WO1998034549A1 - Electrode for electrosurgical ablation of tissue and method of manufacturing the same - Google Patents
Electrode for electrosurgical ablation of tissue and method of manufacturing the same Download PDFInfo
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- WO1998034549A1 WO1998034549A1 PCT/US1998/002865 US9802865W WO9834549A1 WO 1998034549 A1 WO1998034549 A1 WO 1998034549A1 US 9802865 W US9802865 W US 9802865W WO 9834549 A1 WO9834549 A1 WO 9834549A1
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- Prior art keywords
- electrode
- probe
- area
- handle
- metal conductor
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B18/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
- A61B18/04—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating
- A61B18/12—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating by passing a current through the tissue to be heated, e.g. high-frequency current
- A61B18/14—Probes or electrodes therefor
- A61B18/148—Probes or electrodes therefor having a short, rigid shaft for accessing the inner body transcutaneously, e.g. for neurosurgery or arthroscopy
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B18/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
- A61B18/04—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating
- A61B18/12—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating by passing a current through the tissue to be heated, e.g. high-frequency current
- A61B18/14—Probes or electrodes therefor
- A61B18/1485—Probes or electrodes therefor having a short rigid shaft for accessing the inner body through natural openings
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B18/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
- A61B18/04—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating
- A61B18/12—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating by passing a current through the tissue to be heated, e.g. high-frequency current
- A61B18/14—Probes or electrodes therefor
- A61B18/1492—Probes or electrodes therefor having a flexible, catheter-like structure, e.g. for heart ablation
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
- A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
- A61N1/02—Details
- A61N1/04—Electrodes
- A61N1/06—Electrodes for high-frequency therapy
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B18/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
- A61B18/04—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating
- A61B18/12—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating by passing a current through the tissue to be heated, e.g. high-frequency current
- A61B18/14—Probes or electrodes therefor
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B18/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
- A61B2018/00636—Sensing and controlling the application of energy
- A61B2018/00642—Sensing and controlling the application of energy with feedback, i.e. closed loop control
- A61B2018/00654—Sensing and controlling the application of energy with feedback, i.e. closed loop control with individual control of each of a plurality of energy emitting elements
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B18/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
- A61B2018/00636—Sensing and controlling the application of energy
- A61B2018/00696—Controlled or regulated parameters
- A61B2018/00702—Power or energy
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B18/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
- A61B2018/00636—Sensing and controlling the application of energy
- A61B2018/00773—Sensed parameters
- A61B2018/00791—Temperature
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B18/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
- A61B2018/00636—Sensing and controlling the application of energy
- A61B2018/00773—Sensed parameters
- A61B2018/00791—Temperature
- A61B2018/00797—Temperature measured by multiple temperature sensors
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B18/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
- A61B18/04—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating
- A61B18/12—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating by passing a current through the tissue to be heated, e.g. high-frequency current
- A61B18/14—Probes or electrodes therefor
- A61B2018/1472—Probes or electrodes therefor for use with liquid electrolyte, e.g. virtual electrodes
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
- A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
- A61N1/40—Applying electric fields by inductive or capacitive coupling ; Applying radio-frequency signals
- A61N1/403—Applying electric fields by inductive or capacitive coupling ; Applying radio-frequency signals for thermotherapy, e.g. hyperthermia
Definitions
- This invention is directed to electrodes used in electrosurgical procedures.
- radio-frequency (RF) probes which simultaneously cut and coagulate are preferred.
- current RF probes are poorly adapted to certain activities, such as smoothing surfaces located at an angle to the axis of entry of an arthroscopic probe.
- Current probes have convex, pointed and/or flat tips and are generally oriented so that the ablation process occurs substantially along the axis of the elongated probe being used for the operation.
- U.S. Patent No. 5,308,311 (issued May 3, 1994 to Eggers and Shaw) is exemplary in that it has a pointed tip with a convex side.
- an electrosurgical electrode comprising a metal conductor having a first external surface area and having a convex body, a flat face on the body, and a connector for attaching the body to an electrosurgical probe handle, and an insulating layer covering the first external surface of the metal conductor except at a selected second area of one of the convex body and the flat face, the second area being positioned on the metal conductor so that a line from a geometric center of the second area and substantially perpendicular to the second area intersects at an angle an axis formed by a probe handle and the metal conductor upon attachment of a probe handle to the connector, wherein the second area is less than 30% of the first area.
- the electrode is used in preferred embodiments in an electrosurgical probe, comprising a handle, an elongated probe neck connected to the handle and having a terminus distal to the handle, and the electrode of the invention located at the terminus of the elongated probe neck.
- the electrosurgical probe so formed is preferably used as part of an electrosurgical system, comprising an electrical power supply, a first electrode adapted to contact and electrically ground a living body, the first electrode being electrically connected to the power supply, and an electrosurgical probe, the probe comprising a handle, an elongated probe neck connected to the handle and having a terminus at a distal end from the handle, and a second electrode, the second electrode being the electrode of the invention and being located at the terminus of the elongated probe neck, the probe being adapted to contact the body and complete an electrical circuit, the second electrode being electrically connected to the power supply.
- a surgical instrument in another embodiment, includes a handle, an elongated probe and at least one electrode.
- the elongated probe is connected to the handle.
- the elongated probe has a terminus distal to the handle.
- the electrode includes an electrode surface positioned on the terminus so that a line from a geometric center of the electrode surface and subtantially perpendicular to the electrode surface intersects at an angle a longitudional axis formed by the elongated probe.
- the conductor attaches the electrode to the handle.
- FIGS. 1A-C show alternate views of an embodiment of an off-axis RF tool tip.
- FIGS. 2A-C show another embodiment of an off-axis tool tip for RF surgical instruments.
- FIGS. 3A-B show the tool tip of FIG. 2A-C in a surgical instrument.
- FIGS. 4A-E show a surgical instrument with an integral off-axis tip.
- FIGS. 5A-B show cross-sectional views of the surgical tool and tips shown in FIGS. 4A-E.
- FIGS. 6 and 7A-B show alternate embodiments of the surgical tool with an integral off-axis tip.
- the invention comprises improved electrodes used for electrosurgical operations, any apparatus incorporating such electrodes, and a general method for making an off-axis electrode useful for arthroscopic surgery.
- the electrosurgical electrode in its preferred embodiments, comprises a metal conductor having a first external surface area and having a convex body, a flat face on the body, and a connector for attaching the body to an electrosurgical probe handle.
- This preferred electrode shape will be used to describe preparation of an electrode of the invention, but those skilled in the arts of making and manipulating solid metal bodies will recognize that other shapes can be manufactured in a similar manner.
- the preferred electrode bodies can readily be formed from a spherical metal body blank by grinding one region with a flat grinding element to produce a flat face, before or after drilling (or otherwise providing) a location to attach the electrode to an elongated probe.
- an insulating layer covering the first external surface of the metal conductor is provided except at a selected second area of one of the convex body and the flat face.
- the area is positioned on the metal conductor so that a line from the geometric center of the second area and substantially perpendicular to the second area intersects at an angle an axis defined by a line between a probe handle and the metal conductor upon attachment of a probe handle to the connector.
- the angle is greater than 60°; in more preferred embodiments, greater than 80°.
- the second area is sufficiently small so that none of the second area is intersected by the principal axis of the probe.
- the second area is less than 30% of the first area, preferably less than 20%.
- Electrodes of the invention which are primarily the metal used in the body of the electrode and the insulator used to cover the metal
- materials to use in manufacturing an electrode of the invention can be made from any of the materials normally used in the art of electrosurgical electrode manufacture. Biocompatibility and stability in the presence of heat are primary factors in the choice of both metals and insulating layers.
- metals include stainless steel, gold, silver, and platinum;
- insulating materials include polytetrafluoroethylene (e.g., Teflon) and nylon.
- a typical electrode will be prepared from a metal electrode having a tensile strength of 25 to 400 ksi, a thermal conductivity of 0.025 to 1.0 cal/cm 2 /cm/s/°C, a resistivity of 80 to 1500 n ⁇ m, and an EMF of -0.44 to +1.5 V.
- the exposed electrode area typically has a surface area of from 0.005 to 0.150 square inches, preferably from 0.010 to 0.080 square inches for treatment of chondromalacia, and from 0.015 to 0.020 square inches for ablation.
- a 50-watt RF power supply provides satisfactory cartilage ablation.
- Probes containing electrodes of the invention can have any of the features present in other probes, such as thermocouples or other sensing devices for use in feedback control of the power supply. Electrodes in which the body has a hollow interior (to allow room for such thermocouples, for example) are preferred when appropriate for the intended end use of the electrode.
- An electrosurgical probe of the invention will have a handle, an elongated probe neck connected to the handle and having a terminus distal to the handle, and the electrode of the invention located at the terminus of the elongated probe neck.
- Any other device incorporating an electrode of the invention falls within the scope of the invention.
- an electrosurgical system of the invention will have an electrical power supply, a first electrode adapted to contact and electrically ground a living body, the first electrode being electrically connected to the power supply, and an electrosurgical probe of the invention, which will in turn incorporate the electrode of the invention, that electrode being electrically connected to the power supply to complete the circuit.
- current and voltage are used to calculate impedance.
- An operator-set level of power and/or temperature may be determined, and this level can be maintained manually or automatically if desired.
- the amount of RF energy delivered controls the amount of power.
- Feedback can be the measurement of impedance or temperature and occurs either at the controller or at the RF source if it incorporates a controller. Impedance measurement can be achieved by supplying a small amount of non-therapeutic RF energy. Voltage and current are then measured to confirm electrical contact. Accordingly, it is well within the skill of the art to determine satisfactory optimum operating conditions for electrodes of the invention having different active electrode areas from those exemplified herein.
- Circuitry, software and feedback to a controller result in full process control and are used to change (i) power (modulate) - including RF, incoherent light, microwave, ultrasound and the like, (ii) the duty cycle (on-off and wattage), (iii) monopolar or bipolar energy delivery, (iv) fluid (electrolytic solution delivery, flow rate and pressure and (v) determine when ablation is completed through time, temperature and/or impedance.
- the present invention provides a general method of manufacturing off-axis electrosurgical electrodes, by preparing a metal conductor having a first external surface area and having a first body shape and a connector for attaching the body to an electrosurgical probe handle, applying an insulating layer to cover all of the first external surface of the metal conductor, and removing a portion of the insulating layer at a selected second area of body shape, the second area being positioned on the metal conductor so that a line from a geometric center of the second area and substantially perpendicular to the second area intersects the principal axis of the probe at an angle, the axis being defined by the probe handle and the metal conductor upon attachment of a probe handle to the connector, generally through an elongated linear neck.
- the body of the electrode is formed from metal that is harder than the insulators commonly used in such electrodes, a grinding process can be used to remove a selected portion of an initially applied layer that covers the entire external surface of the electrode body. Care may need to be taken with softer metals if their original shape is to be maintained, but selection of grinding conditions based on the harness of the material being removed are well known in the grinding art.
- insulating material on a flat surface is readily removed using a grinding disk; if desired a flat face can be formed on the electrode at the same time by using a grinding material harder than both the insulator and the metal used in the disk. Such a technique is particularly useful with softer metals, such as gold.
- FIGS. 1 A-C, 2A-C show alternate embodiments of a detachable tip with an off- axis electrode.
- the detachable tip may be made from a generally insulating material.
- the detachable tip may be made from a generally conductive material.
- the detachable tip 100 includes a tapered shaft 108 A connected to an arcuate extension 104 A.
- a flat electrode surface 120 A is defined at the terminus of the arcuate extension. The electrode's surface is located about a normal axis which is orthogonal to the axis of the tapered shaft 108 A.
- an annular cavity 102 A is defined by both the tapered shaft and arcuate extension.
- the flat surface 120 A defines a through hole 114 which connects to the annular cavity 102 A.
- a conductive material 106 fills the through hole.
- the conductive material comprises silver solder, or conductive powdered metal.
- RF power is provided to the tip through a wire HOB which is joined at 110A to the conductive material 106.
- a thermal couple 112A is also bonded to the conductive material.
- Lead wires 112B extend from the thermal couple to an exit point at a proximal end of the tapered shaft.
- FIGS. 2 A-C show an alternate embodiment of the detachable tip to that discussed above in connection with FIGS. lA-C.
- the entire detachable tip 200 may be comprised of a conductive material.
- An annular cavity 102B is defined within both the tapered shaft 108B and the arcuate extension 104B of the detachable tip.
- a flat surface 120B is defined. Portions of the arcuate extension are covered with insulator 260 so as to localize the RF generation to flat surface 120B.
- both the RF and thermal couple connections are made. Because the detachable tip is generally conducting, no through hold to the flat surface 120B is required. Instead, thermal couple 112A is bonded to an interior surface of the annular cavity and wires 112B to that thermal couple extend from the distal end of the tapered shaft 108B. The RF wire 110B terminates in a bond 110A to the interior surface of the annular cavity.
- the electrode portion of the detachable tip provides monopolar RF delivery which induces tissue heating by a combination of molecular friction and conduction.
- a complete electrical circuit for monopolar RF delivery includes a return current pad in electrically conductive contact with the patient's body. The pad in turn is connected to the RF generator to complete an electrical circuit from the
- Bipolar delivery can be implemented using the teachings of the current invention by providing at least two distinct electrodes on the tip, each connected to outgoing and return electrical paths from the RF power supply.
- Monopolar heating has the advantage that tissue, rather than the surgical instrument itself, is heated. In bipolar delivery, energy follows the path of least resistance through conductive irrigating solution in the body tissue, causing superficial surface heating with minimal tissue penetration.
- FIGS. 3A-B show the detachable tip assembled with a surgical instrument 350.
- FIG. 3 A shows the surgical instrument to include a handle 354, an extended probe or shaft 352 and the detachable tip 200 at a distal end of the probe 352. The handle is attached to the proximal end of the probe.
- FIG. 3B shows the detachable tip 200 frictionally affixed within the distal end of probe 352.
- Probe 352 is tubular in cross- section and has an interior annular surface dimensioned to press fit with the exterior surface of tapered shaft 108B. Thus, the detachable tip is fastened to the distal end of probe 352.
- the tip can be fastened to the shaft by press fit, by mechanical fastener, by an interlocking action, by an adhesive compound, a bonding compound, by braising or by welding, for example.
- Electrical connections to both the RF and thermal couple connections discussed above in connection with FIGS. 2 A-C extend the length of the probe to power and control connections within the handle 354.
- FIGS. 4A-E show an alternate embodiment for the off-axis RF tip of the current invention.
- the tip in these embodiments is integrated with the probe 352.
- the probe has a distal end 400 on which various embodiments of arcuate extensions 404B-E are shown in, respectively, FIGS. 4B-E.
- arcuate extensions can be formed on the distal end of the probe through fabrication steps such as swaging, ro to forming, bending, etc.
- the probe may be solid or tubular in cross-section. In embodiments where the probe is solid, it may be made of a conductive material coated with an insulator 460B-E.
- the insulating covering 420B-E ceases and an exposed portion of the probe forms a conductive electrode on the tip.
- Planar electrode surfaces 420B-E are shown in, respectively, FIGS. 4B-E.
- RF connection can be made to the probe within the handle.
- the electric current will be carried the length of the conductive probe and will radiate from the flat surfaces 420 at the exposed probe tip 406B-E also shown respectively in FIGS. 4B-E.
- the probe is annular in cross-section and may be made from an insulating or conductive material. In the event the probe is made from an insulating material, the probe tip 406B- E shown in, respectively, FIGS.
- the flat surfaces 420B-E may be formed on the tip by grinding and allow radiation of RF energy from an electrode surface whose normal axis is off the longitudinal axis about which the probe 352 is defined.
- FIGS. 5A-B show cross-sectional views of the integrated off-axis tip discussed above in connection with FIGS. 4A-E.
- FIG. 5 A shown an embodiment in which the probe 352A is fabricated from a conductive material.
- FIG. 5B shows an embodiment in which probe 352B may be fabricated from an insulating material.
- the conductive probe 562A shown in FIG. 5A is covered with an insulating material 560. This material covers all portions of the probe with the exception of the distal end.
- the probe has an arcuate extension 404E.
- the probe may have an annular cavity 564 in cross-section. In alternate embodiments the probe may be solid in cross-section.
- a conductive material 406E fills the annular opening and defines a flat electrode surface 420E.
- a normal to this surface is in the embodiment shown off-axis or in the embodiment shown orthogonal to the longitudinal axis of the probe 352A.
- RF power is supplied to the conductive material 406E via the conductive probe 562 A from an RF attachment in the handle 354.
- An RF junction 51 OA to an RF delivery wire 51 OB is made to the proximal end of the probe where it joins to handle 354.
- the probe 562B defines an annular cavity 564 extending from the proximal to the distal end of the probe.
- an arcuate extension 404E is defined.
- a conductive material 406E fills the annular opening and defines a flat electrode surface 420E. Because the probe is generally insulating, a connection is made between RF delivery wire 51 OB, which extends the length of the annular cavity of the probe and forms a junction 510A with the conductive material 406E.
- Either embodiment shown in FIG. 5 A or 5B can additionally include a thermal couple to provide temperature feedback to an RF power source.
- each of the above mentioned embodiments disclose an electrode surface which is flat it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that other surface profiles including concave and convex may also be utilized for the off-axis electrodes.
- Choice of surface profile will depend on the surgical environment. For example, in joints a flat electrode surface allows a probe with a low form factor. Additionally, a flat surface allows a larger contact area between the electrode and the surgical site.
- a concave surface may have the further advantage of isolating the surgical site from surrounding saline solution. The isolation of the concave design allows better thermal conductivity and therefore reduced thermal fluctuation.
- Embodiments intended for use in the treatment of chondromalacia preferably have a convex surface with a radius of curvature of from 0.010 to 0.25 inches, preferably from 0.040 to 0.060 inches.
- an electrode formed from a metal body so that the first external surface area described above is essentially the surface of a sphere with one flat face is preferred.
- FIGS. 6 and 7A-B show an alternate embodiment to the probes shown in
- the tip itself is formed from the distal end of the probe via machining operations such as swaging, thermal forming, bending, etc. No conductive material is required and no attachable/detachable tip is required. Instead, the terminus of the probe is formed into an off-axis tip.
- the probe 652 is made from a conductive material 662 about which an insulating shell 660 is formed.
- the insulating shell can be formed in a variety of fashions. In one embodiment the insulating shell can be formed by heat shrink tubing which is slipped over the conductive probe and to which heat is applied to cause it to conform to the exterior of the probe.
- the probe itself after being formed can be dipped in an insulating solution.
- the probe can be coated with a powdered insulator which is activated by temperature to conform to the exterior surface of the probe.
- Corvel® nylon coating may be used and is available from Morton Powder Coatings, P.O. Box 15240, Reading, PA 19612-5240, (800) 367-3318).
- arcuate surfaces 604B-C are formed on opposing sides of the distal end of the probe. As shown in cross-sectional view, A-A an arcuate extension
- 604A is also formed at the terminus of the probe, thereby positioning the tip of the probe 620 so as to form a surface the normal to which is off the longitudinal axis about which the probe itself is defined.
- the tip itself is further formed to pinch or close the opening of annular cavity 664.
- FIG. 7A shows an alternate embodiment to that shown in FIG. 6 in which a distal end of a probe is formed into an off-axis electrode 720 having a longitudinal electrode surface the normal to which is orthogonal to a longitudinal axis about which the probe is defined. Additionally, in contrast to the embodiment shown in FIG. 6, the electrode surface 720 is rectangular in cross-section and the longitudinal axis of that surface is also orthogonal to the longitudinal probe axis. Appropriate shaping of this surface allows chiseling or scraping of a mechanical nature to complement the RF surgical process. All portions of the probe except for the exposed tip are wrapped in an insulating shell 760.
- the probe 752 is fabricated with opposing arcuate surfaces 704B-C and an arcuate extension 704A which positions the electrode tip 720 in the manner described and discussed above.
- the probe may be annular or solid in cross section.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP53507998A JP2001511048A (en) | 1997-02-12 | 1998-02-12 | Electrode for electrosurgical removal of tissue and method of manufacturing the same |
EP98907461A EP0964650A1 (en) | 1997-02-12 | 1998-02-12 | Electrode for electrosurgical ablation of tissue and method of manufacturing the same |
AU63262/98A AU6326298A (en) | 1997-02-12 | 1998-02-12 | Electrode for electrosurgical ablation of tissue and method of manufacturing thesame |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US3762097P | 1997-02-12 | 1997-02-12 | |
US60/037,620 | 1997-02-12 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO1998034549A1 true WO1998034549A1 (en) | 1998-08-13 |
Family
ID=21895324
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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PCT/US1998/002865 WO1998034549A1 (en) | 1997-02-12 | 1998-02-12 | Electrode for electrosurgical ablation of tissue and method of manufacturing the same |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US6168593B1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP0964650A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2001511048A (en) |
AU (1) | AU6326298A (en) |
WO (1) | WO1998034549A1 (en) |
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EP1357848A2 (en) * | 2001-01-02 | 2003-11-05 | Oratec Interventions, Inc. | Surgical instrument with off-axis electrode |
JP2009119280A (en) * | 1999-06-25 | 2009-06-04 | Oratec Interventions Inc | Electrode for electrosurgical ablation of tissue |
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US6632193B1 (en) | 1995-06-07 | 2003-10-14 | Arthrocare Corporation | Systems and methods for electrosurgical tissue treatment |
US6149620A (en) | 1995-11-22 | 2000-11-21 | Arthrocare Corporation | System and methods for electrosurgical tissue treatment in the presence of electrically conductive fluid |
US6837888B2 (en) * | 1995-06-07 | 2005-01-04 | Arthrocare Corporation | Electrosurgical probe with movable return electrode and methods related thereto |
US20050004634A1 (en) * | 1995-06-07 | 2005-01-06 | Arthrocare Corporation | Methods for electrosurgical treatment of spinal tissue |
US6805130B2 (en) * | 1995-11-22 | 2004-10-19 | Arthrocare Corporation | Methods for electrosurgical tendon vascularization |
US7186234B2 (en) * | 1995-11-22 | 2007-03-06 | Arthrocare Corporation | Electrosurgical apparatus and methods for treatment and removal of tissue |
US7758537B1 (en) | 1995-11-22 | 2010-07-20 | Arthrocare Corporation | Systems and methods for electrosurgical removal of the stratum corneum |
US6726684B1 (en) * | 1996-07-16 | 2004-04-27 | Arthrocare Corporation | Methods for electrosurgical spine surgery |
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- 1998-02-12 WO PCT/US1998/002865 patent/WO1998034549A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1998-02-12 JP JP53507998A patent/JP2001511048A/en not_active Ceased
- 1998-02-12 US US09/022,688 patent/US6168593B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-02-12 AU AU63262/98A patent/AU6326298A/en not_active Abandoned
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Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2009119280A (en) * | 1999-06-25 | 2009-06-04 | Oratec Interventions Inc | Electrode for electrosurgical ablation of tissue |
EP1357848A2 (en) * | 2001-01-02 | 2003-11-05 | Oratec Interventions, Inc. | Surgical instrument with off-axis electrode |
AU2002246952B2 (en) * | 2001-01-02 | 2006-11-30 | Oratec Interventions, Inc. | Surgical instrument with off-axis electrode |
EP1357848B1 (en) * | 2001-01-02 | 2009-03-11 | Oratec Interventions, Inc | Surgical instrument with off-axis electrode |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AU6326298A (en) | 1998-08-26 |
JP2001511048A (en) | 2001-08-07 |
US6168593B1 (en) | 2001-01-02 |
EP0964650A1 (en) | 1999-12-22 |
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