WO2005022796A2 - Advanced, adaptive video multiplexer system - Google Patents
Advanced, adaptive video multiplexer system Download PDFInfo
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- WO2005022796A2 WO2005022796A2 PCT/US2004/028093 US2004028093W WO2005022796A2 WO 2005022796 A2 WO2005022796 A2 WO 2005022796A2 US 2004028093 W US2004028093 W US 2004028093W WO 2005022796 A2 WO2005022796 A2 WO 2005022796A2
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- multiplexer
- video
- channel
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- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
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- H04L65/1066—Session management
- H04L65/1101—Session protocols
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- H04L63/00—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security
- H04L63/04—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security for providing a confidential data exchange among entities communicating through data packet networks
- H04L63/0428—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security for providing a confidential data exchange among entities communicating through data packet networks wherein the data content is protected, e.g. by encrypting or encapsulating the payload
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to video multiplexing systems, and more particularly to video multiplexing systems for digital cable television distribution.
- VOD video-on-demand
- EOD electronicd-on-demand
- An EOD stream can be used to view time- shifted TV, movies, or other content stored by content providers at the headend of the network, with full VCR-like controls such as pause, fast forward, random access with "bookmarks", etc.
- Television signals are commonly delivered to the home using distribution systems based on coaxial cable, twisted-pair telephone wires, optical fiber, or wireless terrestrial or satellite transmissions.
- programming is made available at no cost to the viewer, and instead the content providers and the content distributors are indirectly compensated based on revenues raised from advertising.
- content is made available without advertisements, and in such cases, compensation is based on alternative sources of funding such as donations, or subscription and pay-per-view fees that are paid by the viewer.
- Today, viewer fees are usually charged for premium programming, however, in the future, fees may also be charged for general programming if such content can be delivered on- demand.
- the delivery of on-demand programming is controlled by the viewer. Specifically, the viewer may be provided with the ability to select a program, begin playback at any time, pause and resume playback, reverse the direction of playback, speed up and slow down playback, or jump to any desired location in the program.
- One consequence of offering on-demand programming is that it enables the viewer to avoid viewing the advertisements that may have been inserted into a program, either by increasing the playback rate or jumping further forward into the program. This can become problematic if relatively large numbers of viewers are equipped with on-demand capabilities and the content owners are deriving their compensation from revenues that originate from the advertisers.
- Possible solutions to this potential problem include imposing restrictions on the level of control that is made available to the viewer, s witching to a targeted o r a ddressable advertising model which may be better tuned to the interests of each particular viewer, or levying a fee on the viewer in return for programming that is advertisement free.
- CA Conditional Access
- ECMs Entitlement Control Messages
- EMMs Entitlement Management Messages
- EMMs Entitlement Management Messages
- Encryption equipment for television signals is deployed in cable head-ends, satellite uplink centers, and other sites where television signals are distributed. Such equipment is manufactured and maintained by a relatively small number of vendors, and is usually based on closely guarded proprietary technology. This protection of information helps to insure that a system is not compromised and continues to resist unauthorized attempts to access encrypted programming. Unfortunately, by limiting the number of vendors that have access to this market, it becomes more difficult to introduce technological innovations and a barrier is created for new entrants seeking to enter this market with more efficient products. For instance, hardware in a cable head-end may include satellite demodulation and decryption systems, video servers, multiplexers, transcoders, encrypters, and modulators.
- the ability to deliver on-demand capabilities at a cost that the headend operator can afford depends on the ability of vendors to offer such equipment at prices that are significantly lower than they are today. Unfortunately, this may not be possible if the cost of the encryption and decryption components remains high, or if these components continue to be manufactured in low density enclosures and are not integrated with other head-end equipment.
- Features and capabilities include auto-discovery, channel-staggering and compatibility with static Virtual Channel Tables (VCTs).
- VCTs Virtual Channel Tables
- the multiplexer system facilitates auto- discovery by inserting identifiers into MPTSs (Multi-Program Transport Streams). These identifiers are echoed back to the multiplexer by the client set-top (570'x') thereby indicating correspondence between modulators (552), service groups, and clients (570'x 1 ).
- FEC frames Forward Error Correction frames
- IFFT processor IFFT processor
- the present i nventive v ideo multiplexer system c omprises a session manager, a video server, a multiplexer, at least one modulator and an encrypter.
- the session manager establishes digital video sessions with a plurality of client devices (typically set-top boxes), and identifies digital video content to be provided to those client devices and how that content is to be authorized and encrypted.
- Authorization e.g., of Pay-Per-View, Subscription or On-Demand services
- the digital video content is provided by the video server and, as necessary, other sources (e.g., satellite receiver, locally generated video stream, etc.).
- the video server is responds to session manager requests for video content and provides such digital video content (typically from disk storage).
- the video content typically consists of a plurality of video segments.
- the multiplexer selects and combines video program content provided by the video server (and other sources, as applicable) into one or more multi-channel multiplexes, transrating and/or transcoding as necessary to match specific client video format requirements and to accommodate channel bandwidth and/or utilization requirements.
- the encrypter encrypts video content according to encryption parameters associated with authorization information for the provided video content. Encryption channels, each encrypting according to a specific set of encryption parameters (associated with an authorization tier), are set up as required by the session manager at the time of session initialization.
- the multiplexer establishes correspondence between modulators, service groups and client devices by inserting identifiers into its multi-program transport streams transmitted to the client devices.
- the client devices then echo these identifiers back to the multiplexer via session communications mechanisms (via the session manager).
- the multiplexer compares received identifiers and how they were received with how those identifiers were transmitted to determine this c orrespondence.
- these identifiers include network ID and transport stream ID parameters.
- each client device maintains a static virtual c hannel table after session initialization.
- T he multiplexer a ccommodates these static virtual channel tables by allocating more than one virtual channel per modulator channel frequency to a client device. This allows quick, automatic switching between video streams by placing new video content on a different virtual channel on the same modulator channel (physical channel) that is currently being received and displayed by the client device.
- the m ultiplexer causes the client device to switch virtual channels. This requires little or no setup and has the added benefit that it forces video resynchronization at the client device.
- such cross-channel correlation is prevented by "staggering" FEC frames in time across channels such that they do not align. This can be accomplished by delaying each modulator QAM channel by a different fixed number of QAM symbols. For example, each QAM channel can be delayed by a multiple of 8 QAM symbols, where the multiple is determined by the number of the QAM channel.
- Figure 1 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a network-connected video multiplexer system employing a combination multiplexer-modulator, in accordance with the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a block diagram of another embodiment of a network-connected video multiplexer system employing separate multiplexer and modulator functions, in accordance with the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a video multiplexer system showing a first dataflow between various system modules, in accordance with the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is a block diagram of another embodiment of a video multiplexer system showing an alternative dataflow between various system modules, in accordance with the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a block diagram of another embodiment of a video multiplexer system showing still another alternative dataflow between various system modules, in accordance with the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a transrating/transcoding video multiplexer system, in accordance with the present invention.
- Figure 7 is a block diagram of an integrated multiplexer-modulator function, in accordance with the present invention.
- Figure 8 is a block diagram of a transrating function, in accordance with the prior art.
- Figure 9 is a block diagram of an MPEG-4 to MPEG-2 transcoding function, in accordance with the prior art.
- Figure 10 is a block diagram showing software functions associated with the integrated multiplexer-modulator function of Figure 7, in accordance with the present invention.
- FIG. 11 is a block diagram of another embodiment of a video multiplexer system employing a satellite receiver, in accordance with the present invention.
- a video distribution system comprises one or more cable headends and small "edge” devices (i.e., all interconnected by a large metropolitan-area network.
- Figure 1 is a block diagram of one embodiment of such a system 100.
- a "headend” network portion o f the system 1 00 c omprises server module 110, an "encrypter” module 120, a session manager 130, and a network switch 140.
- the network switch 140 provides connectivity between the various headend modules and any "edge" modules.
- a single representative edge module (150) is shown - an integrated multiplexer/modulator module 150 that acts as a network edge device to which a plurality of client devices 170A, 170B, 170C, 170D and 170E connect via a physical distribution system 160.
- the physical distribution system 160 provides "last mile" connectivity to the client devices located at end user locations, and is typically provided by a hybrid fiber/coax (HFC) or similar distribution medium as shown in the Figure.
- HFC hybrid fiber/coax
- Each such edge module would in turn transmit to a similar cluster of client devices (e.g., 170'x') via a plurality of similar "last mile" distribution networks (e.g., 160).
- client devices are set-top boxes (STB's) at an end-user location.
- the server function 110 further comprises a server 110A that provides server resources (i.e., program content) in the form of multichannel multiplexes and a server resource manager HOB for accessing and controlling the routing of server resources within the headend network.
- the encrypter function 120 provides the basis of conditional access (CA) functionality, and further comprises an encryption "engine” 120A (encrypter) and an encrypter resource m anager 120B for accessing and controlling the routing o f, e .g., video program content through the encrypter 120 A.
- a session manager 130 acts as the "brain" of the headend network, determining what program information will be delivered where and how it will be encrypted.
- the session manager 130 orchestrates the flow of video data within the headend between the server function 110 and the encrypter function 120, and controls routing of encoded/encrypted video program content to client devices 170'x' via the integrated multiplexer/modulator function 150.
- the integrated multiplexer/modulator function 150 further comprises a multiplex resource manager 150A, a multiplexer 150B and a modulator 150C.
- the multiplex resource manager 150A controls access to the multiplexer and determines how program content (made available to the multiplexer 150B via the network switch) is to be combined into multi-channel multiplex streams and routed to the clients 170'x'.
- a modulator 150C formats the video information for transmission over the HFC medium.
- the modulator 150C is a Quadrature Amplitude modulator (QAM) operating according to a standard for digital video modulation and transmission such as ITU-T J.83b.
- QAM Quadrature Amplitude modulator
- all program content is stored on the server 110A in the headend.
- the server comprises one or more interconnected groups of video storage devices.
- Content from the server 110A is sent to the encrypter 120A to be scrambled and thus protected from unauthorized access.
- the multiplexer 150B selects groups of programs and combines various video, audio, and data streams available on the server 110A into one or more multiplexes (multi-program data streams). These multiplexes are then processed by the modulator 150C and distributed over the Hybrid-Fiber-Coax (HFC) network 160 to the clients (170'x'). Each client (or set-top) 170'x' is then able to demodulate, decode, and display the programs on a conventional television receiver.
- HFC Hybrid-Fiber-Coax
- the session manager 130 controls the operation of the various system modules (server 110, encrypter 120 and integrated multiplexer/modulator 150) via their respective resource managers (server resource manager HOB, encrypter resource manager 120B and multiplex resource manager 150A) controlling allocation of resources between the various system modules over the network switch.
- server resource manager HOB, encrypter resource manager 120B and multiplex resource manager 150A controlling allocation of resources between the various system modules over the network switch.
- a direct communication path exists between the session manager and individual Resource managers linked to the server, encrypter, and multiplexer.
- a less direct path exists between the session manager and each client, utilizing network links and modulated upstream or downstream channels.
- the process of multiplexing program content into multi-channel multiplexes involves time stamping, PID (Packet ID) remapping, PMT (Program Map Table) and PAT (Program Allocation Table) creation, dejittering, and transport stream creation.
- PID Packet ID
- PMT Program Map Table
- PAT Program Allocation Table
- the creation of such multiplexes can further require transrating (rate shaping or conversion of a program stream to a different bit rate), statistical re-multiplexing, the handling of variable-bit-rate (VBR) steams, stream splicing for digital program insertion (DPI), and transcoding between different compression methods such as between MPEG-4 and MPEG-2.
- VBR variable-bit-rate
- DPI digital program insertion
- transcoding between different compression methods such as between MPEG-4 and MPEG-2.
- multiplexing is independent of modulation, with little technology overlap or integration synergy between the two.
- FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a system 200 similar to the system 100 of Figure 1 except that a separate multiplexer module 250 and modulator 252 are employed.
- the system 200 of Figure 2 includes a headend portion comprising a server module 210 (comprising a server 210A and a server resource manager 210B), an "encrypter" module 220 (comprising an encrypter 220A and an encrypter resource manager (220B), a session manager 230, and a network switch 240.
- the multiplexer module 250 (further comprising a multiplexer 250A and a multiplex resource manager 250B) is provided separate from the modulator 252.
- Both the modulator 252 and the multiplexer module 250 are connected to other headend modules via the network switch 240.
- the modulator 252 connects to a plurality of clients 270 A, 270B, 270C, 270D and 270E via a physical "last mile" network 260 (shown in the Figure as a HFC network).
- FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a video multiplexer system similar to those shown and described hereinabove with respect to Figures 1 and 2, but organized to illustrate dataflow between various system modules.
- the system 300 comprises a server module 310, an encrypter module 320, a session manager module 330, a multiplexer module 350 and a modulator 352.
- the modulator is connected to a "last mile" physical network 360 (shown in the Figure as a HFC network) to which a plurality of clients 370A, 370B, 370C, 370D, and 370E are connected.
- an out-of-band modulator 354 is provided for server-client communications.
- the server module 310 (compare 110, Fig 1 and 210, Fig. 2) further comprises a server 310A and a server resource manager 310B.
- the encrypter module 320 (compare 120, Fig. 1 and 220, Fig. 2) further comprises an encrypter 320A and an encrypter resource manager 320B.
- the multiplexer module 350 (compare 150, Fig. 1 and 250, Fig. 2) further comprises a multiplexer 350A and a multiplex resource manager 350B.
- Figure 3 is organized to show dataflow between system modules, but the physical system can be that shown in Figure 1 or Figure 2, with the network switch (140, Fig 1 or 240, Fig. 2) providing communications between the modules. Since the network switch plays no active part other than data transport, it is omitted in Figure 3.
- the system modules (310, 320, 330, 350, 352), the HFC network 360 and the clients 370'x' serve the same purposes as their counterparts in Figures 1 and 2.
- various data communications paths are shown. Data communications paths "SI”, “S2", “S3” and "S4" are session communications paths controlled by the session manager.
- Data communications paths "VI”, “V2”, “V3” and “V4" are video/audio communications p aths o ver which p rogram c ontent i s p assed.
- Data communications path “CI” is a client communications path between the server communications manager 350B and the various clients 370'x'.
- Data communications path “SCI” is composite of session communications S4 and client communications CI directed through the out-of-band modulator 354 over the HFC network 360 for communications with the clients 370'x'.
- communications paths SI, S2, S3, S4, CI, VI, V2 and V3 would all occur via the network switch (240, Fig. 2).
- Communications paths SCI and V4 occur directly between the modulators 354 and 352 (252), respectively and the HFC network 360 (260).
- communications path CI could be routed via path S4 between the out of band modulator 354 and the session manager 330 and p ath SI b etween the s ession m anager 330 and the server resource manager 310B.
- the session manager 330 (compare 130, 230) communicates with the server resource manager 310B via communication path SI, with the encrypter resource manager 320B via communications path S2, with the multiplex resource manager 350B via communications path S3 and with the out-of-band modulator 354 via path S4.
- the out-of-band modulator 354 provides data connectivity between the session manager 330, the server resource manager 310B and the clients 370'x' via the physical "last mile" network 360, with communications "subsessions" on communications path S4 being set up with the various clients 370'x' as required.
- the session manager directs video, audio and/or multimedia program information from the video server 310A to the encrypter 320A via communications path "VI", from the encrypter 320A to the multiplexer 350A via communications path "V2", from the multiplexer 350A to the modulator 352 via communications path "V3" and from the modulator 352 to the clients 370'x' over the HFC network 360 via communications path "V4".
- the clients 370'x' communicate with the session manager 330 over communications paths "SCI” and "S4".
- the servers 370'x' communicate with the server resource manager 310B over communications paths "SCI" and "CI”.
- the present inventive technique can be practiced using the networked components and interfaces as shown and described hereinabove with respect to Figure 1 and Figure 2. Even assuming fixed physical network connectivity, additional benefit can be derived introducing changes to the flow of the video traffic within the multiplexer system.
- the multiplexing process 150B, 250A, 350A
- the multiplexing process can be coupled to and coordinated with the e ncryption p rocess (120A, 220A, 320A) via the session manager (130, 230, 330) and the network switch (140, 240).
- Figure 4 illustrates the dataflow for this variation.
- Figure 4 is a block diagram of another embodiment of a video multiplexer system 400 similar to the video multiplexer system 300 of Figure 3, but showing an alternative dataflow topology between various system modules.
- the system 400 of Figure 4 embodies comparable elements: a server module 410 (compare 310) comprising a server 410A and a server resource manager 410B; an encrypter module 420 (compare 320) comprising an encrypter 420A and an encrypter resource manager 420B; a session manage 430 (compare 330); a multiplexer module 450 (compare 350) comprising a multiplexer 450A and a multiplexer resource manager 450B; a modulator 452 (compare 352) and an out-of-band modulator 454 (compare 354).
- a server module 410 (compare 310) comprising a server 410A and a server resource manager 410B
- an encrypter module 420 (compare 320) comprising an encrypter 420A and an encrypter resource manager 420B
- a session manage 430 (compare 330)
- a multiplexer module 450 (compare 350) comprising a multiplex
- the elements of the system 400 are interconnected by any suitable means, such as in a locally networked configuration as shown in Figures 1 and 2.
- the modulator 452 and out-of-band modulator 454 connect to a "last mile" network 460 (compare 160, 260, 360) shown in the Figure as an HFC network.
- a plurality of clients 470A, 470B, 470C, 470D and 470E (compare 170A-E, 270A-E, 370A-E) connect to the "last mile" network 460 and communicate via the modulator 452 and out-of-band modulator 454.
- data communications paths “SI”, “S2”, “S3” and “S4" are session communications paths controlled by the session manager; data communications paths “VI”, “V2”, “V3” and “V4" are video/audio communications paths over which program content is passed; data communications path “CI” is a client communications path between the server resource manager 450B and the various clients 470'x'; and data communications path “SCI” is a composite of session communications S4 and client communications CI directed through the out-of-band modulator 454 over the HFC network 460 for communications with the clients 470'x'.
- the communications dataflow in Figure 4 differs only in that the order of the multiplexer module 450 and encrypter module 420 is reversed in the video path.
- communication path VI goes from the server 410A to the multiplexer 450A
- the communication path V3 goes from the multiplexer 450A to the encrypter 420A
- the communication path V2 goes from the encrypter 420 A to the modulator 452.
- single-program transport streams first exit the server 410A to the multiplexer 450 where, if they are not already VBR (variable bit rate) streams, they can be transrated into VBR streams for better efficiency, and statistically re- multiplexed into a constant bit rate multi-program transport stream (MPTS) whose bit rate matches that of the modulator 452.
- MPTS constant bit rate multi-program transport stream
- the MPTS is then encrypted and is transported (over the network via communication path V2) to the modulator where it is transmitted to the clients 470'x' via the HFC network 460.
- Figure 5 is a block diagram of video multiplexer system 500 showing this alternative dataflow effectively combining the functions of multiplexer and encrypter.
- the system 500 of Figure 5 embodies comparable elements: a server module 510 (compare 410) comprising a server 510A and a server resource manager 510B; an encrypter module 520 (compare 420) comprising an encrypter 520A and an encrypter resource manager 520B; a session manage 530 (compare 430); a multiplexer module 550 (compare 450) comprising a multiplexer 550A and a multiplexer resource manager 550B; a modulator 552 (compare 452) and an out-of-band modulator 554 (compare 454).
- a server module 510 (compare 410) comprising a server 510A and a server resource manager 510B
- an encrypter module 520 comprising an encrypter 520A and an encrypter resource manager 520B
- a session manage 530 (compare 430)
- a multiplexer module 550 (compare 450) comprising a multiplexer 550A
- the elements of the system 500 are interconnected by any suitable means, such as in a locally networked configuration as shown in Figures 1 and 2.
- the modulator 552 and out-of-band modulator 554 connect to a "last mile" network 560 (compare 160, 260, 360, 460) s hown i n the F igure a s an HFC n etwork.
- a p lurality o f clients 570A, 570B, 570C, 570D and 570E (compare 170A-E, 270 A-E, 370 A-E, 470 A-E) connect to the "last mile" network 560 and communicate via the modulator 552 and out-of-band modulator 554.
- data communications paths “SI”, “S2”, “S3” and “S4" are session communications paths controlled by the session manager; data communications paths “VI”, “V2”, “V3” and “V4" are video/audio communications paths over which program content is passed; data communications path “C 1 " is a client communications path between the server resource manager 510B and the various clients 570'x'; and data communications path “SCI” is a composite of session communications S4 and client communications CI directed through the out-of-band modulator 554 over the HFC network 560 for communications with the clients 570'x'.
- FIG. 5 The communications dataflow in Figure 5 is very similar to that shown in Figure 4, except that video communication with the encrypter 520A occurs exclusively with multiplexer 550A.
- the communication path "V2" is bi-directional and is the only video communication path to the encrypter 520.
- the multiplexer 550A transmits video data to the modulator 552 over the communication path V3.
- the present inventive technique provides a basis for delivery of On-Demand Video services. It is capable of co-existing with and providing added efficiencies to digital broadcast video distribution systems, regardless of whether the services originate from real-time encoders, satellite receivers, video servers, or other sources. Broadcast services can also use the transrating, transcoding, statistical multiplexing, splicing, and encryption capabilities of the inventive multiplexer for next generation on-demand video systems to save rack space and benefit form the much lower cost per stream of equipment designed and purchased for the on- demand video network.
- the multiplexer system of the present invention is capable of supporting a variety of Video On Demand (VOD) services including Movies on Demand, Subscription video on Demand (SVOD), Free Video on Demand, and other VOD-related services at different bit rates and improves the efficiency, flexibility, scalability, cost and performance to provide these services.
- VOD Video On Demand
- SVOD Subscription video on Demand
- Free Video on Demand and other VOD-related services at different bit rates and improves the efficiency, flexibility, scalability, cost and performance to provide these services.
- the flexibility of the present invention with respect to transrating, transcoding, multiplexing and encryption greatly facilitates such On-Demand features.
- the multiplexer system of the present invention can support HDTV (High-Definition Television) On Demand Services and improves scalability and flexibility with respect to delivery of HDTV On Demand Services. While modulators and upconverter are not concerned with the meaning of the transport streams they operate upon, multiplexer systems are tightly connected to the format of their transport streams. By separating multiplexer and modulator functionality, the present inventive technique simplifies deployment of HDTV and mixed HDTV/SDTV (Standard Definition Television) services by allowing multiplexers to combine both SDTV and HDTV streams into common MPTS signals.
- HDTV High-Definition Television
- SDTV Standard Definition Television
- the multiplexer system of the present invention further supports and enables interactive Digital Program Insertion (DPI) services (e.g., for inserting local advertising into a network broadcast stream) in na ⁇ owcast and on-demand video streams.
- DPI Digital Program Insertion
- e.g., for inserting local advertising into a network broadcast stream e.g., for inserting local advertising into a network broadcast stream
- D PI Digital Program Insertion
- Pre-conditioning requires pre-planning and limits flexibility in selecting the points at which one can insert an advertisement. Transrating is the preferred method because it provides more flexibility and cleaner splices. Due to the flexibility of the present inventive technique with respect to transrating and multiplexing, DPI is easily accommodated.
- the present inventive technique also facilitates such features as networked Personal Video Recording (PVR).
- PVR Personal Video Recording
- the vast majority of programming typically originates from digital satellite broadcast sources directly from the c able networks or from other digital satellite program sources such as HITS (an acronym for "Headend In The Sky”).
- HITS an acronym for "Headend In The Sky”
- These digital satellite sources are typically statistically multiplexed, and their video multiplex streams are in V BR form.
- HITS an acronym for "Headend In The Sky”
- HITS an acronym for "Headend In The Sky”
- HITS an acronym for "Headend In The Sky”
- These digital satellite sources are typically statistically multiplexed, and their video multiplex streams are in V BR form.
- the video multiplexer system of the present invention readily accommodates the addition of PVR services.
- the present inventive techniques multiplexing capabilities with respect to transrating and statistical re-multiplexing are highly advantageous in such applications.
- MPEG-4/Part 10 (H.264) encoders and set top boxes will soon become available and it is therefore highly desirable to accommodate this and other emerging standards.
- the present inventive multiplexing technique is specifically designed to work directly with transcoders and transraters, and is therefore ideally suited to the addition of new video/audio/data formats.
- cable operators can smoothly migrate in MPEG-4/Part 10 set top boxes while c ontinuing to use legacy M PEG-2 set top boxes in the same cable plant, in the same nodes, and in the same service groups.
- every set top box has its own point-to-point connection to the source in the headend.
- the multiplexer can, on a stream-by-stream basis, transcode to MPEG-2 to feed legacy MPEG-2 On-Demand clients or keep the stream in MPEG-4/Part 10 format to feed new MPEG-4/Part 10 On-Demand clients.
- MPEG-4/Part 10 for satellite feeds, real-time encoding, and/or storage on video servers, cable operators can achieve a 2-3 times gain in the number of streams that can be transmitted in a satellite transponder, stored on video servers, transported over the network, and sent down a QAM channel.
- the present inventive multiplexing technique has a significant advantage over prior-art techniques in that it eliminates delay associated with session authorization.
- the present inventive video multiplexer can also play an important role in reducing latencies associated with client requests for VCR-like "trick modes" such as pause, changes in playback speed or direction, or random accesses, either to a different program or to a different location in the program that is currently playing.
- the implementation of these features at the multiplexer requires a slight modification to the way that video is streamed from the server. This latency reduction is described in greater detail hereinbelow.
- FIG. 6 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a multiplexer module 600, in accordance with the present invention.
- the multiplexer module 600 comprises an integrated video multiplexer function 610, Operating System (OS) RAM 620, Packet RAM 630, an Upconversion function 640, interleave RAM 650, and a plurality of transrate/transcode modules 660A, 660B ... 660 », each transrate/transcode module having an associated video RAM 670 A, 670B, ... , 670 w.
- the multiplexer function embodies a CPU (and associated software), an integrated multiplexer function (MUX), a network interface (I/O - Gigabit or 10 Gigabit Ethernet), scrambling and modulation.
- the multiplexer module 600 is representative of the multiplexer modules (e.g., 150, 250, 350, 450, 550) shown and described hereinabove with respect to the video multiplexer systems (100, 200, 300, 400, 500) of Figures 1-5.
- the multiplexer module communicates with a session manager and receives program streams from a server module via a network interface.
- This network interface is shown in Figure 6 as a Gigabit or 10 Gigabit Ethernet link to an external Network Switch (e.g., 140, 240).
- the multiplexer module 600 also manages the encryption process.
- Selected packets of each program are identified by the multiplexer function 610 for encryption and are sent to an external e ncrypter module (e.g., 120, 220, 320, 420, 520) via the Gigabit Ethernet link and are subsequently returned to the multiplexer function 610 via the same link once they have been encrypted.
- the packets could be encrypted using local resources.
- the encryption keys could be received from an external encryption resource manager such as 120B, 220B, 320B, 420B, and 520B and the packets could then be encrypted locally using a scrambler included in multiplexer module 610. In this case, the encryption keys would also be provided to the multiplexer in an encrypted format (i.e.
- the multiplexer could include additional resources in order to generate and encrypt both the data packets and the encryption keys.
- an external encrypter 120, 220, 320, 420, 520 would not be needed at all.
- the modulator and multiplexer are combined into a single integrated m ultiplexer function.
- T he output of the integrated m ultiplexer function 610 is a baseband, modulated multiplex stream which is presented to the upconverter function 640 for upconversion to produce an RF output for direct transmission via a "last mile" physical transmission medium such as an HFC network.
- the modulator function could be physically separated from the multiplexer function 610 and multiplexer module 600 (as shown in Figure 2), in which case, the output of the multiplexer function 610 would be a multiplex stream that would be sent to an external modulator, preferably via the Gigabit Ethernet link and external network switch.
- the integrated multiplexer function 610 also manages external resources (the transcoder/transrater functions 660'x' and their associated video RAM 670) to perform transrating and transcoding functions.
- V ideo Random A ccess M emory (Video RAM) 670'x' is utilized by the transrating and transcoding processes to store video images during conversion (transrating/transcoding).
- the integrated modulator portion of the integrated multiplexer function 610 uses interleave RAM 650 to store symbols during the interleaving step of the modulation process.
- the I/O portion of the integrated multiplexer function 610 uses Packet RAM to buffer MPEG packets, and the CPU portion of the integrated multiplexer function uses OS RAM 620 to store instruction and data words for both operating system software and application software associated therewith.
- FIG. 7 is a block diagram of hardware components of an integrated multiplexer- modulator function 700 of the type described hereinabove with respect to Figure 6. These hardware components are operated under the software control of a processing element (i.e., CPU) included in MUX module 720. These components include OS RAM memory block 710A (compare 620), packet RAM 710B (compare 630) and interleaver ram 710C (compare 650). These random access memory devices can be implemented using common dual data rate (DDR) or single data rate (SDR) synchronous dynamic RAM devices (SDRAM).
- DDR dual data rate
- SDR single data rate
- SDRAM synchronous dynamic RAM devices
- I/O function 730 Also included in the integrated multiplexer-modulator function 700 are I/O function 730, a SERDES (Serializer/Deserializer) function 740, a "scrambler" function 750, a modulator function 760, an IFFT function block 770 and a filter function block 780.
- SERDES Serializer/Deserializer
- the SERDES (Serializer/Deserializer) function 740 provides an interface to a high-speed network communications link, shown in the Figure as a "Gigabit Ethernet" link.
- the SERDES function serializes and transmits data packets received from the MUX 720 over the network communications link. It also deserializes data packets received over the network communications link and delivers them to the MUX 720.
- These data packets can include session level communications (exchanged with the aforementioned CPU) and video stream data to be multiplexed, forwarded for subsequent encryption and/or modulated for transmission.
- the MUX hardware 720 is essentially a selector switch that determines how data packets will be routed, and sequences and edits these packets as needed for seamless operation. This is done under the control of MUX software running on the aforementioned CPU.
- the I/O module 730 assists the MUX 720 in routing data packets by acting as a bridge between the SERDES Gigabit Ethernet interface 740, the modulator 760, the Mux software running on the CPU, MPEG packet storage in RAM block 710B, and external transrater/transcoder modules 660 A-n.
- Video data packets for transmission can be received via the SERDES function from an external server (e.g., 1 10, 210%) or encrypter (e.g., 1 20, 220%), from external transrater/transcoder modules via the I/O module 730, or from the CPU (for direct insertion into the packet stream) via MUX block 720A.
- These video data packets are routed by the multiplexer through the scrambler 750 which encodes/encrypts the video data for transmission.
- the scrambler 750 passes the encoded/encrypted video data on to the J.83b compliant modulator 760.
- the modulator encodes the "scrambled" video data into QAM symbols, using RAM block 710C for interleaving.
- the IFFT function block 770 "channelizes" the data into a composite, multi-channel baseband data stream. This is accomplished by delivering the QAM encoded data to the IFFT function in synchronous fashion such that one c hannel's data symbols are presented at each "tap" of the IFFT, with the IFFT operated at a sample rate that provides the desired channel spacing between taps. After IFFT encoding, each channel is transformed such that it appears within a discrete channel frequency band of a baseband signal according to the IFFT "tap" at which is was presented.
- a subsequent filtering block 780 provides anti-aliasing and compensation, smoothing the baseband signal for upconversion (as required) and transmission.
- the modulation, IFFT and filtering are performed in accordance with the ITU-T J.83b standard.
- FIG. 8 is a block diagram of a prior-art MPEG-2 Transrater module 800.
- the purpose of the transrater module is to decoder an incoming MPEG-2 stream and re- encode it at a different data rate.
- the incoming data is initially decoded by a variable-length decoder 805 (VLD).
- VLD variable-length decoder
- IQ Inverse Quantizer
- Predictive data such as motion vectors, is operated upon by a prediction function block 845 and used in conjunction with stored frame images to construct intermediate frame difference images in image memory 855.
- a DCT (Discrete Cosine Transform) function 850 converts image difference data stored in image memory 855 and converts it into DCT coefficients.
- DCT Discrete Cosine Transform
- Coefficient data from the quantizer block 820 is variable-length encoded (VLE) in an encoder block 825 for output as a transrated MPEG-2 data stream, and is also processed by a second inverse quanitzer block (IQ) 830 and differenced with the coefficient from the summing block 815 in a differencing block 835.
- VLE variable-length encoded
- IQ inverse quanitzer block
- the coefficient differences are then operated upon by an IDCT (Inverse Discrete Cosine Transform) block 840 to produce difference frame image in image memory 855.
- IDCT Inverse Discrete Cosine Transform
- the processing loop comprising the summing block 815, the inverse quantizer 830, the differencing block 835, the IDCT 840, the prediction block 845, the image memory 855 and the DCT 850 is used to prevent differences between the incoming and outgoing data streams from diverging as the prediction errors are propagated from one frame to the next.
- Figure 9 is a block diagram of a simple prior-art transcoder function.
- a stream that was previously encoded using MPEG-4 is converted to an MPEG-2 stream.
- This type of conversion can be useful during the process of upgrading a system from MPEG-2 to a more efficient compression standard such as MPEG-4 Part 10 (H.264).
- MPEG-4 Part 10 H.264
- the transcoder in Figure 9 could be used when the content is to be delivered to a user which has not yet replaced his MPEG-2 receiver with an MPEG-4 receiver.
- MPEG-4 Decode module 910 receives the MPEG-4 signal and reconstructs the uncompressed video pixels. This uncompressed stream of video pixels is then supplied to MPEG-2 encoder 920 which is adapted to receive quantization parameters from an external Control interface, and Decision Data directly from MPEG-4 Decode module 910. Decision Data can include block encoding parameters such as prediction mode, interlace mode, motion type, and motion vectors. If this information is supplied directly from MPEG-4 Decode module 910, then the complexity of the MPEG-2 encoder can be significantly reduced.
- the MPEG-4 Decode module 910 would typically be designed to provide only an approximation of the best encoding decisions to be used by the MPEG-2 encoder. These parameters can then be further optimized by MPEG-2 Encode module 920.
- Figure 10 is a block diagram of multiplexer software functions performed by the multiplexer CPU (see descriptions hereinabove with respect to Figures 6 and 7). These functions are described in detail in aforementioned copending PCT/US Patent Application No. PCT/US 2004/012485, incorporated herein by reference.
- Classify module 1010 examines the header of each packet of the incoming transport stream before the packet is sent to I/O module 1020 and s ubsequently stored in packet memory.
- the location of each packet in memory is maintained by Priority Queue module 1040.
- a separate queue is maintained for each stream.
- the relative priority of each queue that is maintained by Priority Queue module 1040 is determined by Packet Scheduling module 1050, based on current buffer fullness levels and externally supplied stream priority or quality settings from External API Ctrl module 1060.
- the overall transport stream data rate can be regulated by sending video packets to a transrater or transcoders. Selected packets can also be selected for encryption by CA Control module 1030.
- the present inventive technique does not directly address interfaces and communications between the client set-top and the server (e.g., 1 10, 220, 320).
- the multiplexer can play an important role in implementing low- latency responses to client requests.
- Such requests include VCR "trick mode" functions like: pause, resume from pause, a change in playback speed or direction, a program change, or a jump to a different access point within the same program.
- latency can be greatly reduced by coordinating the execution of the requested playback function with the flushing of excess transport packets from the memory buffers of the multiplexer, client, and server.
- Additional buffering is also used by the multiplexer to implement seamless splices to or from broadcast streams and to smooth out jitter caused by delays on the network or at the streaming server (e.g., 102, 202).
- the multiplexer can be made aware of VCR-like "trick mode" requests, and can be primed to execute a transition from one video segment to the next.
- the new video segment originates from the same source address as the previous video segment, and is assigned to the same destination UDP port (User Datagram Port) on the multiplexer, then the precise transition point may still be ambiguous.
- UDP port User Datagram Port
- an alternative solution based on in-band signaling is preferred.
- the multiplexer does not require access to the Stream Control Interface (CI).
- the server inserts identifying information at the beginning of each video segment following a request for a change in speed or direction, a resume from pause m ode, or a jump to a new location in the same program or to a different program.
- transition points are identified using signaling according to the DPI Cueing Message for Cable standard (ANSI/SCTE 35).
- ANSI/SCTE 35 DPI Cueing Message for Cable standard
- the PID packet identifier
- the splice info section could include a single splice_insert command with the splice_immediate_flag set to '1'.
- the multiplexer would respond by making a rapid transition to this new video segment.
- the multiplexer implements this transition by first verifying that the new video segment begins at a valid access point. If the new segment does not begin with a sequence header and I-frame, then the transition is delayed until such headers are detected. The transition is completed by flushing all buffered packets from the previous segment and implementing a clean entrance into the new video stream.
- This type of transition differs from the splices anticipated by the DPI standard in one important respect. In this case, a cued exit point in the first video segment is not expected. Instead, the transition is effected as soon as the cueing message packet is detected in the new video segment. For this reason, the cueing message packet should not be identical to any of the "standard" cueing messages that are currently specified by the DPI Cueing Message standard (ANSIISCTE 35).
- One prefe ⁇ ed way of accomplishing this is to set the private indicator flag in the splice_info_section of the cueing message to '1' when requesting an immediate splice where there is no need for synchronization with a marked exit point in the stream that is currently playing.
- Clean entrances into the new video stream are important if the transitions are to be visually smooth. However, it is not necessary to implement a clean exit from the previous stream. This is because we assume that a resynchronization process is triggered at the client set-top in response to most VCR-like "trick-mode" requests. Set-tops are designed to flush their video and audio buffers when switching to a new channel frequency or when changing to a different MPEG program within the same transport multiplex.
- the same response should also be triggered each time there is a request for a change in speed or direction, a resume from pause mode, or a jump to a new location in the same program or to a different program. It is assumed herein that this response can be implemented on both legacy and Open Cable compliant s et-tops even though the virtual channel may remain unchanged.
- the client set-top can be forced to flush its buffers and to resynchronize to a new stream segment by forcing a s witch to a different virtual channel for each "trick-mode" or similar transition.
- the set-top can be initialized with two virtual channels allocated to each carrier frequency. These channels will be used for on-demand programming.
- the carrier frequency would be the same, but the MPEG program number would be allowed to differ.
- the MPEG program numbers would be uniquely assigned among all the set-tops in a single service group. Therefore, when switching from one video segment to another video segment, set-top resynchronization can be forced simply by effecting a change of virtual channel to the other virtual channel of the predefined pair at the channel frequency to which the set top is tuned. As "trick mode" effects are requested and responded to (on a given cable channel), the virtual channel would simply alternate back and forth, each time causing the set- top to resynchronize with the appropriate video stream.
- segment-to-segment splices and set-top resynchromzations are triggered in response to all VCR-like "trick mode" requests with the exception of the pause request.
- the server stops sending video and the set-top freezes the image (frame) that is currently being displayed by repeatedly displaying the same image frame from its internal image frame memory.
- the same type of response occurs when a client requests a change in playback speed or direction, or a jump to some other program or program location.
- the priority of a new video segment can be restored to its normal, lower setting once the downstream buffers have been replenished to suitable levels.
- the server can determine that it has transmitted a sufficient number of bytes beyond real-time video display requirements since the time of the stream switch. This can be determined by comparing video data "accumulation" against a fixed threshold level. Alternatively, the server can measure video "acceleration" versus time. For example, if it is desirable to maintain a half second of program data in the combined multiplexer and set-top buffers, then the threshold would be met after the server has transmitted an amount o f d ata c orresponding to the video for the elapsed time interval since the stream switch plus an additional half second.
- Threshold detection does not need to be overly precise as long as the multiplexer has sufficient buffering capacity to accommodate any small overshoots which may occur.
- An advantage of this buffer management technique is that the server does not need to interact with the multiplexer. Instead, the threshold level is either a known constant or a parameter that is communicated during initialization or when a new session is created.
- Another alternative technique for managing buffer occupancy levels is to implement direct flow control between the multiplexer and the server.
- the multiplexer not only regulates the release of video to the set-top, but would also "pull" data from the server at the precise rate needed to maintain optimum buffer occupancy levels.
- a disadvantage of this solution is that it requires additional flow control information passing from the multiplexer to the server, thereby presenting an a dditional c omputing 1 oad a nd a dditional n etwork data traffic.
- an advantage is that the same flow control information that is useful for regulating buffer levels in the multiplexer can also be used to prevent buffer overflows in the port buffers of the network switch.
- a point-to-point method of flow control such as 802.3x
- 802.3x is much more capable of scaling to larger networks.
- 802.3x is widely incorporated in most of today's switches, routers, and the network transceivers used in common computing devices. This method of flow control is effective in preventing dropped packets in Gigabit Ethernet network switches as long as the average data rate remains below the network capacity on each link.
- the network switch must be capable of buffering packets before they are switched to the output p orts.
- 802.3x can be very effective in preventing dropped packets in the network switch, it is not intended as a solution for managing buffer level transients in the multiplexer.
- the multiplexer can also implement transitions between stream segments arriving from two different IP (internet protocol) source addresses.
- the second stream is addressed to a different UDP port at the multiplexer.
- a different multiplex is associated with each modulator channel even if the modulator and multiplexer subsystems are physically separated.
- the multiplex resource manager identifies the multiplex that is best able to accommodate the new session.
- the IP address and port number corresponding to this multiplex is returned to the session manager and subsequently relayed to the video source.
- the multiplexer is capable of transrating each video stream to match the data rate of the MPTS to the data rate of its assigned QAM channel. Transrating is performed only when the data rate cannot be matched by statistical processing alone. By default, all streams are degraded only as much as necessary to maintain uniform image quality among all streams in the multiplex. Alternatively, different priorities can be assigned to individual video streams, or the peak rates can be bounded on a stream-by-stream basis. Transrating is particularly effective when applied to CBR video streams where the aggregate input data rate exceeds the rate of the QAM channel. A conversion from constant bit rate to variable bit rate at constant image quality results in significant data rate reduction with minimal image impairment.
- General-purpose data streams can be included in each multiplex and delivered in synchronization with the video and audio components, at least on a best-effort basis. Synchronization tolerances and QoS constraints can be specified during session initialization.
- the multiplexer can combine broadcast and narrowcast streams into the same multiplex. Switched broadcast mode can also be supported, as well as seamless transitioning between broadcast and narrowcast modes. Similarly, DOCSIS (Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification) streams can also be combined into the same downstream channel. Depending upon specific characteristics of the multiplexer implementation, external devices may be used to format the DOCSIS transport packets for inclusion into the downstream channel.
- Switched broadcast mode can also be supported, as well as seamless transitioning between broadcast and narrowcast modes.
- DOCSIS Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification
- external devices may be used to format the DOCSIS transport packets for inclusion into the downstream channel.
- the multiplexer can support multiple video formats such as MPEG-2, MP@ML (Main Profile at Main Level) and HDTV, and can include sufficient resources to handle any practical combination of MP@ML and HDTV streams in each modulator channel.
- MPEG-4/Part 10 AVC Advanced Video Coding
- MPEG-4/Part 10 AVC Advanced Video Coding
- transcoding capability of the present inventive multiplexer it becomes possible to conserve storage resources on the server by adopting the more efficient MPEG-4 format for most high definition or standard definition content, and relying on transcoding to enable compatibility with existing MPEG-2 set-tops.
- This ability becomes particularly advantageous after migrating to a predominately narrowcast format, as it permits selective enabling of the transcoding feature on a client by client basis. This permits the gradual migration of clients to MPEG-4 set-tops and can have a very significant impact on the last-mile bandwidth that available for narrowcasting.
- the present inventive multiplexer and multiplex resource m anager subsystem i s compatible with existing headend systems.
- interfaces and APIs Application Programming Interfaces
- the present inventive multiplexing system also supports existing conditional access systems. However, to permit effective transrating and transcoding, the video must be received at the multiplexer either in the clear, or in a format that is easily decrypted. For this reason, video is streamed directly to the multiplexer from the server as shown and described hereinabove with respect to Figure 4 and Figure 5.
- the multiplexer identifies the packets to be encrypted and sends these packets directly to the encrypter on its own (independent of the server and/or session manager).
- the video data path associated with this mode of operation is shown and described hereinabove with respect to Figure 5.
- the multiplexer and encrypter subsystems can be located either the headend or at the network "edge" (i.e., at the point of modulation).
- the present inventive multiplexer can improve the efficiency of a central encrypter by combining critical packets from different streams into a single stream addressed to a single encryption channel of a central encrypter.
- the encrypted packets are then returned to the multiplexer where they are demultiplexed and resequenced into their original streams.
- EMMs Encryption Management Messages
- ECMs Encryption Control Messages
- Transrating and transcoding are incompatible with pre-encryption unless the scrambling algorithm is open and decryption routines are implemented in the multiplexer. Transrating, transcoding, and all other multiplexing functions are compatible with session based encryption.
- encryption resources should be managed by the multiplex resource manager.
- the primary benefit is that most sessions can be initialized without the need for allocating additional encryption resources.
- the session manager requests resources from the multiplex resource manager before requesting additional resources from the encryption resource manager. Included in the session manager's request to the multiplexer are parameters that identify the client and the authorization tier associated with the requested program.
- the multiplex resource manager will be able to accommodate the request using encryption channels that have already been created, while maintaining maximum protection against unauthorized access. However, in some cases, the acceptance of a new request will require either the allocation of a new encryption channel or a reduction in encryption security.
- encryption security would be degraded i f two or more c lients within the same service group shared the same encryption channel (and therefore the same encryption keys) while viewing content corresponding to different authorization tiers. This condition may not be acceptable even though the set-tops would not be provided with the virtual channel settings needed to receive programming that is intended for other On-Demand clients. Encryption security would also be degraded if the critical packet ratio was reduced below a previously-determined safe threshold in order to accommodate an increasing number of clients sharing the resources of a single encryption channel.
- the multiplex resource manager determines that the acceptance of a new request will c ause a reduction in encryption security, it responds to the session manager with a request for the allocation of a new encryption channel. Upon receiving such a response, the session manager then requests such resources directly from the encryption resource manager using interface S2 (See Figure 5). However, if additional encryption resources are unavailable, the session manager can either deny the client's request, or allow the session to proceed with a reduced level of security. The request for a new encryption channel can occur asynchronously and without incurring a latency penalty. This is described in more detail in the following session initialization example.
- the initialization management process that is presented below includes additional details for the interactions with the multiplexer and encrypter resource managers.
- the system topology of Figure 5 is assumed, and references are made to data communications paths shown in Figure 5.
- the session manager always maintains a record of the next available encryption channel.
- the multiplex resource manager claims this channel only when needed to fulfill the next request.
- Step 1 The client sends a session setup request message to the session manager using an upstream channel within the HFC Network and Interfaces SCI and S4.
- the message includes the client ID and the asset ID corresponding to the requested program.
- Step 2 The session manager (or an external purchase server) checks if the client is authorized to view the requested asset by comparing the client's entitlement status with an authorization tier ID associated with the requested asset. If the session is authorized, go to Step 3, otherwise the session manager sends a session denial message to the client.
- Step 3 The session manager provides the client ID, authorization tier ID, and the IP address/UDP destination port corresponding to the next available encryption channel, and requests multiplexer resources for the session from the multiplex resource manager (using interface S3 - see Figs 1-5).
- the multiplex resource manager replies with the virtual channel information (tuning frequency and MPEG Program ID) for the client. If a session is already active for this client, then this information will not change unless the multiplexer chooses to rebalance traffic over the m odulator n etwork.
- the multiplex resource manager is also capable o f working with static virtual channel maps for each client, thereby avoiding the need for constant reprogramming of the client's receiver. (This is discussed in greater detail hereinbelow).
- the response message from the multiplex resource manager to the session manager also includes the multiplexer IP address/UDP destination port to be conveyed to the server, and an acknowledgement if the new encryption channel was accepted. If accepted, then an entitlement ID will be included in the reply and the multiplexer will utilize the new encryption channel by sending selected packets to the encrypter IP address/UDP port that was specified in the request.
- the multiplex resource manager will not accept the new encryption channel if the request can be accommodated using the encryption resources that have already been allocated. If the encryption channel is not accepted, then go to step 5.
- Step 4 The session manager provides the entitlement ID to the encryption resource manager. This entitlement ID is associated with the most recently requested encryption channel. The encryption resource manager ensures that multiple encryption channels will share the same entitlement keys if they are assigned the same entitlement ID. The encryption resource manager responds with the EMM for the preceding encryption channel and the IP address/UDP destination port for the next available encryption channel. During operation, the Encryption Engine returns all encrypted packets to the IP address/UDP port corresponding to the originating source.
- Step 5 The session manager provides the asset ID and the multiplexer IP address/UDP destination port to the server resource manager (SI).
- Step 6 The session manager sends the session setup confirm message to the client using S4 and SCI .
- the confirmation message could be relayed to the client by the multiplexer using downstream channels (V3 and V4) within the HFC network.
- the confirmation message includes the virtual channel information (tuning frequency and MPEG Program ID) from step 3.
- the EMM is also included in this message.
- the multiplex resource manager handles session tear-down automatically. Typically, a new session request will utilize the same multiplexer, modulator, and encrypter resources as a preceding session, and therefore the number of session setup and tear-down requests is minimized.
- multiplex resource manager If there is a change in the assignment of multiplexer or modulator resources, then this will be handled automatically by the multiplex resource manager and will not require communication with other resource managers. If a client chooses to view a different asset while the current session is still active, then the client merely needs to repeat step 1. Alternatively, if a client chooses to terminate an existing session and does not desire a new session, then the multiplex resource manager is notified. I n some cases, this will cause selected resources to be released so that they can be reassigned to accommodate other requests.
- the multiplex resource manager will determine that a particular encryption channel is no longer needed. In this case, it sends a message to the session manager using S3, which the session manager forwards to the encryption resource manager using S2.
- One way to identify the encryption channel that is being released is to reference the IP address/UDP port that was assigned for receiving incoming packets arriving at the encryption engine.
- the present inventive multiplexer and encryption subsystem architecture offers several performance advantages.
- the number of video and audio streams that can be accommodated by the encryption engine (encrypter) is increased by a factor of at least 10 over traditional, less resource-efficient approaches).
- the session setup and tear-down processes completely bypass the encryption resource manager in almost all cases.
- a statistical multiplexer with transrating capabilities eliminates the risk of overflowing the QAM channel even if the channel is intentionally oversubscribed. For example, one could allocate 1 1 or more CBR video programs, each with a data rate of 3.75 Mb/s, to a single 256 QAM channel.
- the statistical multiplexer can convert each stream from constant bit rate to constant image quality, thereby achieving a significant reduction in data rate with minimal image impairment.
- the present inventive multiplexer is also able to significantly reduce the latency associated with both session setup and client requests for playback mode modifications such as VCR-like "trick modes". Accommodation of such modes is described h ereinabove. I n addition, the session s etup d elays that are associated with encryption can be eliminated entirely. In most cases, the client remains in the same encryption channel even when requesting access to programming that is associated with a different authorization tier. In such cases, there is no need to send new EMMs or to alter the flow of ECMs to the client's receiver.
- the multiplexer may need to transition a stream from one encryption channel to another encryption channel, and this transition may also involve a change in the entitlement status of the client's set-top. Even in such cases, the multiplexer can ensure that the transition is seamless, and delays due to encryption and entitlement are avoided.
- the multiplexer can choose to send the initial stream of packets in the clear in order to allow time for the set-top to process the first ECM, as well as any changes in entitlement. This momentary loss of access protection at the multiplexer is not a significant concern since the session manager (or external purchase server) will reject any request from a client that is not properly authorized, and this will cause session cancellation before any requests are sent to either the video server or the multiplexer.
- VBR Variable bit rate
- CBR constant bit rate
- VBR encoding has a direct impact on the cost of video storage systems, the amount of network traffic, and the number of streams that can be accommodated over the "last mile" network. This increased capacity can also be traded for higher quality video such as HDTV programming.
- Compatibility with VBR content is also important when capturing programming from satellite sources. Today, most satellite programming is generated using statistically multiplexed VBR encoders. If a video a rchitecture does not support VBR streams, then a VBR to CBR conversion process is required, either by increasing the bit rate with the insertion of null packets, or by degrading the video with the application of a transrating process.
- VBR streams are selectively removed from a broadcast multiplex, and replaced with on-demand streams.
- the entire multiplex can be regenerated using transraters and a statistical remultiplexer.
- DVDs also use VBR encoding, and compatibility with DVD content may be important for VOD systems, since DVDs are an important source of encoded material. Transrating DVD content to a given VBR rate would preserve better image quality than transrating it to CBR at the same average rate.
- V BR p rogramming m ay complicate some s erver implementations.
- a server that is designed to stream video at a constant rate may require modifications before it can stream video at the actual real-time transmission rate.
- the timing information needed for proper synchronization is easily extracted from the time stamps and PCRs that are embedded in each program; alternatively the multiplexer could pull streams from the server using a flow control mechanism, in which case the server would actually be simplified.
- VBR streams can also complicate the provisioning of resources. For example, the number of VBR streams that can be sourced by a server may vary from one time instant to the next.
- the solution to this problem involves a good load balancing strategy applied across multiple storage devices. Similarly, network congestion due to traffic between the server and the multiplexer also becomes more difficult to predict and to c ontrol. In this case, the simplest solution is to overprovision the network in order to satisfy worst case conditions. This additional networking cost should be negligible if the multiplexers are c o-located with the servers.
- Encryption channel management by the multiplex resource manager e n ables the use of real-time e ncryption at a very low cost.
- real-time encryption offers improved security, supports more flexible key management policies, does not bind the content to a single CA system, can be applied to programming received from satellite or real-time encoders, and does not prevent the application of transrating, transcoding, or seamless splicing operations.
- the multiplexer could include support for some form of content encryption during distribution from the head-end source to the multiplexer and real-time encryption engine. In this case, the multiplexer would first decrypt the content before performing any other processing.
- Low cost real-time encryption is achieved by using a critical packet selection scheme similar to the packet selection methods used in Sony Passage systems. According to Sony, studies have concluded that there is a negligible loss in access protection when the critical packet selection rate is 10% or more.
- the multiplexer can improve the efficiency of a central encrypter by combining critical packets from different streams into a single stream that is addressed to a single encryption channel of the central encrypter. The encrypted packets are then returned to the multiplexer where they are demultiplexed and resequenced into their original streams. EMMs and ECMs can be replicated if necessary, and properly sequenced with the encrypted program packets.
- multiplexed encryption is that each of the clients whose streams are assigned to the same encryption channel will receive the same ECMs, and therefore each client set-top must be similarly authorized in order to decode them.
- the multiplex resource manager can eliminate the risk of a client gaining unauthorized access to the content that is intended for another client. Two types of encryption channels can be created to deal with this potential problem.
- the multiplex resource manager can assign packets to the first type of encryption channel only if the corresponding streams are all associated with a same authorization tier. In this case, each client has little incentive to apply his keys to another client's stream since he would not be gaining access to anything that he is not already entitled to receive.
- a client is assigned to a single-tier encryption channel, and this client subsequently chooses to view a program that is associated with a different authorization tier, then the client must be removed from this encryption channel and reassigned to another. In some cases, this will also require the authorization of the client's set-top in order to gain access to the new authorization tier. As discussed hereinabove, this transitioning of a client from one encryption channel to another can be implemented seamlessly without introducing any delays due to the session authorization process.
- the multiplex resource manager c an a lso create and manage a different type of encryption channel where each of the assigned streams is targeted to clients in physically s eparated s ervice g roups.
- the p ackets o f t he m ultiplexed and encrypted packet stream are regrouped into multi-program transport streams that are subsequently distributed to different service groups. This means that each client will have no way to apply his keys to another client's stream simply because these streams will not be available on the same feed.
- a client Once assigned to this type of encryption channel, a client will not need to be reassigned when switching from one program to another, even though the co ⁇ esponding authorization tiers may differ. In fact, a c lient may only need to be reassigned if part of a rebalancing operation designed to avoid the over-utilization of any single encryption channel. Rebalancing can be performed seamlessly without incurring any sort of service disruption.
- the modularized video multiplexing systems shown and described hereinabove in Figures 3, 4, and 5 may span one or more cable headends and several edge devices distributed over a large metropolitan-area network.
- Managing local-area or metropolitan-area networks introduces complexity, which must be justified by benefits. Excessive complexity is a real risk in deploying new services.
- LAN bandwidth on a per- video-stream basis, is extremely cheap compared to other costs in the VOD chain. Simply over provisioning the LAN may be the most straightforward and least risky course.
- Metro networks involving fiber and DWDM are not quite so cheap, but if they carry CBR traffic (such as complete video multiplexes destined for "passive" modulators at the edge), then m anagement i s as simple a s adding up the total traffic in the high-level provisioning control plane; no QoS intelligence in the network infrastructure is needed for this.
- CBR traffic such as complete video multiplexes destined for "passive" modulators at the edge
- m anagement i s as simple a s adding up the total traffic in the high-level provisioning control plane; no QoS intelligence in the network infrastructure is needed for this.
- VBR traffic such as in SPTSs when video multiplexing/transrating occurs at the edge
- a fixed fractional overhead can offer acceptably low probability of oversubscription.
- Interfaces for QoS and "traffic management” are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art, both for IP networking (e.g. Diffserv (differentiated services), PHBs (per-hop behavior)) and for ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode).
- IP networking e.g. Diffserv (differentiated services), PHBs (per-hop behavior)
- ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode
- interface S2 between the session manager and the encryption resource manager is used to reserve new encryption channels or to tear down existing ones.
- An example of how a new channel might be reserved was described in step 4 of the process described hereinabove.
- the session manager communicates an entitlement-ID to the encryption resource manager, which then responds with an EMM to be used for client authorization, and an IP address/UDP port to be forwarded to the multiplex resource manager.
- This port is the network address where packets are to be sent for encryption.
- the encryption resource manager should also ensure that multiple encryption channels will share the same EMMs and ECMs if the channels are requested using identical entitlement-ID parameters.
- the session tear-down process was also described hereinabove.
- the multiplex resource manager determines when an encryption channel is no longer needed and communicates this information to the session manager.
- the session manager then forwards this message to the encryption resource manager using S2.
- the tear-down message merely needs to identify the encryption channel that is no longer needed.
- client H used by the multiplex resource manager in order to uniquely identify each client.
- a mechanism must also be provided to specify if the session is to be multicasted to more than one client or broadcasted to one or more service groups. For example, reserved bits of the client ID codeword may be used to signal broadcast mode. Alternatively, the client ID could include a network mask in order to specify multiple subnets.
- Authorization Tier this- is an authorization classification that is associated with the requested asset and is used by the multiplex resource manager when assigning streams to encryption channels based on the single-tier policy.
- IP address/UDP port the address of the next available encryption channel. It is to be used only if the multiplex resource manager cannot identify an existing encryption channel to accommodate the request while still meeting the minimum security requirement. A codeword may be reserved to indicate that no additional encryption channels are available.
- QoS specifies the channel priority to be assigned for this request. It is used by the multiplex resource manager when selecting an MPTS to accommodate the request and when managing the application of transrating once the selected modulator channel becomes fully utilized. Transrating can be controlled by including a relative stream priority or maximum/minimum bit rates as part of the QoS specification.
- the response to the session setup message on Interface S3 should include the following information:
- Virtual channel D3 This information may include the tuning frequency and MPEG Program ID needed by the client's set-top to receive the MPTS and to identify the assigned MPEG program.
- the multiplex resource manager could be synchronized with the Virtual Channel Table (VCT) of each client's set-top, and in this case, only the VCT ID needs to be returned. This enables the use of static VCT tables and avoids additional delays due to set-top reprogramming.
- VCT Virtual Channel Table
- IP address/UDP port (input) the address that has been assigned to receive packets for this program. It is to be forwarded to the server.
- Entitlement ID if the offered encryption channel was accepted, then this parameter should be forwarded to the Encryption Resource manager. If the Encryption Resource manager subsequently determines that the entitlement ID was previously bound to one or more existing encryption channels, then the new channel should share the same EMM and ECMs as the previous channel(s). Otherwise, the new channel should be associated with independent EMM and ECM messages.
- a reserved codeword can be used to indicate that the offered encryption channel w as n ot accepted by the m ultiplex resource m anager. I f an additional encryption channel was not available and therefore not offered to the multiplex resource manager, and if the request could not be accommodated while meeting the minimum security requirement, then this must be signaled as well.
- the minimum security requirement parameter should also be specified to the multiplex resource manager, this may be done during initialization and need not be repeated each time a session setup message is exchanged.
- the server can simply stop sending packets to the identified input IP address/UDP port.
- explicit session termination message which references the client-id could be sent from the session manager to the multiplex resource manager.
- the multiplex resource manager can implement a seamless low-latency transition when the next session set-up message is received.
- the session set-up message does not need to involve the modulator.
- the multiplexer and modulator are separate devices, then the multiplex resource manager must be aware of the destination IP address and UDP port assignments corresponding to each modulator channel, and the correspondence between modulator channels, service groups, and clients. This information should be gathered during the initialization process and updated from time to time as changes occur. This client initialization a nd auto-discovery process is described i n more detail hereinbelow.
- a suitable choice for the transport interface sourced by the server is raw UDP/IP over a Gigabit Ethernet physical link.
- One to seven MPEG transport packets can follow the UDP header, formatted as an SPTS according to the ISO/TEC 13818-1 MPEG transport specification.
- RTP headers are optional.
- a suitable choice for the transport interface sourced by the e ncrypter is raw UDP/IP over a Gigabit Ethernet physical link.
- One to seven MPEG transport packets can follow the UDP header, formatted as an SPTS according to the ISO/IEC 13818-1 MPEG transport specification.
- RTP headers are optional.
- a suitable choice for the transport interface sourced by the multiplexer is raw UDP/IP over a Gigabit Ethernet physical link.
- RTP headers are acceptable, they are not useful to the multiplexer, since transport packets must still be checked for the presence of PCRs (Program Clock Reference). The PCRs are necessary for individualized synchronization with the time base that is associated with each MPEG program.
- a suitable choice for the transport interface sourced by the modulator are MPTS's over fiber or coax with 6 MHz or 8 MHz FDM channelization.
- Each MPTS should be compliant with ISO/IEC 13818-1 as well as applicable DOCSIS specifications.
- the client auto-discovery process is assisted by the multiplexer, which can insert network-id and transport-stream-id parameters into each multiplex.
- the multiplex resource manager learns the network address of each modulator channel (unless the multiplexer and modulator are integrated i nto the same device) and the channel frequencies and service groups associated with each modulator channel.
- the multiplex resource manager must also determine which clients are included in each service group. All of this information can be determined automatically if the client's set-top can be programmed to extract the network-id and transport-stream-id parameters from the downstream channels and echo this information back to the multiplex resource manager using an upstream channel within the HFC Network and Interfaces SCI, S4, and S3.
- the multiplex resource manager is compatible with static Virtual Channel Table (VCT) assignments at the client. This avoids the need for constant reprogramming of the client's set-top and the associated delays during session set-up.
- VCT Virtual Channel Table
- the VCT should be constrained in order to contain at least one entry for each modulator frequency that is managed by the multiplex resource manager.
- the entry should also specify an MPEG Program ID that is not shared by any other client set-tops within the same service group when tuned to the same frequency.
- on-demand capabilities should be disallowed while viewing broadcast content unless the asset is already registered and in the process of being captured (i.e., recorded to disk or other storage medium). In this case, it is advantageous to use the captured content as the source for the broadcast signal. Although a slight loop-through delay would be introduced, the transitioning of one or more clients to on-demand mode could then be implemented seamlessly and access to the entire recording could be made available at that time.
- Figure 11 is a block diagram of a video multiplexer system 1 100 similar to that previously shown and described hereinabove with respect to Figure 4.
- the video multiplexer system 1 100 o f Figure 11 accommodates this s cheme for a satellite receiver.
- the system 1100 of Figure 11 embodies comparable elements: a server module 1 110 (compare 410) c omprising a server 1110A and a server resource manager 1110B; an encrypter module 1120 (compare 420) comprising an encrypter 1120 A and an encrypter resource manager 1120B; a session manager 1130 (compare 430); a multiplexer module 1150 (compare 450) comprising a multiplexer 1150A and a multiplexer resource manager 1150B; a modulator 1152 (compare 452) and an out-of-band modulator 1 154 (compare 454).
- the elements of the system 1100 are interconnected by any suitable means, such as in a locally networked configuration as shown in Figures 1 and 2.
- the modulator 1152 and out-of-band modulator 1154 connect to a "last mile" network 1160 (compare 160, 260, 360, etc.) shown in the Figure as an HFC network.
- a plurality of clients 1170A, 1170B, 1170C, 1170D and 1 170E (compare 1 70A-E, 270A-E, 370A-E, etc.) connect to the "last mile" network 1160 and communicate via the modulator 1152 and out-of-band modulator 1154.
- data communications paths “SI”, “S2”, “S3” and “S4" are session communications paths controlled by the session manager; data communications paths “VI”, “V2”, “V3” and “V4" are video/audio communications paths over which program content is passed; data communications path “CI” is a client communications path between the server resource manager 1150B and the various clients 1170'x'; and data communications path “SCI” is a composite of session communications S4 and client communications CI directed through the out-of-band modulator 1154 over the HFC network 1160 for communications with the clients 1170'x'.
- the multiplexer 1150A receives video stream data from a satellite receiver 1160 over a data communication path "V5".
- the present inventive multiplexer subsystem supports Interactive Digital Program Insertion.
- Splices can be signaled according to ANSI/SCTE 30/35 DPI standards.
- Program exit and entrance points can be defined in both live and stored streams, either of which may be broadcasted or narrowcasted from any network source address.
- the splices are implemented seamlessly and accurately and can be scheduled at any time, either with or without cueing messages. Transrating eliminates the risk of exceeding modulator channel capacity, even when splicing to a higher rate stream or when the splice point has not been conditioned using fade- to-black or other rate-reduction effects.
- Statistical rate management policies are used to achieve the best image quality balance among all programs, while adhering to previously-applied QoS constraints.
- the Satellite Receiver shown in Figure 11 can provide MPTSs directly to the multiplexer using interface V5.
- the multiplexer can support MPTSs just as easily as SPTSs, this requires the inclusion of additional information in the session setup API that is communicated using Interface S2 between the session manager and the multiplex resource manager.
- the session manager must specify to the multiplex resource manager which MPEG programs of the MPTS are to be forwarded to the destination, or alternatively, which p rograms are to be deleted.
- the session manager must also inform the multiplex resource manager each time a decision is made to drop an additional program or to reinstate a program back into the multiplex.
- the multiplex resource manager can automatically introduce on-demand programming into the multiplex in order to better utilize the available bandwidth. As described hereinabove, new streams can be provided to the client with very little latency.
- the video content could be sent either natively in the MPEG-TS sublayer or encapsulated in IP according to the DOCSIS MAC layer.
- Existing cable modems (CMs) would not bridge the native MPEG-TS packets onto the home network, so in the interest of reverse-compatibility, the use of IP is preferred, perhaps using well-known multicast addresses.
- CMs cable modems
- a converged video and DOCSIS infrastructure would eliminate the distinction between video QAMs and DOCSIS QAMs, in which case video data could be migrated over to an IP format on a user-by user basis. The users could view the content either on a PC or on a video-enabled CM (or both).
- the "streaming" function that is, emitting video bits at the correct average rate, is cu ⁇ ently handled by the servers. It could instead be handled by the video multiplexer, since the multiplexer is the natural aggregation point for content contributions from all storage nodes.
- the multiplexer could implement the RAID scheme and interoperate with a distributed file system.
- 10G 10 Gigabit Ethernet
- LAN Local Area Network
- MAN Metropolitan Area Network
- 10G is a natural convergence point for Ethernet and SONET, so legacy SONET installations can transition to the more cost-effective Ethernet.
- Centralized installations with system radii under 50 meters or so will be able to use lOG/copper with even greater cost savings.
- the last-mile network is currently a hybrid of analog and digital signals channelized at 6 MHz. While the channelization is an artifact of the legacy te ⁇ estrial FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexed) analog television system, it is probably useful even in an all-digital scenario to control receiver cost, at least until individual users require services at greater than 40 Mb/s.
- FDM Frequency Division Multiplexed
- the present inventive technique is frequently described hereinbelow in the context of digital cable television systems.
- the invention can also be applied to other video distribution systems such as telephone distributions networks comprising network switching gear at the central office and fiber or twisted pair cabling from the central office to the home.
- telephone companies may offer video services using similar 6 MHz or 8 MHz channelization of the frequency spectrum, and therefore will specify modulator devices which may be identical to the cable system counterparts.
- the modulator will be replaced by a DSLAM (Digital Subscriber Line Access multiplexer) or some other device more capable of maximizing the data throughput over the last mile physical link. In such cases, it is only the modulator component of the video distribution system that is replaced.
- the multiplexer which is where the present inventive techniques are realized, will remain essentially unchanged.
Abstract
Description
Claims
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IL173993A IL173993A (en) | 2003-08-29 | 2006-02-28 | Advanced, adaptive video multiplexer system |
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PCT/US2004/028031 WO2005022795A2 (en) | 2003-08-29 | 2004-08-27 | Advanced, self-balancing video multiplexer system |
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CN102647616A (en) * | 2012-04-18 | 2012-08-22 | 北京大学 | Audio-video multiplexing device |
US10070136B2 (en) | 2016-02-16 | 2018-09-04 | Arris Enterprises Llc | Statistical multiplexing with heterogeneous encoder pool |
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EP1661266A4 (en) | 2010-03-31 |
WO2005022892A3 (en) | 2007-04-19 |
WO2005022796A3 (en) | 2005-06-02 |
CN101065963A (en) | 2007-10-31 |
EP1665765A2 (en) | 2006-06-07 |
EP1661310A4 (en) | 2010-03-31 |
EP1661310A2 (en) | 2006-05-31 |
CN100521626C (en) | 2009-07-29 |
US20050198686A1 (en) | 2005-09-08 |
CA2537280A1 (en) | 2005-03-10 |
CN101065963B (en) | 2010-09-15 |
US6996129B2 (en) | 2006-02-07 |
CA2537280C (en) | 2014-04-01 |
CA2537293C (en) | 2014-04-01 |
US8161519B2 (en) | 2012-04-17 |
CN1871795A (en) | 2006-11-29 |
CN1871814A (en) | 2006-11-29 |
US7864808B2 (en) | 2011-01-04 |
CN100571066C (en) | 2009-12-16 |
CA2537294C (en) | 2015-05-12 |
US7804856B2 (en) | 2010-09-28 |
WO2005022795A3 (en) | 2005-06-16 |
EP1661266A2 (en) | 2006-05-31 |
WO2005022795A2 (en) | 2005-03-10 |
EP1665765A4 (en) | 2010-03-31 |
WO2005022892A2 (en) | 2005-03-10 |
CA2537294A1 (en) | 2005-03-10 |
US20090138966A1 (en) | 2009-05-28 |
US20050276284A1 (en) | 2005-12-15 |
CA2537293A1 (en) | 2005-03-10 |
US20050190794A1 (en) | 2005-09-01 |
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