Spring-loaded electrically controllable polymeric gel actuators are disclosed. The polymeric gels can be polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylic acid, or polyacrylamide, and are contained in an electrolytic solvent bath such as water plus acetone. The action of the gel is mechanically biased, allowing the expansive...http://www.google.de/patents/US5389222?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US5389222 - Spring-loaded polymeric gel actuators
