WO2001007650A2 - Improvements in and relating to forensic investigations - Google Patents
Improvements in and relating to forensic investigations Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2001007650A2 WO2001007650A2 PCT/GB2000/002793 GB0002793W WO0107650A2 WO 2001007650 A2 WO2001007650 A2 WO 2001007650A2 GB 0002793 W GB0002793 W GB 0002793W WO 0107650 A2 WO0107650 A2 WO 0107650A2
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- ethnic
- sample
- physical characteristic
- dna
- identity
- Prior art date
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
- C12Q1/6876—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes
Definitions
- This invention concerns improvements in and relating to forensic investigations, particularly, but not exclusively, to using DNA based investigations to predict a physical characteristic of a samples source, and more particularly, but not exclusively to techniques for investigating or predicting the ethnic background of a DNA source.
- Such situations include analysis of crime scene samples where it is helpful to obtain details of the potential source of that sample with a view to tracing the samples source and/or linking a sample from a possible source to the crime scene sample and/or discounting a link between a sample from a possible source and the crime scene sample.
- Forensic science already uses a variety of such techniques, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms, to compare the DNA characteristic of a sample with a sample from a known person. These techniques concern variations in the DNA on an individual basis, however. Additionally they do not allow any prediction to be made about the source of a DNA sample, for instance a crime scene sample, for instance a physical characteristic of the individual who generated the DNA sample.
- a method of obtaining information about the nature of a physical characteristic of the source of a sample from a number of possibilities for that physical characteristic comprising analysing at least part of the DNA in the sample, the analysis determining the presence and/or identity of one or more variations at one or more locations of the DNA; providing a database containing information on the presence and/or identity of the one or more variations at the one or more locations of the DNA for a plurality of reference samples, the nature of the physical characteristic being known for the reference samples; for one or more of the possible natures of the physical characteristic, taking at least some of the reference samples having a common nature for the physical characteristic together to give a grouping and considering the frequency of occurrence of the combination of the presence and/or identity of the one or more variations at the one or more locations of the DNA for the sample in that grouping having a common nature of the physical characteristic to obtain the information about the nature of the physical characteristic of the source of the sample.
- the first aspect may further provide that the frequency of occurrence is used to predict information relating to the nature of the physical characteristic of the source of the sample.
- a method of obtaining information about the nature of a physical characteristic of the source of a sample from a number of possibilities for that physical characteristic comprising analysing at least part of the DNA in the sample, the analysis determining the presence and/or identity of one or more variations at one or more locations of the DNA; providing a database containing information on the presence and/or identity of the one or more variations at the one or more locations of the DNA for a plurality of reference samples, the nature of the physical characteristic being known for the reference samples; for one or more of the possible natures of the physical characteristic, taking at least some of the reference samples having a common nature for the physical characteristic together to give a grouping and considering the frequency of occurrence of the combination of the presence and/or identity of the one or more variations at the one or more locations of the DNA for the sample in that grouping having a common nature of the physical characteristic; the frequency of occurrence being used to predict information relating to the nature of the physical characteristic of the source of the sample.
- the physical characteristic may be the ethnic characteristic of the sample's source, particularly the ethnic character of the person who is the sample's source.
- the nature of the physical characteristic is recorded in the database.
- a third aspect of the invention we provide a method of obtaining information about the ethnic characteristic of a person who is the source of a sample, from a number of possible ethnic characteristics, the method comprising analysing at least part of the DNA in the sample, the analysis determining the identity of one or more variations at one or more locations of the DNA; providing a database containing information on the identity of the one or more variations at the one or more locations of the DNA for a plurality of reference samples taken from people whose ethnic characteristic is known and recorded in the database; for one or more of the ethnic characteristics, taking at least some of the reference samples having a common ethnic characteristic together to give a grouping and considering the frequency of occurrence of the combination of the identity of the one or more variations at the one or more locations of the DNA for the sample with that ethnic characteristic.
- the third aspect of the invention may further provide that the frequency of occurrence is used to predict information relating to the nature of the ethnic characteristic of the person who is the source of the sample.
- the first and/or second and/or third aspects of the invention may further provide one or more of the following features, possibilities and options.
- the ethnic characteristic may be an ethnic group.
- the ethnic groups may include one or more of White skinned European, Afro-Caribbean, Indo-Pakistani, South-East Asian, Middle Eastern. Other groups may be used separately from and/or together with such groups.
- the source may be male or female.
- the source may be a suspect in a crime and/or a person linked to the scene of a crime and/or a person linked to an item implicated in a crime and/or linked to the scene of a crime.
- the sample may be any DNA containing sample, such as a blood sample, a bodily fluid sample, skin sample, hair sample or the like.
- the sample may be taken from a location, such as a wall, floor, floor covering or the like, and/or from an item, such as furniture, an item of clothing or the like.
- the sample may be analysed by DNA amplification based techniques.
- the analysis preferably analyses a plurality of locations simultaneously. Preferably the same type of analysis is undertaken for each location.
- the method may consider at least 2, preferably at least 3, more preferably at least 4, still more preferably at least 6 locations, and ideally at least 10 locations.
- the variation may be of the short tandem repeat type.
- the variation may thus include a number of different alleles which could occur at the location.
- the number of variations possible at a location may be 5, 10 or even more.
- the locations may be a plurality of loci for the DNA, such as one or more selected from loci HUMVWFA31/A, HUMTHOl, HUMFIBRA, D8S1179, D21S11, D18S51, D3S1358, D2S1338, D16S539 or D19S433.
- the loci include at least three of HUMVWFA31/A, HUMTHOl, HUMFIBRA, D8S1179, D21S11 or D18S51 and ideally at least four thereof. Additional information providing locations may be considered, such as sex indicating locations, for instance the X-Y homologous gene amelogenin.
- the locations may be a plurality of loci for the DNA, such as one or more selected from loci HUMCD4, HUMPLA2A, HUMFIIDA, HUMAPOAI/1 OR HUMFABP.
- loci include at least three of HUMCD4, HUMPLA2A, HUMFIIDA, HUMAPOAI/1 or HUMFABP, and ideally at least four thereof.
- the loci may be any number of HUMVWFA31/A, HUMTHOl, HUMFIBRA, D8S1179, D21S11, D18S51, D3S1358, D2S1338, D16S539 or D19S433 and ideally all 11; and/or include one, two, three or ideally all ten of D3S1358, D2S1338, D16S539 or D19S433; and/or include one, two, three, four or ideally all five of HUMCD4, HUMPLA2 A, HUMFIIDA, HUMAPOAI/ 1 or HUMFABP.
- the variation may be of the single nucleotide polymorphism type.
- the variation may be of the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) type.
- SNP single nucleotide polymorphism
- the variation may thus include a number of different bases which could occur at the location.
- the number of variations possible at a location may be two, three or four.
- the locations may be at a plurality of loci for the DNA, such as one or more loci established as having SNPs which vary according to ethnic group to at least some extent.
- the implication of the variation in ethnic characteristic prediction may be established by reviewing the variation with ethnic characteristics for a significant number of reference samples. For instance 200 or more samples from individuals having a given ethnic characteristic may be considered and the manner in which the variation occurrence and / or the identity of the variation changes with different ethnic characteristics occurs can be investigated . This may establish one or more locations and / or one or more variations at such locations as providing information relating to the ethnic characteristic of a sample source.
- the database provides information on identity of the variations at the locations for which the sample is analysed, and ideally all of those locations.
- the nature of the physical characteristic is recorded with the information on variation.
- the database contains a number of reference samples which is statistically significant for the variations at the locations under consideration.
- the database may contain more than 200 or more than 500, or more than 1000, or preferably more than 5000 and ideally more than 10000 reference samples.
- the database contains at least 100, preferably at least 200, more preferably at least 500 and ideally more than 1000 reference samples for each potential nature of the physical characteristic, such as ethnic characteristic, under consideration and/or prediction.
- the reference samples are randomly selected and / or are selected from a database of reference samples.
- the reference sample for each nature of the physical characteristic are randomly selected.
- the reference samples of the database as a whole and/or of one or more of the natures of the physical characteristic may be selected from a country population, a sub-set of a country population such as a regional population or location population or population based on other selection mechanisms such as other evidence.
- the reference samples which are grouped together all have the same physical, such as ethnic, characteristic.
- the same physical characteristic may be the classification of the person in an ethnic group, such as White skinned European, Afro- Caribbean, Indo-Pakistani, South-East Asian or Middle Eastern.
- a reference sample in the database is grouped with all the other reference samples having a common nature therewith.
- the reference samples are only considered in one grouping of reference samples, ideally that grouping having a common nature.
- the reference samples having a common physical characteristic, such as ethnic characteristic are grouped and groups are formed for all the physical characteristics, such as ethnic characteristics, of the database.
- the frequency of occurrence of the identity of the one or more variations at one or more locations of the DNA of the sample in the grouping may thus be indicated for each of the physical/ethnic characteristics natures.
- the frequency of occurrence of the combination of the presence and/or the identity of the variation at all of the locations may be provided.
- the frequency of occurrence of the combination of variations having that identity is considered.
- the frequency of occurrence of the variation having that identity may be considered against the frequency of occurrence of the combination of variations having that identity in the reference samples having a common nature for the physical characteristic.
- a plurality, ideally all, the variations are considered in this way against the reference samples, ideally all the reference samples, having a common nature for the physical characteristic considered.
- the frequency of occurrence of an allele at a variation may be considered in this way, ideally for all the variations.
- the relative occurrence may be considered by a rules based calculation.
- f the frequency of profile.
- the calculation may vary according to the number of ethnic groups under consideration.
- a likelihood value for each profile for each of the ethnic groups considered is preferably obtained.
- the likelihood values are compared to the number of likelihood distributions generated from samples of known ethnic origin.
- Pr(A/G) x Pr( A) Prior Probability
- the frequency of occurrence of the combination for each of the groups may be considered to evaluate whether one ethnic group is more likely and/or less likely to be the source given the particular combination/ genotype resulting from sample analysis.
- the calculation according to the formula may be adjusted in the event of one of the identities of a variation being defined as a rare identity, for instance a rare allele, a rare identity being defined as those which occur within the sample under consideration, but which do not occur or occur only once in any one or all of the database groupings according to common nature of the physical characteristic.
- the calculation is only adjusted in relation to the location for which a rare identity is found.
- the adjustment involves the assigning of a fixed probability to the occurrence of that rare identity in the grouping from which it was missing and for which the frequency is less than 1/N * .
- the fixed probability is defined as 1/N * , with N * being the total number of alleles of at each locus, which is the same number for each locus, for which identity frequencies, for instance allele numbers, are available in the groupings of the database which has the lowest number of known samples which were used to generate that grouping in the database.
- the information and/or prediction may be used to suggest that the person who is the source of the sample is a member of a particular ethnic group and/or is not a member of one or more ethnic groups or that an ethnic group cannot be predicted.
- the information and/or prediction may be used to suggest a physical characteristic of a person as part of an elimination process, such as a criminal investigation.
- the information and/or prediction may be used to suggest the ethnic background of a person as part of an elimination process, such as a criminal investigation.
- the information and/or prediction may be provided to law enforcement or police authorities or the public to assist in the identification of persons, for instance suspects of a crime.
- the information and/or prediction may be obtained by considering the frequency of occurrence in combination with other information of the potential source of the sample.
- the other information may be introduced to the relative occurrence consideration and/or may be considered together with the frequency of occurrence consideration to give overall information and/or an overall prediction.
- loci including at least two of HUMCD4, HUMPLA2A, HUMFIIDA, HUMAPOAI/1, HUMFABP.
- the mixture includes primers for all five of these loci.
- the mixture may include primers for one or more of loci HUMVWFA31/A, HUMTHOl, HUMFIBRA, D8S1179, D21S11, D18S51, X-Y homologous gene amelogenin, D3S1358..D2S1338, D16S539 D19S433.
- the mixture is a multiplex.
- a DNA sample may be obtained without definitive evidence as to its source.
- the tracing of that source and/or the confirmation or rebuttal of an entity as being the source is a significant forensic tool.
- a number of existing techniques consider a variety of features of the DNA of a sample and compare that with features in a sample from a known source to establish whether the sample arose form that source and the statistical confidence in reaching that conclusion. Such techniques do not provide much information about the source of the sample, however, before such a comparison is made.
- the technique of the present invention involves the collection of a DNA sample from a crime scene in the conventional way for subsequent analysis.
- the analysis technique generates a DNA profile for the sample by considering the variations which occur at certain locations in the genes which make up the sample. The technique of considering a number of loci which exhibit short tandem repeat (STR) variation may be used for this purpose.
- STR short tandem repeat
- the applicant regularly analyses DNA samples using six STR loci and a sex determinative locus. These loci are :- i) HUMVWFA31/A; ii) HUMTHOl; iii) HUMFIBRA; iv) D8S1179; v) D21S11; vi) D18S51; and vii) the X-Y homologous gene amelogenin.
- STR loci profiling using these STR loci would routinely be carried out for other investigative purposes, with the resultant profile also potentially being used in the technique of the present invention. If other STR loci are to be investigated, then those may be specifically investigated for the technique of the present invention.
- the profile generated has been compared with individual samples in a database, for instance the DNA profile database operated by The Forensic Science Service in the UK, The National DNA Database (Registered Trade Mark). Highly similar matches between the unknown sample and a sample in the database can then be used to indicate that the source of that sample should be considered further as the particular source of the unknown origin sample.
- a database for instance the DNA profile database operated by The Forensic Science Service in the UK, The National DNA Database (Registered Trade Mark). Highly similar matches between the unknown sample and a sample in the database can then be used to indicate that the source of that sample should be considered further as the particular source of the unknown origin sample.
- the present invention uses the DNA profile generated for the unknown source sample in a different way.
- the DNA profile of the sample provides an indication as to which particular allele the DNA of the sample possesses at each of the loci under investigation. Some of these alleles may be relatively common to the population, whereas some may be relatively unusual.
- the technique In addition to the analysis of the sample of unknown origin the technique also requires a database containing a significant number of DNA profiles from at least partially known origins.
- the compilation of this database involves the analysis of the DNA from the known source to determine its allele variation at the loci under consideration. The variation in alleles which occurs is recorded together with the ethnic group of the person providing the sample.
- the ethnic groupings used are white skinned Europeans, Afro-Caribbeans, Indo-Pakistanis, South-East Asians and Middle Easterners.
- results for the various ethnic groups can be considered to determine the frequency of occurrence of the various alleles variations at the loci considered for that ethnic group as a whole, subject to the incorporation of size bias and corrections.
- Significant variation between the groups occurs with, for instance a particular allele variation being common in one group, but relatively rare in one or more of the others. For instance, such variations for the STR locus HUMFIBRA and allele 18.2 are listed in Table 1.
- the frequency in this Table does not include the size bias correction.
- the relative frequency of the ethnic groups to one another is also included when making the analysis.
- the samples were analysed using an STR based technique to obtain a DNA profile in each case.
- the alleles occurring were compared with the frequency of occurrence information for the various alleles for the various loci with each of the different ethnic groups using a "rules" based calculation.
- the frequency of the profile in each of the five ethnic groups was calculated as according to the technique described in more detail below.
- a likelihood value was generated as follows:
- Likelihood frequency of profile (f) in ethnic group A divided by f in group B times f in group C times fin group D times f in group E.
- This calculation yields five likelihood values for each profile, namely the likelihood of the profile being from a person in ethnic group A or ethnic group B or ethnic group C or ethnic group D or ethnic group E. These values are then compared to a database of previously calculated values that have been obtained from samples of known ethnic origin. These known ethnic origin samples are used to produce a distribution and the likelihood value from the calculation is compared to the 95 th , 100 th and 10 times 100 th upper and lower percentile ranges of the 25 distributions.
- the relative location of the unknown profiles calculated likelihood values within the distributions determine the most likely ethnic origin of that sample.
- the results of the statistical comparison was used to give one or more of a number of different predictions depending upon the nature of the result. These prediction types included :- in) those cases where a major ethnic group, a major ethnic group being either white skin European, afro-Caribbean or indo-Pakistani, was indicated as being statistically the source compared with the other groups; ii) those cases where an major ethnic group a major ethnic group being either white skin European, afro-Caribbean or indo-Pakistani, could be excluded as statistically being the source compared with the other groups; iii) those cases where no ethnic group could be suggested as more applicable than the others.
- Pr(A/G) x Pr( A) Prior Probability
- the value of Pr(G/A) is in effect the product of the relative proportion of each of the possible alleles which occurs at each loci in ethnic group A.
- the loci may provide heterozygous variation (for example locus THO1 where the alleles 9 and 9.3 may be found, the allele being inherited from each parent being different) or homozygous variation (for example locus THO1, for allele 7 where the alleles inherited from each parent are the same two modes of calculation are employed.
- p or q (occurrence in database + 1) / (database size + 2).
- p (occurrence in database + 2) / (database size + 2).
- Rare alleles are taken as those which occur within the profile under consideration, but which do not occur or occur only once in any one or all of the ethnic grouping databases. Thus if allele H has not been found before in any of the known samples which make up the ethnic database for ethnic grouping A then that allele H is considered a rare allele.
- Rare allele compensation is preferably only applied to the locus for which a rare allele is identified and aims to provide an alternative allele frequency calculation so as to avoid a database size bias problem. Due to certain ethnic groups being smaller proportions of the population, and particularly due to the smaller size of the comparison databases used for these ethnic groups, the correction is needed to avoid the above mentioned Pr(G/A) type calculation biassing the prediction towards the smaller ethnic group or groups.
- the rare allele compensation method provides that a minimum proportion value of 1/N * be applied for that rare allele in each of the ethnic group frequency of occurrence sets, with N * being the total number of alleles at that locus for which allele frequencies are available in the ethnic group database which has the lowest number of known alleles which were used to generate that database.
- N * 550 where allele H does not occur in the frequency of occurrence database for ethnic group A, when the frequency of occurrence databases were generated using 1500, 350 and 275 known samples for ethnic groups A, B and C respectively and hence ethnic group C has 550 alleles detected in the 275 known samples for all loci.
- Formula I is flexible in that it allows the relative levels of persons in the various ethnic groups to be taken into account when making the prediction. Whilst these could be the relative levels of those ethnic groups in the world population or country population, they could equally reflect a suspect population and/or take into account other evidence sources such as eyewitness accounts.
- loci Whilst the invention is described above in relation to STR based techniques for six loci, other loci could be used to supplement this investigation and/or to investigate completely different loci.
- loci which have alleles which are particularly variable between two or more of the ethnic groups are :- 1) HUMCD4;
- the variation and / or identity of variation of an unknown sample can then be compared to establish a prediction for its ethnic group or other characteristic based on how that unknown sample's variations and / or identities of variations correspond to the probabilities for the variations and / or identities of variations established for the reference samples.
Abstract
Description
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Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP00951678A EP1238101A2 (en) | 1999-07-23 | 2000-07-24 | Improvements in and relating to forensic investigations |
CA002380198A CA2380198A1 (en) | 1999-07-23 | 2000-07-24 | Improvements in and relating to forensic investigations |
AU64538/00A AU6453800A (en) | 1999-07-23 | 2000-07-24 | Improvements in and relating to forensic investigations |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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GB9917309.8 | 1999-07-23 | ||
GBGB9917309.8A GB9917309D0 (en) | 1999-07-23 | 1999-07-23 | Improvements in and relating to forensic investigations |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2001007650A2 true WO2001007650A2 (en) | 2001-02-01 |
WO2001007650A3 WO2001007650A3 (en) | 2002-07-11 |
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PCT/GB2000/002793 WO2001007650A2 (en) | 1999-07-23 | 2000-07-24 | Improvements in and relating to forensic investigations |
Country Status (6)
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US (1) | US20030225530A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1238101A2 (en) |
AU (1) | AU6453800A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2380198A1 (en) |
GB (1) | GB9917309D0 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2001007650A2 (en) |
Families Citing this family (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US6770437B1 (en) * | 2000-11-09 | 2004-08-03 | Viagen, Inc. | Method for assigning an individual to a population of origin based on multi-locus genotypes |
AU2003300963A1 (en) * | 2002-12-13 | 2004-07-09 | Gene Codes Forensics, Inc. | Method for profiling and identifying persons by using data samples |
US7664719B2 (en) * | 2006-11-16 | 2010-02-16 | University Of Tennessee Research Foundation | Interaction method with an expert system that utilizes stutter peak rule |
US7640223B2 (en) * | 2006-11-16 | 2009-12-29 | University Of Tennessee Research Foundation | Method of organizing and presenting data in a table using stutter peak rule |
US7624087B2 (en) * | 2006-11-16 | 2009-11-24 | University Of Tennessee Research Foundation | Method of expert system analysis of DNA electrophoresis data |
WO2010045252A1 (en) * | 2008-10-14 | 2010-04-22 | Casework Genetics | System and method for inferring str allelic genotype from snps |
WO2017146229A1 (en) * | 2016-02-26 | 2017-08-31 | 日本電気株式会社 | Information processing device, suspect information generation method and program |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5364759A (en) * | 1991-01-31 | 1994-11-15 | Baylor College Of Medicine | DNA typing with short tandem repeat polymorphisms and identification of polymorphic short tandem repeats |
WO1996010648A2 (en) * | 1994-09-30 | 1996-04-11 | Promega Corporation | Multiplex amplification of short tandem repeat loci |
EP0846775A2 (en) * | 1996-12-03 | 1998-06-10 | The Secretary of State for the Home Department | Improvements and relating to indentification |
-
1999
- 1999-07-23 GB GBGB9917309.8A patent/GB9917309D0/en not_active Ceased
-
2000
- 2000-07-24 EP EP00951678A patent/EP1238101A2/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2000-07-24 WO PCT/GB2000/002793 patent/WO2001007650A2/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2000-07-24 AU AU64538/00A patent/AU6453800A/en not_active Abandoned
- 2000-07-24 CA CA002380198A patent/CA2380198A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2003
- 2003-02-06 US US10/360,838 patent/US20030225530A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5364759A (en) * | 1991-01-31 | 1994-11-15 | Baylor College Of Medicine | DNA typing with short tandem repeat polymorphisms and identification of polymorphic short tandem repeats |
US5364759B1 (en) * | 1991-01-31 | 1997-11-18 | Baylor College Medicine | Dna typing with short tandem repeat polymorphisms and indentification of polymorphic short tandem repeats |
US5364759B2 (en) * | 1991-01-31 | 1999-07-20 | Baylor College Medicine | Dna typing with short tandem repeat polymorphisms and identification of polymorphic short tandem repeats |
WO1996010648A2 (en) * | 1994-09-30 | 1996-04-11 | Promega Corporation | Multiplex amplification of short tandem repeat loci |
EP0846775A2 (en) * | 1996-12-03 | 1998-06-10 | The Secretary of State for the Home Department | Improvements and relating to indentification |
Non-Patent Citations (3)
Title |
---|
DEKA RANJAN ET AL: "Intra- and inter-population diversity at short tandem repeat loci in diverse populations of the world." ELECTROPHORESIS, vol. 16, no. 9, 1995, pages 1659-1664, XP001041840 ISSN: 0173-0835 * |
SHRIVER MARK D ET AL: "Ethnic-affiliation estimation by use of population-specific DNA markers." AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS, vol. 60, no. 4, 1997, pages 957-964, XP001041784 ISSN: 0002-9297 * |
XIAO FENG-XIA ET AL: "Quadruplex fluorescent STR typing system (HUMVWA, HUMTH01, D21S11 and HPRT) with sequence-defined allelic ladders: Identification of a new allele at D21S11." FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL, vol. 94, no. 1-2, 8 June 1998 (1998-06-08), pages 39-46, XP001041830 ISSN: 0379-0738 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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AU6453800A (en) | 2001-02-13 |
CA2380198A1 (en) | 2001-02-01 |
US20030225530A1 (en) | 2003-12-04 |
GB9917309D0 (en) | 1999-09-22 |
WO2001007650A3 (en) | 2002-07-11 |
EP1238101A2 (en) | 2002-09-11 |
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