WO1998026711A1

WO1998026711A1 - Methods of estimating motor systems of humans

Info

Publication number: WO1998026711A1
Application number: PCT/IL1997/000413
Authority: WO
Inventors: Sergei Avadyaev
Original assignee: Sergei Avadyaev
Priority date: 1996-12-19
Filing date: 1997-12-17
Publication date: 1998-06-25
Also published as: IL119863A; AU5408498A

Abstract

The possibility of the express and effective control of the training, of the control of the physical training of healthy people in the wide ages range, the effectiveness of the treatment of some types of sick people depends on the simplicity of functional methods of the estimation of different forms of the physical efficiency, on the improvement of the estimation precision, on possibilities of receiving of much informative criteria and methods, on the cheep devices use for the estimation. Such methods are being worked out in physiology, biochemistry, sportive medicine. Tests of the PWC type are more popular. The basis of the physical efficiency may be described by the following characteristics: power, capacity (inside structure) and the factor 'economization', which are estimated in indexes of aerobic and anaerobic possibilities, the effectiveness of contributions and rehabilitation of different energy sources in the work of different intensities. The special interest when physical efficiency estimating is to define the interdependence between bio-energetic, cardiac - vascular and motor systems during fulfilling of special physical loads carried out in competitions, in the repeated - variable and long-lasting work as the important criterion of the estimation of human organism reactions.

Description

METHODS OF ESTIMATING MOTOR SYSTEMS OF HUMANS

Completeness .

Estimations of functional human organism's state, received according separate methods of investigations, are not simple even in the case of the most informative method. The completeness of functional investigations of sportsmen is one of the main principals, and that's why it is necessary to work out different methods of estimation in different functional systems. Estimation of separate factors describing the physical capacity of work (efficiency) (P.E.) of a sportsman needs some special methods of investigations of the human organism's functional ability. Such methods are being worked out by researchers of sport's physiology and biochemistry and sporting medicine. The data received by these methods are important for diagnostics as well as for forecast of development of different form of P.E. and naturally for effective control of training process. But it is necessary to remember that no separate method can give the full information, so any method have the real value only in combination with another methods. The P.E. performed in any kind of sport is the many-factorial ability closely connected with another abilities of the sportsman. Simplifying we can say, that the P.E. main factors are: a). The factors of energetic supply of work - "the functional power" of the system used for change and conversion of energy. b). The factors of "functional stability" or capacity (definition of energy source reserve), which allow to save the functional activity of human systems on the necessary level in spite of changes in his organs which appear at the time of work as far as tiredness growth. c). The factors of "functional economy", which are expressed as decreasing of energy expenditure per work unit while training increases.

In accordance with existing ideas the power of the energy source is defined by expenditure per time unit of biochemical substance, which provides the source functioning. The source capacity is connected directly with the substance's reserve in the human organism. Each energetic process is defined by its power and its capacity, that's why it's necessary to use such tests' complete, which will help to estimate the state of aerobic and anaerobic productivity of human organism in all aspects during the different power works according the present knowledge of energetic sources' expenditure. They can be estimated in such characteristics of aerobic and anaerobic abilities of organism as aerobic and anaerobic limit, the speed of running at the anaerobic limit, the lack of oxygen, contribution of different energetic sources to the work of different power and effectiveness of their restoration and so on. The ability of doing any kind of sports connected with physical activity is determent by all these factors, though their influence and relationship in different kinds of sport have special peculiarities according to the sport specialization. The sport specialization requirements are expressed in the "special efficiency of sportsman", but differences in this requirements sometimes are essential and sometimes are not. According to this we can define some types of special efficiency or power of physical activity of the sportsman:

- sprint (maximum power), - "Langzeit-Mittelzeit-Kurzzeitausdauer"

- sub-maximum power,

- middle distances race type (big power),

- Marathon race (middle power).

The full idea of special efficiency of sportsman and its improvement can be got considering its integral parameters, received during the real competitions, during different forms of repeated - variable efficiency and during long-lasting efficiency.

Besides after the finding out that different forms of P.E. have not- uniform character of the inside structure the grate interest to the working out of the tests which can define the P.E. have appeared. It is concerned in tests for inside structure estimation of effectiveness of different energy sources influence (separate each one and all together), in tests for estimation of aerobic power and capacity, in exercises of repeated - variable character and in competitive exercises of maximum, sub-maximum, big and middle power. Diagnostic value of such tests will be increase if we'll get the information about inside structure of restoration of these contributions in nearest and separate period of restoration. Such information will be more interesting if there is some information about three most important systems of human organism together: cardiac - vascular, energetic and motor systems, and this information will be received after each training.

What will give the possibility of getting such reach information to the sport practice? It will give the opportunity of effective control of training process, i.e. it will allow to choose right quantity and quality of the training load and training methods, it will help to influence purposefully and selectively the improvement of the worst component of physical efficiency as well as the effective development of the main energy source, or even the full functional system in definite kinds of sports.

Estimation of physical efficiency with the help of tests like PWC - 170 type.

Recently the different modifications of test PWC- 170 became the most popular. However this test did not achieve wide using as special functional test (for racing , for walking). More over it is insufficient to use one test for all cases, that's why it's necessary to work out the bases of methods of new types of specialized functional tests such as (for example): PWC- 170 - power, PWC - capacity, PWC- 170 - capacity, PWC - maximum, PWC - big, etc.

Necessity of complicated arrangements and devices using in laboratory investigations for estimation of different forms of physical efficiency.

For physical efficiency estimation by tests like PWC- 170 type in laboratory conditions it's necessary to use expensive and complicated devices and arrangements - such as track-ban, cycle-ergonometre, devices for P.E. definition (graphic display). In the case of using of special functional tests of PWC type in simple conditions of training and competitions it's not necessary to use such complicated arrangements as cycle-ergonometre and track-bans. In the case of aerobic power estimation by one load it's not necessary to use device with graphic display. In these cases it's enough to use the simple device - pulse rate meter and calculator.

For estimation of different biochemical sources influence on work of maximum and sub-maximum power it's necessary to use complicated biochemical analysis and the arrangement mentioned above. The estimation of the same parameters with the help of tests like types PWC-maximum or PWC - sub-maximum gives us the possibility to receive the same information with the help of simple devices: pulse rate meter, calculator and range-meter (measuring the distance from the point of start to the sportsman - investigated object). For estimation of aerobic, anaerobic and full influence on work of big and middle power it's necessary to use an analyzer of gases. The estimation of the same parameters with the help of test PWC- 170 - big effort gives us the possibility to receive the same information without any analyzer of gases.

For estimation of the effectiveness of the moving velocity (step length, step frequency, time of moving support and flight) there are very complicated and expensive arrangements like special race moving track in covered stadium. The same information it's possible to get with the help of complete of simple devices - step-meter, stop-watch, radio-transmitters in the boots, distance-meter (measuring the distance from the point of start to the sportsman - investigated object) and calculator. All these devices have two parts - transmitting blocks mounted on the sportsman (for information transmitting) and receiving - processing block (for information receiving ) which is placed outside the sportsman.

For the estimation of the functional state of the cardiac - vascular system the method of laboratory investigations with electron-cardiograph and other complicated devices are used as usual. That's why it's impossible to use them during specific loads in real conditions of sport training and competitions. However for sport practices it's necessary to work out simple methods of such investigations and methods of estimations in simple conditions.

The search of investigation methods of a motor function state have a grate interest for a sport practice and for science as well. It will be the method of the motor function state research if we know all the details about the influence of each of the reasons in achieving the efficiency of the whole system from the beginning up to the end of activity of different power. The most interesting is the definition of the interaction between different functional systems (motor, cardiac - vascular, bio-energetic) during the physical loading because it is important for estimation of human organism reaction.

Estimation method (test) "aerobic effort - power" or test PWC-170 - power.

To make the P.E. estimation method with the help of test PWC-170 - power usable in simple specific conditions it is necessary to simplify the procedure of testing and the method of calculating, and the load must be momentaneous and relatively short. It will be possible only under the condition that in the functional trial the straight proportional dependence between velocity and pulse rate could be received in wide range of changing. In this case the value of race velocity provoking the pulse rate up to 170 pulses per minute may be predicted by the way of straight proportional extrapolation (for one man) or by the way of parallel extrapolation (for some people) using results of only one specific load with moderate velocity.

Besides that it will have the following advantages:

- the increasing of the race velocity in the test for sportsmen or decreasing of the velocity for the people with low level of aerobic power can provide the possibility of using of standard testing load for lots of people,

- the exactness of estimation increases,

- the possibility of increasing the number of high level informative characteristics in the test appears,

- it is possible to use the simple and cheap devices for estimation.

Definition of possibility of receiving the straight proportional dependence between the race velocity and the pulse rate in the test PWC-170 - power.

The task of experimental investigation was to define: 1). What values of testing loads provide the straight proportional functional dependence between race velocity and pulse rate?

2). At what boundaries of the pulse rate can we receive the mentioned functional dependence for main range of the age with aerobic power developing, i.e. in the next groups of age: 1)4 - 7 years, 2) 8 years, 3) 9 - 10 years, 4) 11 - 12 years, 5) 13 - 14 year, 6) 15 - 16 years, 7) 17 - 25 years

(fig- 1)?

The experimental results showed that the straight proportional functional dependence between race velocity and pulse rate was obtained when the length of first, second and third race loads was equal (standard exactly) and the intervals of relaxation between race loads were equal to 3 minutes in the test of all tested men. The answer for the second question was received by the experimental way too: the boundaries of the pulse rate were from 130 up to 170 pulses per minute. The procedure of testing load accomplishment and the volume of received information in the test PWC- 170 - power.

In the race functional probe suitable for many people the length was defined by experimental investigations and equal to 300 m. The race load must be momentaneous and accomplished with the middle velocity, but on condition that the pulse rate at the end of the race distance must be in the boundaries from 130 up to 170 pulses per minute. Temp of race must be uniform. Before testing the warming-up must not be done.

The methods of calculations .

The numerical estimation in the test PWC-170 - power is the mean race velocity, which can be calculated according the expression

V₁₇₀ = ( V / PT ) * 170 ,

where V₁₇₀ - is the mean velocity of the race load which provides the pulse rate equal to 170 pulses per minute, V is the velocity of race equal to the ratio of the race distance length to the race time and is measured in m/s, PT is the pulse rate per minute at the end of the distance.

The estimation of the aerobic power effectiveness is measured in kg/m/s and is defined by expression

W₁₇₀ = V * M ,

where W₁₇₀ is the aerobic power effectiveness (if it is measured per minute it must be multiplied by 60), V is the velocity of race, and M is the mass of tested man.

Method of estimation (test) "inside structure of aerobic effort - power" or test PWC-170 - inside structure of power.

The procedure of testing load accomplishment.

The parts of different power sources in power of one man are defined according the distance covered by the sportsman in definite boundaries of pulse rate. The comparison of the inside structure effectiveness of different people is performed by product of the distance on the velocity in these boundaries of the pulse rate. The exact estimation of inside structure of the aerobic power may be made only when the pulse rate at the end of load is equal to 170 pulses per minute. With one load it is methodically difficult to receive the pulse rate equal 170 pulses per minute, that's why for this estimation it is necessary to provide two loads. First of them is fulfilled with the indefinite free chosen race velocity as the test PWC-170 - power and after interval of relaxation equal to 3 minutes the second load is fulfilled in the test, but with the definite compulsory velocity defined according calculations after first load, i.e. with the race velocity which will provide the pulse rate equal to 170 pulses per minute at the end of the second load. The first and the second race loads must have the same length, the race temp must be uniform.

For sportsmen training in the race on the short or middle distances it's necessary to provide the estimation of aerobic power and its inside structure on the distances which are equal to the distances of their competition (from 100 up to 600 - 800 m). It is possible because the straight proportional functional dependence may be received using different distances length. This fact was experimentally checked.

Methods of calculations of the inside structure in the test PWC-170 - inside structure of power and volume of information.

1). The effectiveness of aerobic limit (L_a) may be calculated by expression

where Dj is the distance (measured in m) of race trial when the pulse rate reaches 130 pulses per minute.

2). The effectiveness of aerobic limit per one pulse (L_a/i ) may be calculated by expression

ι = ( V * D, ) / fι ,

where fi is the pulse rate equal to 130 pulses per minute. 3). The effectiveness of part of power from pre-aerobic source per one pulse (L _bas/i) may be calculated by expression

bas/l = (V*D₁)/(f₁-f₀),

where fo is the pulse rate before fulfilling of the second load (with standing body).

Effectiveness of aerobic part.

4). The effectiveness of mixed limit (L _mx) or aerobic - anaerobic limit may be calculated by expression

L_m = V*D₂,

where D₂ is the distance in the test when the pulse rate reaches 150 pulses per minute.

5). The effectiveness of mixed limit per one pulse (L _m/i) may be calculated by expression

where f₂ is the pulse rate equal to 150 pulses per minute.

6). The effectiveness of different sources of energy before mixed limit per one pulse (L _sebm/ι) may be calculated by expression

_Seb_m/_l = (V*D₂)/(f₂-fo).

7). The effectiveness of part from aerobic source ( L _sa ) may be calculated by expression

8). The effectiveness of part from aerobic source per one pulse ( L _sa/ι) may be calculated by expression

9). The effectiveness of part from anaerobic limit ( L _ae ) may be calculated by expression

L_ae = V* D₃,

where D₃ is the whole distance in the test, here it is equal to 300 m.

10). The effectiveness of anaerobic limit per one pulse ( L _ae/ι ) may be calculated by expression

ae/l V* D₃ /ft 3 •>

where f₃ is the pulse rate equal to 170 pulses per minute, which will be achieved at the end of the second load.

11 ). The effectiveness of all parts of energy sources per one pulse ( L _pes/i ) may be calculated by expression

12). The effectiveness of mixed source (L _ms ) may be calculated by- expression

_ms= V*(D₃-D₂).

13). The effectiveness of mixed source per one pulse ( L_msι ) may be calculated by expression _ras/1= V_*(D₃-D₂)/(f₃-f₂).

Methods of calculations of the effectiveness of rehabilitation of parts of different energy sources in the test PWC-170 - inside structure of power.

For estimation of effectiveness of parts of different energy sources and for estimation of effectiveness of rehabilitation of these parts the same test is used, namely PWC-170 - inside structure of power.

14). The effectiveness of anaerobic limit rehabilitation ( L _aer ) may be calculated by expression aer V* D₃ /T₃,

where T₃ is the time (in seconds) which is necessary for full rehabilitation of the pulse rate (to the value that it have had before the test load).

15). The effectiveness of anaerobic limit rehabilitation per one pulse ( L _aer/ι ) may be calculated by expression

aer/l V* D₃ /(f₃*T₃)

16). The effectiveness of rehabilitation of all parts of energy sources per one pulse ( L _peSr/ι ) may be calculated by expression

pesr/l = V* D₃ /((f₃-f₀)*T₃).

17). The effectiveness of part rehabilitation of mixed source ( L _msr ) may be calculated by expression

_msr= V*(D₃-D₂)/T₁,

where Ti is the time (in seconds) which is necessary for rehabilitation of the pulse rate from 170 pulses per minute up to 150 pulses per minute.

18). The effectiveness of part rehabilitation of mixed source per one pulse ( L _msr1 ) may be calculated by expression

_rasr/ι = V * (D₃ -D₂)/((f₃ -f₂) * T -

19). The effectiveness of mixed limit rehabilitation (L _mxr) may be calculated by expression

_mxr = V*D₂/(T₃-T₁).

20). The effectiveness of mixed limit rehabilitation per one pulse (L _mxr/i) may be calculated by expression

_mxr/1-(V*D₂)/(f₂*(T₃-T₁)). 21). The effectiveness of rehabilitation of parts of energy sources before mixed limit per one pulse (L _sebmr/ι) may be calculated by expression

se_bmr/_l = V * D₂ / (( f₂ - f₀)*(T₃ - T,)).

22). The effectiveness of rehabilitation of part from aerobic source ( L _sar ) may be calculated by expression

_sar = V*(D₂ - Dj ) / (T₂ - T ,

where T₂ is the time (in seconds) which is necessary for rehabilitation of the pulse rate from 150 pulses per minute up to 130 pulses per minute.

23). The effectiveness of rehabilitation of aerobic part per one pulse ( L _sar/i ) may be calculated by expression

_sar/1 = V * (D₂ - D / ((f₂ - fi) * (T₂ - TO).

24). The effectiveness of aerobic limit rehabilitation ( L _ar ) may be calculated by expression

L_ar= V*D,/(T,-T₂).

25). The effectiveness of aerobic limit rehabilitation per one pulse (L_ar/i ) may be calculated by expression

^CV D /Cf_jMT.-T,)).

26). The effectiveness of rehabilitation of part of source pre-aerobic limit per one pulse (L _basr/i) may be calculated by expression

L_bMrΛ = V*D₁/((f₁-fi)*(T3-T₂)).

Possibility of increasing of number of high- informative characteristics in the test PWC-170 - power

In the known trial PWC-170 the possibility of receiving of one characteristic is considered. It is the power or the race velocity at the pulse rate equal to 170 pulses per minute. The proposed method of estimation allows to get 26 high-informative characteristics and estimation criteria in one estimation method and in one block owing to the fulfilled methodical development.

Method of estimation "aerobic effort" (capacity) or test PWC - capacity.

Procedure of test load fulfillment.

It was used the race load "300x10" with the intervals of rest 20 seconds between the sections as the main load which can be used for estimation of aerobic capacity of healthy but non-trained people in wide range of ages. The race velocity at the sections must be chosen under condition that at the end of each section in the test the pulse rate will be not lower than 130 pulses per minute and not more than 170 pulses per minute.

At the end of each section and end of the whole test the time of race and the pulse rate are defined and are written in special cards. If the pulse rate is about 170 pulses per minute at the end of the section the man being under the trial must reduce the race velocity along the next section and on the contrary if the pulse rate is about 130 pulses per minute at the end of the section the man being under the trial must increase the race velocity along the next section.

The race velocity within the limits of one section is constant. Before the trial there is no need to do the warming up.

For those who have not much aerobic capacity the test and the load must be changed: the length of the standard section must be diminished and the number of the sections must be decreased (for example 200 m x 5) and also if there is any necessity the breaks between the sections may be increased (for example: 30, 35 seconds and so on).

For those who have much aerobic capacity there is no necessity of breaks between sections.

The capacity estimation of sportsmen can or must be tested at the distance equal to their competition distance, the length of the sections can be changed (for example, 1000m x 10). Methods of calculations and volume of information.

The effectiveness of keeping power (L _kp) can be calculated by the expression

where W_l5 W₂ and so on are values of the functional power of each section in the test, they are calculated by expression

W _{1)2 3}... = V * D / f ,

where V is the mean race velocity on the section, D is the length of the section in m, f is the pulse rate at the end of the race section.

The inside structure of keeping may be defined graphically and mathematically. Graphic method of definition is to find the moment of break on the curve line on the diagram in coordinates "velocity - pulse rate". The inside structure of keeping (K^ ) may be calculated by expression

K^ CM, - M₂) + (M₂ - M₃) + ...= M, - M _L ,

where Mi is the power on the first section and M _L is the power on the last section . For example the data of changes of power and inside structure of keeping of aerobic energy sources depending on the age are shown in the table 1.

Method of the race velocity defining at the level of anaerobic limit or test PWC-170 - capacity.

The method for the estimation of the effectiveness of the anaerobic changing limit (ACL) became a well-accepted between specialists. This effectiveness can be defined in the test on the distances which can be shorter, equal or longer than the length of the competitive distance. Previously it was difficult to receive such information with the help of the tests like PWC because it was necessary to come to a pulse rate equal to 170 pulses per minute at the end of each race section in the test. It is methodically simple to receive such information in the case when the possibility of a calculation of the aerobic power estimation has appeared at each sectuon and sections of different length with one load. The race velocity at the level ACL for the each section is defined with the help of the method PWC-170 - power, and the estimation of the race velocity at the ACL level in the whole test is defined in the volume of showings of the test PWC - capacity and now this test may be determined as test PWC-170 - capacity. At the beginning the load is carried out on the shortest distance, after that on the bigger distance and so on. The time break between loads is 3 - 5 minutes. The velocity on each section may be different and equal, but it's necessary to fulfill the next condition: pulse rate must be in the boundaries from 130 up to 170 pulses per minute. Before testing the warming-up must not be done.

Methods of functional diagnostics for defining of contribution parts of different energy sources and rehabilitation of these contributions during the work of maximal or sub-maximal intensity and in repeated - variable training.

The defining of the inside structure of the contribution parts of creatine phosphate, glucolitic and other energy sources as well as effectiveness of their rehabilitation is usually made in laboratory conditions and with the help of biochemical analyses. There is one simple reason why such biochemical estimation can't be made during the competition - because it's impossible to take the blood portions for examination during competitions. I propose to define the contribution parts of different energy sources and the effectiveness of their rehabilitation basing on the pulse temp analyzing. The value of contribution of any source may be defined according the distance and the race velocity which are fulfilled by sportsman at definite values of pulse rate (at start, at 130, 150, 170 pulses per minute and the pulse rate on the last step of the test). The effectiveness of rehabilitation of each source may be defined according the time of pulse rate rehabilitation. The contributions and their rehabilitation must be defined per one pulse.

Each energy source as well as mentioned above have their stocks (reserves) and the estimations of these reserves as well as the effectiveness of their rehabilitation may be done in the procedure of repeated - variable work. This estimation may be fulfilled both for one type and for some types of energy sources. The analyzing of these results allows us to plan the optimum values of the sections length, of the number of series and the breaks between them. It also allows us to influence selectively and quickly on improvement of one or some sources. The trainer chooses the sections length, their number in the series, the number of series, and there may be a lot of variants and correspondingly there are some methodical approaches to the reserves estimation. There are some of such approaches: 1 ) the length of each section depends on velocity and the distance which is passed by the sportsman when his pulse rate reaches the definite level, for example 130 pulses per minute, in this case the velocity and the distance from section to section will be as an index of the estimation of the reserves effectiveness; 2) the distance is standard, for example (30m x 3 ) x 3, in this case the effectiveness of reserves is measured by the velocity and the pulse rate at the end of each section (i.e. the velocity value per pulse unit).

Methods of calculations .

1). The effectiveness of the finishing of the creatine phosphate source contribution or the contribution of the aerobic limit ( L_ap ) may be calculated by expression

L_ap = V * D_! ,

where Di is the distance from start to the point where pulse rate increased up to 130 pulses per minute.

2). The finishing of the creatine phosphate source contribution per one pulse ( L_{ap 1} ) may be calculated by expression

where ft, is the pulse rate equal to 130 pulses per minute.

3). The contribution of the creatine phosphate source per one pulse ( L_cps ι ) may be calculated by expression

L_tpΛ = V * Dι / ( fι - ft ) ,

where f₀ is the pulse rate at start point.

4). The contribution of the aerobic source (L_as) may be calculated by expression

where D₂ is the distance from start to the point where pulse rate increased up to 150 pulses per minute.

5). The contribution of the aerobic source per one pulse ( L_aS/ ) may be calculated by expression

L_as/ι = V^*(D₂-D₁)/(f₂-f₁),

where f₂ is the pulse rate equal to 150 pulses per minute.

6). The contribution of the mixed limit ( L _ml ) may be calculated by expression

L _mi = V * D₂.

7). The contribution of the mixed limit per one pulse (

) may be calculated by expression

.m_/^V'D./f,.

8). The contribution of the energy sources before mixed limit per one pulse ( L _bmi_/i ) may be calculated by expression

L_bm_l/l = V* D₂/(f₂-f₀).

9). The contribution of the mixed source (L _ms) may be calculated by expression

L_ms = V*(D₃-D₂),

where D₃ is the distance from start to the point where pulse rate increased up to 170 pulses per minute.

10). The contribution of the mixed source per one pulse ( L _msι ) may be calculated by expression

L_ms/1 = V*(D₃-D₂)/(f₃-f₂),

where f₃ is the pulse rate equal to 170 pulses per minute. 11 ). The contribution of the glucolitic limit ( L _g] ) may be calculated by expression

•gi V*D₃.

12). The contribution of the glucolitic limit per one pulse ( L_gji ) may be calculated by expression

L_gl/ι= V*D₃/f₃.

13). The contribution of the energy sources up to the glucolitic limit per one pulse ( L _bgιι ) may be calculated by expression

14). The effectiveness of the maximum or sub-maximum effort (test PWC - maximum or sub-maximum ) may be calculated by expression

L _me ⁼ V * D₄ ,

where D is the full distance of the race functional trial.

15). The maximum or sub-maximum effort per one pulse (L_me/ι) may be calculated by expression

L me/l = V * D₄ / f₄ ,

where f₄ is the pulse rate at the last step in the test.

16). The contribution of all energy sources (L_aes ) may be calculated by expression

L_aes = V*D₄/(f₄-f₀).

17). The contribution of the glucolitic source ( L _gs ) may be calculated by expression

L_gs= V*(D₄-D₃).

18). The contribution of the glucolitic source per one pulse ( L _gsϊ ) may be calculated by expression L_gs/1= V*(D₄-D₃)/(f₄-f₃)

Method of calculations of the effectiveness of the different sources rehabilitation (the inside structure of the rehabilitation) in the test PWC - maximum or sub-maximum.

1). The rehabilitation of the maximum or sub-maximum capacity of work ( L _mcwr ) may be calculated by expression

' mcwr = V * D₄ / T 4 »

where T₄ is the necessary time (in seconds) for the pulse rate rehabilitation to the value that it have had at the start or up to the relatively constant values.

2). The rehabilitation of the maximum or sub-maximum capacity of work ( L _mcwr/i ) per one pulse may be calculated by expression

' mcwr/l = V * D₄ / ( f₄ * T₄ ) .

3). The rehabilitation of all energy sources ( L _aesr/i ) per one pulse may be calculated by expression

L_aesr/l = V * D₄ / (( f₄ - f₀ ) * T₄ ) .

4). The rehabilitation of the glucolitic energy sources ( L _gesr ) may be calculated by expression

_geSr = V * ( D₄ - D₃ ) / T₁ ,

where Ti is the necessary time (in seconds) for the pulse rate rehabilitation to the value 170 pulses per minute.

5). The rehabilitation of the glucolitic energy sources per one pulse ( L _gesr/i ) may be calculated by expression

L_gesr/ι = V * ( D₄ - D₃ )/(( f₄ - fo )* T₄ ). 6). The rehabilitation of the glucolitic limit ( L_gι_r ) may be calculated by expression

L_glr = V*D₃/(T₄-T₁).

7). The rehabilitation of the glucolitic limit per one pulse ( L_glr1 ) may be calculated by expression

L_glr/1 = V*D₃/(f_{3 *}(T₄-T₁)).

8). The rehabilitation of the contribution of energy sources up to glucolitic limit per one pulse ( L _sbgι_r/ι ) may be calculated by expression

sbgbvi = V * D₃ /((f₃ - f₀ )*( T₄ - Tj )) •

9). The rehabilitation of the contribution of the mixed sources ( L_msr ) may be calculated by expression

L_msr = V*(D₃-D₂)/(T₂-T₁),

where T₂ is the necessary time (in seconds) for the pulse rate rehabilitation from the value at the last step in the test up to the value 150 pulses per minute.

10). The rehabilitation of the contribution of the mixed sources per one pulse ( L _msr1 ) may be calculated by expression

L_msr/1 = V * (D₃ - D₂)/((f₃ - f₂)*(T₂ - TO).

11). The rehabilitation of the mixed limit ( L _mi_r ) may be calculated by expression

L_msr = V*D₂/(T₄-T₂).

12). The rehabilitation of the mixed limit per one pulse ( L_mlr/1 ) may be calculated by expression

L_msr/1 = V*D₂/(f_{2 *}(T₄-T₂)).

13). The rehabilitation of the contribution of energy sources up to the mixed limit per one pulse ( L _Sbmir/ι ) may be calculated by expression ' sbmlr/l = V*D₂/((f₂-f₀)*(T₄-T₂)).

14). The rehabilitation of the contribution of the aerobic source (L_msr ) may be calculated by expression

L_asr = V_*(D₂-Dι)/(T₃-T₂),

where T₃ is the necessary time (in seconds) for the pulse rate rehabilitation to the value 130 pulses per minute.

15). The rehabilitation of the contribution of the aerobic source per one pulse ( L _asrι ) may be calculated by expression

_asr/ι = V * (D₂ - D0/((f₂ - fι)* ₃ - TO).

16). The rehabilitation of the contribution finishing of the creatine - phosphate source or aerobic limit ( L _ai_r ) may be calculated by expression

'air V*D_!/(T₄-T₃).

17). The rehabilitation of the contribution finishing of the creatine phosphate source per one pulse ( L _aι_r1 ) may be calculated by expression

alr/1 V*D₁/(f,*(T₄-T₃)).

18). The rehabilitation of the contribution of the creatine - phosphate source per one pulse ( L _ccfsr/ι ) may be calculated by expression

ec_ftr_/l = V* D₁/((f₁-fo)*(T4-T₃)).

Comment: When we are speaking about the estimation of the contributions of the aerobic and aerobic - mixed sources we mean that the energy of aerobic sources is contributed into the work which is done under anaerobic conditions, i.e. on credit.

Method of estimation of aerobic, anaerobic and summary contributions to competitive load of large intensity or PWC - large .

Such information can be received from two loads: the first load for estimation of the aerobic contribution and the second load for the summary contribution. The difference between the race velocities in the first and the second loads is the contribution (part) of anaerobic source. The first load is carried out as a test PWC - capacity, and the second load is carried out with competitive velocity but without accelerations (uniform velocity). The distance in the test can be defined and is equal to the length of the competitive distance. The first and the second loads must be of the same length. To define the race velocity of the contribution of aerobic source it is necessary to divide the test race velocity by the mean pulse rate, achieved at the end of all sections in the test. So we receive the race velocity per one pulse in the test on the whole and multiplying this value by 170 we receive the race velocity for pulse rate 170 pulses per minute and this velocity will show the effectiveness of aerobic contribution. The procedure of the second load is carried out like the first load. If the first load is carried out with the breaks or without them between the sections in the test, the second load is carried out in the same way and the length and the number of these sections in both loads of the test and the breaks between sections are just the same the contribution of the different energetic sources can be estimated.

Methods of the estimation of changing in the inside structure of cardiac - vascular and motor systems in the beginning and after the strenuous wor .

The estimation of the inside structure changing of these systems may be defined according the temp of changing. The temp of these changing is defined by one and between each adjacent pair of characteristics (not depending on the choice of characteristics to be examined): the pulse rate, the race velocity, the length of step and so on.

Estimation of the temp of changing of the time between the systoles .

It is necessary to carry out the estimation of the temp changing at the moment of the systole because the pulse rate calculation is made according the time between and at the moment of the systole. It is necessary to make this calculation between each pair of systoles because the pulse rate increasing as well as the work itself is passing so quickly and non-uniform that missing of a single pair values may give the wrong results in the test estimation. The temp changing is defined in quantity and in percents. The index of the temp changing in quantity will help us to estimate the volume of changing and the index in percents will help us to understand better the rate of the process of changes havs passed (quality). It turns out that each of these approaches of the estimations have its own value and is not identical.

The way of receiving and volume of the information.

I consider, that it will be interesting to receive the following information:

1 ) the temp of pulse rate increasing,

2) the temp of decreasing of the time which is required for the increasing of the pulse rate on one pulse,

3) the temp of changing in the race distance (cm) per increasing of the pulse rate on one pulse,

4) The temp of changing of the race velocity (in cm/s) per increasing of the pulse rate on one pulse,

1 ). The estimation of quantity changing ( PT _dc ) may be calculated by expression

PT _dc = PT₂ - PT , ,

where PT ₂ is the pulse rate of the second systole and PT i is the pulse rate of the first systole in each pair of values.

The estimation of quality changing ( PT _rc ) may be calculated by expression

According this expression the relative changing (in percents) of the second systole is defined. The relative changing equal to PT _rc minus 100 %. The whole value of "quantitative" and "qualitative" changing is defined as the sum of the changes in all pairs of values from the beginning and up to the end of the process of measuring.

2). The first value from which the calculation of temp changing is carried out is the time between the first and the second systoles and the second value in the same pair of values is the time between the second and the third systoles. The estimation of "quantitative" changes may be calculated by expression

PT_dc = τ , - τ₂ ,

where T _! is the time of the first time section and T ₂ is the time of the second (next) time section in each pair of the values. The estimation of "qualitative" changes may be calculated by expression

PT _rc = ( T ₁ / T₂ ) * 100 % .

For the estimation of the time changes per one pulse increase it is necessary to divide the time by the increase of pulse rate (quantitative) in each pair of values.

3-4). The calculation of temp changes in the race distance (cm) and the race velocity (in cm/s) is fulfilled in the information volume as in the estimation of the changes in p. (1 ) and calculation on the increase per one pulse is fulfilled as in p. (2).

Methods of the temp changes estimation in the function of moving relatively the temp changing of cardiac - vascular system between and on each step.

The step is the main and independent unit of the motor function of the race like the pulse rate is the main structure unit in the changes estimation in cardiac - vascular system, that's why it is necessary to estimate the temp of the motor function changes in accordance with the temp of the cardiac - vascular system changes at each race step. In this case we can receive the information in the following volume: l )the temp of increasing changes of the pulse rate from step to step, 2) the temp of the time changes per one unit of the pulse rate increasing, 3) the temp of the steps length changes per one unit of the pulse rate increasing, 4) the temp of the race velocity changes per one unit of the pulse rate increasing. The methods of the calculations just the same as before. Methods of estimation of the temp of race velocity changes relatively to the temp of the pulse rate changes at each second of the wor .

Here it is possible to receive the following information: 1 ) the temp of the pulse rate increasing, 2) the temp of the race velocity shanges per one unit of the pulse rate increasing. The methods of the calculations just the same as before.

Methods of estimation of the temp of race velocity changes relatively to the temp of the pulse rate changes at each metre of the distance .

Here it is possible to receive the following information: 1 ) the temp of the pulse rate increasing, 2) the temp of the race velocity changes per one unit of the pulse rate increasing. The methods of the calculations just the same as before.

Methods of estimation of the effectiveness of the pulse rate temp rehabilitation at the moment between systoles at the time of the rehabilitation.

Here it is possible to receive the following information: 1 ) the temp (velocity) of the pulse rate rehabilitation between the systoles from the beginning of the rehabilitation period, 2) the temp of the increasing of the time per one pulse, 3) the whole time of the pulse rate rehabilitation up to the values of the pulse rate which it had at the start or up to the relatively constant values, and this values per one unit of the pulse rehabilitation. For receiving the last value it is necessary to divide the general value of the time rehabilitation by the general value of the pulse rate rehabilitation.

Method of substitution of visual inspection by technical inspection of the fact of the support phase presence during carrying out of the test and competitive loads of the type "sportive walk".

There must not be any phase without support at the "sportive walk". If it is present at the competition (i.e. there is a race instead of a walk) this sportsman is taking down from the competition. The estimation of the phase of support presence is made by a referee using visual inspection. Sometimes the walk temp is so quick that is very difficult to recognize if there is the walk or the race. The wrong estimation of the referee may bring the grate moral damage to the sportsman and his state. That's why the technical solution of this problem is necessary, i.e. it is necessary to substitute the visual inspection by the technical inspection. The technical solution may be simple. It's necessary to install micro-sensors on the toe and heel of the boots of each foot. If there is even one contact with the ground (toe or heel of the boot of any foot) the sensors are silent, but when the sportsman overcomes to race (i.e. to without support phase) the transmitter sends the radio-signals to the referee center and the separate sound signal to the sportsman as a warning about the break of the rule. All these signals will be fixed by the special referee.

Table 1 .

Claims

I claim:

1. The method of complete estimation of different forms of the physical efficiency of a man, including the fulfillment of physical loads by the tested man, the measuring of the pulse rate of this man and the calculations of the estimations of his cardiac - vascular, bio-energetic and motor systems state differing in the case of presense of the straight proportional dependence between the race velocity and pulse rate in wide range of changing in the functional method (test) PWC-170 - power, which is possible under condition that the first and the next race loads in the test of one man must be standard (equal) in their length in the choosing of the physical load in such way that the pulse rate at the end of the load will be equal from 130 and up to 170 pulses per minute, and in calculating by the way of direct (for one man) and parallel extrapolation (for some people) of the race velocity when the pulse rate achieves 170 pulses per minute.

2. If it's possible to receive of the straight proportional dependence between the race velocity and pulse rate it is not necessary to use the second and the next loads in the test, i.e. it is sufficient to receive the result of only single specific load and it simplifies substantially the procedure of test load carried out and the calculation of the race velocity at the pulse rate equal to 170 pulses per minute.

3. If it's possible to use one specific load in the test it is not necessary to use the expensive and complicated devices and it's sufficient to use the device for pulse rate measuring and a calculator.

4. When the single load with the length equal to 300 m are used in the test the free choice of the race velocity and pulse rate (in the definite boundaries) allows to increase the race velocity for the sportsmen and to decrease it for the people with low level of aerobic power and to apply the same (standard) load for many people (for sportsmen, for strong people at wide range of age and even for some kinds of sick men) .

5. The possibility of the exact calculation of the race velocity which will bring the pulse rate to 170 pulses per minute as a result of the first load and the carrying out of the second load with this (defined by the calculation) velocity allow to define the inside structure of the effectiveness of the components (the effectiveness of the contributions and the rehabilitation of different energy sources) and to receive in the single method and in single block twenty six much informative indexes and estimation criteria.

6. Instead of classical cycle-ergonometre variant of the test PWC - capacity (stepped increased power) I suggest the following variant "300m sections x 10" with the 20 seconds breaks for rest between the sections with the free chosen velocity on the sections with the single condition that the pulse rate at the and of each section must be in the interval from 130 up to 170 pulses per minute and this condition may be satisfied by the mentioned choosing of the race velocity on the sections, under these conditions it's possible to receive the following informationduring the test: the power of the aerobic energy source keeping and the character of the inside structure of the keeping.

7. For the people with different value of the capacity I suggest some improvements in the procedure of testing: for the people with the low level of the capacity it's possible to reduce the length of the standard section, to decrease the number of sections, to increase the breaks and to reduce the race velocity on the sections, and for the sportsmen it's possible to increase the length of the standard section and the number of the sections, to reduce the rest breaks or even to abolish them, to increase the race velocity on the sections .

8. The possibility of carrying out and the estimation of the aerobic power using the single load in the test PWC-170 - power allows to make an estimation on each and different length distances (from 100 m up to 800 m and more) and now it's possible to use the variant "race velocity at the level of aerobic limit" (LAC - limit of aerobic changing) , where the race velocity at the level LAC on the each section is defined with the help of the test PWC-170 - power and the effectiveness of the race velocity at the level LAC in the test is defined completely in the indexes' volume of the test PWC - capacity, and now this test can be determined as the test PWC-170 - capacity.

9. The bio-chemical estimation of the parts of the contributions of the creatine phosphate, glucolitic and other energy sources (the inside structure of the contributions) into the work of maximal and sub-maximal intensity in the competitions' conditions can't be received by samples' blood analyzing and so I suggest to receive such information by estimation of the pulse rate, the value of the contribution of the one or another source is defined according the distance and the race velocity which are overcomed by the sportsman with the definite values of the pulse rate ( at the start, at 130 , 150 , 170 pulse per minute and the pulse rate at the last step) and the quality of the each source is defined per one pulse.

10. The effectiveness of the contributions of the aerobic (or the finishing of the contribution of the creatine phosphate source), mixed and glucolitic limits may be defined by the pulse rate equal to 130, 150 170 pulses per minute correspondingly, and values of the creatine phosphate, aerobic, aerobic-mixed and glucolitic sources can be defined by the distance and race velocity which are overcomed by the sportsman with the pulse rate at the following boundaries: at the start and up to 130, from 130 up to 150, from 150 up to 170 and from 170 pulses per minute up to the pulse rate on the finish.

11. The estimation of the rehabilitation effectiveness of these contributions is defined right away after the carrying of the competition load and is made just by the same way as the estimation of the contributions but in the reverse order.

12. The estimation of the aerobic, anaerobic and summary contributions into the competition's load of a big intensity can't be made with the help of expensive and complicated devices (such as gas analyzer) in the conditions of the competitions or sport training and I suggest to receive such information by analyzing the pulse rate and with the help of two characteristics one of which for estimation of the aerobic contribution and the other for the summary contribution and the difference between the race velocity in the second and the first loads will be the contribution (the part) of the aerobic source.

13. The first load is fulfilled as the test PWC - capacity and for defining the race velocity at the contribution of the aerobic sources it is necessary to divide the race velocity in the whole test by the mean pulse rate which was received at the ends of all sections in the test, by this procedure we receive the race velocity per one pulse in the whole test and multiplying this value by 170 we receive as a result the race velocity which will be at the pulse rate equal to 170 pulses per minute and this value of velocity will be the index of the effectiveness of the aerobic contribution.

14. The second load is fulfilled with the velocity of the competition, the procedure of the second load fulfilling is the same as of the first and distances in the both loads are identical and equal to the distance of the competition, the time of rest break between the loads must be sufficient for the rehabilitation.

15. It's possible to estimate the type and the boundaries of the efficiency reservation and the character of tiredness as well as the effectiveness of the rehabilitation in two main systems of the human body (cardiac - vascular and motor) using the temp of changes in these systems at the beginning, at the time of hard work and after the work, and the temp of these changes (inside structure) can be defined by one of each next pair of the values without depending either characteristics are under consideration: pulse rate, race velocity, step length and so on and at the following succession: the second with the first, the third with the second and so on or the first with the second, the second with the third and so on.

16. The temp of changes in the cardiac - vascular system may be defined more exactly and informative using the pulse rate relatively the temp of changes in the motor function at the moment and between the systoles .

17. In accordance with the fact that the pulse rate increases irregularly between the systoles relatively the changes in the motor function (steps, meters or seconds of work) it's necessary to estimate these changes per pulse rate increasing equal one pulse and in this variant it's possible to define exactly the effectiveness of changes temp in these two functional systems.

18. The estimation of the effectiveness of the temp of the pulse rate rehabilitation at once after fulfilling the training or competitive loads is made by the temp of changes of single and each pair of next values between and at the moment of systoles .

19. As the pulse rate is the main structure unit in the estimation of changes in the cardiac - vascular system as the step is the main and independent unit in the motor function of the race, that's why it's necessary to estimate the temp of changes in the cardiac - vascular system between and on the each step by single and each pair of the next values.

20. For specialists it is interesting to estimate the temp of changes of the race velocity relatively the temp of changes of the pulse rate at the each second of the work and on the each meter of the distance by the single and each pair of the next values .

21. In sportive walk there is no phase without support, but the temp of walk sometimes is so quick that it is difficult to recognize if it's the walk or the race and to solve this problem I suggest to install micro-sensors on the toe and heel of the boots of each foot, which will transmit the signals to the referee center and to the sportsman about the break of the rule (when the sportsman overcomes to race) .