WO1999011010A1 - Verfahren zur paketübertragung mit einem arq-protokoll auf übertragungskanälen in einem digitalen übertragungssystem - Google Patents
Verfahren zur paketübertragung mit einem arq-protokoll auf übertragungskanälen in einem digitalen übertragungssystem Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1999011010A1 WO1999011010A1 PCT/DE1998/002165 DE9802165W WO9911010A1 WO 1999011010 A1 WO1999011010 A1 WO 1999011010A1 DE 9802165 W DE9802165 W DE 9802165W WO 9911010 A1 WO9911010 A1 WO 9911010A1
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- information
- turbo
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- packet
- puncturing
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03M—CODING; DECODING; CODE CONVERSION IN GENERAL
- H03M13/00—Coding, decoding or code conversion, for error detection or error correction; Coding theory basic assumptions; Coding bounds; Error probability evaluation methods; Channel models; Simulation or testing of codes
- H03M13/29—Coding, decoding or code conversion, for error detection or error correction; Coding theory basic assumptions; Coding bounds; Error probability evaluation methods; Channel models; Simulation or testing of codes combining two or more codes or code structures, e.g. product codes, generalised product codes, concatenated codes, inner and outer codes
- H03M13/2957—Turbo codes and decoding
- H03M13/2975—Judging correct decoding, e.g. iteration stopping criteria
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03M—CODING; DECODING; CODE CONVERSION IN GENERAL
- H03M13/00—Coding, decoding or code conversion, for error detection or error correction; Coding theory basic assumptions; Coding bounds; Error probability evaluation methods; Channel models; Simulation or testing of codes
- H03M13/63—Joint error correction and other techniques
- H03M13/635—Error control coding in combination with rate matching
- H03M13/6362—Error control coding in combination with rate matching by puncturing
- H03M13/6368—Error control coding in combination with rate matching by puncturing using rate compatible puncturing or complementary puncturing
- H03M13/6381—Rate compatible punctured turbo [RCPT] codes
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for packet transmission with an ARQ protocol on transmission channels in a digital transmission system, in which turbo coding is used for channel coding on the transmitter side in a turbo encoder and turbo decoding with soft in a turbo decoder on the receiver side -Decision output signals is carried out, wherein a return channel is provided with which the receiver requests the information from faulty packets again.
- turbo codes for digital transmission systems is examined, with both coders and decoders for the turbo codes in the transmission link being examined.
- the decoding of the turbo codes is based on the use of soft input / soft output decoders, which either use MAP (maximum a posteriori) symbol estimators or MAP sequence estimators, for example an estimator with an a priori soft Output Viterbi algorithm (APRI-SOVA), which describes four different decoder arrangements and their ability to process certain error rates, and investigates the performance of these decoders in various applications
- turbo codes are proposed in order to correct errors up to na- to reach the so-called Shannon border. Relatively simple component codes and large interleavers are to be used for this.
- the turbo codes are generated in a coder with multiple codes and decoded in a suitable decoder.
- the turbo codes were developed by Berrou et al. Introduced in 1993 (see C. Berrou, A. Glambi and P. Thiti ayshima, "Near Shannon limit area correction coding: Turbo codes” Proc. 1993 IEE International Conference on Communications, pages 1064-1070) a very good error correction can be achieved.
- turbo-equalization is known, with which the disadvantageous effects of the intersymbol interference in digital transmission systems are to be eliminated, that are protected by convolutional codes.
- the receiver makes two consecutive soft output decisions, which are performed by a symbol detector and a channel decoder via an iterative process. With each iteration, extrinsic information from the detector and decoder is generated in the next iteration as in It is shown that with the turbo equalization, intersymbol interference effects can be overcome in the case of multipath channels.
- Future transmission systems for example the European UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) require the support of a large number of coexisting carrier services with carrier data rates of up to 2 Mbit / s in a flexible manner, with the aim of achieving the best possible spectral efficiency.
- ACTS Advanced Communications Technologies and Services
- FRAMES Multiple Access
- MA Multiple Access
- FMA comprises two operating modes, namely WB-TDMA (Wideband Time Division Multiple Access) with and without spreading and compatibility with GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) and WB-CDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access).
- WB-TDMA Wideband Time Division Multiple Access
- GSM Global System for Mobile Communications
- WB-CDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
- FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access
- MC-CDMA Multicarier-CDMA
- turbo codes In view of the high performance of the turbo codes, it is desirable to use them in digital transmission systems.
- the diverse requirements for example at FMA, make it necessary, when using such turbo codes, to ensure that the data transmission takes place with full use of the possibilities of the turbo codes.
- the invention is based on the object of providing a method for packet transmission using an ARQ protocol on transmission channels in a digital transmission system, in which turbo coding is used for channel coding, in which a new turbo code and a code thereon are used coordinated puncturing the channel load can be kept as low as possible by ARQ.
- the method mentioned at the outset is characterized in that an RCPTC is used as the turbo code, that when the information is retransmitted a nes faulty pact, at least a part of the information which is suppressed by the puncturing of the RCPTC in the previous broadcast under ⁇ , and that this additional information is inserted on the recipient side into the already existing information and this completed information is decoded again.
- the coding rate can be set by appropriately puncturing the systematic or non-systematic information at the output of the turbo encoder.
- An increase in the coding rate that is to say that more information is punctured out, deteriorates the result of the decoding for a given channel quality. This means that the bit error rate BER increases.
- the use of the RCPTC for channel coding makes it possible not to retransmit the entire packet in packet-switched services when an ARQ is triggered. If the packet is transmitted for the first time with a high coding rate, as a low level of error protection, and if the packet is recognized as faulty, an ARQ is triggered.
- the coding rate is thus adapted to the channel in a compatible manner, as a result of which less data overall has to be transmitted via the channel.
- the advantage of this method is therefore the reduction of the total load on the channel.
- QoS Quality of Service
- P b G the carrier data rate
- P ⁇ G the probability of circuit-switched services
- the QoS parameters P b G , P X G and P ou G are considered, which are directly related to the choice of the error correction code (ECC).
- ECC error correction code
- the multiple access method, the modulation and the packet parameters essentially determine the coding rate R c .
- the coding rate R c is directly related to the question of whether or not a QoS criterion is fulfilled for a particular service.
- the quality of service is determined from the variances ⁇ 2 of the soft decision output signals of the turbo decoder, advantageously the bit error rate as a measure of the quality of service is calculated from the variances ⁇ 2 .
- a MAP symbol estimator or a MAP sequence estimator is used on the receiver side, it is advantageous if the quality of service is determined from the variances ⁇ 2 ⁇ of the soft decision output signals of the turbo decoder.
- the receiver side a Viterbi lgorithmus A is used for sequence in which it is vorteilhaf when the quality of service from the variances ⁇ VIT of the soft-decision output signals from the turbo decoder is determined.
- the method according to the invention is characterized in that the so-called Berrou's puncturing is used for puncturing, in which only the non-systematic information is punctured.
- This type of puncturing is advantageous for lower values of the signal-to-noise ratio.
- the method according to the invention is characterized in that so-called UKL puncturing is used for the puncturing, in which both the systematic and the non-systematic information is punctured.
- This type of puncturing is advantageous at higher signal-to-noise ratios and therefore at bit error rates of ⁇ 10 "4 .
- the method according to the invention is characterized in that only the bits which are additionally available at the next lower coding rate are transmitted during the re-transmission since they are not punctured. As a result, only the minimally required information is transmitted in order to achieve the goal of adequate transmission quality.
- the method according to the invention is characterized in that the method is repeated until the packet has been correctly decoded or the entire coded information of a packet has been transmitted. In any case, this exploits the entire potential of the coding in order to correct the errors in a packet.
- FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of a turbo encoder
- FIG. 2 shows a block diagram of an RSC encoder as used in a turbo encoder according to FIG. 1;
- FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a turbo decoder
- FIG. 4 shows a graphical representation of the performance of an RCPT in an AWGN channel as a function of the number of iterations in turbo-decoding
- FIG. 5 shows a graphical representation of the performance of an RCPT in a Rayleigh channel with different numbers of iterations in turbo-decoding
- FIG. 6 shows a graphical representation of the performance of an RCPTC in the case of an AWGN channel as a function of different coding rates
- FIG. 7 shows a graphical representation of the performance of an RCPTC in a Rayleigh channel as a function of different coding rates
- FIG. 8 shows a graphical representation of the performance of an RCPTC in the case of an AWGN channel for different coding rates
- FIG. 9 shows a graphical representation of the performance of an RCPTC for a Rayleigh channel at different coding rates
- Figure 10 is a graphical representation of the relationship between the bit error rate BER and the variance ⁇ ⁇ at the output of the second decoder
- FIG. 11 shows a graphical representation of the variance ⁇ IjLR in relation to the signal / noise ratio in the case of incorrectly or correctly decoded packets.
- the ECC circuit should be as universal as possible, while the ECC configuration should allow a high degree of flexibility through software control.
- the RCPTC used here enables this because it has the required flexibility.
- the RCPTC can be generated with the turbo encoder 2 shown in FIG. 1.
- the input sequence u is sent to the encoder 4 (RSC, code 1) and via the turbo code interleaver 8 to the encoder 6 (RSC, code 2) and a puncturing /
- the puncturing / multiplexer device receives a further input C1 from the encoder 4 and a further input C2 from the encoder 6.
- the output of the puncturing / multiplexer device 10 is the output sequence b.
- the minimum coding rate R c , min could be further reduced by using additional RSC coders.
- the binary input sequence u which has a finite duration, is input into the encoder 4 and gives at its output the redundancy sequence C with the same finite duration as u.
- the sequence ⁇ ⁇ which represents the sequence u after interleaving is put into the encoder 6.
- the coding in the encoder 6 results in the redundancy sequence C 2 .
- the redundancy sequences C 2 and C 2 and the sequence u are punctured and multiplexed to form the starting sequence b.
- the turbo encoder is a systematic encoder, whereby u is the basis of the systematic information contained in b.
- An RSC encoder as can be used for encoders 4 and 6, is shown in FIG. 2 using the example of encoder 4.
- the sequence u is present as systematic information at an input of the encoder 4.
- the sequence u passes through an adder 12 to a delay stage 14 and a further adder 16.
- the output signals of the delay stage 14 reach a second delay stage 18 and the adder 12.
- the output signals of the second delay stage 18 reach the addition stage 12 and Addition stage 16.
- the output of the addition stage is then the redundancy sequence c x .
- the two RSC coders for use in the framework of FRAMES are identical and have a constraint length of 3. Although these RSC coders only have four states, they show good performance with low values of the signal / noise ratio E b / N 0 . Therefore, the performance of the RCPTC with these encoders is advantageous at low signal-to-noise ratios.
- the output sequence b of the turbo encoder 2 passes via the transmission channel and a demodulator to the turbo decoder 22 (FIG. 3), which has an RSC encoder 24 and a second RSC decoder 26.
- a turbo code interleaver 28 is provided between an output of decoder 24 and an input of decoder 26.
- a turbo code interleaver 30 is provided between an output of decoder 26 and an input of decoder 24 .
- the decoders 24, 26 are soft input / soft output decoders.
- the demodulator (not shown) provides estimates x n of the systematic information u n contained in u, and estimates y ln and y 2, n of the transmitted redundancy bits that have been generated by the encoders 4 and 6, respectively.
- CSI Channel State Information
- Each of the decoders 24, 26 processes the systematic information, the redundancy and a priori information L el n and L e2 n by processing the CSI, whereby the extrinsic information L e2 n and L el n is generated, which is then called a- priory knowledge is used in the subsequent decoder.
- the decoding is iterative and the result of the decoding is improved with each iteration. However, the degree of improvement gradually decreases as the iteration continues. After a certain number of iterations, the output signal of the turbo decoder 22 is fed into a detector (not shown), as is customary in such transmission systems.
- the number of iterations during decoding can be set according to the QoS criterion, taking into account the overall coding complexity.
- the criterion can be increased the number of iterations with increasing signal / noise ratio E b / N 0 . This is particularly advantageous with fading channels, for example with transmission channels.
- the number of iterations can also be varied with a time-changing QoS criterion.
- the number of decoding iterations can only be set when using turbo codes, in particular an RCPTC.
- the coding properties depend on which of the sequences are punctured. For example, if the redundancy sequences c and c 2 are completely punctured, leaving only the sequence u unchanged, an ECC is not available and time diversity gains cannot be achieved at the receivers with fading channels. In this case, the turbo decoder is reduced to a simple threshold detector.
- the turbo encoder becomes a conventional RSC encoder.
- the turbo decoder is reduced to an RSC decoder, which is implemented for half an iteration. In this case, there is no a priori knowledge based on extrinsic information.
- the coding rate R c can can vary between ⁇ and 1 depending on the QoS criterion.
- the RSC encoders can be based on two different codes, and the QoS criterion and coding complexity can be varied by suppressing a particular redundancy sequence C x or C 2 without changing the coding rate R c .
- the minimum coding rate R c, m ⁇ n 1 / (N e + 1) is realized if no puncturing is carried out.
- either conventional RSC decoding or turbo decoding can be implemented, depending on the QoS criterion and the transmission channel state, both factors varying over time in transmission applications.
- the sequence u is not punctured, the redundancy sequences c x and c 2 are punctured in part.
- operation as RSC code or as turbo code is possible, the number of decoding iterations can be set and the coding rate can be between 1/3 and 1. This type of puncturing is called Berrou's puncturing.
- RSPTC The advantageous feature of RSPTC lies in the possibility of adaptively changing the coding rate R c , with the ARQ being able to transmit the required information without having to transmit the entire coded packet.
- the transmission of an additional part of the information which compensates for the difference in the coding rate is sufficient.
- FIG. 4 shows the performance of the RCPTC in a graphic representation in which the bit error rate BER is represented against the signal / noise ratio E b / N 0 for a voice transmission over an AWGN channel.
- the packet size was 150 bits and the encoding rate was about 1/3.
- the uncoded transmission is shown as a reference line.
- the parameter of these simulations is the number of decoding iterations, which varies between 1 and 5. After the first decoding iteration, the minimum signal-to-noise ratio required to achieve a bit error rate of ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 is approximately equal to 3.5 dB. After the second decoding iteration 1.3 dB less is required.
- next decoding iteration enables a further gain of 0.2 dB.
- the next iteration enables gains of less than 0.1 dB.
- the minimum signal-to-noise ratio required for a bit error rate less than 10 ⁇ 3 is about 1.8 dB. It can thus be seen that the performance improvement becomes less with increasing iterations.
- a conventional NSC code with a constraint length of 9 requires approximately 1.9 dB to achieve the same bit error rate of ⁇ 10 "3.
- the RCPTC is therefore somewhat more powerful than conventional codes even with packet sizes as small as 150 bits.
- FIG. 5 shows the performance of the RCPTC in a graphical representation, in which the bit error rates BER versus the signal / noise ratio E B / N 0 for narrowband ISDN at a carrier data rate of 144 kbit / S, a packet size of 672 bit, a code rate of about ⁇ and a fully interleaved Rayleigh fading channel is shown.
- the simulation parameter is again the number of decoding iterations. After four decoding iterations, a bit error rate of less than 10 " requires a minimum signal-to-noise ratio of 3.8 dB. After ten iterations, only about 3.4 dB are required.
- a conventional NSC code with a decoding complexity similar to four Decoding iterations have a constraint length of 8 and require a 1.1 dB higher signal-to-noise ratio.
- FIGS. 6 to 9 show graphical representations for the performance when using RCPTC, the bit error rate BER or the frame error rate FER being plotted against the signal / noise ratio E B / N 0 .
- FIG. 6 shows the bit error rate against the signal / noise ratio with a packet size of 672 bits, ten decoding iterations and an AWGN channel.
- FIG. 7 shows the bit error rate against the signal / noise ratio with a packet size of 672 bits, ten decoding iterations and a fully interleaved Rayleigh fading channel.
- FIG. 8 shows the frame error rate FER versus the signal-to-noise ratio with a packet size of 672 bits, ten decoding iterations and one AWGN channel.
- Figure 9 shows the
- FIG. 11 shows the variance c 2 ⁇ j R of the log likelihood ratio LLR at the output of the second decoder in relation to the signal / noise ratio E B / N 0 when using RCPTC with a packet size of 600 bits, one Code rate of about 5/9, ten decoding iterations and one AWGN channel.
- the RCPTC was designed for a 64 kbit / S carrier service.
- the present description mainly relates to the application of the invention to digital mobile radio
- the invention is not restricted to this but can generally be used in digital transmission systems, for example in power-linked systems, optical transmission systems (infrared and laser transmission systems), Satellite radio systems, deep space transmission systems, directional radio transmission systems and radio transmission systems (digital radio or TV) can be used with the advantages mentioned.
Abstract
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Priority Applications (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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DE59814315T DE59814315D1 (de) | 1997-08-22 | 1998-07-29 | Verfahren zur paketübertragung mit einem arq-protokoll auf übertragungskanälen in einem digitalen übertragungssystem |
US09/486,335 US6571366B1 (en) | 1997-08-22 | 1998-07-29 | Method for packet transmission with an ARQ protocol on transmission channels in a digital transmission system |
CA002300835A CA2300835C (en) | 1997-08-22 | 1998-07-29 | Method for packet transmission using an arq protocol on transmission channels in a digital transmission system |
AU92532/98A AU731396B2 (en) | 1997-08-22 | 1998-07-29 | Method for packet transmission with an ARQ protocol on transmission channels in a digital transmission system |
EP98945067A EP1005733B1 (de) | 1997-08-22 | 1998-07-29 | Verfahren zur paketübertragung mit einem arq-protokoll auf übertragungskanälen in einem digitalen übertragungssystem |
JP2000508157A JP2001514458A (ja) | 1997-08-22 | 1998-07-29 | デジタル伝送システムでの伝送チャネルでarqプロトコルを用いてパケット伝送する方法 |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
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DE19736676A DE19736676C1 (de) | 1997-08-22 | 1997-08-22 | Verfahren zur Paketübertragung mit einem ARQ-Protokoll auf Übertragungskanälen in einem digitalen Übertragungssystem |
DE19736676.7 | 1997-08-22 |
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WO1999011010A1 true WO1999011010A1 (de) | 1999-03-04 |
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PCT/DE1998/002165 WO1999011010A1 (de) | 1997-08-22 | 1998-07-29 | Verfahren zur paketübertragung mit einem arq-protokoll auf übertragungskanälen in einem digitalen übertragungssystem |
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US (1) | US6571366B1 (de) |
EP (1) | EP1005733B1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP2001514458A (de) |
CN (1) | CN1207864C (de) |
AU (1) | AU731396B2 (de) |
CA (1) | CA2300835C (de) |
DE (2) | DE19736676C1 (de) |
WO (1) | WO1999011010A1 (de) |
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WO2001069836A1 (en) * | 2000-03-17 | 2001-09-20 | Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ) | Methods in a communication system |
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JP2003514408A (ja) * | 1999-04-29 | 2003-04-15 | クゥアルコム・インコーポレイテッド | 無線通信におけるチャンネル状態の推定方法、及び受信器と復号器 |
US6857096B1 (en) | 1999-04-13 | 2005-02-15 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Method of the ARQ type for a transmission method using turbocodes, and associated device |
US6980607B2 (en) | 2000-01-18 | 2005-12-27 | Infineon Technologies Ag | Method for decoding a data signal |
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EP1094612B1 (de) * | 1999-10-21 | 2003-05-28 | Sony International (Europe) GmbH | SOVA Turbodekodierer mit kleinerer Normalisierungskomplexität |
CA2397893C (en) * | 2000-01-20 | 2011-05-03 | Nortel Networks Limited | Hybrid arq schemes with soft combining in variable rate packet data applications |
FR2805418B1 (fr) * | 2000-02-23 | 2003-05-30 | Mitsubishi Electric Inf Tech | Procede de transmission numerique de type a codage correcteur d'erreurs |
EP1176749A3 (de) * | 2000-06-20 | 2005-07-13 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Funkkommunikationsystem |
US7127664B2 (en) * | 2000-09-18 | 2006-10-24 | Lucent Technologies Inc. | Reconfigurable architecture for decoding telecommunications signals |
DE60033577T2 (de) * | 2000-10-30 | 2007-10-31 | Nortel Networks Ltd., St. Laurent | Paketübertragung mit automatischem aufforderungsprotokoll mit verwendung von punktierten kodes |
KR100365183B1 (ko) * | 2000-12-07 | 2002-12-16 | 에스케이 텔레콤주식회사 | 비동기 이동 통신 시스템의 물리 계층에서의 적응 코딩을이용한 데이터 전송 방법 및 기지국 장치 |
US9979580B2 (en) | 2001-02-01 | 2018-05-22 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Coding scheme for a wireless communication system |
US6961388B2 (en) | 2001-02-01 | 2005-11-01 | Qualcomm, Incorporated | Coding scheme for a wireless communication system |
FR2822315B1 (fr) * | 2001-03-19 | 2003-06-06 | Mitsubishi Electric Inf Tech | Procede et dispositif d'optimisation, sous contrainte de performances, de la taille de blocs de donnees codees |
JP4198921B2 (ja) * | 2002-02-28 | 2008-12-17 | 株式会社エヌ・ティ・ティ・ドコモ | 適応無線パラメータ制御方法、QoS制御装置、基地局及び無線通信システム |
CN1674480A (zh) * | 2004-03-25 | 2005-09-28 | 皇家飞利浦电子股份有限公司 | 卷积编码器及其编码方法 |
CN101945080B (zh) * | 2005-01-11 | 2012-11-14 | 高通股份有限公司 | 用于在一分层调制系统中解码数据的方法和装置 |
US7660368B2 (en) * | 2005-01-11 | 2010-02-09 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Bit log likelihood ratio evaluation |
JP4494238B2 (ja) * | 2005-02-03 | 2010-06-30 | 株式会社エヌ・ティ・ティ・ドコモ | Mimo多重送信装置およびmimo多重送信方法 |
US20060198454A1 (en) * | 2005-03-02 | 2006-09-07 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Adaptive channel estimation thresholds in a layered modulation system |
US7340669B2 (en) * | 2005-03-11 | 2008-03-04 | Via Telecom Co., Ltd. | Memory efficient streamlined transmitter with a multiple instance hybrid ARQ |
JP2007274335A (ja) * | 2006-03-31 | 2007-10-18 | Nec Corp | ターボ復号装置及びターボ復号方法 |
US20090132894A1 (en) * | 2007-11-19 | 2009-05-21 | Seagate Technology Llc | Soft Output Bit Threshold Error Correction |
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- 1998-07-29 WO PCT/DE1998/002165 patent/WO1999011010A1/de active IP Right Grant
- 1998-07-29 AU AU92532/98A patent/AU731396B2/en not_active Expired
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- 1998-07-29 CA CA002300835A patent/CA2300835C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US6857096B1 (en) | 1999-04-13 | 2005-02-15 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Method of the ARQ type for a transmission method using turbocodes, and associated device |
JP2003514408A (ja) * | 1999-04-29 | 2003-04-15 | クゥアルコム・インコーポレイテッド | 無線通信におけるチャンネル状態の推定方法、及び受信器と復号器 |
US6980607B2 (en) | 2000-01-18 | 2005-12-27 | Infineon Technologies Ag | Method for decoding a data signal |
WO2001069836A1 (en) * | 2000-03-17 | 2001-09-20 | Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ) | Methods in a communication system |
EP1192750A1 (de) * | 2000-05-22 | 2002-04-03 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | DATENüBERTRAGUNGSEINRICHTUNG SOWIE VERFAHREN FüR EIN VERMITTLUNGSSYSTEM MIT HYBRIDER,AUTOMATISHER WIEDERHOLUNGSAUFORDERUNG |
EP1192750A4 (de) * | 2000-05-22 | 2009-08-05 | Samsung Electronics Co Ltd | DATENüBERTRAGUNGSEINRICHTUNG SOWIE VERFAHREN FüR EIN VERMITTLUNGSSYSTEM MIT HYBRIDER,AUTOMATISHER WIEDERHOLUNGSAUFORDERUNG |
Also Published As
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US6571366B1 (en) | 2003-05-27 |
EP1005733B1 (de) | 2008-10-29 |
DE19736676C1 (de) | 1998-12-10 |
CN1207864C (zh) | 2005-06-22 |
AU731396B2 (en) | 2001-03-29 |
JP2001514458A (ja) | 2001-09-11 |
DE59814315D1 (de) | 2008-12-11 |
CN1268267A (zh) | 2000-09-27 |
CA2300835C (en) | 2005-03-15 |
EP1005733A1 (de) | 2000-06-07 |
CA2300835A1 (en) | 1999-03-04 |
AU9253298A (en) | 1999-03-16 |
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