WO1991008550A1 - Scannable form having a control mark column with encoded data marks - Google Patents
Scannable form having a control mark column with encoded data marks Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1991008550A1 WO1991008550A1 PCT/US1990/007315 US9007315W WO9108550A1 WO 1991008550 A1 WO1991008550 A1 WO 1991008550A1 US 9007315 W US9007315 W US 9007315W WO 9108550 A1 WO9108550 A1 WO 9108550A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- mark
- data
- marks
- scannable form
- binary
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
- G06K17/00—Methods or arrangements for effecting co-operative working between equipments covered by two or more of main groups G06K1/00 - G06K15/00, e.g. automatic card files incorporating conveying and reading operations
- G06K17/0032—Apparatus for automatic testing and analysing marked record carriers, used for examinations of the multiple choice answer type
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
- G06K19/00—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings
- G06K19/06—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code
- G06K19/06009—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code with optically detectable marking
- G06K19/06018—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code with optically detectable marking one-dimensional coding
Definitions
- the present invention relates generally to the field of optical mark scanning apparatus and to the scannable forms for use with such apparatus. More particularly, the present invention relates to a scannable form having at least one control mark column with encoded data marks column-aligned in the same column with the scan control marks that comprise the timing track for the scannable form.
- Optical mark scanning apparatus (often referred to as optical mark reading or OMR systems) and the scannable forms for such systems are well known in the prior art.
- OMR systems optical mark reading
- the scannable forms for use in such systems are sheets of paper or other similar material that typically have a timing track comprised of plurality of pre-printed scan control marks (sometimes referred to as timing marks) in a control mark column and a plurality of response areas consisting generally of a row of response bubbles located on the sheet in a specified relationship with the scan control marks.
- the scan control marks are used to trigger the OMR system to scan or "read" the response areas associated with that scan control mark to detect whether a data mark is present at a particular response bubble. Scan control marks may also be used to indicate the beginning or end of the scanning operation for a scannable form. Most OMR systems utilize a scannable form with a single timing track comprising a control mark column of identically spaced, uniform scan control marks (e.g., U.S. Patent No. 3,831,009).
- data information is defined as information that is known or determined prior to the respondent completing the scannable form (e.g., school, class, grade, correct answer, etc.).
- U.S. Patent No. 3,643,348 describes a scannable form having the test answers encoded in a set of columns adjacent the control mark column so that the forms may be scored without the need of a separate answer key.
- Other forms have utilized separate pre-printed or pre-encoded response areas to designate data information on the scannable form before the respondent completes the form.
- This approach is the use of bar codes or bar code stickers affixed to the form to convey the data information.
- a scannable form for use in an OMR system in which the timing track is pre-encoded with data information by using a control mark column having encoded data marks that are column-aligned with the scan control marks.
- the data information is pre-encoded in the control mark column by utilizing that portion of the control mark column that is not essential for conveying the control information associated with the scan control marks.
- the data information is encoded using data marks that represent the data information in a binary or other similar coding technique that may be quickly and efficiently decoded using current data processing systems.
- the area between successive scan control marks is pre-encoded with one or more black/ white binary data marks that allow the timing track of the scannable form to convey the pre-encoded data information.
- the data marks are printed in varying color ranges such that they may be scanned without affecting the scanning of the black scan control marks.
- the data marks are organized according to horizontal and vertical segments of the area in the control mark column between successive scan control marks. This embodiment provides the capability to encode significant amounts of data information, including self-detection and self-correction codes that will allow the data information to be scanned and decoded correctly, even though paper flaws or extraneous marks may interfere with the scanning of the data marks.
- an objective of the present invention is to provide a scannable form for use in an OMR system that allows for the pre-encoding of data information in the control mark column.
- a further objective of the present invention is to provide a scannable form for use in an OMR system that allows for the pre-encoding of data information in a manner that maximizes the amount of data information that may be encoded in a minimum amount of space on the scannable form without interfering with other areas on the scannable form.
- Another objective of the present invention is to provide an efficient system for coding and retrieval of pre-encoded data information on a scannable form for use in an OMR system that is both cost-effective and consistent with current OMR system standards, such as forms created on a high quality, high speed laser printing system for variably encoding the data information.
- a still further objective of the present invention is to provide a scannable form for use in an OMR system that allows for the pre-encoding of data information in a manner that is aesthetically pleasing to the respondent and does not interfere with the overall design of the scannable form.
- Still another objective of the present invention is to encode data information on a scannable form such that it is not apparent to the respondent, thereby allowing for increased security of the data information.
- Fig. 1 is a depiction of a scannable form in accordance with the present invention utilizing full-width data marks in a single control mark column to convey data information.
- Fig. 2 is a depiction of another scannable form in accordance with the present invention utilizing half-width data marks in two control mark columns to convey data information.
- Fig. 3 is an enlarged view of the half-width data mark of the scannable form shown in Fig. 2.
- Fig. 4 is a depiction of the scannable form in accordance with the half-width data marks shown in Fig. 2 detailing the various types of data information that may be represented.
- Fig. 5 is a partial depiction of two sides of a scannable form similar to Fig. 4 utilizing both sides of the scannable form to convey data information.
- Fig. 6 is an enlarged view of an alternate embodiment showing a data mark that uses a vertical binary coding scheme.
- Fig. 7 is an enlarged view of an alternate embodiment showing a data mark that uses a vertical 2 of 5 coding scheme.
- Fig. 8 is an enlarged view of an alternate embodiment showing a data mark that uses a combined horizontal and vertical coding scheme.
- the present invention maximizes the amount of data information that may be encoded in a minimum amount of space on a scannable form without interfering with other areas on the scannable form by pre-encoding the data information as a plurality of data marks that are column- aligned with the scan control marks that comprise the control mark column of the scannable form.
- the scannable form is both cost-effective and consistent with current OMR standards.
- a scannable form utilizing the present invention may be scanned or "read" by any current OMR system using any number of mark scanning techniques that are well known in the prior art (e.g., conductive scanning, reflective scanning, Trans-Optic® scanning).
- the data marks do not interfere with the existing control scan marks because the data marks are located in that portion of the control mark column that is not necessary for detecting the scan control marks.
- the existence of the data information on the scannable form will not disrupt the normal scanning of the form in an OMR system that is not capable of decoding the data information. This transparency of operation allows the present invention to be adapted for use within the standards for current OMR systems.
- the scannable form 10 is a generally rectangular sheet of paper or other similar material.
- the scannable form 10 is 8 1/2" by 11" printed on Mark Reflex® paper stock suitable for scanning by an OpScan® 2100 OMR scanner, available from National Computer Systems, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota.
- the term “column” will refer to the longer “length” orientation of the scannable form 10 and the term “row” will refer to the shorter "width” orientation of the scannable form 10.
- the scannable form 10 is inserted lengthwise into an OMR scanner system (not shown) and scanning occurs from left to right on a row-by-row basis as the form 10 passes under a scan or read head. It should be also be apparent that these conventions are not meant to limit the scope of the invention.
- the scannable form 10 has pre-printed along the left edge of the form 10 a control mark column 12 comprising a plurality of scan control marks 14.
- a response area 16 comprising a plurality of response bubbles 18 are pre-printed in the row associated with the particular scan control mark 14.
- the data information is conveyed using a plurality of full-width data marks 20 that are column-aligned with the scan control marks 14 in the control mark column 12. The presence of a data mark 20 would indicate a binary "1" and the absence of a data mark would indicate a binary "0".
- the entire set of data marks 20 in this embodiment are used to generate a single Sheet Identification Code that comprises a 31 bit binary number capable of representing more than 1 billion unique Sheet Identification Codes.
- the data marks 20 indicate a unique Sheet Identification Code having the value "7" as represented by the three least significant "bits" or data marks 20 being turned on for this scannable form.
- the scan control marks 14 are pre-printed in an alternating pattern with the data marks 20 in a 6 TPI (tracks per inch) format.
- Standard OMR systems are set up to detect scan control marks 14 in the 6 TPI format; however, in this embodiment, only every other mark detected by the OMR system is a scan control mark 14.
- the remaining marks detected by the OMR system are data marks 20.
- control mechanism for the OMR scanner could be modified to generate two scan pulses for each scan control mark 14 detected, one scan pulse at detection of the scan control mark 14 and one halfway between the scan control mark just read and the next expected scan control mark.
- the printing techniques that would allow for the pre-encoding of the data marks 20 during the creation of the scannable form 10 are well known.
- traditional plate printing press technology a film containing the data information as data marks 20 to be pre-encoded on the scannable forms 10 is used to generate the printing plate that is used to repetitively create the scannable forms.
- laser printing technology operating under computer control may be used.
- high speed, high quality laser printers may be used to variably encode data marks 20 conveying either manufacturing/environmental data information about the conditions under which the scannable form 10 was created (i.e., paper stock, humidity, form number), or student data information from a pre-existing computer file supplied, for example, by the school district requesting the forms.
- data marks 20 conveying either manufacturing/environmental data information about the conditions under which the scannable form 10 was created (i.e., paper stock, humidity, form number), or student data information from a pre-existing computer file supplied, for example, by the school district requesting the forms.
- Fig. 2 another embodiment of the present invention is shown. Only the control mark column is shown in Fig. 2, although it will be recognized that various types of response areas 16 and response bubbles 18 may be provided for in this embodiment.
- the data information is encoded using a half-width data mark 22 as shown in greater detail in Fig. 3.
- a half-width data mark 22 as shown in greater detail in Fig. 3.
- this embodiment is capable of representing a 31 bit binary digit, or any combination of values represented by binary digits totalling 31 bits, for encoding the desired data information.
- the bit represents a binary "0", as shown in Fig. 3.
- the bit represents a binary "1".
- the data marks 22 may also be used by the OMR system as triggers to generate a scan pulse for reading a row of response bubbles associated with that mark because either the left or right half of the data mark 22 will always be "on” to the OMR scanner.
- a school district may provide the supplier of the scannable forms 10 with a magnetic tape or disk in a machine-readable format containing the data information desired to be pre-encoded on the scannable forms 10 for use in the administration of a battery of standardized tests.
- the data information might include a 6 bit State Code 30, a 14 bit District Code 32, a 20 bit School Code 34, an 18 bit Document Identification 36, and a 4 bit Check Digit.
- each scannable form 10 may be linked or matched to other data information contained in a user-provided data base so that information collected from the response areas 16 on the scannable form 10 could be matched with the additional data information in the data base. For example, student information such as class, name, address, age, sex, etc.
- the data information in the user-provided data base is matched to the particular form by the encoding of an 8 bit Class Code 40 and a 30 bit Student Identification Number 42 on the scannable form 10.
- a computer system can match the Student Identification Number 42 to the associated information in the user-provided data base, thereby eliminating the need to encode all of the particulars of the data information for a particular student on the scannable form.
- the pre-encoded data information save time in filling out the scannable form 10, it also saves space by decreasing, or eliminating, the number of data information response areas 16 needed to gather data information known prior to the administration of the scannable form.
- the accuracy of the data information is increased because the possibility of coding errors by the respondent is eliminated.
- the data information could be encoded on the scannable form 10 in the control mark column 12 and the student's name or identification number could be printed in a human readable format elsewhere on the scannable form 10 for purposes of assisting the teacher or test administrator in matching the scannable form 10 with the proper respondent.
- grade K-3 i.e. grades K-3 because the children are generally unable to fill in the requested demographic information on a scannable form and, thus, with existing scannable forms, the teacher must fill in this information for each student's form.
- the scannable forms 10 might also include encoded data marks 22 associated with an 8 bit Page Number 44 if the scannable form 10 is to be part of a test booklet, and one or more Check Digits 38 to ensure the accuracy and correctness of the pre-encoded data information.
- the Document Identification Code 36 could be used by the supplier to indicate printing information such as batch number, paper stock number, ink lot, etc., so that printing errors could be more easily identified and traced.
- the Check Digit in mis embodiment is a Modulo 11 check digit. It should be recognized that any number of standard check digit or error correction codes or techniques code could be used and pre- encoded on the scannable form 10 to insure that none of the data information is altered or destroyed.
- any number of applications involving the pre-encoding of data information on a scannable form can be envisioned.
- the particular method or marks used to encode or convey the data information in the control mark column should not be limited to the alternating binary techniques already discussed.
- the present invention provides a means for encoding data information on a scannable form that can convey a vast amount of data information in a limited amount of space. In theory, using only the control mark column and scanning techniques using discrimination levels that are currently available, it is possible to encode more data information than could conceivably be used in a test environment. Referring now to Figs.
- a fundamental limit on the amount of data information that may be encoded on a scannable form is a function of the amount of space on the form mat is available to convey such information, i.e. the information spectrum of the scannable form.
- other fundamental limits include the medium being printed on, the medium used to print, the areal or optical spectrum, or both, in which the OMR scanner system is operating, and the detection level or resolution of the OMR scanner system.
- the data information must be encoded in that portion of the information spectrum of the scannable form that is common to all scannable forms and is accessible to the OMR system (i.e., the edge/thickness of the sheet is unused but is not accessible to be scanned by conventional OMR systems).
- the edge/thickness of the sheet is unused but is not accessible to be scanned by conventional OMR systems.
- OMR systems i.e., the edge/thickness of the sheet is unused but is not accessible to be scanned by conventional OMR systems.
- almost all of the space on a scannable form compatible with current OMR systems is used, either as part of the response areas 16 or the control mark column 12, or is reserved for particular uses such as print-after-scan strip, lead-edge/ trail edge or other dear zones, slit bands, skunk codes or preprinted reference bars, etc.
- the present invention seeks to encode data information by utilizing the unused portion of the bandwidth of the information spectrum associated with the control mark column.
- the present invention recognizes and makes use of the fact that not all of the space in current control mark columns is necessary to convey the scan control information and that additional data information can be encoded into this same space without affecting the original scan control information.
- the S/N ratio provides an ability to determine the proportionate amoimt of information that can be conveyed for a given system, without needing to know how many scan control marks or control mark columns will be used in a given application.
- the S/N ratio can be expressed as:
- V2 is the output voltage signal and Vi is the input voltage signal.
- Vi output voltage equals input voltage
- 0 dB represents the situation where there is no information content in the output beyond the input.
- the information content is expressed in terms of bits of information, rather than voltage levels.
- the theoretical S/N ratio for a compact disc is:
- the present invention seeks to utilize the untapped bandwidth in the control mark column in the form of the space (T xy ) between one scan control mark and the next scan control mark, as well as in the form of the color spectral and print contrast scales of the data mark printed in the space (T xy ).
- T xy there are four parameters available in the space (T xy ) that can be used to increase the information content of the space and convey encoded data information: (1) the vertical y-space between consecutive scan control marks; (2) the horizontal x-space associated with the width of a scan control mark; (3) the color spectrum that may be detected by different sensors; and (4) the print density that may be detected by different sensors.
- any combination of one or more of the above parameters may be used to increase the information content of the space (T Xy ) to convey the encoded data information.
- a single y-space encoding system in accordance with the present invention is shown.
- the vertical height of each scan control mark 14 is .030" and the vertical height of the space (T xy ) is .167".
- the vertical height of the scan control marks is also .030", but the vertical height of the space (T xy ) is .125".
- the data marks 24 are comprised of binary coded marks that are placed either in the upper half (binary "0") or the lower half (binary "1") of the y-space between two consecutive scan control marks.
- a multiple y-space encoding system in accordance with the present invention is shown.
- the vertical distance between consecutive scan control marks 14 is divided into 7 equal data mark zones 50.
- the height for each data mark zone is .0167" (.117"/7).
- the height for each data mark zone is .0136" (.095"/7).
- the vertical printing press Y-axis two-tower tolerance for printing data marks in the data marks zones 50 is on the order of .0136" +/- (.005" to .007"). It should be noted that these dimensions are well within current scanner technology capabilities and nearly twice the minimum world-wide bar code line width specifications.
- the data mark zones 50 are used as follows: zones 51 and 57 adjacent to the scan control marks 14 are assigned as guard bands and will not contain any data marks; and zones 52, 53, 54, 55, and 56 hold the data marks 58 that convey the data information.
- zones 52 thru 56 represent the well-known 2 out of 5 ten-state decimal coding scheme with even parity check.
- the S/N ratio for this encoding system is 20 dB.
- zone 52 is assigned as a parity bit and zones 53, 54, 55, and 56 make up a 4-bit hexadecimal nibble.
- the S/N ratio for this version is 24.08 db. With these types of S/N ratios, it is possible to represent up to 32 decimal digits in a single control mark column for a 6 TPI form.
- the x-axis, horizontal dimension is added to the previous encoding system shown in Fig. 7.
- the horizontal width of the space (T xy ) (.150") is divided into 10 horizontal zones 60 through 69, each horizontal zone having a width of .0167".
- Reserving the guard band zones associated with vertical data zones 51 and 57, the combined vertical and horizontal division of the space (Txy) would produce forty-five (45) pixel-point data zones 70.
- a variety of encoding schemes can be employed to utilize the pixel-point data zones 70.
- the outer-most horizontal zones 60 and 69, as well as the outer most vertical zones 51 and 57 are used as guard bands.
- each vertical data zone 52 thru 56 would represent an 8- bit byte with a parity bit.
- the S/N ratio for this version would be greater than 150 dB.
- each of the systems discussed above in connection with Figs. 6-8 would require the use of additional hardware or software in the OMR system to capture and decode the encoded data information. If the scan control mark, rather than the space (T xy ), is used to convey both scan control information and data information, the scannable forms in accordance with the present invention may be compatible with and could be scanned by some of the current OMR systems, even though such systems may not be equipped to capture and decode the data information encoded using the data marks in the control mark column.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE69030446T DE69030446T2 (en) | 1989-12-04 | 1990-12-04 | DETACHABLE FORM WITH A CONTROL BRAND COLUMN WITH CODED DATA TAGS |
EP91901245A EP0504274B1 (en) | 1989-12-04 | 1990-12-04 | Scannable form having a control mark column with encoded data marks |
CA002070635A CA2070635C (en) | 1989-12-04 | 1990-12-04 | Scannable form having a control mark column with encoded data marks |
JP91501633A JPH05505895A (en) | 1989-12-04 | 1990-12-04 | Scannable form with control mark columns with coded data marks |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US44486989A | 1989-12-04 | 1989-12-04 | |
US444,869 | 1989-12-04 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1991008550A1 true WO1991008550A1 (en) | 1991-06-13 |
Family
ID=23766684
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US1990/007315 WO1991008550A1 (en) | 1989-12-04 | 1990-12-04 | Scannable form having a control mark column with encoded data marks |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0504274B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JPH05505895A (en) |
AU (1) | AU643638B2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2070635C (en) |
DE (1) | DE69030446T2 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2101739T3 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1991008550A1 (en) |
Citations (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US3453419A (en) * | 1965-12-23 | 1969-07-01 | Charecogn Systems Inc | Code reading system |
US3715568A (en) * | 1970-11-16 | 1973-02-06 | Automata Corp | System for gathering and transmitting source data |
US3728677A (en) * | 1971-05-10 | 1973-04-17 | Stanford Research Inst | Rotation-independent reading of rectangular insignia |
US3793472A (en) * | 1970-08-17 | 1974-02-19 | Studentlitteratur Ab | Systems for correcting of processing so-called diagnostic tests of multiple choice type |
US4117975A (en) * | 1971-06-30 | 1978-10-03 | Gunn Damon M | Mail preparation, sorting apparatus and method |
US4213040A (en) * | 1978-07-07 | 1980-07-15 | News Log International, Incorporated | Digital microfiche and apparatus for accurately positioning the microfiche |
US4782221A (en) * | 1985-04-01 | 1988-11-01 | Cauzin Systems, Incorporated | Printed data strip including bit-encoded information and scanner control |
US4787075A (en) * | 1984-12-26 | 1988-11-22 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Optical information recording medium and apparatus for recording/reproducing information using the same |
Family Cites Families (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2608294A1 (en) * | 1986-12-15 | 1988-06-17 | Terracol Claude | System for automatic marking and identification |
JP3587588B2 (en) * | 1995-06-21 | 2004-11-10 | 孝和建商株式会社 | Construction method of Kiwa jouta |
-
1990
- 1990-12-04 WO PCT/US1990/007315 patent/WO1991008550A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1990-12-04 ES ES91901245T patent/ES2101739T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1990-12-04 DE DE69030446T patent/DE69030446T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1990-12-04 AU AU69153/91A patent/AU643638B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1990-12-04 CA CA002070635A patent/CA2070635C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1990-12-04 JP JP91501633A patent/JPH05505895A/en active Pending
- 1990-12-04 EP EP91901245A patent/EP0504274B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3453419A (en) * | 1965-12-23 | 1969-07-01 | Charecogn Systems Inc | Code reading system |
US3793472A (en) * | 1970-08-17 | 1974-02-19 | Studentlitteratur Ab | Systems for correcting of processing so-called diagnostic tests of multiple choice type |
US3715568A (en) * | 1970-11-16 | 1973-02-06 | Automata Corp | System for gathering and transmitting source data |
US3728677A (en) * | 1971-05-10 | 1973-04-17 | Stanford Research Inst | Rotation-independent reading of rectangular insignia |
US4117975A (en) * | 1971-06-30 | 1978-10-03 | Gunn Damon M | Mail preparation, sorting apparatus and method |
US4213040A (en) * | 1978-07-07 | 1980-07-15 | News Log International, Incorporated | Digital microfiche and apparatus for accurately positioning the microfiche |
US4787075A (en) * | 1984-12-26 | 1988-11-22 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Optical information recording medium and apparatus for recording/reproducing information using the same |
US4782221A (en) * | 1985-04-01 | 1988-11-01 | Cauzin Systems, Incorporated | Printed data strip including bit-encoded information and scanner control |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See also references of EP0504274A4 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE69030446D1 (en) | 1997-05-15 |
EP0504274A4 (en) | 1993-05-12 |
ES2101739T3 (en) | 1997-07-16 |
AU6915391A (en) | 1991-06-26 |
CA2070635A1 (en) | 1991-06-05 |
CA2070635C (en) | 2001-02-13 |
AU643638B2 (en) | 1993-11-18 |
EP0504274A1 (en) | 1992-09-23 |
DE69030446T2 (en) | 1997-10-23 |
JPH05505895A (en) | 1993-08-26 |
EP0504274B1 (en) | 1997-04-09 |
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