WO2007130566A2 - Lumen-traveling biological interface device - Google Patents
Lumen-traveling biological interface device Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2007130566A2 WO2007130566A2 PCT/US2007/010824 US2007010824W WO2007130566A2 WO 2007130566 A2 WO2007130566 A2 WO 2007130566A2 US 2007010824 W US2007010824 W US 2007010824W WO 2007130566 A2 WO2007130566 A2 WO 2007130566A2
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- lumen
- traveling device
- electromagnetic
- self
- traveling
- Prior art date
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- A61N1/05—Electrodes for implantation or insertion into the body, e.g. heart electrode
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
- A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
- A61N1/02—Details
- A61N1/04—Electrodes
- A61N1/05—Electrodes for implantation or insertion into the body, e.g. heart electrode
- A61N1/056—Transvascular endocardial electrode systems
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
- A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
- A61N1/18—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes
- A61N1/32—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents
- A61N1/36—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation
- A61N1/372—Arrangements in connection with the implantation of stimulators
- A61N1/37205—Microstimulators, e.g. implantable through a cannula
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
- A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
- A61N1/18—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes
- A61N1/32—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents
- A61N1/36—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation
- A61N1/372—Arrangements in connection with the implantation of stimulators
- A61N1/378—Electrical supply
- A61N1/3785—Electrical supply generated by biological activity or substance, e.g. body movement
Definitions
- the present application describes devices, systems, and related methods for performing one or more actions or tasks with a lumen-traveling biological interface device.
- Embodiments of devices capable of moving through a body lumen to a location and delivering a stimulus to or recording a signal from biological tissue are disclosed.
- FIG. 12 is a depiction of a lumen-traveling device including a material collection structure
- FIG. 13 illustrates an embodiment of an active portion of a lumen-traveling device
- FIG. 14 illustrates an embodiment of an active portion of a lumen-traveling device
- FIGS. 21 A and 21B are depictions of the release of a stored deliverable material from a reservoir via a barrier having controllable permeability
- FIG. 36 is flow diagram of a method implemented with a lumen-traveling device
- FIG. 61 is a flow diagram showing variations of the method of FIG. 58;
- FIG. 62 is a diagram showing variations of the method of FIG. 58;
- FIG. 74 is a flow diagram of a method of configuring a bioelectromagnetic interface system
- FIG. 77 is a flow diagram of a method of emplacing a bioelectromagnetic interface system
- FIGS. 78A - 78B illustrate the introduction of a plurality of bioelectromagnetic interface devices simultaneously;
- FIG. 82 is a flow diagram showing further variants of the method of FIG. 77;
- FIG. 84 is a flow diagram showing further variants of the method of FIG. 77;
- FIG. 85 is a flow diagram of a method of emplacing a neural stimulation device
- FIG. 91 is a flow diagram showing several variations of the method of FIG. 90.
- FIG. 92 is a flow diagram showing further variations of the method of FIG. 90;
- FIG. 93 is a flow diagram showing further variations of the method of FIG.
- a lumen-traveling device is an example of a lumenally active device.
- Lumenally active devices, and related methods and systems are described in U.S. Patent Application 11/403,230, entitled “Lumenally Active Device,” filed April 12, 2006, which is incorporated herein by reference.
- U.S. Patent Application 11/403,230 entitled “Lumenally Active Device,” filed April 12, 2006, which is incorporated herein by reference.
- U.S. Patent Application 11/403,230 entitled “Lumenally Active Device,” filed April 12, 2006, which is incorporated herein by reference.
- an embodiment of a lumen-traveling device 10 may include a structural element 12 configured to fit within at least a portion of a body lumen 14.
- the structural element 12 may include a lumen- wall-engaging portion 16 and a fluid-contacting portion 18 configured to contact fluid within the body lumen.
- Lumen-traveling device 10 may also include a propelling mechanism 20 capable of producing movement of the structural element 12 through a body lumen 14 in which the structural element is deployed, a sensor 22 capable of detecting a condition of interest in the body lumen, response initiation circuitry 24 operatively connected to the sensor 22 and configured to generate a response initiation signal upon detection of a condition of interest in the body lumen (e.g., plaque 30); and an active portion 26 operatively connected to the response initiation circuitry and capable of producing a response upon receipt of the response initiation signal.
- Body lumen 14 is defined by wall portions 28, which may be the walls of a blood vessel or other lumen-containing structure within the body of an organism.
- the lumen-traveling device may include a structural element carrying at least one of the propelling mechanism, motion control circuitry, sensor, response initiation circuitry or active portion.
- the structural element may include a self-expanding material, a resilient material, or a mesh- like material.
- the basic form of a structural element may be subject to different variations, e.g., by perforations, as shown in structural element 60 in FIG. 3A; a mesh structure, as shown in structural element 62 in FIG. 3B; or the inclusion of one or more slots 64 in structural element 66 in FIG. 3C.
- Slot 64 runs along the entire length of structural element 66; in other embodiments, one or more slots (or mesh or perforations) may be present in only a portion of the structural element.
- spiral, mesh, or slotted structural elements as in FIGS. 2D, 3B 3 and 3C
- formed from resilient material elastic, springy or self-expanding/self- contracting structural elements may be formed.
- FIGS. 2A — 2C, 3A - 3C, and 4A and 4B are substantially cylindrical, and hollow and tubular in configuration, with a single central opening.
- the exterior of the cylindrical structural element may contact and engage the wail of the body lumen, and the interior of the structural element (within the single central opening) may form a fluid-contacting portion of the structural element.
- Lumen-traveling devices according to various embodiments are not limited to cylindrical structural 1 elements having a single central opening, however.
- a structural element may be configured to contact and move along a portion of a wall of a body lumen, contacting or engaging the lumen wall over a portion of its cross-section (as opposed to contacting the lumen wall along its entire cross-section) without obstructing the movement of fluid within the body lumen.
- Such an embodiment may be approximately hemi-spherical or hemi-elliptoid, with a cross-section as depicted in FIG. 5 A.
- Other embodiments may be pill- or capsule- shaped, adapted to move through a central portion of a body lumen.
- FIG. 57 depicts (in cross-section) another example of a structural element 350 positioned within a lumen-containing structure 352.
- Structural element 350 includes two openings 354.
- the interior surfaces 356 of openings 354 function as fluid- contacting portions, while the outer surface 358 of structural element 350 serves as a lumen-wall-engaging portion.
- Applied pressure may be positive . pressure (e.g., to form a pressure fit of the device with the lumen wall, as described above, or to apply pressure to a particular location, e.g. to stop bleeding) or negative pressure (e.g., a vacuum, to adhere a portion of the lumen wall to the lumen-traveling device, for example to seal off a leak or aneurysm, or to position the device, as described previously).
- Pressure applied to a body lumen may influence one or both of the lumen walls or the contents of the lumen; in some cases application of pressure to a body lumen may increase (or decrease) the pressure in a fluid (gas or liquid) within the body lumen.
- control signal generation circuitry 906 may cause release of material from material release structure in response to passage of a certain amount of time, as monitored, for example, by a timekeeping device.
- material release structure 908 may include a pressurized reservoir of material.
- the material (or materials) to be released may be generated within the material release structure.
- the material(s) . may diffuse away from the release structure along a concentration gradient.
- FIGS. 21 A and 21B depict release structure 1250 including reservoir 1252 containing stored deliverable material 1254.
- FIG. 21A shows barrier 1256, which has a controllable permeability, in a first, impermeable state, while FIG. 21B shows barrier 1256 in a second, permeable state (indicated by reference number 1256').
- Stored deliverable material 1254 passes through barrier 1256', when it is in its permeable state, and is released.
- Chemical permeation enhancers may include, for example, isopropyl myristate, bile salts, surfactants, fatty acids and derivatives, chelators, cyclodextrins, or chitosan.
- iontophoresis microdialysis, ultrafiltration, electromagnetic, osmotic, electroosmosis, sonophoresis, suction, electroporation, thermal poration, microporation, microfine cannulas, skin permeabilization, or a laser.
- the active portion of a lumen- traveling device may include an attachment structure operatively coupled to the response initiation circuitry and configured to attach to a structure (particularly a man-made structure) present in the body lumen in response to receipt of the response initiation signal.
- the attachment structure may be a grasper shown in FIG. 24 or the device release structure shown in FIGS. 25A and 25B.
- Other attachment mechanisms may include various other mechanical mechanisms, or be based on magnetic attraction, electrostatic forces, chemical bonding, surface interactions, etc.
- Microscale structures for gripping or grasping are described in U.S. Patent 6,398,280, and "Zyvex NanoEffector Microgrippers"; Nanotechnology at Zyvex; printed on 12/7/2006; pp.
- the active portion may include one or more tools, especially surgical tools, e.g., tools for cutting, as depicted in FIGS. 26A and 26B, scraping, as depicted in FIG. 27, suturing, or cauterizing.
- a lurnen-traveling device 1450 includes a cutting tool 1452 mounted on shaft 1454, which may be retracted into channel 1456, driven by translation motor 1458.
- lumen-traveling device 1450 includes main lumen 1460. A cross-section of lumen-traveling device 1450 taken at section line B-B, showing shaft 1454, channel 1456, and main lumen 1460 is illustrated in FIG. 26B. Channel 1456 and main lumen 1460 pass through core portion 1462 of lumen-traveling device 1450.
- CHRISTENSEN BILL
- ANANTHAS WAMY ANIL
- Appendage-like structures may intermittently engage the lumen wall and push the structural element with respect to the lumen wall with a walking-type motion, or may push against fluid within the lumen in a paddling or swimming motion.
- the propelling mechanism may drive rotational movement of a lumen-wall-engaging structure with respect to the structural element, e.g., as in turning of a wheel or a screw element to propel the structural element through a lumen.
- FIGS. 29A — 29 E depict (in cross-section) an embodiment of a lumen-traveling device 1650 which includes a motion-arresting portion including a first lumen-wall-engaging structure 1652 on first portion 1654 of the lumen-traveling device, capable of at least intermittently engaging an inner surface 1658 of body lumen in which the lumen-traveling device 1650 is deployed.
- the device may also include at least one second lumen-wall-engaging structure 1660 on second portion 1662 of the lumen-traveling device, wherein the propelling mechanism produces lengthening and shortening of the distance, between the first lumen-wall-engaging structure 1652 and the second lumen-wall-engaging structure 1660 in coordination with alternate engagement of the first lumen-wall- engaging structure 1652 and the second lumen-wall-engaging structure 1660 with the inner surface 1658 of the body lumen in which the lumen-traveling device is deployed.
- Lumen-traveling devices that utilize an inchworm-type propulsion mechanism with suction mechanisms for engaging the surface of the heart are disclosed in PATRONIK, N.A.; OTA, T.; ZENATI, M.A.; RIVIERE, CN. ("Improved Traction for a Mobile Robot Traveling on the Heart"; Proceedings of the 28 th IEEE EMBS Annual International Conference; bearing dates of 8/30/2006- 9/03/2006 and 2006; pp. 339-342; IEEE); DARIO, P.; CARROZZA, M.C.; LENCIONI, L.; MAGNANI, B.; D'ATTANASIO, S.
- Radially and longitudinally expanding or extending structures may be mechanical or micromechanical structures;, expandable materials, inflatable structures, or shape-changing materials or structures. While reference is made to expandable and inflatable materials and structures here, and throughout the specification, it will be appreciated that structures that are specified as being expandable and inflatable may also be contractible or deflatable, and thus capable of reversible change in dimension. Reversible changes of dimension may be used in generating cyclical motions for propelling a lumen-traveling device. In some embodiments, expansion/contraction may force fluid out of the device to generate jet or vortex propulsion. Nevertheless, it is contemplated that, in some applications, materials and structures that change dimension in one direction (only expansion or only contraction) may be used.
- First lumen-wall-engaging structure 1704 is formed from a strip of material formed into first and second loops 1708 and 1710, respectively. In FIG. 30A, first loop 1708 is small, and second loop 1710 is large, so that it engages lumen walls 1720. Second lumen-wall-engaging structure 1706 is formed of first loop 1714 and second loop 1716. which in FIG. 30A are of medium size, so that neither engages lumen walls 1720. First lumen-wall-engaging structure 1704 is connected to lumen- traveling device 1700 at mounting point 1712, which includes a translational mechanism for moving first loop 1708 with respect to second loop 1712 to change the size of the two loops.
- second lumen-wall-engaging structure 1706 is connected to lumen-traveling device 1700 at mounting point 1718, which includes a translational mechanism for moving first loop 1714 with respect to second loop 1716 to change the size of the two loops.
- arc 1702 is extended, so that second lumen-wall-engaging structure 1706 has moved from point B (in FIG. 30A) to point C (in FIG. 30B).
- First loop 1714 of second lumen-wall-engaging structure 1706 has been reduced in size by a translational mechanism at mounting point 1718, while second loop 1716 has been increased in size to engage lumen walls 1720.
- Inchworm motion similar to that depicted in FIGS.
- FIG. 31 depicts a further embodiment of a lumen-traveling device adapted to travel through the body lumen with a propelling mechanism that produces walking- type motion.
- the lumen-traveling device may include two or more lumen-wall- engaging structures on a portion of the lumen-traveling device capable of at least intermittently engaging an inner surface of a body lumen in which the lumen- traveling device is deployed, wherein the propelling mechanism drives walking movement of the two or more lumen-wall-engaging structures with respect to inner surface of the body lumen.
- a propelling mechanism capable of producing relative extension and retraction of the at least two lumen-wall-engaging structures with respect to each other in combination with alternate engagement and disengagement of the body lumen wall 1764 to produce movement of the lumen-traveling stimulation device with respect to the body lumen wall.
- Lumen-traveling device 1750 may also include motion control circuitry carried at least in part by the lumen-traveling device and configured to control the propelling mechanism to control movement of the lumen-traveling device through the body lumen; a sensor capable of detecting a condition of interest in the body lumen; and an active portion carried by the structural element and configured to perform an action in response to detection of the condition of interest by the sensor, not shown in FIG. 31 but operating as described elsewhere herein.
- the at least two lumen-wall- engaging structures may include at least two appendages configured for walking motion.
- legs 1752 and 1754 extend and retract with respect to each other, for example, so that as one leg swings forward, the other swings back. Larger or smaller numbers of legs, distributed in various patterns about the structural element, may be used to propel the lumen-traveling device through the body lumen, and the embodiment depicted in FIG. 31 represents one possible example.
- Leg structures for lumen-traveling devices may be formed of various materials and structures, including nanotubes and nanotube bundles, carbon fibers and carbon fiber bundles, silicon, metal, polymers, and other materials as described herein.
- Legs may be moved to produce walking motion may be actuated by various mechanisms.
- the legs formed from shape- changing material may be moved through change in configuration of the leg structure itself, while in other embodiments the leg may have a substantially rigid or fixed configuration that may be moved by separate actuation mechanism.
- Shape-changing materials that may be used in leg structures or actuators may be of various types, for example, stacked piezoelectric elements, electroactive polymers, heat sensitive polymers, magnetic field responsive polymers, and ferromagnetic materials, as described elsewhere herein.
- motors and actuators may be used to drive leg motion, as known to those of skill in the art.
- lumen-traveling device 1800 includes structural element 1802, which may be formed of a resilient material.
- Structural element 1802 may be a substantially tubular structure with a central lumen 1816, for example.
- a plurality of expanding or extending structures 1804, 1806, 1808, 1810, 1812, 1814, and 1818 maybe positioned along the length of structural element 1802. Expanding or extending structures may expand in a lengthwise direction as well as expanding in a radially outward direction. For example, in FIG. 32 A, expanding or extending structures 1804 and 1810 are shown in their expanded configurations, in which they are both wider and longer than in their contracted configurations as shown in FIG. 32B.
- expanding or extending structures 1806, 1808, 1812, and 1814 are shown in the contracted configurations in FIG. 32A, and in their expanded configurations in FIG. 32B.
- a propelling mechanism may be configured to drive movement of the lumen-traveling device along a wire, catheter, cannula, or tube within the body lumen. For example, as shown in FIG.
- lumen-traveling device 1850 moves along elongated structure 1852 (which may be, for example, a wire, catheter, cannula, tube or other structure) located within body lumen 1854, surrounded by lumen walls 1856.
- Lumen-traveling device 1850 includes body structure 1858, retainer I860, and propelling mechanism 1862.
- retainer 1860 is a hook-like structure that holds lumen-traveling device 1850 against elongated structure 1852 while allowing it to move along elongated structure 1852, while propelling mechanism 1862 causes lumen-traveling device 1850 to move along elongated structure 1852.
- propelling mechanism 1862 is a rotating wheel that moves lumen-traveling device 1850 along elongated structure 1852, but in other embodiment, other propelling mechanisms may be used to move a lumen-traveling device along an elongated structure.
- the lumen-traveling device may be propelled through the body lumen by one or more paddles, propellers, vortex generators, jets, flagellum-like structures, or the like, which push against fluid contained within the lumen rather than engaging the wall of the body lumen, e.g. as described in U.S. Patent 6,240,312 or in BEHKAM, BAHAREH; SITTI, METIN; "TOWARDS HYBRID SWIMMING MICROROBOTS: BACTERIA ASSISTED PROPULSION OF POLYSTYRENE BEADS"; Proceedings of the 28 th IEEE EMBS Annual International Conference; bearing dates of 8/30/2006-9/03/2006 and 2006; pp.
- the power source could be one or more fuel cell such as an enzymatic, microbial, or photosynthetic fuel cell or other bio fuel cell (US2003/0152823 Al; WO03/106966A2; or Chen T et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 8630-8631, A Miniature Bio fuel Cell, all of which are incorporated herein by reference), and could be of any size, including the micro- or nano- scale.
- the power source may be a nuclear battery.
- the lumen-traveling device may include a power transmitter capable of transmitting power from the lumen-traveling device to a secondary location.
- the power transmitter may be capable of transmitting at least one of acoustic power, electrical power, or optical power.
- the secondary location may be, for example, another device within the body, either in a body lumen or elsewhere, that includes a power receiver and structures for using, storing and/or retransmitting the received power.
- Remote portion 1972 may include a power source 1986.
- the motion control circuitry may be located in or on the lumen-traveling device.
- the embodiment of FIG. 35 may include power source 1968 configured to provide power to at least one of propelling mechanism 1956, steering mechanism 1966, motion control circuitry 1958, sensor 1960, response initiation circuitry 1962 or active portion 1964. Components of the embodiment of FIG. 35 may be generally as described elsewhere herein. Steering mechanism 1966 may be as described above in connection with FIG. 34.
- power may be transmitted to lumen-traveling device 1950 from remote portion 1972.
- lumen-traveling devices may include a lumen-wall-engaging portion; a fluid-contacting portion configured to contact fluid within the body lumen and to at least intermittently permit flow of fluid through the body lumen; a propelling mechanism capable of producing movement of the lumen-traveling device through a body lumen in which the lumen- traveling device may be deployed; at least one sensor capable of detecting a condition of interest in the body lumen and generating a sense signal indicating detection of the condition of interest; motion control circuitry carried at least in part on said lumen- traveling device and configured to control the propelling mechanism at least in part based upon the sense signal; response initiation circuitry operatively connected to the sensor and configured to generate a response initiation signal upon receipt of the sense signal indicating detection of a condition of interest in the body lumen; and an active portion operatively connected to the response initiation circuitry and capable of producing a response upon receipt of the response initiation signal.
- a fluid contacting portion configured to contact fluid within the body lumen and at least intermittently permit flow of fluid through the body lumen is though to he a useful feature for lumen-traveling device used in lumens through which fluid travel, such as, for example, blood vessels, portions of the respiratory tract, digestive tract or CSF space. In some cases, blockage of flow may cause serious problems.
- lumen- traveling devices which are configured to permit the flow of fluid at least a portion of the time may be of value.
- fluid may flow through a channel or lumen passing through the lumen-traveling device (e.g., as depicted in FIGS. 1, 29, or 32), or past a lumen-traveling device that has an cross section that does not fill the cross- section of the lumen, as in FIGS. 5 A, 5E, 30A, 30B, or 33, for example.
- a lumen-traveling device may include a power source configured to provide power to at least one of the propelling mechanism, the motion control circuitry, the sensor, the response initiation circuitry, or the active portion.
- the power source may be located on the lumen-traveling device, or (at least in part) on a remote portion as illustrated in FIG. 35, with power being transmitted to the lumen-traveling device.
- the condition of interest may include a man-made structure, such as an implantable device of some sort, potentially including another lumen-traveling device.
- the condition of interest may include one or more of an electrical field, magnetic field, temperature, flow condition, time, location, pressure, pH, presence or concentration of a chemical compound or species.
- detecting a condition of interest in the fluid within the body lumen may include detecting the presence of a material of interest in the fluid within the body lumen.
- a material of interest in a fluid may include, for example, an object such as a blood clot, a thrombus, an embolus, a plaque, a lipid, a kidney stone, a dust particle, a pollen particle, an aggregate, a cell, a specific type of cell, a cell fragment, a cellular component, a platelet, an organelle, a collection or aggregation of cells or components thereof, a gamete, a pathogen, or a parasite.
- a lumen-traveling device may move through a body lumen until it reaches a particular location and then cease traveling in order to reside, either temporarily or substantially permanently, at the location. At the location, it may perform an action on the local tissue forming the lumen or perform an action on fluid within the lumen, which may be flowing or moving in some other manner, either continuously or intermittently, or may be substantially unmoving.
- the location at which a lumen-traveling device stops and resides may be pre-selected, in which case the device may be targeted to the location. Alternatively, the location may be selected as the device is traveling through the lumen, based on one or more features of the location, which may be sensed by the device.
- propelling the lumen-traveling device through the body lumen may include propelling the lumen-traveling device with sufficient force to push open a closed body lumen, as shown in step 2064.
- the step of detecting a condition of interest may include detecting a fluid flow, as shown in step 2066, detecting fluid viscosity as shown in step 2068, or detecting a fluid shear, as shown in step 2070.
- FIG. 38 shows further variants of the method of FIG. 36.
- Steps 40A - 40E show further variants of a method as described generally in
- the method may include propelling the lumen-traveling device through a body lumen at step 2252; at least intermittently permitting flow of fluid through the body lumen and past a fluid-contacting portion of the lumen-traveling device at step 2254; detecting a condition of interest with a sensor on the lumen- traveling device at step 2256; producing a response initiation signal with response initiation circuitry located at least in part on the lumen-traveling device at least partially in response to detection of the condition of interest at step 2258; and performing an action with an active portion of the lumen-traveling device in response to the response initiation signal at step 2260. As shown in FIG.
- performing an action with the active portion at step 2260 may include at least partly removing specific components from at least a portion of a fluid within the body lumen, as shown at step 2312, or activating at least one catalyst, as shown at step 2314.
- performing an action with the active portion may include generating an electric field, as shown at step 2316, generating a magnetic field, as shown at step 2318, or scraping or cutting at least a portion of the body lumen, as indicated at steps 2320 and 2322, respectively.
- a lumen-traveling device as described herein may include control circuitry for controlling various aspects of the operation of the device. Lumen-traveling devices and systems as described herein may be operated under the control of control circuitry, which may include hardware, software, firmware, or a combination thereof.
- response initiation module 2506 may in some embodiments be capable of generating a response initiation signal configured for controlling the action by the active portion 2508 of the lumen-traveling device for a period of time as a function of the parameter value of the condition of interest.
- sensing module 2502 may be capable of generating a time- varying sense signal indicating a time- varying parameter value of the condition of interest, wherein he response initiation module 2506 maybe capable of generating a response initiation signal configured for controlling active portion 2508 of the lumen- traveling device as a function of the time-varying sense signal.
- a further method step 2666 may include resuming movement of the lumen-traveling device through the body lumen following delivery of the treatment to the treatment target with the active portion of the lumen-traveling device.
- FIG. 46 shows a further variation of the method of FIG. 44, including moving a self-propelling lumen-traveling device through a body lumen at step 2702; at least intermittently permitting flow of fluid through the body lumen and past a fluid- contacting portion of the lumen-traveling device at step 2704; detecting a treatment target based at least in part upon detection of a condition of interest in the body lumen with a sensor on the lumen-traveling device at step 2706; producing a response initiation signal at least in part in response to detection of the condition of interest with response initiation circuitry located at least in part on the lumen-traveling device at step 2708; and delivering a treatment to the treatment target with an active portion of the lumen-traveling device in response to the response initiation signal at step 2710, where delivering the treatment to
- a method of using a lumen-traveling device may include delivering the treatment to the treatment target with an active portion of the lumen-traveling device, wherein the treatment may be determined based at least in part upon at least one sensed parameter of the treatment target. In other embodiments, the treatment may be determined at least in part by a treatment pattern stored in the lumen-traveling device.
- the lumen-traveling device 47 may also include emplacing the lumen-traveling device in the body lumen by inserting a catheter carrying the lumen-traveling device into the body lumen and releasing the lumen-traveling device from the catheter, at step 2752, followed by the steps of moving a self-propelling lumen-traveling device through a body lumen at step 2754; at least intermittently permitting flow of fluid through the body lumen and past a fluid-contacting portion of the lumen-traveling device at step 2756; detecting a treatment target based at least in part upon detection of a condition of interest in the body lumen with a sensor on the lumen-traveling device at step 2758; producing a response initiation signal at least in part in response to detection of the condition of interest with response initiation circuitry located at least in part on the lumen- traveling device at step 2760; and delivering a treatment to the treatment target with an active portion of the lumen-traveling device in response to the response initiation signal at step 2762.
- detecting a condition of interest may include detecting a variety of conditions, including but not limited to, an embolism, a plaque, a thrombus, an aneurysm, a stenosis, a puncture, a perforation, a rupture, a dissection, a tear, or a branching point in the body lumen, the branching point including at least two branches of the body lumen.
- the term "condition”, as used herein, may refer to normally occurring anatomic features, man- made or other foreign structures, features, or conditions, disease states or injuries that may be present in a lumen by chance or purpose, and various detectable or measurable characteristics or parameters that indicate the presence of such conditions or features.
- Another consideration may be the ability to position the lumen-traveling device in the body lumen without producing unwanted effects; for example, it may be undesirable to block the supply of blood or other fluid to a tissue region or to prevent drainage of a fluid (blood, CSF, etc.) from a tissue region, so a body lumen that is small enough that the presence of a lumen-traveling device would significantly diminish fluid movement in the body lumen may be a less desirable target site, as might be a body lumen that is the single source/drainage for a tissue region. Conversely, a body lumen that is large relative to the lumen-traveling device, or that is one of multiple body lumens supplying or draining a tissue region may be a more desirable target site. As shown in FIG.
- a method of emplacing an self-propelling electromagnetic stimulation device may include selecting a target site based upon anatomical information as indicated at step 4352 (e.g., position within a particular blood vessel or cerebral ventricle known to be close to a particular brain structure may be detected by imaging) or selecting a target site based upon measurement of a physiological parameter, as indicated at step 4354.
- the physiological parameter may include a signal characteristic of a selected region of the nervous system (as shown at 4368) or a signal characteristic of a selected region of the heart (as-shown at 4370), or the physiological parameter may include a signal-to-noise ratio indicative of good signal transduction path between the self-propelling electromagnetic stimulation device and the stimulation target (as shown at 4372).
- a self-propelling electromagnetic stimulation device to travel within the body tube tree of a subject toward atarget site, at step 4360; if a branch point including two or more branches within the body tube tree is reached by the self-propelling electromagnetic stimulation device, causing the stimulation device to enter a selected branch (step 4362); and causing the self-propelling electromagnetic stimulation device to stop traveling upon reaching the target site (step 4364) are as described elsewhere herein.
- FIG. 64 illustrates the introduction of a self-propelling electromagnetic stimulation device 4550 into the body 4552 of a subject by injection.
- the self-propelling electromagnetic stimulation device 4550 is a cardiac stimulation device (e.g. a portion of a pacemaker).
- Self-propelling electromagnetic stimulation device 4550 is injected into arm vein 4554 (e.g. the cephalic vein) with hypodermic needle 4556, and travels in the direction of the blood flow to right atrium 4558 of heart 4560, along the route indicated by the dashed arrow. From right atrium 4558, the self-propelling electromagnetic stimulation device travels may travel to the base of right ventricle 4562, where it may reside and deliver cardiac pacing stimuli.
- FIG. 65 illustrates the introduction of a lumen-traveling biological interface device 4600 (e.g. a neural stimulation and/or sensing device) into the brain 4602 of a subject 4604 with a catheter 4606.
- Catheter 4606 carrying lumen-traveling biological interface device (the position of the lumen-traveling biological interface device on the catheter is indicated by an open circle 4608), is introduced into a vein (e.g. femoral 4610 as depicted in FIG. 65, or alternatively an arm vein as shown in FIG. 64).
- Catheter 4606 is advanced into the right atrium 4612 of the heart 4614, through heart 4614, and out via aorta 4616, and into carotid artery 4618.
- FIGS. 67A and 67B show further variations of the method shown in. FIG. 58.
- the method may include selecting a target site in proximity to a stimulation target, the stimulation target including tissue responsive to electromagnetic stimulation, in step 4702.
- the method may also include adjusting the size of the self-propelling electromagnetic stimulation device to fit within the target site, as shown at step 4704.
- the method may include causing a self- propelling electromagnetic stimulation device to travel within a body tube tree of a subject toward a target site at 4706, and, at step 4708, if a branch point including two or more branches within the body tube tree is reached by the self-propelling electromagnetic stimulation device, causing the self-propelling electromagnetic stimulation device to enter a selected branch..
- the method may include detecting a bioelectric signal from the stimulation target or at least one region associated therewith and delivering an electromagnetic stimulus responsive to detecting the bioelectric signal from the stimulation target or the at least one region associated therewith.
- FIG. 69 is a flow diagram of a further variation of the method shown in FIG. 58.
- the method of FIG. 69 includes causing a self-propelling electromagnetic stimulation device to travel within a body tube tree of a subject toward a target site at step 4772, if a branch point including two or more branches within the body tube tree is reached by the self-propelling electromagnetic stimulation device, causing the self- propelling electromagnetic stimulation device to enter a selected branch at step 4774, and causing the self-propelling electromagnetic stimulation device to stop traveling upon reaching the target site at 4776 as shown in previously described embodiments.
- Additional steps may include storing a record of the operation of the self-propelling electromagnetic stimulation device as indicated at 4778 and/or transmitting a representation of an activity of the self-propelling electromagnetic stimulation device to a remote portion as indicated at 4780.
- the method may also include causing the self-propelling electromagnetic stimulation device to resume traveling, as indicated at 4782.
- the method further includes emplacing at least one additional self-propelling electromagnetic stimulation device by causing the at least one additional self-propelling electromagnetic stimulation device to travel within the body tube tree of the subject toward an additional target site; wherein if a branch point including two or more branches within the body tube tree is reached by the at least one additional self-propelling electromagnetic stimulation device, causing the at least one self-propelling electromagnetic stimulation device to enter a selected branch; and causing the at least one self-propelling electromagnetic stimulation device to stop traveling upon reaching the additional target site.
- FIG. 71 is a flow diagram of a further extension of the method of FIG.
- a self-propelling electromagnetic stimulation device which includes the steps of causing a self-propelling electromagnetic stimulation device to travel within a body tube tree of a subject toward a target site at 4822, and if a branch point including two or more branches within the body tube tree is reached by the self-propelling electromagnetic stimulation device, causing the self-propelling electromagnetic stimulation device to enter a selected branch at step 4824.
- the method may include pulling one or more electromagnetic stimulation devices toward the target site with the self-propelling electromagnetic stimulation device.
- the method may include pushing one or more electromagnetic stimulation devices toward the target site with the self- propelling electromagnetic stimulation device, as indicated at 4828.
- the method may include causing the self-propelling electromagnetic stimulation device to stop traveling upon reaching the target site, as indicated at 4830.
- FIG. 72 illustrates brain 4850 of a subject, including lateral ventricals 4852 and 4854, third ventricle 4856, and thalamus 4858 (indicated generally as the striped region in FIG. 72).
- Stimulation devices 4860, 4862, 4864, and 4866 are positioned in lateral ventricle 4852
- stimulation devices 4868 and 4870 are positioned in third ventricle 4856.
- the stimulation devices are thus distributed around thalamus 4858 and may be used to selectively stimulate thalamus 4858 (or portions thereof).
- self-propelling lumen-traveling device 4954 may include grasper 4956 for carrying bioelectromagnetic interface device 4950.
- Self-propelling lumen-traveling device 4954 may include sensor 4958, which is configured to detect the arrival of the bioelectromagnetic interface device at the target site 4960, near stimulation target 4962.
- Sensor 4958 may be any of various types of sensors, as described herein.
- FIG. 73A the self-propelling lumen-traveling device 4954, carrying bioelectromagnetic interface device 4950, travels through body tube tree 4952 in the direction indicated by the arrow.
- FIG. 73B the arrival of bioelectromagnetic interface device 4950 at target site 4960 is detected by sensor 4958.
- the method may include moving the at least one bioelectromagnetic interface device through a body tube tree of a subject toward a target site with a self-propelling lumen-traveling device by pulling the at least one bioelectromagnetic interface device with the self-propelling lumen-traveling device as shown at 5006, while in other embodiments the method may include moving the at least one bioelectromagnetic interface device through a body tube tree of a subject toward a target site with a self-propelling lumen-traveling device by pushing the at least one bioelectromagnetic interface device with the self-propelling lumen-traveling device, as shown at 5008.
- the method may include detecting the arrival of the at least one bioelectromagnetic interface device at the target site (at step 5010) and releasing the at least one bioelectromagnetic interface device from the self-propelling lumen-traveling device (at step 5012). In some cases the method may include causing the at least one bioelectromagnetic interface device to engage the wall of the body tube tree at the target site (as shown at 5014), and moving the self-propelling lumen- traveling device away from the target site while leaving the at least one bioelectromagnetic interface device at the target site (at step 5016).
- FIG. 76 is a flow diagram showing further details of the method of FIG. 74.
- the method includes moving at least one bioelectromagnetic interface device through a body tube tree of a subject toward a target site with a self-propelling lumen- traveling device (at step 5052); detecting the arrival of the at least one bioelectromagnetic interface device at the target site (at step 5054); and moving the self-propelling lumen-traveling device away from the target site while leaving the at least one bioelectromagnetic interface device at the target site (at step 5056).
- FIG. 77 is a flow diagram of a method of emplacing a bioelectromagnetic interface system including: introducing a plurality of bioelectromagnetic interface devices into a body tube tree of a subject via at least one introduction site at step 5102, at least a portion of the bioelectromagnetic interface devices including at least one electromagnetic transducer configured for at least one of producing an output signal representative of a bioelectromagnetic signal sensed from a target tissue or delivering an electromagnetic stimulus to the target tissue and at least one of a signal processing portion capable of processing the output signal from the electromagnetic transducer or a stimulus source capable of producing an electromagnetic stimulus for delivery to the target tissue with the at least one electromagnetic transducer; and causing the plurality of bioelectromagnetic interface devices to travel within the body tube tree to a plurality of target sites within the body tube tree, at least a portion of the plurality of target sites located in the vicinity of at least one target tissue (step 5104).
- bioelectromagnetic interface devices 5150a, 515Ob, 5150c and 515Od are introduced into first region 5156 of body tube tree 5154 as a group, substantially simultaneously.
- bioelectromagnetic interface devices 5150a, 5150b, 5150c and 515Od travel along the routes indicated by the dashed arrows to reach branches 5164, 5160, 5158, and 5162, respectively.
- the same procedure can be carried out at multiple locations in the body, either simultaneously (by using multiple syringes or equivalents) or in sequence, to deliver multiple batches of bioelectromagnetic interface devices to the body.
- the method may include causing at least a portion of the plurality of bioelectromagnetic interface devices to travel within the body tube tree by moving the at least a portion of the plurality of bioelectromagnetic interface devices through the body tube tree attached to at least one catheter, as indicated at 5264.
- An example of emplacement of a bioelectromagnetic interface device with a catheter is depicted in FIG. 65. Introduction of a device with a catheter is illustrated in FIG. 65.
- the bio electromagnetic interface device may travel from the initial placement site to a final destination under its own power.
- FIG. 81 is a flow diagram of a method of emplacing a bioelectromagnetic interface system as shown in FIG. 77, which includes: introducing a plurality of bioelectromagnetic interface devices into a body tube tree of a subject via at least one introduction site, at least a portion of the bioelectromagnetic interface devices including at least one electromagnetic transducer configured for at least one of producing an output signal representative of a bioelectromagnetic signal sensed from a target tissue or delivering an electromagnetic stimulus to the target tissue and at least one of a signal processing portion capable of processing the output signal from the electromagnetic transducer or a stimulus source capable of producing an electromagnetic stimulus for delivery to the target tissue with the at least one electromagnetic transducer (step 5302); and causing the plurality of bioelectromagnetic interface devices to travel within the body tube tree to a plurality of target sites within the body tube tree, at least a portion of the plurality of target sites located in the vicinity of at least one target tissue (step 5304).
- the body tube tree may be the cardiovascular system of the subject.
- the body tube tree may be the respiratory system of the subject. In still other embodiments, the body tube tree may be the CSF- space of the subject, as indicated at 5366, the urogenital tract of the subject, as indicated at 5368, or the gastrointestinal tract of the subject, as indicated at 5370.
- the method may include selecting at least a portion of the plurality of target sites based upon anatomical information. In some embodiments, as shown at 5410, the method may include selecting at least a portion of the plurality of target sites based upon measurement of one or more physiological parameters, which might be, for example, a signal characteristic of a selected region of the nervous system, as shown at 5412, or a selected region of the heart, as shown at 5414. In some embodiments, as shown at 5416, the one or more physiological parameters may include a signal-to-noise ratio indicative of good signal transduction path between at least a portion of the one or more bio electromagnetic interface devices and the stimulation target.
- FIG. 84 is a flow diagram including further variations of the method of emplacing a bio electromagnetic interface system shown generally in FIG. 77.
- the method includes: introducing a plurality of bio electromagnetic interface devices into a body tube tree of a subject via at least one introduction site, at least a portion of the bio electromagnetic interface devices including at least one configured for at least one of producing an output signal representative of a bio electromagnetic signal sensed from a target tissue or delivering an electromagnetic stimulus to the target tissue and at least one of a signal processing portion capable of processing the bio electromagnetic signal recorded from the target tissue with the at least one electromagnetic transducer or a stimulus source capable of producing an electromagnetic stimulus for delivery to the target tissue with the at least one electromagnetic transducer (step 5452); causing the plurality of bioelectromagnetic interface devices to travel within the body tube tree to a plurality of target sites within the body tube tree, at least a portion of the plurality of target sites located in the vicinity of at least one target tissue (step 5454).
- the method may include delivering an electromagnetic stimulus to the stimulation
- the method may include detecting a bioelectric signal from the stimulation target or at least one region associated therewith and delivering the electromagnetic stimulus to the stimulation target with at least a portion of the one or more bio electromagnetic interface devices in response to detecting the bioelectric signal from the stimulation target or the at least one region associated therewith.
- the method may include detecting a biomagnetic signal from the stimulation target or at least one region associated therewith and delivering the electromagnetic stimulus to the stimulation target with at least a portion of the one or more bioelectromagnetic interface devices in response to detecting the biomagnetic signal from the stimulation target or the at least one region associated therewith, as shown at 5460.
- FIG. 85 is a flow diagram of a method of emplacing a neural stimulation device, which may include causing a self-propelling neural stimulation device to travel within a body tube tree of a subject toward a target site (at step 5502); if a branch point including two or more branches within the body tube tree is reached by the self-propelling neural stimulation device, causing the self-propelling neural stimulation device to enter a branch leading toward the target site (at step 5504); and causing the self-propelling neural stimulation device to stop traveling upon reaching the target site (at 5506).
- various applications are known for neural stimulation devices and systems. The method may be used for emplacing a single neural stimulation device at a time, or for expanding to emplace multiple neural stimulation devices.
- the method may include carrying at least one additional neural stimulation device with the self-propelling neural stimulation device.
- the neural stimulation devices may remain connected during use, or the method may include resealing the at least one additional neural stimulation device from the self-propelling neural stimulation device.
- the body tube tree may be the vascular system of the subject, as indicated at 5564, the respiratory system of the subject, as indicated at 5566, or the CSF-space of the subject, as indicated at 5568, for example.
- FIG. 87 is a flow diagram showing further details of a method as outlined in FIG. 86.
- FIG. 88 is a flow diagram showing a further expansion of the method of FIG. 85.
- the method includes selecting a target site in proximity to a stimulation target (at step 5652) and performing one or more of adjusting the size of the self-propelling neural stimulation device to fit within the target site (at 5664) or selecting a self- propelling neural stimulation device sized to fit within a target size (at 5666), e.g. by selecting the self-propelling neural stimulation device from an assortment of self- propelling neural stimulation devices of different sizes (at 5668).
- the method may also include the steps of causing a self-propelling neural stimulation device to travel within a body tube tree of a subject toward a target site (at 5670), if a branch point including two or more branches within the body tube tree is reached by the self- propelling neural stimulation device, causing the self-propelling neural stimulation device to enter a branch leading toward the target site (at 5672), and causing the self- propelling neural stimulation device to stop traveling upon reaching the target site (at 5674).
- the method may include causing the self-propelling neural stimulation device to resume traveling, as indicated at 5676.
- the self- propelling neural stimulation device may be an electromagnetic stimulation device, as indicated at 5678, a magnetic stimulation device, as indicated at 5680, an optical stimulation device, as indicated at 5682, or a chemical stimulation device, as indicated at 5684.
- FIG. 89 is a flow diagram showing a further expansion of the method of FIG. 85, including the steps of causing a self-propelling neural stimulation device to travel within a body tube tree of a subject toward a target site at 5702; if a branch point including two or more branches within the body tube tree is reached by the self- propelling neural stimulation device, causing the self-propelling neural stimulation device to enter a branch leading toward the target site at 5704; and causing the self- propelling neural stimulation device to stop traveling upon reaching the target site at 5706.
- the method may include detecting the branch point with a sensor on the self- propelling neural stimulation device, as indicated at 5710.
- the method may include causing the self-propelling neural stimulation device to stop traveling upon reaching the target site by discontinuing propulsion of the self-propelling neural stimulation device, as shown at 5716, by causing the self-propelling neural stimulation device to stop traveling upon reaching the target site by applying a force to oppose propulsion of the self-propelling neural stimulation device, as shown at 5718, or by engaging the wall of the body tube tree at the target site, as shown at 5720.
- the self-propelling neural stimulation device may be caused to engage a wall of the body tube tree by causing at least a portion of the self-propelling neural stimulation device to expand to form a pressure fit with the wall of the body tube tree, as indicated at 5722, by releasing an adhesive material from the self-propelling neural stimulation device, as indicated at 5724, or extending at least one claw or barb-like structure from the self-propelling neural stimulation device to penetratingly engage the wall of the body tube tree, as indicated at 5726. Examples of such structures are illustrated in FIGS. 5A, 5B, and 8B, for example.
- sensing of bioelectromagnetic signals with bioelectromagnetic signal sensing devices as described herein may be used in research or diagnostic applications.
- sensing of bioelectromagnetic signals may be used in combination with stimulation (electrical, magnetic, chemical, optical, etc.), delivery of drugs, or various treatments, stimuli, etc. to provide a therapeutic or beneficial effect, for providing control or feedback.
- stimulation electrical, magnetic, chemical, optical, etc.
- delivery of drugs or various treatments, stimuli, etc. to provide a therapeutic or beneficial effect, for providing control or feedback.
- FIG. 91 shows an expanded version of the method of FIG.
- Step 5854 may include causing the self-propelling bioelectromagnetic signal sensing device to travel with the body tube tree toward a target site located within a chamber of a heart of the subject (as shown at 5868), within the brain of the subject, of the subject (as shown at 5870), within a spinal canal of the subject (as shown at 5872), within a gastrointestinal tract of the subject (as shown at 5874), within a urogenital system of the subject (as shown at 5876), or within a musculature of the subject of the subject (as shown at 5878).
- a target site may be selected that is in proximity to a bioelectromagnetic signal source, for example, a target site within a chamber of the heart may be selected if a signal is to be detected from the heart, a target site within a cerebral ventrical or a blood vessel in the brain may be selected for detecting a signal from a region of the brain, and so on.
- the method may include detecting the branch point with a sensor on the self-propelling bioelectromagnetic signal sensing device.
- Various types of signals may provide information about the presence of a branch point, including, for example, optical signals, acoustic signals, and electromagnetic signals, among others.
- FIG. 93 is a flow diagram showing a further variant of the method of FIG. 90, which includes the steps of causing a self-propelling bioelectromagnetic signal sensing device to travel within a body tube tree of a subject toward a target site (step 5886), causing a self-propelling bioelectromagnetic signal sensing device to travel within a body tube tree of a subject toward a target site (step 5888), and sensing a bioelectromagnetic signal with the self-propelling bioelectromagnetic signal sensing device (step 5890).
- the method may include, sensing a plurality of bioelectromagnetic signals with the self-propelling bioelectromagnetic signal sensing device, wherein each of the plurality of bioelectromagnetic signals is sensed with a respective electromagnetic transducer of a plurality of electromagnetic transducers carried by the self-propelling bioelectromagnetic signal sensing device, as indicated at 5892.
- the method may also include causing the self-propelling bioelectromagnetic signal sensing device to stop traveling upon reaching the target site (step 5894) and causing the self-propelling bio electromagnetic signal sensing device to resume traveling (step 5896).
- FIG. 95 shows an expansion of the method of FIG. 94, which includes introducing the self-propelling cardiac stimulation device into the body tube tree of a subject (step 5952); selecting a target site in proximity to a stimulation target (step 5954); causing a self-propelling cardiac stimulation device to travel within the body tube tree of a subject toward a target site at 5956; if a branch point including two or • more branches within the body tube tree is reached by the self-propelling cardiac stimulation device, causing the self-propelling cardiac stimulation device to enter a branch leading toward the target site at 5958; and causing the causing the self- propelling cardiac stimulation device to stop traveling upon reaching the target site at 5960.
- FIG. 96 A further variant of the method of emplacing a cardiac stimulation device outlined in FIG. 94 is shown in FIG. 96.
- the method may include selecting a self- propelling cardiac stimulation device that is sized to fit within the target site, as indicated at 6002. This may be accomplished, for example by selecting the self- propelling cardiac stimulation device from an assortment of self-propelling cardiac stimulation devices of different sizes, as indicated in 6004. Alternatively, the method may include adjusting the size of the self-propelling cardiac stimulation device to fit within the target site, as indicated at 6006.
- an implementer may opt for a mainly hardware and/or firmware vehicle; alternatively, if flexibility is paramount, the implementer may opt for a mainly software implementation; or, yet again alternatively, the implementer may opt for some combination of hardware, software, and/or firmware.
- any vehicle to be utilized is a choice dependent upon the context in which the vehicle will be deployed and the specific concerns (e.g., speed, flexibility, or predictability) of the implementer, any of which may vary.
- Those skilled in the art will recognize that optical aspects of implementations will typically employ optically- oriented hardware, software, and or firmware.
- a signal bearing medium examples include, but are not limited to, the following: a recordable type medium such as a floppy disk, a hard disk drive, a Compact Disc (CD), a Digital Video Disk (DVD), a digital tape, a computer memory, etc.; and a transmission type medium such as a digital and/or an analog communication medium (e.g., a fiber optic cable, a waveguide, a wired communications link, a wireless communication link, etc.).
- electro-mechanical system includes, but is not limited to, electrical circuitry operably coupled with a transducer (e.g., an actuator, a motor, a piezoelectric crystal, etc.), electrical circuitry having at least one discrete electrical circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one integrated circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one application specific integrated circuit, electrical circuitry forming a general purpose computing device configured by a computer program (e.g., a general purpose computer configured by a computer program which at least partially carries out processes and/or devices described herein, or a microprocessor configured by a computer program which at least partially carries out processes and/or devices described herein), electrical circuitry forming a memory device (e.g., forms of random access memory), electrical circuitry forming a communications device (e.g., a modem, communications switch, or optical-electrical equipment), and any non- electrical analog thereto, such as optical or other analogs.
- a transducer e.g., an actuator, a motor, a piezoelectric
- any two components herein combined to achieve a particular functionality can be seen as “associated with” each other such that the desired functionality is achieved, irrespective of architectures or intermedial components.
- any two components so associated can also be viewed as being “operably connected”, or “operably coupled”, to each other to achieve the desired functionality, and any two components capable of being so associated can also be viewed as being “operably couplable”, to each other to achieve the desired functionality.
- operably couplable include but are not limited to physically mateable and/or physically interacting components and/or wirelessly interactable and/or wirelessly interacting components and/or logically interacting and/or logically interactable components.
Abstract
Description
Claims
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KR20090009940A (en) | 2009-01-23 |
WO2007130564A3 (en) | 2008-10-30 |
WO2007130566A3 (en) | 2008-10-23 |
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