WO2013090499A1 - Method of joining titanium and titanium-based alloys to ferrous metals using tantalum - Google Patents
Method of joining titanium and titanium-based alloys to ferrous metals using tantalum Download PDFInfo
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- WO2013090499A1 WO2013090499A1 PCT/US2012/069372 US2012069372W WO2013090499A1 WO 2013090499 A1 WO2013090499 A1 WO 2013090499A1 US 2012069372 W US2012069372 W US 2012069372W WO 2013090499 A1 WO2013090499 A1 WO 2013090499A1
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- titanium
- workpiece
- weld
- ferrous metal
- based alloy
- Prior art date
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Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K9/00—Arc welding or cutting
- B23K9/23—Arc welding or cutting taking account of the properties of the materials to be welded
- B23K9/232—Arc welding or cutting taking account of the properties of the materials to be welded of different metals
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K15/00—Electron-beam welding or cutting
- B23K15/0046—Welding
- B23K15/0093—Welding characterised by the properties of the materials to be welded
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K2103/00—Materials to be soldered, welded or cut
- B23K2103/08—Non-ferrous metals or alloys
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/20—Bonding
- B23K26/21—Bonding by welding
- B23K26/24—Seam welding
- B23K26/26—Seam welding of rectilinear seams
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/20—Bonding
- B23K26/32—Bonding taking account of the properties of the material involved
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/20—Bonding
- B23K26/32—Bonding taking account of the properties of the material involved
- B23K26/323—Bonding taking account of the properties of the material involved involving parts made of dissimilar metallic material
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K2101/00—Articles made by soldering, welding or cutting
- B23K2101/18—Sheet panels
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K2103/00—Materials to be soldered, welded or cut
- B23K2103/18—Dissimilar materials
- B23K2103/24—Ferrous alloys and titanium or alloys thereof
Definitions
- a method of joining, e.g., by fusion welding, titanium, and titanium-based alloys to ferrous metals, and the intermetallic weld pool created by practice of the method is described.
- Welding of titanium, and titanium-based alloys is plagued with poor quality and highly brittle welds, substantially due to formation of Ti ⁇ Fe intermetallics in the weld pool.
- the instant invention involves the use or deployment of tantalum in the weld pool to create a surprisingly strong intermetallic bond.
- the present invention relates to the field of material joining; particularly, to a method of joining titanium, and titanium-based alloys workpieces, to ferrous metals workpieces e.g., by welding.
- Titanium and titanium alloys have become important structural metals due to an unusual combination of properties. These alloys have strength comparable to many stainless steels at much lighter weight. Additionally, they display excellent corrosion resistance, superior to that of aluminum and sometimes greater than that of stainless steel. Further, titanium is one of the most abundant metals in the earth's crust and, as production methods become more economical, it will be employed in ever growing applications.
- SMAs shape memory alloys
- metallic materials also known as nickel-titanium alloys
- This shape memory effect i.e., the ability to exhibit a temperature dependent change in shape or configures, finds numerous commercial, especially medical, applications.
- Nickel-titanium SMAs undergo a phase transformation in their crystalline structure when cooled through a transition temperature from the relatively stronger, high temperature or "Austenite (or austenitic)" form to the relatively weaker, low temperature or “Martensite (or martensitic)” form.
- Such crystalline transformations are responsible for the hallmark characteristics of these materials; their thermal, or shape memory; and their mechanical memory.
- titanium and titanium-based alloys (conversely nickel-titanium alloys), especially their shape memory, means they have been widely used as components of medical devices such as catheters, stents, guidewires, blood filters, stylettes, and numerous other devices.
- titanium makes it important that any welding be done in a clean, inert atmosphere e.g., as argon blanket, or in a vacuum, to reduce the tendency to form damaging oxides or nitrides.
- Nickel-titanium alloys materials naturally form surface oxides in air during processing into finished form making the use of an inert atemosphere (or vacuum) of lesser importance.
- the principal surface oxide formed is Ti0 2 .
- U.S. Pat. No. 6,875,949 to Peter C. Hall also incorporated by reference herein discloses a method of welding titanium metals and ferrous metals using nickel or iron added to the weld pool.
- the '949 patent discourages the use of aluminum, chromium and titanium (col. 8, line 49, et seq.) stating that they do not improve weld quality between titanium metals and ferrous metals.
- the art has needed a means for improving the art of fusion welding titanium, and titanium-based alloys, to ferrous metals.
- the present invention overcomes the problems experienced in this art and provides an improved method of welding titanium, or titanium-based alloys, to ferrous metals e.g., metals, steel, other alloys, eutectic mixtures containing or comprising any appreciable amount of iron.
- a preferred embodiment of this invention is an improved method of welding nickel-titanium alloy e.g., the alloy known as nitinol, and stainless steel. This invention is particularly applicable to the medical device art, e.g., guidewire.
- this invention is a method of welding titanium, or titanium- based alloy, to a ferrous metal to produce a strong and ductile weld by inclusion of tantalum in the weld.
- the method comprises in general, the steps of placing at least one titanium, or a titanium-based alloy workpiece in close proximity to a ferrous metal workpiece and a suitably shaped tantalum workpiece, thereby forming or defining a joint precursor or joint. Shielding may be provided around the joint precursor, such as by way of example, placing the workpieces in a vacuum or flooding or blanketing the joint precursor with inert gas.
- the joint precursor is then fusion welded, by any of various means of fusion welding, including, in a preferred embodiment, pulsed laser welding to create a weld pool and, upon cooling, the joint or weld. Fusion welding produces a liquidus or eutectic weld pool fully incorporating the tantalum, the titanium or titanium-based alloy and the ferrous metal.
- This method is generally applicable to all titanium or titanium-based alloys (and conversely nickel-titanium alloys) and ferrous metal combinations.
- the workpieces may be in any shape, including sheet, bar, tube, or, in the preferred embodiment, wire.
- Optional steps include cleaning and stress relieving the workpieces prior to welding, after welding, or both.
- a preferred application of this invention is to join dissimilar metal components of a medical device.
- medical guidewires having a nitinol core at least partially surrounded by a stainless steel distal coil may be manufactured by plasma welding the core to the coil in the presence of tantalum or with the introduction to the weld pool, and thus to the joint, of a suitable quantity of tantalum. The weld pool then is cooled to provide the unexpectedly tactile, strong weld, bond or joint.
- FIGS. 1-4 show generally an application of this invention. Specifically FIG. 1 show an elevation view of titanium, or titanium-based alloy workpiece 100 and a ferrous metal workpiece 200 in the embodiment of two adjacent wire (i.e., 100 and 200) with a joint precursor 300 between their ends;
- FIGS. 2 A and 2B show an elevation view of the wires of FIG. 1, wherein the joint (bracket 300) has a tantalum workpiece 310 placed therein.
- FIG. 3 shows an elevation view of the wires, joint, and tantalum of FIG. 2 (100, 200, 300, and 310, respectively) filled with a tantalum workpiece 310. Fusion welding means 400 is also shown.
- FIG. 4 shows an elevation view of the wires of FIG. 2 during formation of a weld pool 600.
- FIG. 5 illustrates the test piece configuration used to generate the weld characterization data discussed herein;
- FIG. 6 shows the Standard Pull Strengths of the weld systems evaluated using the test piece of FIG.5;
- FIG. 7 shows 6 lb. Fatigue Pull, Number of Pulls to Failure for the systems of FIG. 6 using the test piece configuration of FIG. 5;
- FIG. 8 shows Turns to Failure Test Results for the systems tested (i.e., welds) in FIG. 6;
- FIG. 9 shows Cyclical Turns to Failure, 3 Clockwise— 3 counterclockwise Turns per Cycle for the weld tested in FIG. 6;
- FIG. 10 shows the numerical values of the data using the test piece configuration of FIG. 5 and illustrated in FIGs. 6-9;
- FIG. 11 is a sectioned photomicrograph of the distal end of a medical guidewire showing the weld produced in a practice of this invention utilizing a nitinol core, a stainless steel outer coil and tantalum inner coil;
- FIG. 12 is a sectioned photomicrograph of the distal end of a guidewire having a conventional nitinol core fusion welded to a stainless steel coil;
- FIG. 13 is a sectioned photomicrograph of the distal end of a medical guidewire with a nitinol core fusion welded to a nickel washer and a stainless steel coil.
- a nickel washer was used to rnimic the use of a nickel inner coil.
- a nickel inner coil would not normally by used to produce a guidewire because nickel, in contrast with tantalum, is not sufficiently radiopaque to mark the guidewire distal end.
- FIG. 14 is a sectioned photomicrograph of a stainless steel guidewire core fusion welded to a stainless steel coil.
- the method of fusion welding titanium, or titanium-based alloys, to ferrous metals or by the inclusion in the presence of tantalum in the weld enables a significant advance in the state of the art.
- the method produces a weld zone or weld that is substantially free of certain intermetallic compounds or alloys, such as, by way of example and not limitation, FeTi and TiFe 2 , which cause brittleness of the weld bond.
- tantalum in this application is intended to include essentially pure tantalum as well as tantalum-based alloys, mixtures, and eutectics which are substantially or predominantly tantalum. Any such tantalum alloy or mixture within the scope of this invention will provide the performance characteristics of substantially pure tantalum in the creation of weld pools, welds, or joints in the bonding or joining of titanium or titanium-based alloy workpieces to ferrous metal workpieces. Generally speaking, tantalum and tantalum-based alloys will comprise no more than about 35 atomic percent of any material in the alloy or mixture other than tantalum.
- fusion weld is to be broadly construed to mean any of the techniques well known to the art in which a liquidus weld, weld pool or eutectic mixture is created in the process of bonding one material to another.
- exemplary and not limiting fusion weld techniques include laser welding, electron beam welding, tungsten inert gas welding, plasma welding and other techniques suggested by this list.
- titanium-based alloy or "titanium-based system” as used herein are to be broadly construed to mean systems containing the two mentioned metals which exhibit the difficult bonding characteristics of nitinol.
- Titanium-based systems generally will contain significant atomic percentages of nickel with the titanium and nickel being present in an intermetallic phase.
- shape memory alloys as used in this invention, and as used to produce medical devices will consist essentially of about 48 to about 52 atomic percent nickel and conversely, from 52 to about 48 atomic percent titanium. Titanium-based alloys can and often do include additional elements such as copper, niobium, gold, palladium, platinum, hafnium and zirconium.
- any such third elements is to be at a lesser atomic percentage than will materially inhibit the characteristic of shape memory effect in the resulting alloy or eutectic mixture.
- Alternative characterizations of materials to be included in this definition are those titanium-based alloys or eutectics which exhibit the phenomenon described as being "super elastic" at the temperature of their intended use.
- the method comprises a method of welding titanium, or a titanium-based alloy workpiece 100 to a ferrous metal workpiece 200 to produce a strong ductile weld, comprising, in general, the steps, seen in FIGS. 1 through 4, of placing at least one titanium, or a titanium-based alloy, workpiece 100, in close proximity to at least one ferrous metal workpiece 200 thereby forming a joint precursor 300.
- a quantity of a tantalum material 310 such as a tantalum coil or a tantalum workpiece is added concurrently or subsequently with formation of the joint precursor substantially at the joint precursor 300.
- Shielding optionally is provided around the joint precursor, such as by way of example and not limitation, placing the workpieces 100, 200 in a vacuum or by flooding the joint precursor 300 with inert gas.
- the joint precursor 300 is then fusion welded, by application of the fusion welding means 400 of any of the numerous processes of fusion welding, including by way of example, laser welding.
- the fusion welding means 400 producing the weld pool 600 is produced by a beam of a laser, and this laser beam may further be pulsed during the fusion welding.
- the fusion welding produces a weld pool 600 fully incorporating the tantalum 310 to achieve the desired composition of the weld pool.
- the method is generally applicable to all titanium, and titanium-based alloys, and ferrous metal combinations, in one particular embodiment the titanium or titanium-based alloy workpiece 100 is nickel-titanium and the ferrous metal workpiece 200 may be stainless steel.
- a further step of cleaning the titanium or the titanium-based alloy workpiece 100 and the ferrous metal workpiece 200 (either before or after the welding process, or both) to substantially remove contaminants.
- one such combination of workpieces seen in FIG. 2 may have the titanium, or the titanium-based alloy workpiece 100, as a titanium or titanium-based alloy wire.
- the ferrous metal workpiece 200 may also be wire.
- the titanium, or the titanium-based alloy, wire 100 may be nickel-titanium
- the ferrous metal wire 200 may be stainless steel
- the material associated therewith may be substantially pure tantalum.
- the titanium, or titanium alloy, workpiece 100 and the ferrous metal workpiece 200 may be in any form, such as by way of example and not limitation, ribbon, sheet, bar, tubing including microtubing, solid wire, stranded wire, braided wire, sputtering targets, and thin films.
- FIG. 5 A shows a Test Piece Configuration used to evaluate welds produced according to the prior art and this invention.
- a medical guidewire comprising a nitinol core wire 700, a stainless steel outer guidewire coil 800, a tantalum or stainless steel (depending upon the test) inner coil 850 and a distal end nickel washer 900.
- the intendment of this process as it relates to guidewires was to create a bond between the nitinol core wire 700 and a stainless steel coil 800, the weld becoming, after optional further processing, an guidewire distal tip.
- a stainless steel core/stainless steel coil system also were evaluated.
- the tantalum coil is radiopaque making is particularly useful to visualize during guidewire usage.
- FIG. 5B shows a guidewire obtained by the use of the present invention. It is to be understood that the device shown in FIG. 5B is illustrative of one application of this invention, the invention not to be construed as being limited thereto.
- a nitinol core wire 210 is shown being plasma welded by means of plasma welder 700 (the plasma welder 700 is shown schematically to a ferrous metal coil 610.
- Optional radiopaque inner marker coil 510 is also being plasma welded to core wire 210 all by means of tantalum-containing weld or weld pool 810.
- Weld pool 810 upon cooling is a rounded atraumatic guidewire extreme distal end, a structure otherwise known to the guidewire art.
- the use of a tantalum disc, plug, or workpiece to create weld pool 810 couples the guidewire core wire and outer coil with a remarkably strong and resilient weld (see the test data below).
- a further approach of this invention would be simply for radiopaque inner coil 510 to comprise tantalum. Since tantalum is radiopaque, coil 510 provides a radiopaque marker and the tantalum required by this invention to create the weld pool/atraumatic tip.
- FIG. 6 show the standard pull strength results taken with respect to the welds created using the test piece of FIG. 5.
- the "NiTi /Ta/SST" system of this invention produced pull strength results in excess of 24 lbs, and exceeded the strength of the collect used to measure the numbers. In short the actual pull strength for a system of this invention exceed the measurement capability of the test fixture and may well have been off the chart.
- FIG. 7 shows the number of 6 lb. pulls to failure for the systems. With the exception of the single data point for the NiTi/Ni/SST system in the 9000 pulls to fatigue, believed to be anomalous, the NiTi/Ta/SST system of this invention performed dramatically better than the other systems evaluated.
- FIG. 8 shown "Turns to Failure" for the systems evaluated.
- the results of this evaluation in addition to showing an unexpectedly strong NiTi/SST weld performance, confirms the unpredicted superiority of the NiTi/Ta/SST system of this invention.
- FIG. 9 shows the results of the cyclical turns to failure for the welds evaluated.
- the NiTi/Ta/SST system of this invention exhibited vast superiority over all of the other welds evaluated.
- FIG. 10 shows the numbers obtained on which FIGS. 6- 9 are based.
- FIGS. 11, 12, and 13 are sectioned photomicrographs of three of the four weld systems evaluated herein.
- the SST coil/SST core system was omitted because the SST core wire would not have the shape memory performance characteristics of a nitinol core wire.
- the cross sections clearly show the individual components as well as the weld pool that resulted in the weld-forming process (which coincidentally creates the distal ball on the end of a guidewire).
- the weld pool shows a laminar flow of the molten material penetrating into the core.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2014547400A JP2015507539A (en) | 2011-12-15 | 2012-12-13 | Method of joining titanium and titanium-based alloy to ferrous metal using tantalum |
CN201280067132.5A CN104245212A (en) | 2011-12-15 | 2012-12-13 | Method of joining titanium and titanium-based alloys to ferrous metals using tantalum |
MX2014007173A MX2014007173A (en) | 2011-12-15 | 2012-12-13 | Method of joining titanium and titanium-based alloys to ferrous metals using tantalum. |
EP17153102.3A EP3213861B1 (en) | 2011-12-15 | 2012-12-13 | Method of joining titanium and titanium-based alloys to ferrous metals using tantalum |
EP12857664.2A EP2790870B1 (en) | 2011-12-15 | 2012-12-13 | Method of joining titanium and titanium-based alloys to ferrous metals using tantalum |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US13/327,055 | 2011-12-15 | ||
US13/327,055 US9399262B2 (en) | 2011-12-15 | 2011-12-15 | Method of joining titanium and titanium-based alloys to ferrous metals using tantalum |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2013090499A1 true WO2013090499A1 (en) | 2013-06-20 |
WO2013090499A8 WO2013090499A8 (en) | 2014-09-12 |
Family
ID=48610289
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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PCT/US2012/069372 WO2013090499A1 (en) | 2011-12-15 | 2012-12-13 | Method of joining titanium and titanium-based alloys to ferrous metals using tantalum |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US9399262B2 (en) |
EP (2) | EP3213861B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2015507539A (en) |
CN (1) | CN104245212A (en) |
MX (1) | MX2014007173A (en) |
MY (1) | MY167228A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2013090499A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (9)
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US20150343548A1 (en) * | 2014-05-30 | 2015-12-03 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | Method for joining wire |
CN104722919B (en) * | 2015-03-04 | 2016-08-24 | 南昌航空大学 | A kind of ultra-thin stagnant marmem of NiTiNb width and titanium alloy dissimilar materials method of attachment |
RU2616740C2 (en) * | 2015-09-23 | 2017-04-18 | Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования "Сибирский государственный индустриальный университет" | Method of electron-beam processing products of technical titanium vt1-0 |
US20180161931A1 (en) * | 2016-12-08 | 2018-06-14 | The Curators Of The University Of Missouri | Joining metallurgically incompatible metals |
US11885442B2 (en) | 2017-12-15 | 2024-01-30 | Viant As&O Holdings, Llc | Mechanical joining of nitinol tubes |
CN108941911A (en) * | 2018-09-30 | 2018-12-07 | 吉林大学 | Ti3Al-stainless steel dissimilar metal laser welding method |
CN111195773A (en) * | 2019-03-19 | 2020-05-26 | 沈阳工业大学 | Laser welding method for adding tantalum element |
CN111299833A (en) * | 2020-03-09 | 2020-06-19 | 西南交通大学 | Dissimilar metal pulse laser welding method for titanium alloy and stainless steel |
CN114473168A (en) * | 2020-10-27 | 2022-05-13 | 中国科学院金属研究所 | Welding method for large-size NiTi shape memory alloy and stainless steel component |
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- 2012-12-13 MX MX2014007173A patent/MX2014007173A/en unknown
- 2012-12-13 JP JP2014547400A patent/JP2015507539A/en active Pending
- 2012-12-13 MY MYPI2014001780A patent/MY167228A/en unknown
- 2012-12-13 WO PCT/US2012/069372 patent/WO2013090499A1/en active Application Filing
- 2012-12-13 EP EP12857664.2A patent/EP2790870B1/en active Active
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Publication number | Publication date |
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EP3213861B1 (en) | 2020-11-25 |
EP2790870A1 (en) | 2014-10-22 |
US9399262B2 (en) | 2016-07-26 |
EP2790870B1 (en) | 2017-03-08 |
US20130156493A1 (en) | 2013-06-20 |
MX2014007173A (en) | 2015-09-22 |
MY167228A (en) | 2018-08-14 |
CN104245212A (en) | 2014-12-24 |
EP3213861A1 (en) | 2017-09-06 |
WO2013090499A8 (en) | 2014-09-12 |
EP2790870A4 (en) | 2015-09-02 |
JP2015507539A (en) | 2015-03-12 |
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