WO2004095137A1

WO2004095137A1 - Projection optical system

Info

Publication number: WO2004095137A1
Application number: PCT/EP2003/004245
Authority: WO
Inventors: Jean-Noel Fehr; Hans-Jürgen Mann; Johannes Zellner
Original assignee: Carl Zeiss Smt Ag
Priority date: 2003-04-24
Filing date: 2003-04-24
Publication date: 2004-11-04
Also published as: US20060119822A1; AU2003229725A1; US7477355B2

Abstract

A projection exposure apparatus for transferring an image of a patterned reticle onto a substrate comprises an illumination optical system for generating and directing an exposure beam onto the reticle, and a projection optical system provided between the reticle and the substrate. The projection optical system has a plurality of imaging mirrors each having a mirror support made of a support material. The support materials are subject to thermal expansion during projection that induces imaging aberrations at substrate level. The support materials are selected such that an aberration merit function, which is indicative of the overall amount of at least one type of the thermally induced aberrations, is minimized by mutual compensation of contributions of the mirrors to the one type of thermally induced aberrations. As a result, the mirror supports will then generally be different and have, when heated during exposure, different coefficients of thermal expansion.

Description

PROJECTION OPTICAL SYSTEM

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a projection exposure ap- paratus and projection optical system being part thereof as are used in photolithography for manufacturing semiconduc- tor or liquid crystal devices, for example.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Optical lithography has become a key technology for the fabrication of electrical and optical integrated circuits of various kinds. Since the s allness of such circuits is mainly determined by the imaging systems of the lithographic devices used in the fabrication process, considerable efforts have been spent on improving the resolution of these imaging systems.

One way to achieve higher imaging resolutions in such sys- terns is to use shorter wavelengths. At present, commercially available projection exposure systems with the highest resolutions use UV light of wavelengths 193 nm or 157 nm. Research and development activities already consider to enter the domain of extreme ultraviolet radiation in which "soft" X-rays are used having wavelengths of about 10 nm to 30 nm. One of the main problems encountered when using such small wavelengths is the fact that conventional optical refractive components such as lenses are almost completely opaque in this wavelength range. Future X-ray projection systems are therefore likely to contain only reflective op- tical components, i.e. mirrors of various kinds.

However, due to the high energy of electromagnetic radiation in this extreme UV domain, heating of the mirrors is of major concern. The mirrors envisaged for the application in projection optical systems are made of a mirror support on which a layered stack of dielectrics is deposited forming a reflective layer. Although reflectivity of this layer may be well beyond 50%, the absorbed radiation dissipated on the surface of the mirror amounts to a considerable amount of heat during projection. This heat results in a temperature increase of the reflective layer and also of the mirror support that, hence, changes its shape due to thermal deformation.

In order to avoid imaging aberrations caused by deformations of the mirrors, it has been proposed to employ a metal as material for the mirror supports, thereby increasing the heat abduct from the mirror, and to use active cooling for these metal mirror supports, see for example EP 0 955 565 Al . Active cooling, however, increases system complexity and costs. Systems without active cooling cannot sufficiently eliminate the image deteriorations. Apart from that, metal surfaces have to be further processed before the reflective stack of layers can be deposited thereon. Another approach for solving the mirror heating problem has been described in DE 100 40 998 Al, corresponding to US Ser. No. 09/934 252. According to this known approach, a change of the imaging properties of a lens due to illumina- tion-induced heating is at least partly compensated by an opposite illumination-induced change of the imaging properties of a mirror. This approach is based on the observation that changes in the radius of curvature of optical components, for example a reduction in the radius of curvature of a concave optical surface, have opposite effects on the optical imaging properties of said surface depending on whether the surface is a reflecting or a refractive one. In the projection exposure systems considered herein using wavelengths in the extreme ultraviolet, however, there are usually no refractive optical components that could be used for compensating thermally induced aberrations.

According to another approach known from WO 01/08163 Al, the operating temperatures of the mirror supports are determined beforehand. Then the coefficients of thermal ex- pansion of the mirrors are adjusted such that each mirror support has, at its respective operating temperature, a coefficient of thermal expansion centered about 0. Adjusting the coefficients of thermal expansion is achieved by controlled tuning of a Ti dopant concentration in high purity Si0₂ glass. However, such materials are expensive and considerably increase the overall system cost. Therefore there is a need for a projection exposure apparatus comprising mirrors in which the amount of thermally induced aberrations is reduced, but without increasing the system complexity by active cooling devices.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

To meet the above objective, the present invention provides for a projection exposure apparatus for transferring an image of a patterned reticle onto a substrate. The projection exposure apparatus comprises an illumination optical system for generating and directing an exposure beam onto the reticle, and a projection optical system provided between the reticle and the substrate. The projection optical system has a plurality of imaging mirrors each having a mirror support made of a support material. The support materials are subject to thermal expansion during projection that induces imaging aberrations at substrate level. The support materials are selected such that an aberration merit function, which is indicative of the overall amount of at least one type of the thermally induced aberrations, is minimized by mutual compensation of contributions of the mirrors to the one type of thermally induced aberrations.

The invention is based on the finding that different mirrors may display opposite responses to thermal expansion as far as image aberrations are concerned. This means for ex- ample that a particular type of aberration, e.g. coma or spherical aberration, that is caused by a thermally induced deformation of a first mirror can be partly or even completely offset by a thermally induced deformation of a second mirror on the condition that the coefficients of thermal expansion of both mirrors are appropriately selected.

The compensating effect exploited by the invention may result from the geometry of the mirrors, the materials of the mirror supports or both. To be more precise, a concave mirror having a particular coefficient of expansion may offset the aberration caused by another mirror made of the same material but shaped in convex form. On the other hand, two identically shaped mirrors may compensate each other in view of a particular thermally induced aberration if the mirror supports are made of materials having coefficients of thermal expansion that have a different sign. This means that one of these mirror supports expands when heated while the other shrinks. Such materials are known in the art as such. For example, Zerodur may be fabricated with coefficients of thermal expansion between about -10^"7 to +10^"7 K r^~-l

Thus, instead of attempting to prevent mirror supports from deforming under the influence of heat, the invention allows for such deformations but seeks to achieve a mutual compensation of the effects of these deformations. As a result, the support materials will generally be different and have, when heated during exposure to their operating temperature, may also have different coefficients of thermal expansion. This approach considerably reduces system cost since expen- sive materials having a low coefficient of thermal expansion may completely dispensed with.

The merit function is to be determined according to the needs in a particular application. For example, if only a specific type of thermally induced aberration, e.g. coma, is of particular interest in a given projection apparatus, the merit function may be proportional to the amount of this aberration. As a measure for the amount of an aberration Zernike coefficients may be used that characterize wavefront deformations of the projection beam.

If, however, the projection optical system is to be optimized with respect to a plurality of thermally induced aberrations, the aberration merit function may be proportional to a weighed sum of amounts of these aberrations. Instead of weighing these amounts it is also possible to use a mean value for the aberrations, for example a RMS of Zernike coefficients.

The computation of the minimal merit function becomes particularly simple if the latter is defined as being propor- tional to a linear combination of aberration vectors. The aberration vectors shall represent the amounts of different types of aberrations for a single mirror and may, for example, be constituted by a set of Zernike coefficients that are determined for a preset coefficient of thermal expan- sion. Minimizing such a linear combination results in a set of coefficients whose physical meaning is that of modifica- tion factors for the preset coefficient of thermal expansion.

An even better compensation of thermally induced aberrations can be achieved if at least one of said mirrors is mounted such that it can be displaced in at least one direction. Preferably this includes displacements in a direction that at least substantially coincides with a direction along which light impinges on said at least one mirror. This allows for compensation of thermally induced first or- der aberrations such as radius variations or translational movements of the mirrors.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Various features and advantages of the present invention may be more readily understood with reference to the fol- lowing detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawing which shows a projection exposure apparatus according to the invention in a schematic representation that is not to scale.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The only Figure shows a projection exposure apparatus indicated in its entirety by 10. Projection exposure apparatus 10 comprises an illumination optical system 12 that contains a light source 14 emitting an exposure light beam 16 having a wavelength in the extreme ultraviolet, e.g. 13 nm. Illumination optical system 12 further comprises an imaging system indicated by 18 for directing light beam 16 onto a reticle 20. Illumination optical system 12 is known in the art as such, for example from EP 1 123 195 Al, and will therefore not be described in further detail.

Light reflected from reticle 20 enters a projection optical system 22 that comprises six imaging mirrors Ml, M2, ..., M6. Each mirror Ml to M6 has a mirror support 241, 242, ..., 245 and 246, respectively, on which a reflective stack of lay- ers (not shown) is deposited. These layers are made of alternating materials, for example Mo and Si. Projection optical system 22 produces a reduced image of reticle 20 on a light sensitive layer 26 disposed on a wafer 28. The general arrangement of projection optical system 22 is known, for example, from US 6,353,470 Bl, the contents of which being incorporated herein by reference.

Each mirror support 241 to 246 is made of a material that is selected according to criteria that will in the following be described in more detail.

Table 1 shows an array of functions that shall indicate the amount of different aberrations present in projection optical system 22. These functions depend on the coefficient of thermal expansion o(j of the respective mirror M . For example, di = di (cxi) , ai = ai («ι) , ..., and d₂ = d₂ (α₂) , a₂ = a₂ (α₂) , ..., and correspondingly for the other mirrors M3 to M6. It will be readily appreciated that the selection of aberrations shown in Table 1 is arbitrarily and does not restrict the scope of the invention.

Table 1: Aberrations resulting from thermally induced deformations

The functions given in Table 1 may depend on the thermal coefficient of expansion and may correspond to Zernike coefficients, or to combinations thereof, that are character- istic for a particular aberration. For example, the functions ci for coma aberration may correspond to Zernike coefficient Z7/8, whereas function di for spherical aberration may correspond to Zernike coefficient Z9. These functions, however, could also represent other values that are selected to characterize the amount of the particular aberration.

These functions can be derived from theoretical considerations or, if the figures in Table 1 are determined by measurements, from appropriate series of measurements carried out for different coefficients of expansion. In the last line in Table 1 the sum of the figures of each column is given. This sum represents the overall amount of the respective aberration for the whole arrangement of mirrors Ml to M6 and is therefore characteristic for the per- formance of the projection optical system 22. In an ideal system, all these sums equal zero.

It should be noted that, depending of the kind of mirror, the values of the functions given in Table 1 may have different signs for a given set of coefficients of thermal ex- pansion. As a result, the sum d of functions di, for example, is in general smaller than the sum of the absolute values of di, i.e.

d(α_x, α₂, α₃, α₄, α₅, α₆) = ∑ ^dι < ∑ |^dι| ⁽¹⁾

The same applies for the other aberrations as well.

In a next step a merit function MF is determined that char- acterizes a desired thermally induced aberration or combination of several such aberrations. In the simplest case in which only one type of the aberrations exemplarily enumerated in Table 1 is of particular concern, the merit function MF is the sum for this aberration functions as shown in the last line of Table 1. If, for example, projection optical system 22 is used in an application in which even the smallest distortion is to be avoided whereas other types of aberrations can be tolerated at least to a certain degree, the merit function MF could be defined as MF = ∑ difα, ) ⁽2 ⁾

Since the aberration figures di depend on the coefficient of thermal expansion a_±, MF is itself a function of these coefficients.

If no distortion shall be present in projection optical system 22, MF has to be zero. From this condition a set of values for the coefficient of thermal expansion c*i can be determined such that MF(αι, α₂, α₃, α, s, α₆) = 0. A solution for this equation may be found by numerical methods as are contained in standard mathematical software libraries. The materials for the mirror supports 241 to 246 of mirrors Ml to M6 are then selected according to this solution. This means that the material of support 241 of mirror Ml is selected to have or÷i as coefficient of thermal expansion, the material of support 242 of mirror M2 is selected so to have α₂ as coefficient of thermal expansion and so on.

If more than one type of aberration shall be minimized, the merit function MF can be defined as a weighed sum of different aberration functions, i.e.

MF = _Wl∑ d cxi) + w₂∑

⁽³⁾

with Wj, j=l, 2, 3, 4 being weighing coefficients that may be selected according to the weight the respective aberration has for the overall performance of projection optical system 22. Since in general not all aberrations can be com- pletely eliminated (this would correspond to MF = 0) , a set of values for the coefficients of thermal expansion has to be numerically determined such that

)MF| = min ^{( )}

Another way of defining the merit function MF is to deter- mine for each mirror Ml to M6 a mean aberration function ri, for example the RMS

so that the merit function becomes

MF = ∑ ri_. (6)

It is to be understood that not all mirrors Ml to M6 contained in optical projection system 22 have to be included into the method of selecting materials for mirror supports 241 to 246. It is also possible to optimize only a restricted number of mirrors, e.g. three mirrors out of six. This simplifies the numerical solution of equation (4) and often yields a sufficiently high reduction of aberrations.

Furthermore, the computation as explained above can be considerably simplified if the values given in Table 1 are not to represent functions but merely values for the aberrations, e.g. Zernike coefficients. It is then assumed that each mirror is heated up to an elevated temperature that can be determined by computing the heat dissipation in each mirror Ml to M6, and that, in a first place, all coefficients of thermal expansion are equal, i.e. otj = αrj with j = 1, 2, ..., 6 indicating the mirrors Ml to M6. If furthermore a linear dependence of the aberration values upon the coefficients of thermal expansion is assumed, the merit function can be defined as a linear combination of aberration vectors V that are given by V_± = (di, a_i Ci, Si) for mirror Mi and do not depend on the coefficient of thermal expansion:

MF = ∑kiV. ⁽7⁾

with ki being the coefficients of the linear combination.

These coefficients can be interpreted as factors for the preset coefficient of thermal expansion α₀. For example, if the solution of equation (4) gives a set of 6 values for the coefficients ki, the material for mirror support 241 of mirror Ml has to be selected such that its coefficient of thermal expansion equals

a_x = ^ ■ α₀ (7)

The same applies, mutatis mutandis, for the remaining mir- rors M2 to M6. Such a selection ensures that the absolute value of the linear combination of equation (7) is minimal. An even better compensation of thermally induced aberrations can be achieved if an additional degree of freedom is introduced by mounting some or all mirrors displaceably in at least one direction. This makes it possible to co pen- sate thermally induced first order aberrations such as radius variations or translational movements of the mirrors. In the figure mirror M5 is exemplarily attached to a manipulator 30 that allows to precisely move mirror M5 along a Z direction indicated by arrow 32. This direction sub- stantially coincides with the propagation direction of light beam 14. It is readily understood that not only mirror M5 but also some or all of the other mirrors Ml to M6 can be displacably mounted correspondingly. It should be further understood that the mirrors Ml to M6 can also be mounted so as to be displaceably in other directions, particularly the X and Y direction being perpendicular to the Z direction.

Claims

1. A projection exposure apparatus for transferring an image of a patterned reticle onto a substrate, comprising

a) an illumination optical system for generating and di- recting an exposure light beam onto said reticle and

b) a projection optical system provided between said reticle and said substrate, said projection optical system comprising a plurality of imaging mirrors each having a mirror support made of a support material, wherein each said support material is subject to thermal expansion during projection according to a respective coefficient of thermal expansion, said thermal expansion inducing imaging aberrations at substrate level, and

c) wherein said support materials are, in view of their coefficient of thermal expansion, selected such that an aberration merit function, which is indicative of the overall amount of at least one type of said thermally induced aberrations, is minimized by mutual com- pensation of contributions of said mirrors to said one type of thermally induced aberrations.

2. The projection exposure apparatus of claim 1 wherein said support materials are different and have, when heated during exposure, different coefficients of thermal expansion.

3. The projection exposure apparatus of claim 1 wherein said aberration merit function is proportional to the amount of one specific type of said aberrations.

4. The projection exposure apparatus of claim 1 wherein said aberration merit function is proportional to a weighed sum of amounts of a plurality of said aberrations.

5. The projection exposure apparatus of claim 1 wherein said aberration merit function is proportional to a mean value of amounts of a plurality of aberrations.

6. The projection exposure apparatus of claim 1 wherein said aberration merit function is proportional to a linear combination of aberration vectors, the latter representing the amounts for different types of aberrations for a single mirror.

7. The projection exposure apparatus of claim 1 wherein said imaging aberrations are given by Zernike coefficients characterizing wavefront deformations.

8. The projection exposure apparatus of claim 1 wherein at least one of said mirrors is mounted such that it can be displaced in at least one direction.

9. The projection exposure apparatus of claim 8 wherein the at least one mirror is mounted such that it can be displaced in a direction that at least substantially coincides with a direction along which light impinges on said at least one mirror.

10. A projection exposure apparatus for transferring an image of a patterned reticle onto a substrate, comprising

a) an illumination optical system for generating and directing an exposure light beam onto said reticle and

b) a projection optical system provided between said re- tide and said substrate, said projection optical system comprising a plurality of imaging mirrors each having a mirror support made of a support material, wherein each said support material is subject to thermal expansion during projection according to a respec- tive coefficient of thermal expansion, said thermal expansion inducing imaging aberrations at substrate level, and c) wherein said support materials are different and have, when heated during exposure, different coefficients of thermal expansion.

11. A projection optical system for transferring an image of a patterned reticle onto a substrate in a projection exposure apparatus, said projection optical system comprising a plurality of imaging mirrors each having a mirror support made of a support material, wherein

a) said support materials are subject to thermal expan- sion during projection, said thermal expansion inducing imaging aberrations at substrate level, and wherein

b) said support materials are selected such that an aberration merit function, which is indicative of the overall amount of at least one type of said thermally induced aberrations, is minimized by mutual compensation of contributions of said mirrors to said one type of thermally induced aberrations.

12. The projection exposure apparatus of claim 11 wherein said support materials are different and have, when heated during exposure, have different coefficients of thermal expansion.

13. The projection optical system of claim 11 wherein said aberration merit function is proportional to the amount of one specific type of said aberrations.

14. The projection optical system of claim 11 wherein said aberration merit function is proportional to a weighed sum of amounts of a plurality of said aberrations.

15. The projection optical system of claim 11 wherein said aberration merit function is proportional to a mean value of amounts of a plurality of aberrations.

16. A projection optical system for transferring an image of a patterned reticle onto a substrate in a projection exposure apparatus, said projection optical system comprising a plurality of imaging mirrors each having a mirror support made of a support material, wherein

a) said support materials are subject to thermal expansion during projection, said thermal expansion inducing imaging aberrations at substrate level, and wherein

b) said support materials are different and have, when heated during exposure, different coefficients of thermal expansion.