-mode coupling of diffracted portions of the optical signal may limit the range of spectral/temporal transfer functions that may be implemented.
- the curvilinear diffractive elements of the set are spatially arranged with respect to one another so that the corresponding portions of the optical signal diffracted by each element interfere with one another at the output optical port, so as to impart desired spectral and/or temporal characteristics onto the portion of the optical signal collectively diffracted from the set of diffractive elements and routed between the input and output optical ports.
- the diffractive elements in the set are arranged so that an input optical signal, entering the planar waveguide through an input optical port, is successively incident on diffractive elements of the set.
- “successively incident” shall denote a situation wherein a wavevector at a given point on the wavefront of an optical signal (i.e., a wavefront-normal vector) traces a path (i.e., a “ray path”) through the diffractive element set that successively intersects the virtual contours of diffractive elements of the set.
- a wavevector at a given point on the wavefront of an optical signal i.e., a wavefront-normal vector
- a path i.e., a “ray path”
- a fraction of the incident amplitude is diffracted by a diffractive element and the remainder transmitted and incident on another diffractive element, and so on successively through the set of diffractive elements.
- the diffractive elements may therefore be regarded as spaced substantially longitudinally along the propagation direction of the incident optical signal, and a given spatial portion of the wavefront of such a successively incident optical signal therefore interacts with many diffractive elements of the set.
- the diffractive elements of a thin diffraction grating e.g.
- the grating lines of a surface grating may be regarded as spaced substantially transversely across the wavefront of a normally incident optical signal, and a given spatial portion of the wavefront of such a signal therefore interacts with only one or at most a few adjacent diffractive elements).
- the set of diffractive elements provides dual functionality, spatially routing an optical signal between an input optical port and an output optical port, while at the same time acting to impart a spectral/temporal transfer function onto the input optical signal to yield an output optical signal.
- the curvilinear diffractive elements may be designed (by computer generation, for example) so as to provide optimal routing, imaging, or focusing of the optical signal between an input optical port and a desired output optical port, thus reducing or minimizing insertion loss.
- Simple curvilinear diffractive elements (segments of circles, ellipses, parabolas, hyperbolas, and so forth), if not optimal, may be employed as approximations of fully optimized contours.
- a wide range of fabrication techniques may be employed for forming the diffractive element set, and any suitable technique(s) may be employed while remaining within the scope of the present disclosure and/or appended claims. Particular attention is called to design and fabrication techniques disclosed in the references cited hereinabove. The following are exemplary only, and are not intended to be exhaustive.
- Diffractive elements may be formed lithographically on the surface of a planar optical waveguide, or at one or both interfaces between core and cladding of a planar optical waveguide.
- Diffractive contours may be formed lithographically in the interior of the core layer and/or a cladding layer of the planar optical waveguide using one or more spatial lithography steps performed after an initial partial deposition of layer material.
- Diffractive elements may be formed in the core and/or cladding layers by projecting ultraviolet light or other suitable radiation through an amplitude and/or phase mask so as to create an interference pattern within the planar waveguide (fabricated at least in part with suitably sensitive material) whose fringe contours match the desired diffractive element contours.
- the mask may be zeroth-order-suppressed according to methods known in the art, including the arts associated with fabrication of fiber Bragg gratings.
- the amplitude and/or phase mask may be produced lithographically via laser writer or e-beam, it may be inter-ferometrically formed, or it may be formed by any other suitable technique.
- a larger scale mask may be produced and reduced to needed dimensions via photoreduction lithography, as in a stepper, to produce a mask at the needed scale.
- Diffractive elements may be formed by molding, stamping, impressing, embossing, or other mechanical processes.
- a phase mask may be stamped onto the core or cladding surface followed by optical exposure to create diffractive elements throughout the core and or cladding region.
- the optical or UV source used to write the diffractive elements in this case should have a coherence length comparable or longer than the distance from the stamped phase mask to the bottom of the core region.
- Stamping of the phase mask directly on the device may simplify alignment of diffractive elements with ports or other device components especially when those components may be formed in the same or another stamping process.
- Many approaches to the creation of refractive index modulations or gratings are known in the art and may be employed in the fabrication of diffractive element sets.
- refractive index modulations or variations for forming diffractive elements will optimally fall in a range between about 10 ⁇ 4 and about 10 ⁇ 1 ; however, refractive index modulations or variations outside this range may be employed as well.
- Refractive index modulations or variations may be introduced by light of any wavelength (including ultraviolet light) that produces the desired refractive index changes, provided only that the photosensitive material employed is suitably stable in the presence of light in the desired operating wavelength range of the spectral filter. Exposure of a complete set of diffractive elements to substantially spatially uniform, refractive-index-changing light may be employed to tune the operative wavelength range of the diffractive element set.
- Exposure of the diffractive element set to spatially non-uniform refractive-index changing light may be employed to chirp or otherwise wavelength-modulate the spectral filter (described further hereinbelow).
- the sensitivity of planar waveguide materials to irradiation produced refractive index modulations may be increased using hydrogen-loading, flame-brushing, boron or other chemical doping, or other method known in the art, for example in the context of making fiber Bragg gratings.
- each diffractive element contour may be optimized to image the input port onto the output port in a phase coherent manner.
- Inputs to the design are the detailed structure of the input and output optical ports and their locations.
- Standard ray tracing approaches to optical element design may provide a diffractive contour at each optical distance into the planar waveguide that will provide an optimal imaging of the input signal at the input port onto the optimal output signal at the output port.
- Simple curves may be employed as approximations of the fully optimized contours.
- Diffractive element virtual contours may be spaced by an optical path difference (as described above) that provides for the field image of successive diffractive contours to be substantially in phase at a desired wavelength. If the overall response of the diffractive element set is to be apodized with amplitude and/or phase modulation (to yield a desired spectral transfer function or impulse response function), the optical spacing of successive diffractive element contours may be controlled to provide required phase differences between diffracted components at the output port, and/or the diffractive strength of the elements may be individually controlled as well (as described in detail in the references cited hereinabove).
- An alternative approach to designing the diffractive element contours for a diffractive element set is to calculate interference patterns between simulated fields at a desired wavelength and with desired waveforms entering the input port and exiting the output port.
- suitable discretization is applied as needed for any lithographic or UV exposure approach that is utilized for fabrication.
- the holographic structure may be designed by interference of computer-generated beams having the desired computer-generated temporal waveforms, with the resulting calculated arrangement of diffractive elements implemented by lithography and/or other suitable spatially-selective fabrication techniques.
- interference between a delta-function-like pulse and a desired reference optical waveform may be calculated, and the resulting interference pattern used to fabricate a diffractive element set that acts to either recognize or generate the desired reference optical waveform.
- the core consists of a material of appropriate index that is also photosensitive at the wavelength of the desired operational signal beams.
- the input and output recording beams (same wavelength as operational signal beams of the envisioned device) are overlapped in the core and the interference pattern between them is recorded.
- the core material is developed and, if necessary, a cladding may be deposited or attached by other means.
- operationally acceptable appears herein describing levels of various performance parameters of planar waveguides and diffractive element sets thereof. Such parameters may include optical coupling coefficient (equivalently, optical coupling efficiency), diffraction efficiency, undesirable optical mode coupling, optical loss, and so on.
- An operationally acceptable level may be determined by any relevant set or subset of applicable constraints and/or requirements arising from the performance, fabrication, device yield, assembly, testing, availability, cost, supply, demand, and/or other factors surrounding the manufacture, deployment, and/or use of a particular assembled optical device. Such “operationally acceptable” levels of such parameters may therefor vary within a given class of devices depending on such constraints and/or requirements.
- a lower optical coupling efficiency may be an acceptable trade-off for achieving lower device fabrication costs in some instances, while higher optical coupling may be required in other instances in spite of higher fabrication costs.
- higher optical loss due to scattering, absorption, undesirable optical coupling, and so on
- Optical devices and fabrication methods therefor as disclosed herein, and equivalents thereof may therefore be implemented within tolerances of varying precision depending on such “operationally acceptable” constraints and/or requirements. Phrases such as “substantially adiabatic”, “substantially spatial-mode-matched”, “so as to substantially avoid undesirable optical coupling”, and so on as used herein shall be construed in light of this notion of “operationally acceptable” performance.
- the diffraction efficiency of individual diffractive elements must be enhanced. This may be achieved by positioning the diffractive element at a position where the optical mode to be diffracted has larger amplitude, by increasing the transverse extent of the diffractive element so as to overlap a larger fraction of the mode profile, and/or by using materials to form the diffractive elements having a refractive index higher than the core (the perturbation of the mode structure by the presence of the higher-index diffractive element increasing the mode amplitude that overlaps the diffractive elements).
- FIGS. 1A-1D and 2 A- 2 B illustrate schematically the effect of such adaptations.
- the planar waveguide comprises cladding 102 , core 104 , diffractive elements 106 , and cladding 108 , shown in a longitudinal sectional view with propagation of optical signals oriented in the plane of the drawing.
- the diffractive elements 106 are about 0.265 ⁇ m wide and have a period of about 0.53 ⁇ m (resonant diffracted wavelength about 1.54 ⁇ m.
- the index, position, and transverse extent of the diffractive elements 106 vary among the examples.
- a figure of merit for comparing diffraction efficiency is L 1/e , the length over which a optical signal must propagate through the waveguide before decreasing to 1/e of its initial field amplitude.
- the diffractive elements 106 comprise grooves in the surface of the core about 0.4 ⁇ m deep and filled with cladding material.
- the corresponding transverse mode profile 100 A (in the confined direction) is shown in FIG. 2A , along with the core/cladding boundaries 101 .
- the resulting L 1/e is about 1.73 mm.
- the corresponding transverse mode profile 100 B (in the confined direction) is shown in FIG. 2A .
- the resulting L 1/e is about 1.31 mm.
- FIG. 1A the diffractive elements 106 comprise grooves in the surface of the core about 0.4 ⁇ m deep and filled with cladding material.
- the corresponding transverse mode profile 100 A (in the confined direction) is shown in FIG. 2A , along with the core/cladding boundaries 101 .
- the diffractive elements 106 are the same size and index as in FIG. 1B , but are positioned within the core 104 substantially symmetrically (in the confined dimension).
- the corresponding transverse mode profile 100 C (in the confined dimension) is shown in FIG. 2B , and is considerably narrower than the profiles of FIG. 2A .
- the resulting L 1/e is about 0.66 mm.
- the diffractive elements 106 have the same index and are in the same position as in FIG. 1C , but are about 1 ⁇ m in transverse extent.
- the corresponding transverse mode profile 100 D (in the confined dimension) is shown in FIG. 2B .
- the resulting L 1/e is about 0.25 mm.
- the core is about 3.8 ⁇ m thick.
- the diffractive elements are about 1 ⁇ m deep, about 0.265 ⁇ m wide, and have a period of about 0.53 ⁇ m.
- the core is about 3.8 ⁇ m thick.
- the diffractive elements are about 1 ⁇ m deep, about 0.265 ⁇ m wide, and have a period of about 0.53 ⁇
- profile 100 is the non-diffracting-region mode
- profile 100 D is the same as that shown in FIG. 1D
- trace 100 E is the diffractive-region mode of the waveguide of FIG. 3B .
- the profile 100 E (supported in part by the silicon oxynitride core) is substantially narrower than the other profiles. This leads to significantly enhanced diffraction efficiency, as evidenced by L 1/e of about 0.015 mm (about 15 ⁇ m). This may also lead to reduced optical coupling (i.e. optical loss) between the diffracting-region optical mode and the non-diffracting-region optical mode. This mode mismatch is addressed hereinbelow.
- diffractive element period 1 ⁇ 2 ⁇ in-waveguide resonant wavelength
- a second-order diffractive element set may optically couple a confined mode and out-of-plane modes at ⁇ 90°.
- a third-order diffractive element set may optically couple a confined optical mode with out-of-plane modes at ⁇ 70° and ⁇ 110°.
- Other angles for other orders and/or for other waveguides may be readily calculated by those skilled in the art. Any coupling into such non-confined optical modes manifests itself as optical loss, or equivalently, reduced diffraction efficiency.
- Diffraction of optical signals from diffractive elements within a planar waveguide depends not only on the spatial period of the diffractive elements, but also on their transverse extent (in the confined dimension).
- Each point on each diffractive element behaves as a coherent scattering source, which limit the angular dependence of the scattering.
- the range of angles over which light is diffracted is given approximately by ⁇ /2n eff d, where ⁇ is the vacuum wavelength, n eff is the effective index of the waveguide, and d is the transverse extent of the diffractive element.
- d is about ⁇ /4, and a diffractive element therefore scatters light over an angular range that has significant amplitude at ⁇ 90° ( FIG. 6A ). Such an arrangement would not serve to substantially suppress optical coupling into out-of-plane optical modes.
- the range of diffracted angles decreases.
- the range of back-diffracted angles may be made smaller than the angles available for out-of-plane coherent diffraction. For example, for d ⁇ ( FIG. 5B ), the range of diffracted angles is about ⁇ 30° ( FIG. 6B ), which is sufficiently small to substantially suppress many if not all out-of-plane scattering processes.
- the diffractive element may be chosen so as to position a minimum of the diffracted signal angular distribution at the angle of a likely or troublesome out-of-plane diffraction process.
- the appropriate size may be readily calculated by those familiar with the theory of diffraction.
- the diffractive element may comprise multiple segments positioned along the confined dimension of the planar waveguide ( FIG.
- the presence of diffractive elements in a region of the planar waveguide may alter the size, shape, and/or position of a supported optical mode in that region, relative to a supported optical mode in regions lacking diffractive elements. As already noted, this phenomenon may be exploited to increase the diffraction efficiency of a diffractive element set.
- An optical mode supported by the planar waveguide in a diffractive region shall be referred to as a diffractive-region optical mode.
- an optical mode supported by the planar waveguide in a non-diffractive region shall be referred to herein as a non-diffractive-region optical mode.
- Differences between the spatial characteristics of the diffractive-region and non-diffractive-region modes may reduce optical coupling therebetween due to mode mismatch, in which case an optical signal propagating between the diffracting region and the non-diffracting region of the planar waveguide would suffer an optical loss.
- This optical loss may be negligible for weakly diffracting elements, but becomes more severe as the diffractive elements diffract more strongly (often as a result of a larger index of refraction of the diffractive elements), or if there are multiple dissimilar regions in the planar waveguide with different sets of diffractive elements and/or non-diffractive regions in the path of the optical signal.
- Mode-matching between the diffracting-region and non-diffracting-region optical modes may be improved, and optical losses reduced to an operationally acceptable level, by implementing one or more suitable adaptations of the planar waveguide. If the diffractive elements are not positioned symmetrically in the confined dimension (as is the case, for example, when the diffractive elements are formed at one core/cladding interface), the diffractive-region optical mode will be transversely displaced along the confined dimension. If the diffractive elements have a higher index than the core (grooves filled with higher-index material, for example), then the diffractive-region mode will be shifted toward the diffractive elements.
- the diffractive-region mode will be shifted away from the diffractive elements. If the core of the diffractive and non-diffractive regions of the waveguide are at the same position along the confined dimension, the corresponding diffractive-region and non-diffractive-region modes will be transversely offset from one another, resulting in reduced optical coupling therebetween.
- a relative offset of the cores by the appropriate distance may bring the modes into substantial alignment, and may increase optical coupling between the modes (i.e. reduce optical loss) to an operationally acceptable level.
- An exemplary fabrication sequence for producing such an offset is schematically illustrated in FIG.
- the offset is formed in the lower cladding layer 102 prior to deposition of core material layer 104 ′ and diffractive element material layer 106 ′.
- Lithography or other spatially selective processing may be employed to form diffractive elements 106 and to form cores 104 A (diffractive region) and 104 B (non-diffractive region).
- the upper cladding layer 108 is then deposited over the cores and diffractive elements. Any suitable fabrication technique(s) may be employed. Exemplary materials and dimensions for such an embodiment, and simulation results therefor, are as follows.
- the optical coupling between the modes is about 93% (optical loss about 0.3 dB).
- Many other suitable combinations of materials, dimensions, and offset may be implemented, and shall fall within the scope of the present disclosure and/or appended claims.
- the presence of diffractive elements may also change the size (i.e., transverse extent) of an optical mode in the diffracting region, relative to a mode in the non-diffracting region. If the refractive index of the diffractive elements 106 is larger than that of the core 104 A, a smaller transverse mode size results, while diffractive elements having a refractive index smaller than that of the core result in a larger transverse mode size. Such mode size differences result in decreased optical coupling, or equivalently, increased optical loss. As shown schematically in the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 8 , cores 104 A and 104 B may be formed with differing transverse extents along the confined dimension.
- the sizes of the cores 104 A and 104 B may be chosen so as to yield substantially similar transverse mode sizes for the diffracting-region and non-diffracting-region optical modes, and may increase optical coupling between the modes (i.e. reduce optical loss) to an operationally acceptable level. It should be noted that relative offset and size differences of the cores may be implemented alone or in combination.
- Core 104 A comprises core material with refractive index n 1
- diffractive elements 106 comprise material with diffractive index n 3
- Core 104 B comprises material with refractive index n 2 , with n 1 ⁇ n 2 ⁇ n 3 .
- the effective index of cores 104 A and 104 B may be made substantially equal. If they are the same thickness, then the respective optical modes will have substantially similar transverse extents, thereby increasing optical coupling and reducing optical loss.
- an operationally acceptable level of optical coupling between the modes may be achieved by substantially adiabatic coupling in a transition region of the planar waveguide, between the diffracting and non-diffracting regions.
- the perturbation of the optical mode size, position, and/or shape induced by the presence of the diffractive elements increases gradually from the non-diffracting region through the transition region toward the diffracting region over a length L trans .
- Sufficiently gradual variation of the diffractive elements results in a smooth evolution of the non-diffractive-region optical mode into the diffractive-region optical mode across the transition region, thereby reducing optical loss to an operationally acceptable level.
- the gradual appearance of the diffractive elements may be achieved in a variety of ways, alone or in combination.
- Properties of the diffractive elements that may be varied across the transition region of the planar waveguide include the transverse extent of the diffractive elements (in the confined dimension; FIG. 10 ), the longitudinal extent of the diffractive elements ( FIG. 11 ), the index of refraction of the diffractive elements ( FIG. 12 ), the fill-factor for the diffractive elements ( FIG. 13 ), and/or the number density of the diffractive elements ( FIG. 14 ). In all these examples, the perturbation of the optical mode by the presence of the diffractive elements is gradually increased.
- any sufficiently gradual, substantially monotonic variation may be implemented for any of these diffractive element properties, including linear variation, quadratic variation, sinusoidal variation, exponential variation, logarithmic variation, gaussian variation, and so forth. Varying the fill factor, number density, and/or width are described in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 6,678,429 and application Ser. No. 10/653,876 (cited hereinabove), and these may be readily implemented with standard binary lithography techniques. Varying the transverse extent (i.e. depth) or refractive index of the diffractive elements may require more complex fabrication techniques, such as grayscale lithography, for example.
- the diffractive element set of the transition region may exhibit its own transfer function, and/or may direct optical signal to its own output port. Such output may serve some useful function in an optical apparatus.
- the diffractive element set of the transition region may be intentionally configured to substantially eliminate diffraction of optical signals within the operational wavelength range of an optical device.
- the diffractive elements may be arranged to have a resonant wavelength output the operating wavelength range of the device. The presence of such non-resonant diffractive elements modifies the spatial properties of the planar waveguide modes without unwanted diffraction of optical signal in the transition region.
- diffractive elements 106 on the core are nominally divided into 50 segments (chosen so that amplitude variation of the optical signal across a segment is negligible; filled segments should be substantially uniformly distributed along the diffractive element). Spatial periodicity of the segments of the partially-filled diffractive elements may result in undesirable diffraction maxima at other diffraction angles. In order to suppress such maxima, the angle subtended by each segment may be varies randomly and/or gradually among the diffractive elements. In the exemplary embodiment, none of the segments are filled with a diffractive element segment about 200 ⁇ m away from the diffracting region. The fraction of nominal segments that are filled with a diffractive element segment increases with a sinusoidal variation until it reaches unity at the diffracting region.
- optical coupling between the modes is about 80%. With the transition region, the optical coupling between the modes is essentially 100% (negligible optical loss). Many other suitable combinations of materials and dimensions may be implemented, and shall fall within the scope of the present disclosure and/or appended claims.
- the period of the diffractive elements 106 on the core is about 0.53 ⁇ m (resonant diffracted wavelength about 1.54 ⁇ m).
- diffractive elements 106 begin with a period of about 2.65 ⁇ m about 300 ⁇ m away from the diffracting region, and the period decreases with a sinusoidal variation until it reaches about 0.53 ⁇ m at the diffracting region.
- optical coupling between the modes is about 66% (optical loss about 1.8 dB).
- the optical coupling between the modes is essentially 100% (negligible optical loss).
Abstract
Description
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US12/408,039 USRE42407E1 (en) | 2000-03-16 | 2009-03-20 | Distributed optical structures with improved diffraction efficiency and/or improved optical coupling |
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US09/811,081 US6879441B1 (en) | 2000-03-16 | 2001-03-16 | Holographic spectral filter |
US09/843,597 US6965464B2 (en) | 2000-03-16 | 2001-04-26 | Optical processor |
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US37018202P | 2002-04-04 | 2002-04-04 | |
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US12/408,039 USRE42407E1 (en) | 2000-03-16 | 2009-03-20 | Distributed optical structures with improved diffraction efficiency and/or improved optical coupling |
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