WO1998028938A1 - Dynamic traffic conditioning - Google Patents
Dynamic traffic conditioning Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1998028938A1 WO1998028938A1 PCT/CA1997/000936 CA9700936W WO9828938A1 WO 1998028938 A1 WO1998028938 A1 WO 1998028938A1 CA 9700936 W CA9700936 W CA 9700936W WO 9828938 A1 WO9828938 A1 WO 9828938A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- traffic
- udp
- tcp
- classes
- packets
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L47/00—Traffic control in data switching networks
- H04L47/10—Flow control; Congestion control
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L47/00—Traffic control in data switching networks
- H04L47/10—Flow control; Congestion control
- H04L47/24—Traffic characterised by specific attributes, e.g. priority or QoS
- H04L47/2441—Traffic characterised by specific attributes, e.g. priority or QoS relying on flow classification, e.g. using integrated services [IntServ]
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04Q—SELECTING
- H04Q11/00—Selecting arrangements for multiplex systems
- H04Q11/04—Selecting arrangements for multiplex systems for time-division multiplexing
- H04Q11/0428—Integrated services digital network, i.e. systems for transmission of different types of digitised signals, e.g. speech, data, telecentral, television signals
- H04Q11/0478—Provisions for broadband connections
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L12/00—Data switching networks
- H04L12/54—Store-and-forward switching systems
- H04L12/56—Packet switching systems
- H04L12/5601—Transfer mode dependent, e.g. ATM
- H04L2012/5629—Admission control
- H04L2012/5631—Resource management and allocation
- H04L2012/5632—Bandwidth allocation
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L12/00—Data switching networks
- H04L12/54—Store-and-forward switching systems
- H04L12/56—Packet switching systems
- H04L12/5601—Transfer mode dependent, e.g. ATM
- H04L2012/5638—Services, e.g. multimedia, GOS, QOS
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L12/00—Data switching networks
- H04L12/54—Store-and-forward switching systems
- H04L12/56—Packet switching systems
- H04L12/5601—Transfer mode dependent, e.g. ATM
- H04L2012/5638—Services, e.g. multimedia, GOS, QOS
- H04L2012/564—Connection-oriented
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L12/00—Data switching networks
- H04L12/54—Store-and-forward switching systems
- H04L12/56—Packet switching systems
- H04L12/5601—Transfer mode dependent, e.g. ATM
- H04L2012/5638—Services, e.g. multimedia, GOS, QOS
- H04L2012/5645—Connectionless
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L12/00—Data switching networks
- H04L12/54—Store-and-forward switching systems
- H04L12/56—Packet switching systems
- H04L12/5601—Transfer mode dependent, e.g. ATM
- H04L2012/5638—Services, e.g. multimedia, GOS, QOS
- H04L2012/5646—Cell characteristics, e.g. loss, delay, jitter, sequence integrity
- H04L2012/5651—Priority, marking, classes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L12/00—Data switching networks
- H04L12/54—Store-and-forward switching systems
- H04L12/56—Packet switching systems
- H04L12/5601—Transfer mode dependent, e.g. ATM
- H04L2012/5638—Services, e.g. multimedia, GOS, QOS
- H04L2012/5665—Interaction of ATM with other protocols
- H04L2012/5667—IP over ATM
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L69/00—Network arrangements, protocols or services independent of the application payload and not provided for in the other groups of this subclass
- H04L69/16—Implementation or adaptation of Internet protocol [IP], of transmission control protocol [TCP] or of user datagram protocol [UDP]
Definitions
- the invention relates generally to the conditioning of traffic at a node of a data network.
- it is directed to a technique by which the traffic is dynamically classified at a node and delivered downstream according to the Quality of Service (QOS) specified by the assigned class or by such a network administrator as the network operator.
- QOS Quality of Service
- Multi-media networks will require that a data flow be given certain QOS for a network connection.
- the recently proposed resource reservation protocol (RSVP) for IP (and signalling in ATM networks) is a way of requesting a particular QOS but pre-negotiation of this sort is foreign to the current data networking model and would require changes at the application level.
- RSVP resource reservation protocol
- This traffic type is generated by applications such as X-Windows, Telnet and, more often now, world wide web browsing. This traffic can be protected from long queuing delays caused by bulk transfers such as FTP or NFS by allocating to it some guaranteed portion of the bandwidth as part of an output scheduling policy.
- the present invention allows the network to discover the nature of the service for each traffic flow, classify it dynamically and exercise traffic conditioning by means of such techniques as admission control and scheduling when delivering the traffic downstream to support the service appropriately.
- the scheduling separates real time traffic from other traffic by priority and allocates bandwidth between various classes of traffic.
- the admission control guarantees performance.
- the scheduling also allows implementation of overlay administrative policies to give, for instance, certain groups different treatment than other groups.
- the classification need not emulate precisely the effect of pre-negotiated network connections but should provide similar improvements in service quality as seen by the users and the network.
- the data network can also include any packet-based or cell-based networks, including ATM networks.
- a method of dynamically conditioning traffic comprises steps of continuously monitoring the traffic at a node as to its traffic characteristics and classifying the traffic into one of a plurality of classes according to preset criteria of traffic characteristics.
- the method further includes a step of delivering the traffic downstream according to the quality of service specified by one of the plurality of classes.
- the invention is directed to a method of dynamically conditioning traffic comprising steps of continuously monitoring the traffic at a node to detect a real time traffic flow and determining if the real time traffic flow can be admitted for delivery downstream, based on the available bandwidth of the data network.
- the method includes another step of reclassifying the real time traffic into a different class for delivery downstream according to a quality of service specified by the different class.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the traffic conditioner according to an embodiment of the invention.
- FIGS 2 and 3 show possible locations of traffic conditioners of the invention.
- Figure 4 illustrates that the traffic conditioning features of the invention can be installed at a router or a switch.
- Figure 5 is a pictorial view of state transitions.
- Figure 6 shows classification information being propagated downstream.
- Figure 7 shows that the REJECT information is being passed forward and reflected back to the source host.
- Figure 8 shows a circumstance in which a stop message is sent back upstream from a node.
- the traffic conditioner includes a plurality of queues 10, at least one for each class. It is located at a node of a data network. Every packet of an input stream is inspected and identified at 12 using, for example, IP addresses, ports and protocol.
- a controller 14 characterises the flow (using rate, duration, etc.) and assigns it a class.
- a plurality of classes are envisioned according to embodiments of the invention and will be described later.
- the controller refers to a database 16 and uses output scheduling to allocate bandwidth among classes and implements an admission control policy for a class before delivering an output stream toward downstream nodes or to peripherals. It also discards packets from non-admitted flows and passes on flow classification to downstream nodes.
- the traffic conditioning of the invention can take place at various places in the data network. For example, as gateways are often a bottleneck and bulk flows can decrease response times for interactive users, a traffic conditioner can be located at a place shown in Figure 2 which will alleviate this problem. In Figure 3, traffic conditioners are located at a plurality of IP switches which form a data network 40.
- Packet switches will not be able to provide good performance for new services, such as real time video, unless traffic conditioning is implemented.
- a conditioner at an output port of a switch 42 monitors and controls all the traffic which comes into the switch and goes out of this output port to the downstream node 44.
- An integrated traffic conditioning feature can be installed at a router or a server as shown in Figure 4.
- the identifying individual traffic flow is simple. It only requires inspection of addresses and protocol port number for both source and destination. This approach has been used for some time in other applications such as TCP Routing and, more recently, in IP switching.
- This class is intended to capture TCP flows for such applications as X-windows, Telnet and lightweight web browsing. Telnet and X- windows can be very long sessions but have predominantly short packets. In this embodiment, this classification defines a short packet as less than or equal to 128 Bytes and a long packet as greater than 128 Bytes. Web browsing has a mixture of packet sizes and transaction lengths and can cause flows of long packets, particularly while loading image files.
- This class is the default one for TCP flows but when the flow contains a long series (e.g., 200) of long packets without an intervening series of two or more short packets, it is considered to be bulk transfer and no longer valid for this class.
- a TCP bulk flow may occasionally include short packets, containing only the TCP ACK message or the tail end of a sending buffer. Thus, unless the short packets are in a series of two or more in number, the flow is still considered to be bulk transfer.
- TCP Guaranteed Bandwidth
- Some of the bulk transfer flows are admitted to a scheduling class which has a protected portion of the bandwidth and a limited number of members such that some minimum bandwidth is guaranteed for these flows.
- discrimination between traffic types is based on simple analysis of packet arrival rates and packet length plus a particular test for real time UDP traffic which will be described below.
- the characteristics of a flow are monitored continuously and the flow can be re-classified during its lifetime.
- the ability to re-classify also covers the cases where consecutive flows assume the same identity but have different characteristics.
- TCP port 23 is the well known port for the telnet server. Since a telnet session always carries interactive traffic, it is possible to classify any TCP flow with one of its port number being 23 as TCP interactive. However, a single port number can sometimes be used for multiple services of varying nature. For instance, the TCP port number 80, reserved for the HTTP server, could be used for both TCP Interactive and TCP Bulk.
- a classification scheme should use static information in the packet header such as port number and protocol types, as well as the information collected dynamically.
- Figure 5 is a pictorial view of state transitions involving these classes according to the embodiment.
- pps packets per second arrival
- the following criteria are also applied: (a) For all classes, return to initial if there are no packets for 30 seconds, (b) For all flows, check option field and if class is defined then force the flow to that class for 100 packets or 30 seconds.
- the state machine contains the following states:
- class information is received from upstream then force that state for 100 packets. After 100 packets or 30 seconds with no information, revert to local judgement.
- NFS represents the only UDP traffic which is bulk and not real-time. Then an easy way is to inspect the port numbers of the flow in question. If neither of them is 2049, the reserved port number for NFS servers, then the flow is classified as Real Time.
- Self-clocked flows will exhibit a bi-modal distribution whereas the real time streams will be uni-modal around the average rate.
- this approach can be implemented by using a threshold that is set to a value somewhat more than the average interarrival time. Two counts are kept; one of interarrival times below the threshold and one for interarrival times above the threshold. If the second count is more than a certain value e.g., 10% of the first count then the flow is classed as non-real time. This second method may be preferred since it does not require waiting for congestion to identify the stream. Quick admission or rejection of the flow is important.
- the real time and low latency classes described above would be given absolute priority (hence the need for admission control), and the other classes would be scheduled in a way which allocates to them the proportion of the bandwidth allocated by the network administrator.
- the first node (node A) on the route passes on its findings to the downstream nodes and provides more efficient traffic conditioning.
- the source host machine cannot be considered the first node which classifies the traffic and sends the classification to nodes along the route.
- downstream nodes can then use the acquired knowledge instead of local classification and give the flow a consistent treatment throughout its path. They accept the upstream classification until it expires and propagate it downstream.
- the information can be propagated in various ways, but in one way it could be carried in the flow by inserting information in one or more packets in the flow (for example, by an entry in the IP option field). Every n-th packet could carry the information and the downstream node would act on that information until it aged out after a multiple of n packets.
- the classification could be implied by the VPI/VCI value chosen for the flow. Referring to Figure 7, the classification REJECT can be reflected back from the destination host to the source host, thus improving the efficiency of the network.
- node B determines that the packet must be rejected for whatever the reason, it discards all but every k-th packet, which is forwarded to the destination host, which in turn sends a message to the source host to stop.
- a node which rejects the traffic stream for some reason can send a message back upstream indicating that the traffic has been rejected and should therefore be stopped.
- This verification, or policing can be done at the edges of a subnet or at every node.
- the method described here uses the mechanisms that would be in place for verification to discover the flow attributes but without the necessity for pre-negotiation such as signalling. It has, therefore, an equivalent complexity in implementation at the nodes but does not require the signalling overlay.
- the administrative overlay required for policies on bandwidth allocation to the various classes, and reservation of bandwidth for pre- booked video sessions, would be no different in complexity to a signalling based system.
- the dynamic classification can run without the need for signalling, it is also possible to force the classification of the flow as a result of higher level processes.
- a flow that has been given a reserved path and treatment through the network by signalling or by administration can be marked as such.
- the automatic classification can be disabled or used to verify the characteristics of the marked flow.
- packet traffic flows are classified in order to group them for differing treatments. This allows quality of service distinctions to be supported even when application signalling support is not available.
- the implementation is no more complex than that required for policing when signalling is used and may be just as effective in improving perceived network performance and enabling new services such as video.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CA002275407A CA2275407A1 (en) | 1996-12-23 | 1997-12-03 | Dynamic traffic conditioning |
DE69734013T DE69734013T2 (en) | 1996-12-23 | 1997-12-03 | DYNAMIC TRAFFIC CONDITIONING |
EP97946978A EP0954943B1 (en) | 1996-12-23 | 1997-12-03 | Dynamic traffic conditioning |
JP10528163A JP2000508145A (en) | 1996-12-23 | 1997-12-03 | Dynamic traffic regulation |
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US08/772,256 | 1996-12-23 | ||
US08/772,256 US6028842A (en) | 1996-12-23 | 1996-12-23 | Dynamic traffic conditioning |
US08/818,612 | 1997-03-14 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO1998028938A1 true WO1998028938A1 (en) | 1998-07-02 |
Family
ID=25094460
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/CA1997/000937 WO1998028939A1 (en) | 1996-12-23 | 1997-12-03 | Dynamic traffic conditioning |
PCT/CA1997/000936 WO1998028938A1 (en) | 1996-12-23 | 1997-12-03 | Dynamic traffic conditioning |
Family Applications Before (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/CA1997/000937 WO1998028939A1 (en) | 1996-12-23 | 1997-12-03 | Dynamic traffic conditioning |
Country Status (2)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US6028842A (en) |
WO (2) | WO1998028939A1 (en) |
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