USRE43350E1 - Microporous diffusion apparatus - Google Patents
Microporous diffusion apparatus Download PDFInfo
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- USRE43350E1 USRE43350E1 US12/847,931 US84793110A USRE43350E US RE43350 E1 USRE43350 E1 US RE43350E1 US 84793110 A US84793110 A US 84793110A US RE43350 E USRE43350 E US RE43350E
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- Prior art keywords
- bubbles
- ozone
- soil formation
- contaminants
- groundwater
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/72—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation
- C02F1/78—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation with ozone
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09C—RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09C1/00—Reclamation of contaminated soil
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09C—RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09C1/00—Reclamation of contaminated soil
- B09C1/002—Reclamation of contaminated soil involving in-situ ground water treatment
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09C—RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09C1/00—Reclamation of contaminated soil
- B09C1/08—Reclamation of contaminated soil chemically
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09C—RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09C1/00—Reclamation of contaminated soil
- B09C1/10—Reclamation of contaminated soil microbiologically, biologically or by using enzymes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
- C02F2103/06—Contaminated groundwater or leachate
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to apparatuses for remediation of dissolved chlorinated hydrocarbons in aquifer regions by injecting micro-fine bubbles effective for active in situ groundwater remediation for removal of dissolved chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents and dissolved hydrocarbon petroleum products. Remediation of saturated soils may also be obtained by employment of the present apparatuses.
- micro-fine bubbles including a multi-gas oxidizing agent for the controlled remediation of a site containing poorly biodegradable organics, particularly dissolved chlorinated solvents, has not been shown.
- U.S. Pat. No. 5,269,943 METHOD FOR TREATMENT OF SOILS CONTAMINATED WITH ORGANIC POLLUTANTS, to Wickramanayake, shows a method for treating soil contaminated by organic compounds where an ozone containing gas is treated with acid to increase the stability of the ozone in the soil environment and the treated ozone is applied to the contaminated soil to decompose the organic compounds.
- U.S. Pat. No. 5,525,008, REMEDIATION APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR ORGANIC CONTAMINATION IN SOIL AND GROUNDWATER provides a method and apparatus for in-situ treatment of soil and groundwater contaminated with organic pollutants. It involves concentration of a reactive solution required to effect treatment of the contaminated area and injecting the reactive solution into one or more injectors that are inserted into the ground.
- the apparatus is scaled and positioned so as to assure flow and to allow reactive solution to flow through the contaminated area thereby reacting chemically.
- the reactive solution is an aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide and metallic salts.
- the present disclosure relates to sparging apparatuses for injection of oxidizing gas, in the form of small bubbles, into aquifer regions to encourage in situ remediation of subsurface leachate plumes.
- sparging apparatuses for employing microporous diffusers to inject micro-fine bubbles containing encapsulated gas bubbles into aquifer regions to encourage biodegradation of leachate plumes which contain biodegradable organics, or Criegee decomposition of leachate plumes containing dissolved chlorinated hydrocarbons.
- the sparging apparatuses, employing microporous diffusers for injecting an encapsulated multi-gas oxidizing agent are particularly useful in promoting extremely efficient removal of poorly biodegradable organics, such as dissolved chlorinated solvents, without the use of vacuum extraction of undesirable by-products of remediation.
- remediation occurs by employing encapsulated multi-gas oxidizing agent for destroying organic and hydrocarbon material in place with out release of contaminating vapors.
- the contaminated groundwater is injected with an air/ozone mixture wherein micro-fine air bubbles strip the solvents from the groundwater and the encapsulated ozone acts as an oxidizing agent in a gas/gas reaction to break down the contaminates into carbon dioxide, very dilute HCl and water.
- This system is known as the C-Sparger® system.
- the present system hereinafter C-Sparger® system, is directed to low-cost removal of dissolved chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents such as perc from contaminated soil and groundwater aquifers.
- the C-Sparger® system employs microporous diffusers, hereinafter Spargepoints®, for producing micro-fine bubbles containing an oxidizing agent that decomposes chlorinated hydrocarbons into harmless byproducts.
- the C-Sparger® system also incorporates: means for pumping a multi-gas oxidizing mixture through the Spargepoint® into groundwater in a soil formation, a bubble production chamber to generate bubbles of differing size, a timer to delay pumping until large bubbles have segregated from small bubbles by rise time, and a pump which forces the fine bubbles and liquid out into the soil formation.
- the pumping means intermittently agitates the water in the well in which the C-Sparger® is installed in order to effectively disturb the normal inverted cone-shaped path of the bubbles injected by the Spargepoint®. Water agitation results in random bubble dispersion to ensure improved contact between the oxidizing agent (contained in each bubble) and the pollutant.
- the pulsing action promotes movement of the bubbles through the porous formation. It is the in situ stripping action and maintenance of low solvent gas concentration in the bubbles which increases the efficacy and speed of remediation of a site.
- the apparatus of the present disclosure is particularly useful in efficiently removing poorly biodegradable organics, particularly dissolved chlorinated solvents, without the use of vacuum extraction, wherein remediation occurs by destroying organic and hydrocarbon material in place without the release of contaminating vapors.
- the multi-gas system comprises an oxidizing gas encapsulated in micro-bubbles, generated from microporous diffusers, that are matched to soil porosity.
- a unique bubble size range is matched to underground formation porosity and achieves dual properties of fluid like transmission and rapid extraction of selected volatile gases. Bubble size is selected so as to maintain vertical mobility.
- a prior site evaluation test procedure is devised to assess the effectiveness of fluid transmission at the remediation site.
- Small bubbles with a high surface to gas volume ratio are advantageous in promoting rapid extraction of volatile organic compounds, such as PCE, TCE, or DCE.
- Pulsed injection of small bubbles and consequent rise time is matched to the short half-life of an oxidative gas, such as ozone, to allow rapid bubble dispersion into predominantly water-saturated geological formations, and extraction and rapid decomposition of the volatile organic material.
- the unique apparatus of the present disclosure provides for extraction efficiency with resulting economy of operation by maximizing contaminant contact with oxidant by selective rapid extraction providing for optimum fluidity of bubbles through media which can be monitored.
- microporous diffuser points provides a more even distribution of air into a saturated formation than the use of pressurized wells.
- a sparge system installed to remediate contaminated groundwater is made more cost-effective by sparging different parts of the plume area at sequenced times. Through the proper placement of sparge locations and sequence control, any possible off-site migration of floating product is eliminated. With closely spaced Spargepoints®, water mounding is advantageous because it prevents any off-site escape of contaminant. Water mounding is used to direct floating product toward extraction sites.
- the microporous diffusers and multi-gas system referred to as Spargepoints® and C-Sparger® Systems, are designed to remove dissolved organics and solvents (chlorinated hydrocarbons) such as PCE, TCE, and DCE from contaminated groundwater.
- the micro-fine bubbles, produced by the Spargepoints® contain oxygen and ozone which oxidize the chlorinated hydrocarbons to harmless gases and weak acids. High initial concentrations of these dissolved organics have been, under some specific-circumstances, reduced to levels of 1 ppb or less in periods of a few weeks. None of the models to date are designed for explosive environments.
- the present systems employ a plurality of configurations consisting of Series 3500 and Series 3600 C-Sparger® models.
- the 3600 Series is larger and has more capacity. Specifically, the 3600 Series has a better compressor rated for continuous use, a larger ozone generator, a second Spargepoint® below the first Spargepoint® in each well, and larger diameter gas tubing.
- Both model series have control units that can support: one (Models 3501 & 3601), two (Models 3502 & 3602) and three separate wells (Models 3503 & 3603).
- the one, two, and three well models differ in the number of relays, internal piping, external ports and programming of the timer/controller.
- Normal operation for C-Sparger® systems includes carrying out, in series for each well, the following functions on a timed basis: pumping air and ozone through Spargepoint® diffusers into the soil formation, pumping aerated/ozonated water into the soils and recovering treated water above. Treatment is followed by a programmable period of no external treatment and multiple wells are sequenced in turn. Agitation with pumped water disturbs the usually inverted cone-shaped path of bubbles through the soils and disperses them much more widely. This increases contact and greatly improves efficiency and speed of remediation. Vapor capture is not normally necessary.
- Series 3500 and 3600 systems include a control module, one to three well assemblies depending on specific model selected, a 1.0 ft. long submersible pump power-gas line for each well and a flow meter (to check Spargepoint® flow rates).
- Model Series 3500 & 3600 control modules have been successfully deployed outdoors in benign and moderate environments for prolonged periods of time. The control module must be firmly mounted vertically on 4 ⁇ 4 posts or on a building wall near the wells.
- FIG. 13 provides the basic specification for the Series 3500 & 3600 systems.
- the drawing shows a single well system Series 3600 (M-3601).
- the Series 3500 does not have the lower Spargepoint® multiple well models (3502, 3503, 3602 & 3603), rather multiple M-3601 well units use a single control module.
- FIG. 2 shows a piping schematic.
- FIG. 3 shows an electrical schematic for a three well system (Model 3503 or 3603). Current production 3500 and 3600 Series models have an internal ground fault interrupter and surge buffers incorporated into various electrical components.
- FIG. 4 shows an internal layout of the control module box for a three well system (M-3503 or M-3603).
- FIG. 5 shows the geometry of the bottom panel on the control module identifying the external connections and ports for three well units (M-3503 & 3603).
- FIGS. 3 and 4 also illustrate fuses and their locations.
- microporous Spargepoint® diffusers to create fine bubbles, which easily penetrate sandy formations to allow fluid flow, has unexpected benefits when used with multiple gas systems.
- Microfine bubbles accelerate the transfer rate of PCE from aqueous to gaseous state. The bubble rise transfers the PCE to the vadose zone.
- the ten-fold difference in surface-to-volume ratio of Spargepoint® diffuser microbubbles compared to bubbles from well screens results in a four-fold improvement in transfer rates.
- a microprocessor system shuttles an oxidizing gas through the vadose zone to chemically degrade the transported PCE.
- gaseous exchange is proportional to available surface area, with partial pressures and mixtures of volatile gases being held constant, a halving of the radius of bubbles would quadruple (i.e. 4 ⁇ ), the exchange rate.
- a standard well screen creates air bubbles the size of a medium sand porosity
- a microporous diffuser of 20 micron size creates a bubble one tenth ( 1/10) the diameter and then times the volume/surface ratio (Table 1).
- the microporous bubbles exhibit an exchange rate of ten times the rate of a comparable bubble from a standard ten slot well screen.
- Soil Vapor concentrations are related to two governing systems: water phase and (non-aqueous) product phase.
- Henry's and Raoult's Laws (DiGiulio, 1990) are commonly used to understand equilibrium-vapor concentrations governing volatization from liquids. When soils are moist, the relative volatility is dependent upon Henry's Law. Under normal conditions (free from product) where volatile organic carbons (VOC's) are relatively low, an equilibrium of soil, water, and air is assumed to exist.
- VOC's volatile organic carbons
- the compound, tetrachloroethene (PCE) has a high exchange coefficient with a high vapor pressure (atm) and low aqueous solubility ( ⁇ mole/l). By enhancing the exchange capacity at least ten fold, the rate of removal should be accelerated substantially.
- Ozone is an effective oxidant used for the breakdown of organic compounds during water treatment.
- the major problem in effectiveness is ozone's short half-life. If ozone is mixed with sewage-containing water above-ground, the half-life is normally minutes. However, if maintained in the gaseous form, the half-life of ozone can be extended up to 15 hours.
- Microbubbles can be used as extracting agents by pulling chlorinated solvents out of solution into the gaseous ozone as they enter the microbubble.
- the small bubble's high surface-to-volume ratio increases the exchange area and accelerates the consumption of HVOC within the bubble maximizing the concentration of gas transferred into the bubble (C S ⁇ C).
- the rate-limiting process is the area-specific diffusion (dominated by Henry's Constant), while the decomposition reaction occurs rapidly (assuming sufficient ozone).
- Ozone reacts quickly and quantitatively with PCE to yield breakdown products of hydrochloric acid, carbon dioxide, and water.
- microporous diffusers to inject ozone-containing bubbles may offset ozone's relatively short half-life.
- the bubbles would preferentially extract volatile compounds like PCE from the mixtures of soluble organic compounds they encountered.
- the ozone-mediated destruction of organics may then selectively target volatile organics pulled into the fine air bubbles. Even in a groundwater mixture of high organic content like diluted sewage, PCE removal could be rapid.
- microbubble extraction and ozone-mediated degradation can be generalized to render volatile organic compounds amenable to rapid removal.
- efficiency of extraction is directly proportional to Henry's Constant which serves as a diffusion coefficient for gaseous exchange (Kg).
- the rate of transfer between gas and liquid phases is generally proportional to the surface area of contact and the difference between the existing concentration and the equilibrium concentration of the gas in solution. Simply stated, if the surface-to-volume ratio of contact is increased, the rate of exchange will increase. If the gas (volatile organic compound, hereinafter “VOC”) entering the bubble (or micropore space bounded by a liquid film) is consumed, the difference is maintained at a higher entry rate than if the VOC is allowed to reach saturation equilibrium. In the present case, the consumptive gas/gas reaction of PCE to by-products of HCl, CO 2 , and H 2 O drives the transfer of PCE into the bubble.
- VOC volatile organic compound
- Table 2 gives Henry's Constants (H c ) for a selected number of organic compounds and the second rate constants (R c ) for the ozone radical rate of reaction.
- the fourth column presents the product of both H c and R c (RRC) as a ranking of effectiveness. In actual practice diffusion is rate-limiting, resulting in the most effective removal with PCE (tetrachloroethylene).
- the combined extraction/decomposition process has the capacity to eliminate the need for vapor capture. If the ozone-mediated decomposition rate exceeds the vertical time-of-travel, vapors will either not be produced or their concentration will be so low as to eliminate the requirement for capture. By controlling the size of microbubbles and matching them to suitable slow rise times, the need for vapor control is eliminated.
- the rise time of bubbles of different sizes was computed for water, producing the upwards gravitational velocity (Table 3).
- the upwards velocity provides the positive pressure to push the bubbles through the porous media, following Darcy's equation.
- the rise time proportional to upwards pressure, can be calculated.
- the bubble size is very important. Once a bubble exceeds the pore cavity size, it is significantly retarded or trapped. Pulsing of the water phase provides a necessary boost to assure steady upwards migration and reduction of coalescence.
- the object and purpose of the present disclosure is to provide microporous diffusers for removal of contaminants from soil and associated subsurface ground water aquifer, without applying a vacuum for extraction or relying on biodegradation processes.
- Another object of the present disclosure is to provide multi-gas systems to be used in combination with the microporous diffusers to promote an efficient removal of poorly biodegradable organics, particularly dissolved chlorinated solvents, without vacuum extraction.
- a further object of the present disclosure is to provide that remediation occurs by destroying organic and hydrocarbon material in place without release of contaminating vapors to the atmosphere.
- FIG. 1 is a cross sectional schematic illustration of a soil formation showing an apparatus according to an embodiment.
- FIG. 2 is an enlarged piping schematic of the apparatus of FIG. 1 showing the unique fine bubble production chamber.
- FIG. 3 is an electrical schematic for a three well system (Model 3503 or 3603) of the apparatus of FIG. 1 .
- FIG. 4 shows an internal layout of a control module box for a three well system (M-3503 or M-3603) of FIG. 1 .
- FIG. 5A shows the geometry of a bottom panel on the control module identifying external connections and ports for three well units (M-3503 & 3603) of the apparatus of FIG. 1 .
- FIG. 5B is a left side view of FIG. 5A .
- FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration of a soil formation showing the apparatus of FIG. 1 .
- FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a bubbler sparge unit for groundwater treatment shown partly in section.
- FIG. 8 is a front view of the bubbler sparge unit of FIG. 7 .
- FIG. 9 is a top elevational view of the bubbler sparge unit of FIG. 7 .
- FIG. 10 is a bottom elevational view of the bubbler sparge unit of FIG. 7 .
- FIG. 11 is a front elevational view of the bubbler sparge unit of FIG. 7 ; the broken line shows the bubbler sparge unit in situ for groundwater treatment.
- FIG. 12 is an alternate embodiment of a microporous Spargepoint® assembly of the apparatus of FIG. 1 .
- FIG. 13 describes Series 3500 & 3600 systems.
- the present instrumentalities are directed to sparging apparatus for injection of an oxidizing gas in the form of small bubbles into aquifer regions to encourage in situ remediation of subsurface leachate plumes.
- microporous diffusers inject multi-gas bubbles into aquifer regions to encourage biodegradation of leachate plumes which contain biodegradable organics, or Criegee decomposition of leachate plumes containing dissolved chlorinated hydrocarbons.
- FIGS. 1 through 6 there is shown a C-Sparger® System ( 10 ) consisting of multiple microporous diffusers ( 26 ) in combination with an encapsulated multi-gas system, the system ( 10 ) consists of a master unit ( 12 ) and one or more in-well sparging units ( 14 ). Each master unit ( 12 ) can operate up to a total of three wells simultaneously, and treat an area up to 50 feet wide and 100 feet long. Actual performance depends upon site conditions. Vapor capture is not normally necessary.
- master unit ( 12 ) consists of the following: a gas generator ( 16 ), a gas feed line ( 15 ), a compressor ( 18 ), a power source ( 19 ), a pump control unit ( 20 ), and a timer ( 2 ).
- Master unit ( 12 ) must be firmly mounted on 4 ⁇ 4 posts ( 40 ) or a building wall ( 42 ) near in-well sparging units ( 14 ).
- a heavy-duty power cable ( 44 ), not over 50 feet in length, may be used to run from the power source to master unit ( 12 ).
- in-well sparging unit ( 14 ) consists of a casing ( 56 ), an inlet screen ( 50 ), an expandable packer ( 52 ), an upper site grout ( 54 ), an outlet screen ( 58 ), and lower grout ( 62 ).
- Each in-well unit ( 14 ) includes a fixed packer ( 24 ), at least two microporous diffusers ( 26 ), a water pump ( 28 ), ozone line ( 30 ), check valve ( 32 ), and fittings ( 34 ). As shown in FIGS.
- diffuser ( 26 ) employs a microporous diffuser in place of a standard slotted well screen to improve dispersion of bubbles ( 60 ) through soil shown at ( 84 ) and to improve rate of gaseous exchange.
- a normal 10-slot PVC well screen contains roughly twelve percent (12%) open area. Under pressure most air exits the top slits and radiates outward in a star-like fracture pattern, evidencing fracturing of the formation.
- FIG. 2 there is shown a fine bubble production chamber ( 46 ) positioned in the well casing ( 56 ) between the upper well screen ( 50 ) positioned immediately below fixed packer ( 24 ) consisting of a removable closure plug and the lower plug ( 48 ) consisting of the fine bubble production chamber ( 46 ) containing bubbles ( 60 ) including upper Spargepoint® ( 26 ) positioned above lower well screen ( 58 ) including pump ( 28 ) and check valve ( 32 ).
- control module box ( 12 ) including an AC/DC power converter ( 71 ), and ozone generator ( 72 ), well gas relays ( 73 ) (three wells shown), a compressor ( 74 ), a master relay ( 75 ), a main fuse ( 76 ).
- a programmable timer controller ( 77 ) a power strip ( 78 ), a gas regulator and pressure gauge ( 79 ), together with a solenoid manifold ( 80 ), a ground fault interrupter ( 81 ) and a cooling fan ( 82 ).
- Spargepoint® diffusers include several unique configurations as follows:
- a direct substitute for a well screen comprising 30% porosity, 5-50 micron channel size and resistance to flow from 1 to 3 PSI. This configuration can take high volume flow and needs a selective annular pack (sized to formation).
- the use of high density polyethylene or polypropylene is light-weight, rugged and inexpensive.
- a microporous diffuser can be placed on the end of a narrow diameter pipe riser KVA 14-291. This reduces the residence time in the riser volume.
- a shielded microporous diffuser which is injected with a hand-held or hydraulic vibratory hammer.
- the microporous material is molded around an internal metal (copper) perforated tubing and attached to an anchor which pulls the Spargepoint® out when the protective insertion shaft is retracted.
- the unit is connected to the surface with 3/16 or 1 ⁇ 4 inch polypropylene tubing with a compression fitting.
- a thin Spargepoint® with molded tubing can be inserted down a narrow shaft for use with push or vibratory tools with detachable points.
- the shaft is pushed to the depth desired, then the Spargepoint® is inserted, the shaft is pulled upwards, pulling off the detachable drive point and exposing the Spargepoint®.
- a microporous diffuser/pump combination placed within a well screen in such a manner that bubble production and pumping is sequenced with a delay to allow separation of large bubbles from the desired fine “champagne” bubbles.
- the pressure from the pump is allowed to offset the formation back pressure to allow injection of the remaining fine bubbles into the formation.
- an improvement comprises several new equipment designs associated with the Spargepoint® diffusers. Most important is the submittal for HDPE porous material with well fittings and pass-through design which allows individual pressure and flow control as shown in FIGS. 7-11 .
- the push-probe points have been developed for use with pneumatic tools, instead of drilling auger insertion.
- Each Spargepoint® can also be programmed to pulse on a timed sequencer, saving electrical costs and allowing certain unique vertical and horizontal bubble patterns.
- Spargepoint® diffusers can be fitted with an F480 thread with internal bypass and compression fittings, FIG. 12 .
- injectable points configured as molded, 18 Inch ⁇ 40 inch HDPE molded into 1 ⁇ 4 inch pp tubing or HDPE tubing allows a smooth tube to be inserted into a push probe with a detachable point.
- Rotameter/mirror A mirror placed at an angle in a well hole to allow site of a flowmeter reading scale to a point.
- the most effective range of pore space for the diffuser material selected depends upon the nature of the unconsolidated formation to be injected. The following serves as a general guide:
- the surrounding sand pack placed between the Spargepoint® and natural material to fill the zone after drilling and excavation should also be compatible in channel size to reduce coalescing of the produced bubbles.
- Permeability is defined as a measure of the ease of movement of a gas through the soil.
- the ability of a porous soil to pass any fluid, including gas, depends upon its internal resistance to flow, dictated largely by the forces of attraction, adhesion, cohesion, and viscosity. Because the ratio of surface area to porosity increases as particle size decreases, permeability is often related to particle size see Table 3.
Abstract
Description
TABLE 1 | |||||
Diameter | Surface Area | Volume | Surface | ||
(microns) | (4 πr2) | (4/3 r3) | Area/Volume | ||
200 | 124600 | 4186666 | .03 | ||
20 | 1256 | 4186 | .3 | ||
Vm=KgA(CS−C)
where:
-
- Vm=rate of mass transfer
- Kg=coefficient of diffusion for gas
- A=area through which gas is diffusing
- CS=saturation concentration of gas phase in bubble
- C=initial concentration of gas phase in bubble volume
TABLE 2 |
REMOVAL RATE COEFFICIENTS FOR THE |
MICROBUBBLE/OZONE PROCESS - C-SPARGE |
Ozone K2 | |||
Second order | K1 | Rate | |
Organic | Rate Constanta | Henry's | Removal |
Compound | (M−1 SEC−1) | Constantb | Coefficient |
Benzene | 2 | 5.59 × 10−3 | .0110 |
| 14 | 6.37 × 10−3 | .0890 |
Chlorobenzene | 0.75 | 3.72 × 10−3 | .0028 |
Trichloroethylene | 17 | 9.10 × 10−3 | .1540 |
Tetrachloroethylene | 0.1 | 2.59 × 10−2 | .026 |
Ethanol | .02 | 4.48 × 10−5 | .0000008 |
Rc · Hc = RRC | |||
aFrom Hoigne and Bader, 1983 | |||
bFrom EPA 540/1-86/060, Superfund Public Health Evaluation Manual |
Elimination of the Need for Vapor Extraction
TABLE 3 | ||
TIME (MINUTES FOR | ||
UPWARD | UPWARDS MIGRATION | |
BUBBLE | VELOCITY | (3 METERS) (Coarse |
DIAMETER | IN WATER | Sand and Gravel) |
10 mm | .25 m/s | 19 |
2 mm | .16 m/s | 30 min |
.2 mm | .018 m/s | 240 min |
Elimination Rate of PCE Relative to Ozone Content
-
- 1. Matching permeability and channel size;
- 2. Matching porosity;
- 3. Enhancing fluidity, which can be determined in situ.
-
- 1. Porosity of porous material: thirty percent (30%);
- 2. Pore space: 5-200 microns;
- a. 5-20 very fine silty sand;
- b. 20-50 medium sand;
- c. 50-200 coarse sand and gravel.
-
- 1. 10−2 to 10−6 cm/sec, corresponding to 2 to 2000 Darcy's; or
- 2. 10−2 to 10−6 cm/sec; or
- 3. 100 to 0.01 ft/day hydraulic conductivity.
Claims (45)
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US63801796A | 1996-04-25 | 1996-04-25 | |
US08/756,273 US5855775A (en) | 1995-05-05 | 1996-11-25 | Microporous diffusion apparatus |
US09/220,401 US6083407A (en) | 1995-05-05 | 1998-12-24 | Microporous diffusion apparatus |
US09/606,952 US6284143B1 (en) | 1995-05-05 | 2000-06-29 | Microporous diffusion apparatus |
US09/943,111 US6872318B2 (en) | 1995-05-05 | 2001-08-30 | Microporous diffusion apparatus |
US10/997,452 US7537706B2 (en) | 1995-05-05 | 2004-11-24 | Microporous diffusion apparatus |
US12/259,051 US7645380B2 (en) | 1995-05-05 | 2008-10-27 | Microporous diffusion apparatus |
US12/847,931 USRE43350E1 (en) | 1995-05-05 | 2010-07-30 | Microporous diffusion apparatus |
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Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US9694401B2 (en) | 2013-03-04 | 2017-07-04 | Kerfoot Technologies, Inc. | Method and apparatus for treating perfluoroalkyl compounds |
US10053966B2 (en) * | 2016-05-17 | 2018-08-21 | Nano Gas Technologies Inc. | Nanogas flooding of subterranean formations |
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